Revisiting Key Schedule's Diffusion in Relation with Round Function's
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The First Biclique Cryptanalysis of Serpent-256
The First Biclique Cryptanalysis of Serpent-256 Gabriel C. de Carvalho1, Luis A. B. Kowada1 1Instituto de Computac¸ao˜ – Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) – Niteroi´ – RJ – Brazil Abstract. The Serpent cipher was one of the finalists of the AES process and as of today there is no method for finding the key with fewer attempts than that of an exhaustive search of all possible keys, even when using known or chosen plaintexts for an attack. This work presents the first two biclique attacks for the full-round Serpent-256. The first uses a dimension 4 biclique while the second uses a dimension 8 biclique. The one with lower dimension covers nearly 4 complete rounds of the cipher, which is the reason for the lower time complex- ity when compared with the other attack (which covers nearly 3 rounds of the cipher). On the other hand, the second attack needs a lot less pairs of plain- texts for it to be done. The attacks require 2255:21 and 2255:45 full computations of Serpent-256 using 288 and 260 chosen ciphertexts respectively with negligible memory. 1. Introduction The Serpent cipher is, along with MARS, RC6, Twofish and Rijindael, one of the AES process finalists [Nechvatal et al. 2001] and has not had, since its proposal, its full round versions attacked. It is a Substitution Permutation Network (SPN) with 32 rounds, 128 bit block size and accepts keys of sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits. Serpent has been targeted by several cryptanalysis [Kelsey et al. 2000, Biham et al. 2001b, Biham et al. -
Investigating Profiled Side-Channel Attacks Against the DES Key
IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems ISSN 2569-2925, Vol. 2020, No. 3, pp. 22–72. DOI:10.13154/tches.v2020.i3.22-72 Investigating Profiled Side-Channel Attacks Against the DES Key Schedule Johann Heyszl1[0000−0002−8425−3114], Katja Miller1, Florian Unterstein1[0000−0002−8384−2021], Marc Schink1, Alexander Wagner1, Horst Gieser2, Sven Freud3, Tobias Damm3[0000−0003−3221−7207], Dominik Klein3[0000−0001−8174−7445] and Dennis Kügler3 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security (AISEC), Germany, [email protected] 2 Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies (EMFT), Germany, [email protected] 3 Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI), Germany, [email protected] Abstract. Recent publications describe profiled single trace side-channel attacks (SCAs) against the DES key-schedule of a “commercially available security controller”. They report a significant reduction of the average remaining entropy of cryptographic keys after the attack, with surprisingly large, key-dependent variations of attack results, and individual cases with remaining key entropies as low as a few bits. Unfortunately, they leave important questions unanswered: Are the reported wide distributions of results plausible - can this be explained? Are the results device- specific or more generally applicable to other devices? What is the actual impact on the security of 3-key triple DES? We systematically answer those and several other questions by analyzing two commercial security controllers and a general purpose microcontroller. We observe a significant overall reduction and, importantly, also observe a large key-dependent variation in single DES key security levels, i.e. -
Advanced Encryption Standard (Aes) Modes of Operation
ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) MODES OF OPERATION 1 Arya Rohan Under the guidance of Dr. Edward Schneider University of Maryland, College Park MISSION: TO SIMULATE BLOCK CIPHER MODES OF OPERATION FOR AES IN MATLAB Simulation of the AES (Rijndael Algorithm) in MATLAB for 128 bit key-length. Simulation of the five block cipher modes of operation for AES as per FIPS publication. Comparison of the five modes based on Avalanche Effect. Future Work 2 OUTLINE A brief history of AES Galois Field Theory De-Ciphering the Algorithm-ENCRYPTION De-Ciphering the Algorithm-DECRYPTION Block Cipher Modes of Operation Avalanche Effect Simulation in MATLAB Conclusion & Future Work References 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF AES 4 In January 1997, researchers world-over were invited by NIST to submit proposals for a new standard to be called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). From 15 serious proposals, the Rijndael algorithm proposed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, two Belgian cryptographers won the contest. The Rijndael algorithm supported plaintext sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits, as well as, key-lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits. The Rijndael algorithm is based on the Galois field theory and hence it gives the algorithm provable 5 security properties. GALOIS FIELD 6 GALOIS FIELD - GROUP Group/Albelian Group: A group G or {G, .} is a set of elements with a binary operation denoted by . , that associates to each ordered pair (a, b) of elements in G an element (a . b) such that the following properties are obeyed: Closure: If a & b belong to G, then a . b also belongs to G. -
