JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY【 JICA 】
SECRETARIAT OF COORDINATION AND PLANNING THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL
THE STUDY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF PATOS AND MIRIM LAKES IN THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL
FINAL REPORT：VOLUME 3
SUPPORTING REPORT
OCTOBER 2000
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. IN ASSOCIATION WITH PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL
Exchange Rate of Currency
January, 2000
US$1.00 = R$1.75
R$ =Brazilian Real
Composition of the Final Report
The final reports are composed of the following 6 volumes.
1. Vol.1 Summary 2. Vol.2 Main Report 3. Vol.3 Supporting Report 4. Vol.4 Data Book 5. Summary (Japanese) 6. Summary (Portuguese)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Organizations
ABC（Agencia Brasileira de Cooperacao）：Brazilian Cooperation Agency ALM（Agencia da Lagoa Mirim）：Agency of Lake Mirim APEDEMA/RS (Assembleia Permanente de Defesa do Meio Ambiente do RS) ：Assembly for Envoronmental Deficiency of RS State CEA（Centro de Estudos Ambientais）：Center for Environmental Studies CEFET（Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica）：Federal Center of Technical Education CEPSRM（Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia）：Remote Sensing and Meteorological Reserch Center attached to the State University of Rio Grande do Sul CIENTEC（Fundacao de Ciencia e Tecnologia）：Foundation of Science and Technology CMA/RBPM(Conselhos Municipais Ambientais da Regiao da Bacia Patos-Mirim) ：Municipal Council for Environment of the Region of Patos-Mirim Basin CONRHIRGS（Conselho Estadual de Recursos Hidricos）：State Council for Water Resource Development CONSEMA (Conselho Estadual de Meio Ambiente)：State Council for Environment COREDE (Conselho de Regional de Desenvolvimento)：Council for Regional Development COREDE-SUL (Conselho Regional da Regiao Sul）：Promotion Committee for the Southern Region of RS State CORSAN（Companhia Rio Grandense de Saneamento）：State Public Corporation for Water Supply and Sewage Treatment CPRM（Companhia de Pesquisas de Recursos Minerais）：Research Corporation for Mineral Resources C/RBPM (Comites de Regiao da Bacia Patos-Mirim)：Committee for the Region of Patos-Mirim Basin DEPRC（Superintendencia de Portos e Hidrovias）：Superintendence of Port and Waterway DHN（Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegacao, Marinha do Brasil）：Hydrographic and Navigation Division of the Navy of Brazil DMAE（Departamento Municipal de Agua e Esgoto）：Municipal Department of Water Supply and Sewage Treatment
1 DNAEE（Departamento Nacional de Aguas e Energia Electrica）：Federative Department of Water, Energy and Electricity DSG（Divisao de Servico Geografico do Exercito）：Geographic Division of Military of Brazil EMATER（Associacao Riograndense de Empreendimentos de Assisitencia Tecnica e Extensao Rural）：Enterprise for Technical Assistance EMBRAPA（Empresa Brasoleira de Pesquisa Agro-pecuaria）：Federal Research Institute for Agriculture and Farming FAMURS（Fedetacao das Associacoes de Municipios do Rio Grande do Sul）： Association of Municipals of RS State FEE（Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica）：Foundation of Economics and Statistics FEPAGRO（Fundacao Eestadual de Pesquisa Agropecuaria）：Research Foundation of Agriculture and Farming FEPAM（Fundacao Estadual de Protecao Ambiental Henrique Luiz Rossler/RS）： State Foundation for Environmental Protection FURG（Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande）：Federal University of Rio Grande FZB（Fundacao Zoobotanica）：State Foundation for Zoology and Botany GEEPAA（Grupo Especial de Estudo e Protecao do Ambiente Aquatico）：Group for the Study and Protection of the Aquatic Environment GTZ：(Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit) ：Organization for Technical Cooperation of German IBAMA（Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renobabeis）：Federal Institute of Environment and Natural Resources IDG-UFRGS（Instituto de Geociencias）：Institute of Geoscience attached to the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul INMET(Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia)：Federal Institute of Meteorology attached to the Ministry of Agriculture IPH（Instituto de Pesquisa Hidraulicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul）：Hydraulic Research Institute attached to the Federal University of Rio Grande IRGA（Instituto Riograndense do Arroz）：Institute of Rice Crop in Rio Grande JICA： Japan International Cooperation Agency KK：Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd. MCT（Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia）：Ministry of Science and Technology METROPLAN（Fundacao de Planejamento Metropolitano e Regional）： Foundation of Planning for Metropolitan
