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Kentucky Coffee-Tree (Gymnocladus Dioicus) in Canada [Proposed]

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Kentucky Coffee-Tree (Gymnocladus Dioicus) in Canada [Proposed] PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee- tree (Gymnocladus dioicus) in Canada Kentucky Coffee-tree 2014 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2014. Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioicus) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. vi + 36 pp. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca). Cover illustration: © Jarmo Jalava Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement du chicot févier (Gymnocladus dioicus) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2014. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee-tree 2014 PREFACE The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years. The Minister of the Environment and the Minister responsible for the Parks Canada Agency are the competent ministers for the recovery of the Kentucky Coffee-tree and have prepared this strategy, as per section 37 of SARA. It has been prepared in cooperation with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Essex Region Conservation Authority, St. Clair Region Conservation Authority and the Carolinian Canada Coalition. Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment Canada or the Parks Canada Agency, or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Kentucky Coffee-tree and Canadian society as a whole. This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information on recovery measures to be taken by Environment Canada or the Parks Canada Agency and other jurisdictions and/or organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations. i Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee-tree 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This recovery strategy was prepared by Jarmo Jalava in consultation with the Carolinian Woodlands Recovery Team (Plants Technical Committee). The following individuals provided input during the development of the document: Tammy Dobbie and Vicki McKay (Point Pelee National Park), Jane Bowles (University of Western Ontario), John Ambrose (Biological Consultant), Barb Boysen (Ontario Forest Gene Association), Clint Jacobs (Walpole Island Heritage Centre, Walpole Island First Nation), Donald Craig (Forestry Consultant), Gerry Waldron (Ecological Consultant), Ken Elliott, P. Allen Woodliffe, Donald Kirk, Karolyne Pickett, Karine Beriault, Graham Buck, and Karen Hartley (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources), Muriel Andreae (St. Clair Region Conservation Authority), Dan Lebedyk, Paul Giroux and Mike Nelson (Essex Region Conservation Authority) and, Emma Followes and Kate Hayes (formerly Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario). We are especially grateful to Paul Giroux for providing detailed information on the native population and the recent restoration efforts in the Canard River area as well as to Tim Payne (St. Clair Region Conservation Authority) and Jarmo Jalava for providing updated information on existing Kentucky Coffee-tree populations. Kathy St. Laurent, Angela Darwin, Barbara Slezak, Lesley Dunn, Madeline Austen and Rachel deCatanzaro (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario), Paul Johanson (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – National Capital Region), Tammie Dobbie, Valerie Minelga and Kim Borg (Parks Canada Agency) and Sandy Dobbyn, Jennifer Hoare, Eric Snyder, Amelia Argue and Vivian Brownell (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources) also reviewed and provided comments and advice during the development of this document. Acknowledgement and thanks is given to all other parties that provided advice and input used to help inform the development of this recovery strategy including various Aboriginal organizations and individuals, individual citizens, and stakeholders who provided input and/or participated in consultation meetings. ii Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee-tree 2014 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioicus) is a moderate-sized canopy tree of the legume family, and is the only member of its genus in North America. Male and female flowers are generally produced on separate trees and, when fertilized, form a hard, dark, bean-like pod, which remains on the tree through the winter. However, the species spreads primarily through root suckers (ramets) and sexual reproduction is relatively infrequent. In Canada, Kentucky Coffee-tree is found only in southern Ontario. Of 33 known native populations, 23 are considered extant, with an estimated total population of fewer than 500 mature native trees. It is designated Threatened in Canada under the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Threats identified to the Canadian population of Kentucky Coffee-tree include, but are not limited to: land development, Double-crested Cormorant (Phalocrocorax auritus) nesting colonies, alteration of the water regime, alteration of the fire regime, cutting/removal of Kentucky Coffee-trees, planting of non-native Kentucky Coffee-trees and invasive species. The species is also limited by: small, geographically-isolated populations, low rates of sexual reproduction and limited dispersal ability. Given that in Canada the species is found at the northern extent of its North American range and is uncommon, it will likely always be vulnerable to natural and human-influenced stressors. There are unknowns regarding the feasibility of recovery of Kentucky coffee-tree. In keeping with the precautionary principle, this recovery strategy has been prepared as per section 41(1) of SARA, as would be done when recovery is determined to be feasible. The population and distribution objectives for the Kentucky Coffee-tree in Canada are to: maintain the abundance and distribution of native extant populations occurring within natural settings (e.g., floodplain woodlands and woodland edges of marshes), augment extant native single-sex populations (i.e., populations that are not sexually-reproducing) occurring within natural settings to attempt to establish sexually-reproducing populations, if biologically and technically feasible, and maintain the remaining extant native populations that occur in landscaped or agricultural settings either in situ or through their incorporation into, or use in the establishment of, populations in natural settings. Broad strategies to be taken to address the threats to the survival and recovery of the species are presented in the section on Strategic Direction for Recovery (Section 6.2). Critical habitat for Kentucky Coffee-tree is partially identified in this recovery strategy, based on the best available data. Critical habitat for Kentucky Coffee-tree is located on both federal and non-federal land. As more information becomes available, additional critical habitat may be identified where sites meet the critical habitat criteria. One or more action plans for Kentucky Coffee-tree will be posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry by December 2021. iii Recovery Strategy for the Kentucky Coffee-tree 2014 RECOVERY FEASIBILITY SUMMARY Based on the following four criteria outlined in the draft SARA Policies (Government of Canada 2009), there are unknowns regarding the feasibility of recovery of Kentucky Coffee-tree. In keeping with the precautionary principle, a full recovery strategy has been prepared as per section 41(1) of SARA, as would be done when recovery is determined to be feasible. This recovery strategy addresses the unknowns surrounding the feasibility of recovery. 1. Individuals of the wildlife species that are capable of reproduction are available now or in the foreseeable future to sustain the population or improve its abundance. Yes. Twenty-three populations are believed to be extant in Canada and at least four of these have been confirmed as mixed-gender sexually-reproducing populations. Additional native stock is available from arboreta (e.g., University of Western Ontario) (Bowles pers. comm. 2010) and native plant nurseries, as well as potentially from populations in the northern United States, to supplement single-gender populations with opposite sex plants to improve rates of sexual reproduction. However, even when seeds are produced, natural seed dispersal is limited and germination is infrequent. 2. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species
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