Multiple New Formulas for Cipher Performance Computing
International Journal of Network Security, Vol.20, No.4, PP.788-800, July 2018 (DOI: 10.6633/IJNS.201807 20(4).21) 788 Multiple New Formulas for Cipher Performance Computing Youssef Harmouch1, Rachid Elkouch1, Hussain Ben-azza2 (Corresponding author: Youssef Harmouch) Department of Mathematics, Computing and Networks, National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications1 10100, Allal El Fassi Avenue, Rabat, Morocco (Email:[email protected] ) Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Moulay Ismail University2 National High School of Arts and Trades, Mekns, Morocco (Received Apr. 03, 2017; revised and accepted July 17, 2017) Abstract are not necessarily commensurate properties. For exam- ple, an online newspaper will be primarily interested in Cryptography is a science that focuses on changing the the integrity of their information while a financial stock readable information to unrecognizable and useless data exchange network may define their security as real-time to any unauthorized person. This solution presents the availability and information privacy [14, 23]. This means main core of network security, therefore the risk analysis that, the many facets of the attribute must all be iden- for using a cipher turn out to be an obligation. Until now, tified and adequately addressed. Furthermore, the secu- the only platform for providing each cipher resistance is rity attributes are terms of qualities, thus measuring such the cryptanalysis study. This cryptanalysis can make it quality terms need a unique identification for their inter- hard to compare ciphers because each one is vulnerable to pretations meaning [20, 24]. Besides, the attributes can a different kind of attack that is often very different from be interdependent. -
Block Ciphers
Block Ciphers Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras CR STINSON : chapters 3 Block Cipher KE KD untrusted communication link Alice E D Bob #%AR3Xf34^$ “Attack at Dawn!!” message encryption (ciphertext) decryption “Attack at Dawn!!” Encryption key is the same as the decryption key (KE = K D) CR 2 Block Cipher : Encryption Key Length Secret Key Plaintext Ciphertext Block Cipher (Encryption) Block Length • A block cipher encryption algorithm encrypts n bits of plaintext at a time • May need to pad the plaintext if necessary • y = ek(x) CR 3 Block Cipher : Decryption Key Length Secret Key Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher (Decryption) Block Length • A block cipher decryption algorithm recovers the plaintext from the ciphertext. • x = dk(y) CR 4 Inside the Block Cipher PlaintextBlock (an iterative cipher) Key Whitening Round 1 key1 Round 2 key2 Round 3 key3 Round n keyn Ciphertext Block • Each round has the same endomorphic cryptosystem, which takes a key and produces an intermediate ouput • Size of the key is huge… much larger than the block size. CR 5 Inside the Block Cipher (the key schedule) PlaintextBlock Secret Key Key Whitening Round 1 Round Key 1 Round 2 Round Key 2 Round 3 Round Key 3 Key Expansion Expansion Key Key Round n Round Key n Ciphertext Block • A single secret key of fixed size used to generate ‘round keys’ for each round CR 6 Inside the Round Function Round Input • Add Round key : Add Round Key Mixing operation between the round input and the round key. typically, an ex-or operation Confusion Layer • Confusion layer : Makes the relationship between round Diffusion Layer input and output complex. -
Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers
Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers Ivica Nikoli´c1?, Josef Pieprzyk2, Przemys law Soko lowski2;3, Ron Steinfeld2 1 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 2 Macquarie University, Australia 3 Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we investigate the differential properties of block ciphers in hash function modes of operation. First we show the impact of differential trails for block ciphers on collision attacks for various hash function constructions based on block ciphers. Further, we prove the lower bound for finding a pair that follows some truncated differential in case of a random permutation. Then we present open-key differential distinguishers for some well known round-reduced block ciphers. Keywords: Block cipher, differential attack, open-key distinguisher, Crypton, Hierocrypt, SAFER++, Square. 1 Introduction Block ciphers play an important role in symmetric cryptography providing the basic tool for encryp- tion. They are the oldest and most scrutinized cryptographic tool. Consequently, they are the most trusted cryptographic algorithms that are often used as the underlying tool to construct other cryp- tographic algorithms. One such application of block ciphers is for building compression functions for the hash functions. There are many constructions (also called hash function modes) for turning a block cipher into a compression function. Probably the most popular is the well-known Davies-Meyer mode. Preneel et al. in [27] have considered all possible modes that can be defined for a single application of n-bit block cipher in order to produce an n-bit compression function. -