2 NEMA (Nucleo de Educacao e Monitoramento Ambiental)：Center for Environmental Monitoring and Study NGO： Non-Governmental Organization PCI：Pacific Consultants International PMD (Secretario Executivo do Pragrama Mar de Dentro)：Mar de Dentro Program PMP (Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas)：Pelotas City PMRG (Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Grande)：Rio Grande City RS：The Sate of Rio Grande do Sul SAA (Secretario da Agricultura e Abastecimento)：Secretariat of Agricultural Production of RS State SANEP（Servico Autonomo de Saneamento de Pelotas）：Service Agency of Pelotas for Water Supply and Sewage Treatment SCP（Secretario da Coordenacao e do Planejamento）：Secretariat of Coordination and Planning of RS State SE (Secretario da Educacao)：Secretariat of Education of RS State SEMA (Secretario do Meio Ambiente)：Secretariat of Environment of RS State SF (Secretario da Fazenda)：Secretariat of Finance of RS State SOPSH (Secretario das Obras Publicas, Saniamento e Habitacao)：Secretariat of Public Works, Sanitation and Residences SUPRG (Superintendencia do Porto de Rio Grande)：Superintendent of Rio Grande Port UCPEL（Universidade Catolico de Pelotas）：Catholic University of Pelotas UFPEL（Universidade Federal de Pelotas）：Federal University of Pelotas UFRGS（Universidade Federal de Rio Gande do Sul）：Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul ULBRA（Universidade Luterana do Brasil）：Luther University of Brazil UNISINOS（Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos）：Sinos University WHO：World Health Organization
3 Chemical Terms
AA : Atomic Absorption Spectrometer IP：Inorganic Phosphate
APHA : American Public Health NH4-N：Ammonia Nitrogen Association Ni：Nickel
As：Arsenic NO2-N：Nitrite Nitrogen BOD：Biochemical Oxygen Demand NO3-N：Nitrate Nitrogen Cd：Cadmium ON：Organic Nitrogen Chl-a：Chlorophyl-a OP：Organic Phosphorus Cl：Chlorine ORP：Oxidation Reduction Potential CN：Cyanide Pb：Lead COD：Chemical Oxygen Demand pH：Potential of Hydrogen COD(Cr):COD(Potassium Bichloride POC ：Particular Organic Carbon Method) PON：Particular Organic Nitrogen
COD(Mn):COD(Potassium Perman- PO4-P : Phosphoric Phosphate ganate Method) SPM：(correspond to SS) Cr：Chrome SS：Suspended Solid Cu：Copper TOC：Total Organic Carbon DO：Dissolved Oxygen TN：Total Nitrogen Fe：Iron TP：Total Phosphorus Hg：Mercury TS：Total Solid Ig-Loss：Ignition Loss TV：Total Volatile IN：Inorganic Nitrogen Zn：Zinc
Economic Terms
B/C：Benefit Cost Ratio GDP：Gross Domestic Products EIRR：Economic Internal Rate of IRR：Internal Rate of Return Return PPP：Polluter Pays Principle FIRR：Financial Internal Rate of WSP：Willingness to Pay Return
Unit of Measurement km：kilometer ha：hectare m：meter m3：cubic meter cm：centimeter L：liter mm：millimeter kg：kilogram km2：square kilometer g：gram
4 mg：milligram MPN : Most Probable Number μμggg：microgram NTU : Nephelometric Turbidity Units sec：second
Reports
S/W：Scope of Work IT/R：Interim Report IC/R：Inception Report DF/R： Draft Final Report P/R：Progress Report F/R：Final Report
Others
ADCP：Acoustic Doppler Current GC-MS：Gas Chromatography Mass Profiler Spectrometer APA：Areas for Environmental GIS：Geographic Information System Protection IPTU：Urban Territory and C/P：Counterpart Personnel Construction Tax EIA：Environmental Impact OM：Operation and Maintenance Assessment RPPN：Private Reserves of Natural EAA : Everglades Agricultural Area Patrimony
5 CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 1-1 1.1 Introduction...... 1-1 1.1.1 Study Procedure ...... 1-1 1.1.2 Basic Findings from the Socio-Economic Surveys ...... 1-2 1.2 Administrative Units in the Study Area ...... 1-4 1.2.1 Generalities ...... 1-4 1.2.2 Administrative Units in the Study Area ...... 1-7 1.3 Socio-Economic Indices by Municipality ...... 1-10 1.3.1 Population ...... 1-10 1.3.2 Industry ...... 1-15 1.3.3 Agriculture ...... 1-18 1.3.4 Land Use ...... 1-21 1.3.5 Livestock...... 1-23 1.3.6 Fishery ...... 1-25 1.3.7 Sanitation Facilities ...... 1-28 1.4 Socio-Economic Indices by Basin...... 1-29 1.4.1 Population ...... 1-31 1.4.2 Industry ...... 1-33 1.4.3 Agriculture ...... 1-34 1.4.4 Land Use ...... 1-34 1.4.5 Livestock...... 1-35 1.4.6 Sanitation Facilities ...... 1-35 1.5 Plans for Sectoral Development...... 1-36 1.5.1 Generalities on Actual Development Studies and Plans ...... 1-36 1.5.2 Specific Plans for Sectoral Development...... 1-38 1.6 Mar de Dentro Program ...... 1-45
CHAPTER 2 GENERATION/RUNOFF POLLUTION LOAD AND LOAD REDUCTION MEASURES...... 2-1 2.1 Introduction...... 2-1 2.2 Generation Load...... 2-3 2.2.1 Classification of Pollution Sources ...... 2-3 2.2.2 Generation Load per Unit Production ...... 2-4
- i - 2.2.3 Current Generation Load in Patos Lake Basin ...... 2-8 2.3 Effluent Load ...... 2-13 2.3.1 Existing Data...... 2-13 2.3.2 Point Source Origin Effluent Load in Guaiba Lake Basin and Camaqua River Basin ...... 2-15 2.4 Runoff Load ...... 2-15 2.4.1 Model for Runoff Load Estimation...... 2-15 2.4.2 Estimated Runoff Load from the Whole Basin ...... 2-24 2.5 Load Reduction Measures...... 2-35 2.5.1 Basic Policy of Measures ...... 2-35 2.5.2 Concept of Load Reduction Measures ...... 2-35 2.5.3 Load Reduction Measures (Nutrient Reduction Practices) ...... 2-38 2.5.4 Method of Control Pollution from Nonpoint Source Pollutants ...... 2-40 2.5.5 Selection of Reduction Measures to Estimate the Scopes of the Measures ...... 2-54 2.5.6 Distribution of Permissible Runoff Load ...... 2-56
CHAPTER 3 RIVER AND BASIN CONDITIONS...... 3-1 3.1 Introduction...... 3-1 3.2 River System and Basin Division...... 3-3 3.2.1 River System...... 3-3 3.2.2 Basin Division...... 3-5 3.3 Natural Conditions...... 3-7 3.3.1 Topography ...... 3-7 3.3.2 Geology...... 3-8 3.3.3 Soil...... 3-11 3.3.4 Meteorology...... 3-14 3.3.5 Hydrology ...... 3-15 3.3.6 Natural Conditions in Sub-basins...... 3-18 3.4 Land Use ...... 3-21 3.4.1 General...... 3-21 3.4.2 Satellite Data...... 3-21 3.4.3 Land Use Classification ...... 3-21 3.4.4 Actual Land Use...... 3-22 3.5 Soil Erosion ...... 3-23 3.5.1 Present Conditions ...... 3-23 3.5.2 USLE Equation ...... 3-23 3.5.3 Estimation of Soil Loss...... 3-27
- ii - 3.5.4 Distribution of Soil Erosion Prone Area ...... 3-28 3.6 Sedimentation ...... 3-31 3.6.1 Present Sediment Conditions ...... 3-31 3.6.2 Estimation of Sediment Yield ...... 3-31 3.7 Consumption of Agricultural Chemicals...... 3-33 3.7.1 Main Agricultural Chemicals Used in the Study Area ...... 3-33 3.7.2 Agricultural Chemicals and Input Pattern...... 3-35 3.8 River Structures and Irrigation Facilities...... 3-36
CHAPTER 4 ECOSYSTEMS...... 4-1 4.1 Introduction...... 4-1 4.1.1 Objectives ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Collected Data...... 4-1 4.2 Target Areas for Ecosystem Study...... 4-1 4.3 Fauna and Flora Confirmed around the Lakes ...... 4-7 4.3.1 Characteristics of the Study Area...... 4-7 4.3.2 Site Survey...... 4-13 4.4 Ecosystems in the Selected Wetlands ...... 4-25 4.5 Biological Accumulation of Agricultural Chemicals ...... 4-28 4.6 Fauna/Flora Listing System ...... 4-30 4.7 Legislation ...... 4-31 4.8 Organizations Related to the Ecosystem...... 4-32
CHAPTER 5 WETLANDS ...... 5-1 5.1 Introduction...... 5-1 5.1.1 Objectives ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Characteristics of the Study Area...... 5-1 5.1.3 Study Methods ...... 5-1 5.2 Existing Conditions of the Target Wetlands ...... 5-11 5.3 Transition of the Target Wetlands ...... 5-26 5.4 Evaluation of the Wetlands ...... 5-34
CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PATOS LAKE ...... 6-1 6.1 Introduction...... 6-1 6.2 Monitoring Survey ...... 6-3 6.2.1 Hydrological Survey ...... 6-3 6.2.2 In-situ Observation and Sampling for Water Quality and Bottom Sediment Survey ...... 6-7
- iii - 6.2.3 Meteorological and Hydrological Conditions during the Survey ...... 6-10 6.3 Water-mass Structure...... 6-13 6.3.1 Water Temperature...... 6-13 6.3.2 Salinity...... 6-13 6.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen ...... 6-14 6.3.4 Turbidity ...... 6-14 6.3.5 Water-mass Structure in Patos Lake ...... 6-19 6.4 Tidal and Wind Conditions ...... 6-24 6.4.1 Fluctuation in Tidal Level...... 6-24 6.4.2 Wind Conditions ...... 6-30 6.5 Current Conditions...... 6-33 6.5.1 Observation Results at Fixed Points ...... 6-33 6.5.2 Observation Results by ADCP ...... 6-40 6.5.3 Current Conditions in Patos Lake ...... 6-52
CHAPTER 7 WATER QUALITY OF PATOS LAKE...... 7-1 7.1 Introduction...... 7-1 7.1.1 Sampling Station...... 7-1 7.1.2 Program of Monitoring ...... 7-4 7.1.3 Parameters and Methods for Analysis...... 7-4 7.2 Analytical Results of Waters...... 7-9 7.2.1 Water Temperature...... 7-9 7.2.2 pH...... 7-10 7.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)...... 7-10 7.2.4 BOD, COD (Cr), COD (Mn) and TOC...... 7-11 7.2.5 Salinity...... 7-12 7.2.6 Turbidity ...... 7-13 7.2.7 Transparency...... 7-14 7.2.8 Nutrients...... 7-15 7.2.9 TN and TP Ratios...... 7-21 7.2.10 Chlorophyll-a ...... 7-21 7.2.11 Chl-a and TP Correlation ...... 7-23 7.2.12 Trophic Level Considerations ...... 7-24 7.2.13 Suspended Solids ( SS ) ...... 7-25 7.2.14 SS and Chl-a Correlation ...... 7-26 7.2.15 Heavy Metal...... 7-26 7.3 Analytical Results of Sediments ...... 7-29 7.4 Analytical Results of Bacteria Population, Phytoplankton and
- iv - Agricultural Chemicals ...... 7-34 7.5 Laboratory Tests related to the Material Circulation in Patos Lake ...... 7-43 7.6 Water Quality of Mirim Lake...... 7-60