Serpent: a Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard
Serpent: A Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard Ross Anderson1 Eli Biham2 Lars Knudsen3 1 Cambridge University, England; email [email protected] 2 Technion, Haifa, Israel; email [email protected] 3 University of Bergen, Norway; email [email protected] Abstract. We propose a new block cipher as a candidate for the Ad- vanced Encryption Standard. Its design is highly conservative, yet still allows a very efficient implementation. It uses S-boxes similar to those of DES in a new structure that simultaneously allows a more rapid avalanche, a more efficient bitslice implementation, and an easy anal- ysis that enables us to demonstrate its security against all known types of attack. With a 128-bit block size and a 256-bit key, it is as fast as DES on the market leading Intel Pentium/MMX platforms (and at least as fast on many others); yet we believe it to be more secure than three-key triple-DES. 1 Introduction For many applications, the Data Encryption Standard algorithm is nearing the end of its useful life. Its 56-bit key is too small, as shown by a recent distributed key search exercise [28]. Although triple-DES can solve the key length problem, the DES algorithm was also designed primarily for hardware encryption, yet the great majority of applications that use it today implement it in software, where it is relatively inefficient. For these reasons, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology has issued a call for a successor algorithm, to be called the Advanced Encryption Standard or AES. -
Serpenttools Documentation
serpentTools Documentation The serpentTools developer team Feb 20, 2020 CONTENTS: 1 Project Overview 3 2 Installation 7 3 Changelog 11 4 Examples 19 5 File-parsing API 77 6 Containers 97 7 Samplers 129 8 Settings 137 9 Miscellaneous 143 10 Variable Groups 147 11 Command Line Interface 161 12 Developer’s Guide 165 13 License 201 14 Developer Team 203 15 Glossary 205 16 Indices and tables 207 Bibliography 209 Index 211 i ii serpentTools Documentation A suite of parsers designed to make interacting with SERPENT [serpent] output files simple and flawless. The SERPENT Monte Carlo code is developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd. More information, including distribution and licensing of SERPENT can be found at http://montecarlo.vtt.fi The Annals of Nuclear Energy article should be cited for all work using SERPENT. Preferred citation for attribution Andrew Johnson, Dan Kotlyar, Gavin Ridley, Stefano Terlizzi, & Paul Romano. (2018, June 29). “serpent-tools: A collection of parsing tools and data containers to make interacting with SERPENT outputs easy, intuitive, and flawless.,”. CONTENTS: 1 serpentTools Documentation 2 CONTENTS: CHAPTER ONE PROJECT OVERVIEW The serpentTools package contains a variety of parsing utilities, each designed to read a specific output from the SERPENT Monte Carlo code [serpent]. Many of the parsing utilities store the outputs in custom container objects, while other store or return a collection of arrays. This page gives an overview of what files are currently supported, including links to examples and relevant documentation. Unless otherwise noted, all the files listed below can be read using serpentTools.read(). -
Visualization of the Avalanche Effect in CT2
University of Mannheim Faculty for Business Informatics & Business Mathematics Theoretical Computer Science and IT Security Group Bachelor's Thesis Visualization of the Avalanche Effect in CT2 as part of the degree program Bachelor of Science Wirtschaftsinformatik submitted by Camilo Echeverri [email protected] on October 31, 2016 (2nd revised public version, Apr 18, 2017) Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Frederik Armknecht Prof. Bernhard Esslinger Visualization of the Avalanche Effect in CT2 Abstract Cryptographic algorithms must fulfill certain properties concerning their security. This thesis aims at providing insights into the importance of the avalanche effect property by introducing a new plugin for the cryptography and cryptanalysis platform CrypTool 2. The thesis addresses some of the desired properties, discusses the implementation of the plugin for modern and classic ciphers, guides the reader on how to use it, applies the proposed tool in order to test the avalanche effect of different cryptographic ciphers and hash functions, and interprets the results obtained. 2 Contents Abstract .......................................... 2 Contents .......................................... 3 List of Abbreviations .................................. 5 List of Figures ...................................... 6 List of Tables ....................................... 7 1 Introduction ..................................... 8 1.1 CrypTool 2 . 8 1.2 Outline of the Thesis . 9 2 Properties of Secure Block Ciphers ....................... 10 2.1 Avalanche Effect . 10 2.2 Completeness . 10 3 Related Work ..................................... 11 4 Plugin Design and Implementation ....................... 12 4.1 General Description of the Plugin . 12 4.2 Prepared Methods . 14 4.2.1 AES and DES . 14 4.3 Unprepared Methods . 20 4.3.1 Classic Ciphers, Modern Ciphers, and Hash Functions . 20 4.4 Architecture of the Code . 22 4.5 Limitations and Future Work . -