CHAPTER 8 HYDRAULIC AND WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODELS FOR PATOS LAKE...... 8-1 8.1 Introduction...... 8-1 8.1.1 Objectives ...... 8-1 8.1.2 Work Flow ...... 8-1 8.2 Characteristics of the Hydraulic and Water Quality Conditions of Patos Lake ...... 8-4 8.2.1 Water Quality Distribution...... 8-4 8.2.2 Current Characteristics...... 8-5 8.2.3 Eutrophication Factors ...... 8-5 8.3 Simulation Model Applied to Patos Lake ...... 8-8 8.3.1 Basic Condition of the Model ...... 8-8 8.3.2 Hydraulic Simulation Model...... 8-11 8.3.3 Water Quality Simulation Model ...... 8-12 8.4 Verification of the Model...... 8-15 8.4.1 Repeatability of the Current Pattern...... 8-15 8.4.2 Repeatability of the Water Quality Distribution Pattern...... 8-29
CHAPTER 9 SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN THE URBA AREAS...... 9-1 9.1 Introduction...... 9-1 9.2 Sewage Treatment System in Pelotas...... 9-1 9.2.1 Institutional Framework...... 9-1 9.2.2 Legal Framework ...... 9-1 9.2.3 Sewage Treatment System ...... 9-1 9.2.4 Treatment Facility...... 9-4 9.2.5 Budgetary System ...... 9-6 9.2.6 Related Information ...... 9-6 9.3 Sewage Treatment System in Rio Grande...... 9-6 9.3.1 Institutional Framework...... 9-6 9.3.2 Legal Framework ...... 9-7 9.3.3 Sewage Treatment System ...... 9-7 9.3.4 Treatment Facility...... 9-9 9.3.5 Budgetary System ...... 9-11
- v - 9.3.6 Related Information ...... 9-11 9.4 Sewage Treatment System in Sao Lourenco do Sul...... 9-12 9.4.1 Institutional Framework...... 9-12 9.4.2 Legal Framework ...... 9-12 9.4.3 Sewage Treatment System ...... 9-12 9.4.4 Treatment Facility...... 9-13 9.4.5 Budgetary System ...... 9-13 9.4.6 Related Information ...... 9-14 9.5 Sewage Treatment System in Camaqua ...... 9-17 9.5.1 Institutional Framework...... 9-17 9.5.2 Legal Framework ...... 9-17 9.5.3 Sewage Treatment System ...... 9-17 9.5.4 Treatment Facility...... 9-18 9.5.5 Budgetary System ...... 9-18 9.5.6 Related Information ...... 9-18 9.6 Sewage Treatment System in Tapes...... 9-19 9.6.1 Institutional Framework...... 9-20 9.6.2 Legal Framework ...... 9-20 9.6.3 Sewage Treatment System ...... 9-20 9.6.4 Treatment Facility...... 9-20 9.6.5 Budgetary System ...... 9-21 9.6.6 Related Information ...... 9-21 9.7 Summary of the Status of Sewage Treatment System in the Five Municipalities ...... 9-22
CHAPTER 10 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE URBAN AREAS ...... 10-1 10.1 Introduction...... 10-1 10.1.1 Objectives ...... 10-1 10.1.2 Collected Data...... 10-1 10.2 Solid Waste Management in Pelotas ...... 10-3 10.2.1 Institutional Framework...... 10-3 10.2.2 Legal Framework ...... 10-4 10.2.3 Present Conditions of Collection Services...... 10-5 10.2.4 Present Conditions of the Existing Landfill...... 10-6 10.2.5 Budgetary Organization ...... 10-9 10.3 Solid Waste Management in Rio Grande ...... 10-10 10.3.1 Institutional Framework...... 10-10 10.3.2 Legal Framework ...... 10-10
- vi - 10.3.3 Present Conditions of Collection Services...... 10-10 10.3.4 Present Conditions of the Existing Landfill...... 10-11 10.3.5 Budgetary Organization ...... 10-15 10.4 Solid Waste Management in São Lourenço do Sul ...... 10-15 10.4.1 Institutional Framework...... 10-15 10.4.2 Legal Framework ...... 10-15 10.4.3 Present Conditions of Collection Services...... 10-16 10.4.4 Present Conditions of the Dumping Site (Lixão) ...... 10-17 10.4.5 Budgetary Organization ...... 10-18 10.5 Solid Waste Management in Camaquã...... 10-20 10.5.1 Institutional Framework...... 10-20 10.5.2 Legal Framework ...... 10-20 10.5.3 Present Conditions of Collection Services...... 10-20 10.5.4 Present Conditions of the Existing Dumping Site (“Lixão”) ...... 10-22 10.5.5 Budgetary Organization ...... 10-24 10.6 Solid Waste Management in Tapes ...... 10-24 10.6.1 Institutional Framework...... 10-24 10.6.2 Legal Framework ...... 10-25 10.6.3 Present Conditions of Collection Services...... 10-25 10.6.4 Present Conditions of the Dumping Site (Lixão) ...... 10-26 10.6.5 Budgetary Organization ...... 10-28 10.7 Impact of Leachate from the Existing Waste Disposal Sites ...... 10-28 10.7.1 Conditions of Solid Waste Disposal Sites...... 10-28 10.7.2 Quality and Quantity of Leachate ...... 10-32 10.7.3 Impact by Leachate ...... 10-36 10.8 Existing Plans and Programs...... 10-37 10.8.1 Expansion of the “Adopt a School” Program...... 10-37 10.8.2 “Health is a Clean City” Program ...... 10-48
CHAPTER 11 Environmental Education ...... 11-1 11.1 Introduction...... 11-1 11.1.1 Background ...... 11-1 11.1.2 Organizations in Charge of Environmental Education...... 11-1 11.2 Environmental Education...... 11-2 11.2.1 Objectives ...... 11-2 11.2.2 Relevant Organizations ...... 11-3 11.2.3 Environmental Education Methods ...... 11-5 11.3 Planning for the Environmental Education Workshops ...... 11-8 11.3.1 Purposes of the Workshops...... 11-8
- vii - 11.3.2 Identification of Areas for the Environmental Education Pilot Project ...... 11-8 11.3.3 Outline of the Environmental Education Pilot Project...... 11-10 11.3.4 Target Groups ...... 11-11 11.4 Production of Environmental Education Materials ...... 11-12 11.4.1 Design and Production of Education Materials...... 11-12 11.4.2 Educational Booklet...... 11-12 11.4.3 Educational Panel...... 11-13 11.4.4 Educational Video...... 11-14 11.5 Implementation of Environmental Education Workshops...... 11-17 11.6 Evaluation of Environmental Education ...... 11-17 11.6.1 Results of the Workshops...... 11-18 11.6.2 Evaluation ...... 11-22 11.6.3 Findings ...... 11-23 11.6.4 Constraints ...... 11-23
CHAPTER 12. FINANCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL...... 12-1 12.1 Introduction...... 12-1 12.1.1 Generalities ...... 12-1 12.1.2 Financial System from Federal to Local Governments ...... 12-2 12.1.3 Basic Problems in Federal Budget ...... 12-3 12.2 Financial Conditions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul and Municipalities ...... 12-4 12.2.1 Generalities ...... 12-4 12.2.2 Financial Conditions in Rio Grande do Sul...... 12-5 12.2.3 Participatory Budget in Rio Grande do Sul...... 12-8 12.3 Framework of Mar de Dentro Program in Participatory Budget ...... 12-10
- viii - LIST OF TABLES
Chapter-1 Table 1.3-1 Population by Municipality in the Study Area...... 1-12 Table 1.3-2 Industries by Municipalities in the Study Area...... 1-17 Table 1.3-3 GDP of Rio Grande do Sul in 1970 and 1994 ...... 1-18 Table 1.3-4 Agricultural Production by Cropping Areas in the Study Area...... 1-19 Table 1.3-5 Land Use by Municipality in the Study Area...... 1-22 Table 1.3-6 Livestock by Municipality in the Study Area...... 1-24 Table 1.4-1 Coverages of Sub-basins in the Study Area ...... 1-30 Table 1.4-2 Sub-basin Population ...... 1-31
Chapter-2 Table 2.2-1 Generation Load per Unit Production of Domestic Wastewater ...... 2-4 Table 2.2-2 Nonpoint Source Generation Load per Unit Production (Japan)...... 2-4 Table 2.2-3 Nonpoint Source Generation Load per Unit Production (U.S.A.) ...... 2-5 Table 2.2-4 Actual Domestic Wastewater Generation Load per Unit Production ...... 2-6 Table 2.2-5 Water Quality and Discharge at Paddy Fields in Camaqua River Basin...... 2-7 Table 2.2-6 Generation Load per Unit Production for Each Generation Sources...... 2-10 Table 2.2-7 Modified Present Land Use/Population in Patos Basin Area ...... 2-11 Table 2.2-8 Generation Load from Sub Basin...... 2-12 Table 2.3-1 Effluent Load from Point Sources...... 2-14 Table 2.3-2 Industrial Generation Load, Effluent Load and Reduction Rate ...... 2-14 Table 2.3-3 Effluent Load in Guaiba Lake Basin and Camaqua River Basin...... 2-15 Table 2.4-1 Annual Precipitation (Camaqua River Basin) ...... 2-21 Table 2.4-2 Verification Values of the Model Rivers ...... 2-23 Table 2.4-3 Data Used in the Runoff Load Analysis...... 2-27 Table 2.4-4 Runoff Load Flowing into Patos Lake ...... 2-28 Table 2.4-5 Existing Estimated Runoff Load from Patos Lake Basin ...... 2-29 Table 2.4-6 Monitoring Results of River Discharge and Water Quality ...... 2-34 Table 2.5-1 Examples of Nonpoint Source Management Measures and Practices ...... 2-43 Table 2.5-2 Environmental Impact from Selected Sources ...... 2-48 Table 2.5-3 Sources and Causes of Water Quality Impairment...... 2-49 Table 2.5-4 Selecting BMPs by Pollutant: Rules of Thumb...... 2-51 Table 2.5-5 Summary of the Effectiveness, Costs, and Chances of Negative Effects...... 2-53 Table 2.5-6 Comparative Evaluation of Load Reduction Measures ...... 2-55
- ix - Table 2.5-7 Effluent Load Comparison before and after Applying the Measures (Generation Load and Permissible Effluent Load)...... 2-59
Chapter-3 Table 3.1-1 Study Phase for Rivers and Basin Conditions...... 3-1 Table 3.2-1 Main Rivers in the Study Area...... 3-3 Table 3.2-2 Hydrological Sub-basin in the Study Area...... 3-5 Table 3.3-1 Slope Conditions in the Study Area ...... 3-7 Table 3.3-2 Outline of Geological Units ...... 3-8 Table 3.3-3 Description of Symbol ...... 3-10 Table 3.3-4 Distribution of Main Soil Types in the Sub-basin...... 3-11 Table 3.3-5 Limitation in Agricultural Use by Soil Type ...... 3-11 Table 3.3-6 Monthly Meteorological Conditions in Major Cities ...... 3-14 Table 3.3-7 Maximum Daily Rainfall in the Study Area...... 3-15 Table 3.3-8 Peak and Minimum Discharge of Major Rivers ...... 3-17 Table 3.3-9 Monthly Runoff Coefficient in Sub-basin L40-3 ...... 3-17 Table 3.3-10 Monthly Runoff Coefficient in Camaqua River ...... 3-17 Table 3.3-11 Monthly Runoff Coefficient in Piratini River ...... 