A Block Cipher Algorithm to Enhance the Avalanche Effect Using Dynamic Key- Dependent S-Box and Genetic Operations 1Balajee Maram and 2J.M
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 10 2018, 399-418 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu A Block Cipher Algorithm to Enhance the Avalanche Effect Using Dynamic Key- Dependent S-Box and Genetic Operations 1Balajee Maram and 2J.M. Gnanasekar 1Department of CSE, GMRIT, Rajam, India. Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. [email protected] 2Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Tamil Nadu. [email protected] Abstract In digital data security, an encryption technique plays a vital role to convert digital data into intelligible form. In this paper, a light-weight S- box is generated that depends on Pseudo-Random-Number-Generators. According to shared-secret-key, all the Pseudo-Random-Numbers are scrambled and input to the S-box. The complexity of S-box generation is very simple. Here the plain-text is encrypted using Genetic Operations and S-box which is generated based on shared-secret-key. The proposed algorithm is experimentally investigates the complexity, quality and performance using the S-box parameters which includes Hamming Distance, Balanced Output and the characteristic of cryptography is Avalanche Effect. Finally the comparison results motivates that the dynamic key-dependent S-box has good quality and performance than existing algorithms. 399 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue Index Terms:S-BOX, data security, random number, cryptography, genetic operations. 400 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 1. Introduction In public network, several types of attacks1 can be avoided by applying Data Encryption/Decryption2. -
Key Schedule Algorithm Using 3-Dimensional Hybrid Cubes for Block Cipher
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2019 Key Schedule Algorithm using 3-Dimensional Hybrid Cubes for Block Cipher Muhammad Faheem Mushtaq1, Sapiee Jamel2, Siti Radhiah B. Megat3, Urooj Akram4, Mustafa Mat Deris5 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia1, 2, 3, 5 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, 64200 Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan1, 4 Abstract—A key scheduling algorithm is the mechanism that difficulty for a cryptanalyst to recover the secret key [8]. All generates and schedules all session-keys for the encryption and cryptographic algorithms are recommended to follow 128, 192 decryption process. The key space of conventional key schedule and 256-bits key lengths proposed by Advanced Encryption algorithm using the 2D hybrid cubes is not enough to resist Standard (AES) [9]. attacks and could easily be exploited. In this regard, this research proposed a new Key Schedule Algorithm based on Permutation plays an important role in the development of coordinate geometry of a Hybrid Cube (KSAHC) using cryptographic algorithms and it contains the finite set of Triangular Coordinate Extraction (TCE) technique and 3- numbers or symbols that are used to mix up a readable message Dimensional (3D) rotation of Hybrid Cube surface (HCs) for the into ciphertext as shown in transposition cipher [10]. The logic block cipher to achieve large key space that are more applicable behind any cryptographic algorithm is the number of possible to resist any attack on the secret key. -
ASIC Design of High Speed Kasumi Block Cipher
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 2, February - 2014 ASIC design of High Speed Kasumi Block Cipher Dilip kumar1 Sunil shah2 1M. Tech scholar, Asst. Prof. Gyan ganga institute of technology and science Jabalpur Gyan ganga institute of technology and science Jabalpur M.P. M.P. Abstract - The nature of the information that flows throughout modern cellular communications networks has evolved noticeably since the early years of the first generation systems, when only voice sessions were possible. With today’s networks it is possible to transmit both voice and data, including e-mail, pictures and video. The importance of the security issues is higher in current cellular networks than in previous systems because users are provided with the mechanisms to accomplish very crucial operations like banking transactions and sharing of confidential business information, which require high levels of protection. Weaknesses in security architectures allow successful eavesdropping, message tampering and masquerading attacks to occur, with disastrous consequences for end users, companies and other organizations. The KASUMI block cipher lies at the core of both the f8 data confidentiality algorithm and the f9 data integrity algorithm for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System networks. The design goal is to increase the data conversion rate i.e. the throughput to a substantial value so that the design can be used as a cryptographic coprocessor in high speed network applications. Keywords— Xilinx ISE, Language used: Verilog HDL, Platform Used: family- Vertex4, Device-XC4VLX80 I. INTRODUCTION Symmetric key cryptographic algorithms have a single keyIJERT IJERT for both encryption and decryption.