3-18 Table 3.3-12 Probable Peak Discharge in Camaqua River ...... 3-18 Table 3.3-13 Natural Conditions of Sub-basins(1/2)...... 3-19 Table 3.4-1 LANDSAT Image Used for Land Use Map ...... 3-21 Table 3.4-2 Land Use Classifications...... 3-22 Table 3.4-3 Actual Land Use in the Study Area...... 3-22 Table 3.5-1 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)...... 3-24 Table 3.5-2 Cropping Management Factor (C)...... 3-26 Table 3.5-3 Conservation Practice Factor (P) ...... 3-27 Table 3.5-4 Annual Soil Loss in the Study Area...... 3-27 Table 3.5-5 Results of the Case Study ...... 3-28 Table 3.5-6 Risk Classifications of Water Erosion in the Study Area...... 3-30 Table 3.6-1 Riverbed Gradient in the Mountain Rivers ...... 3-31 Table 3.6-2 List of Coefficients for Murano’s Formula ...... 3-32 Table 3.6-3 Specific Sediment Yield by Murano’s Formula ...... 3-32 Table 3.7-1 Harvested Area of Questionable Crops ...... 3-33 Table 3.7-2 Main Productive Sub-basins ...... 3-33 Table 3.7-3 Varieties and Input Pattern of Agricultural Chemicals ...... 3-35 Table 3.8-1 Major River Structures in the Study Area...... 3-36 Table 3.8-2 Existing Bridges and Ferrys...... 3-36
Chapter-4 Table 4.3-1 Aerial Census Result...... 4-14 Table 4.3-2 List of Birds Observed during Ground Survey along Camaqua
- x - River (24th September 1999) ...... 4-17 Table 4.3-3 List of Birds Observed during Ground Survey in Pequena Lake and Feitoria Island (23rd September 1999)...... 4-18 Table 4.3-4 Flora List in the Study Area...... 4-20
Chapter-5 Table 5.1-1 List of Selected Wetlands at Patos Lake Basin ...... 5-7 Table 5.1-2 List of Selected Wetlands at Mirim Lake Basin (incl. Canal de Sao Goncalo) ...... 5-8 Table 5.1-3 Information Sources of Respective Wetlands ...... 5-10 Table 5.2-1 Wetland Areas at Lowland Sub-basins Identified from Satellite Imagery (1998) ...... 5-14 Table 5.2-2 Hydrological Features and Values of Selected Wetlands at Patos Lake Basin ...... 5-15 Table 5.2-3 Hydrological Features and Values of Selected Wetlands at Mirim Lake Basin ...... 5-16 Table 5.2-4 Water-related Status of Selected Wetlands at Patos Lake Basin ...... 5-17 Table 5.2-5 Water-related Status of Selected Wetlands at Mirim Lake Basin...... 5-18 Table 5.2-6 Ecological Status of Selected Wetlands in Patos Lake Basin...... 5-19 Table 5.2-7 Ecological Status of Selected Wetlands in Mirim Lake Basin ...... 5-20 Table 5.2-8 Land Use at Selected Wetlands and Adjoining Areas ...... 5-21 Table 5.2-9 Threats to Selected Wetlands at Patos Lake Basin...... 5-22 Table 5.2-10 Threats to Selected Wetlands at Mirim Lake Basin ...... 5-23 Table 5.2-11 Affiliation between People and Wetlands at Patos Lake Basin...... 5-24 Table 5.2-12 Affiliation between People and Wetlands at Mirim Lake Basin ...... 5-25 Table 5.4-1 Ecological Values of Selected Wetlands...... 5-36 Table 5.4-2 Social and Economic Values of Selected Wetlands ...... 5-37 Table 5.4-3 Relevance of Selected Wetlands with Criteria for Ramsar Registration...... 5-38
Chapter-6 Table 6.2-1 Coordinates of Monitoring Points...... 6-6 Table 6.2-2 Water Quality and Bottom Sediment Monitoring Survey Outline...... 6-9 Table 6.4-1 Harmonic Constants of Tides at Rio Grande...... 6-28 Table 6.5-1 Details of Current Observations (Current Meter)...... 6-33 Table 6.5-2 Current Observation Dates (ADCP)...... 6-40 Table 6.5-3 Amount of Flowing Water through the Cross Section along the Survey Lines ...... 6-51
Chapter-7 Table 7.1-1 Monitoring Program...... 7-4
- xi - Table 7.1-2 Methods and Parameters for Water Quality Analysis ...... 7-6 Table 7.1-3 Methods and Parameters for Sediment Quality Analysis ...... 7-7 Table 7.2-1 Comparison of Trophic State Levels...... 7-24 Table 7.2-2 Characteristics of Other Ecosystems...... 7-25 Table 7.2-3 Results of Heavy Metals Analysis in Patos Lake...... 7-28 Table 7.3-1 Heavy Metal Variation in Sediment in Patos Lake ...... 7-31 Table 7.3-2 Heavy Metal Variation in Sediment in Patos Lake ...... 7-31 Table 7.4-1 Results of Agrochemical Analysis ...... 7-40 Table 7.4-2 Some Toxicological Characteristics of Agrochemicals...... 7-43 Table 7.5-1 Elution Rate Obtained in the Patos Lake ...... 7-55 Table 7.5-2 Nutrient Elution Rate in Different Ecosystem ...... 7-55 Table 7.5-3 Sedimentation Rate Obtained by Trap (m2 per day)...... 7-57 Table 7.5-4 Literature References Concerning to Sedimentation Rate...... 7-59
Chapter-8 Table 8.2-1 Comparison of Trophic Level ...... 8-4 Table 8.2-2 Average Values Observed and TN/TP Ratio...... 8-7 Table 8.2-3 Comparison of River Inflow Load and Bottom Release Load (Annual Average Values)...... 8-7 Table 8.4-1 Calculation Cases for Repeatability of Current Pattern ...... 8-15 Table 8.4-2 Calculation Condition for Hydraulic Model...... 8-16 Table 8.4-3 Amount of River Flow ...... 8-16 Table 8.4-4 Calculation Cases for Repeatability of Water Quality Distribution ...... 8-29 Table 8.4-5 Calculation Conditions for Water Quality Simulation ...... 8-30 Table 8.4-6 Runoff Load into Patos Lake (Average Values)...... 8-32
Chapter-9 Table 9.2-1 Budget Allocated to SANEP for Fiscal Year 1998...... 9-6 Table 9.3-1 Monthly O/M Cost of the Existing Wastewater Treatment Facility ...... 9-12 Table 9.4-1 Water Quality Analysis of the Arroio Caraha and Arroio Sao Lourenco Septic Rivers and Treated/Untreated Wastewater ...... 9-15 Table 9.4-2 Outline of the Area-wise Wastewater Treatment Project in Sao Lourenco do Sul...... 9-16 Table 9.7-1 Present Condition of the Sewage and Wastewater Treatment in the Five Municipalities ...... 9-23 Table 9.7-2 Plans for Sewage Improvement and Construction of Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Five Municipalities...... 9-24
Chapter-10 Table 10.2-1 Legal Framework at National and State Levels...... 10-4 Table 10.2-2 Solid Waste Disposed at the Controlled Landfill ...... 10-5
- xii - Table 10.2-3 Monthly Expenses with Solid Waste Management (1998)...... 10-9 Table 10.2-4 Comparison of Total Budget and SW Management Budget (1998) ...... 10-10 Table 10.3-1 Daily Collected Solid Waste in Rio Grande Municipality ...... 10-11 Table 10.3-2 Comparison between SMSU and Municipal Budgets...... 10-15 Table 10.4-1 Estimated Amounts of Domestic Solid Waste Disposed in the Dumping Site ...... 10-16 Table 10.4-2 Annual Expenses with Solid Waste Management System...... 10-18 Table 10.5-1 Estimated Volumes of Solid Waste...... 10-21 Table 10.5-2 Collection Equipment and Personnel (SMOV) ...... 10-21 Table 10.5-3 Annual Expenses with Solid Waste Management System...... 10-24 Table 10.6-1 Estimated Amounts of Domestic SW Disposed in the Dumping Site...... 10-25 Table 10.6-2 Comparison of Municipal Budget and SOVT Budget ...... 10-28 Table 10.7-1 Conditions of the Solid Waste Disposal Sites in the 5 Municipalities of the Study...... 10-30 Table 10.7-2 Characteristics of the Leachate in the Controlled Landfill of Pelotas...... 10-33 Table 10.7-3 Characteristics of the Leachate in the Porto Alegre Sanitary Landfill ...... 10-34 Table 10.7-4 Summary of Pelotas and Porto Alegre SW Landfills ...... 10-35
Chapter-11 Table 11.2-1 Roles of Relevant Organizations in the Environmental Education Program ...... 11-4 Table 11.2-2 Responsibilities for the Environmental Education Program...... 11-5 Table 11.3-1 Area Surveyed...... 11-9 Table 11.3-2 Outline of the Environmental Education Pilot Project ...... 11-10 Table 11.4-1 Environmental Education Materials ...... 11-12 Table 11.6-1 Environmental Education Workshop in Pelotas ...... 11-19 Table 11.6-2 Environmental Education Workshop in Rio Grande ...... 11-20
- xiii - LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter-1 Fig. 1.1-1 Work Flow for the Study on Socio-Economy...... 1-1 Fig. 1.2-1 Administrative Units in the Study Area ...... 1-9 Fig. 1.3-1 Population Distribution in the Study Area ...... 1-13
Chapter-2 Fig. 2.1-1 Difinition of Load (Generation Load, Effluent Load and Runoff Load) ...... 2-2 Fig. 2.2-1 Difinition of Load (Point Source and Nonpoint Source)...... 2-3 Fig. 2.4-1 Inflow System of Runoff Load to Patos Lake ...... 2-16 Fig. 2.4-2 Separation Method of Runoff Load...... 2-17 Fig. 2.4-3 Runoff Load Model Flowing into Patos Lake ...... 2-18 Fig. 2.4-4 Detailed Procedure Flow of Runoff Load Calculation ...... 2-19 Fig. 2.4-5 Structure of Tank Model ...... 2-20 Fig. 2.4-6 Result of Runoff Simulation by Tank Model ...... 2-23 Fig. 2.4-7 Water Balance of Mirim Lake ...... 2-25 Fig. 2.4-8 Point and Nonpoint Sources Discharge Ratio by River...... 2-30 Fig. 2.4-9 Point and Nonpoint Sources Runoff Load Ratio (BOD) by River...... 2-31 Fig. 2.4-10 Point and Nonpoint Sources Runoff Load Ratio (TN) by River...... 2-32 Fig. 2.4-11 Point and Nonpoint Sources Runoff Load Ratio (TP) by River...... 2-33 Fig. 2.5-1 Ecological Cycle at Present...... 2-36 Fig. 2.5-2 Ecological Cycle in the Future ...... 2-37 Fig. 2.5-3 Relationship Between Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources ...... 2-47 Fig. 2.5-4 Effluent Load Comparison before and after Applying the Measures (Generation Load and Permissible Effluent Load) ...... 2-57 Fig. 2.5-5 Effluent Load Comparison before and after Applying the Measures (Generation Load and Permissible Effluent Load) ...... 2-58
Chapter-3 Fig. 3.1-1 Work Flow of the Study on River and Basin Management ...... 3-2 Fig. 3.2-1 River System in the Study Area ...... 3-4
- xiv - Fig. 3.2-2 Hydrological Sub-basin in the Study Area ...... 3-6 Fig. 3.3-1 Topographic Features of Rio Grande do Sul ...... 3-7 Fig. 3.3-2 Geological Map of the Study Area ...... 3-9 Fig. 3.3-3 Soil Map in the Study Area ...... 3-13 Fig. 3.3-4 Isohyetal Annual Rainfall Map ...... 3-16 Fig. 3.5-1 Isohyetal Rainfall Factor in Study Area ...... 3-25 Fig. 3.5-2 Hazardous Map for Soil Erosion ...... 3-29 Fig. 3.7-1 Main Producing Area of Suspicious Crop ...... 3-34
Chapter-4 Fig. 4.2-1 Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve ...... 4-3 Fig. 4.2-2 Environmental Risk Potential...... 4-4 Fig. 4.2-3 Critical Level of the Environment...... 4-5 Fig. 4.2-4 Conservation Units...... 4-6 Fig. 4.3-1 Physic-Natural Characterizations ...... 4-9 Fig. 4.3-2 Vegetation ...... 4-10 Fig. 4.3-3 Relief Units ...... 4-11 Fig. 4.3-4 Cross-Sectional Formations of the Mata Atlantica...... 4-12 Fig. 4.3-5 Aerial Survey Route ...... 4-15 Fig. 4.3-6 Ground Survey Points ...... 4-16 Fig. 4.5-1 Biological Accumulation Analysis of Agricultural Chemicals in Aquatic ...... 4-29
Chapter-5 Fig. 5.1-1 Natural vegetation type of Brazil ...... 5-5 Fig. 5.1-2 Wetlands and Ramsar Sites in Brazil ...... 5-6 Fig. 5.1-3 Location of 48 Selected Weltlands...... 5-9 Fig. 5.3-1 Wetland Status at 300 Years ago in Santa Vitoria do Palmar ...... 5-28 Fig. 5.3-2 Wetland Status at Present (1995-1996) in Santa Vitoria do Palmar ...... 5-29 Fig. 5.3-3 Aerial Photo of Lagoa Pequena mouth on 10th Jan. 1965 (Scale 1:60,000) ...... 5-30 Fig. 5.3-4 LANDSAT Imagery of Lagoa Pequena mouth in 1998 (Scale 1:60,000) ...... 5-31 Fig. 5.3-5 Aerial Photo of Del Rei Wetland on 10th Dec. 1964 (Scale 1:60,000) ...... 5-32 Fig. 5.3-6 LANDSAT Imagery of Del Rei Wetland in 1998 (Scale 1:60,000) ...... 5-33
- xv - Chapter-6 Fig. 6.1-1 Work Flow on Hydrological Conditions and Water Quality of Patos Lake...... 6-2 Fig. 6.2-1 Location Map of Monitoring Survey...... 6-5 Fig. 6.2-2 Wind Condition in Santa Rita during the Survey Period...... 6-11 Fig. 6.2-3 Precipitation and Tidal Fluctuation during the Survey Period ...... 6-12 Fig. 6.3-1 Water Temperature by Profiling...... 6-15 Fig. 6.3-2 Salinity Levels by Profiling ...... 6-16 Fig. 6.3-3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Levels...... 6-17 Fig. 6.3-4 Turbidity Levels ...... 6-18 Fig. 6.3-5 LANDSAT Data Analysis for Water Temperature...... 6-20 Fig. 6.3-6 LANDSAT Data Analysis for Turbidity...... 6-21 Fig. 6.3-7 LANDSAT Data Analysis for Chlorophyl-a ...... 6-22 Fig. 6.3-8 General View of Water-mass Distribution ...... 6-23 Fig. 6.4-1 Annual Tidal Level Fluctuation in Patos Lake...... 6-26 Fig. 6.4-2 Tidal Level Fluctuation along the Shore of Patos Lake ...... 6-27 Fig. 6.4-3 Tidal Level Fluctuation at Rio Grande (January 1999) ...... 6-29 Fig. 6.4-4 Seasonal Wind Rose at Rio Grande (Pilot Station) ...... 6-31 Fig. 6.4-5 Wind Conditions in Santa Rita and Rio Grande...... 6-32 Fig. 6.5-1 Current Curves at Station C-1 (Summer) ...... 6-35 Fig. 6.5-2 Fluctuation in Water Temperature at Station C-1...... 6-36 Fig. 6.5-3 Current Curves at Station C-3 (Middle Layer, Winter)...... 6-37 Fig. 6.5-4 Current Curves at Station C-4 (Surface Layer, Winter) ...... 6-38 Fig. 6.5-5 Current Curves at Station C-4 (Bottom Layer, Winter)...... 6-39 Fig. 6.5-6 Current Profile of Line-1 (28 February 1999) ...... 6-43 Fig. 6.5-7 Current Profile of Line-1 (5 August 1999)...... 6-44 Fig. 6.5-8 Current Profile of Line-2 (27 February 1999) ...... 6-45 Fig. 6.5-9 Current Profile of Line-2 (26 August 1999)...... 6-46 Fig. 6.5-10 Current Profile of Line-3 (27 February 1999) ...... 6-47 Fig. 6.5-11 Current Profile of Line-3 (27 August 1999)...... 6-48 Fig. 6.5-12 Current Profile of Line-4 (26 February 1999) ...... 6-49 Fig. 6.5-13 Current Profile of Line-4 (27 August 1999)...... 6-50
Chapter-7 Fig. 7.1-1 Location of Water Quality Sampling in Patos Lake ...... 7-3 Fig. 7.2-1 Monthly Fluctuations in Temperature and Solar Radiation...... 7-9 Fig. 7.2-2 Spatial and Temporal pH Fluctuations in Patos Lake...... 7-10 Fig. 7.2-3 Spatial and Temporal DO Fluctuations in Patos Lake...... 7-11 Fig. 7.2-4 Spatial and Temporal BOD Fluctuations in Patos Lake ...... 7-12
- xvi - Fig. 7.2-5 Spatial and Temporal Salinity Fluctuations in Patos Lake (surface) ...... 7-13 Fig. 7.2-6 Spatial and Temporal Turbidity Fluctuations in Patos Lake ...... 7-13 Fig. 7.2-7 Spatial and Temporal CL Fluctuations in Patos Lake (surface) ...... 7-14 Fig. 7.2-8 Transparency Levels in Patos Lake ...... 7-15 Fig. 7.2-9 Spatial and Temporal PO4-P Fluctuations in Patos Lake (surface) ...... 7-16 Fig. 7.2-10 Spatial and Temporal T-P Fluctuations in Patos Lake (surface) ...... 7-17 Fig. 7.2-11 Spatial and Temporal NH4-N Fluctuationsin Patos Lake(surface)...... 7-18 Fig. 7.2-12 Spatial and Temporal NO3-N Fluctuationsin Patos Lake(surface)...... 7-18 Fig. 7.2-13 Spatial and Temporal TN Fluctuationsin Patos Lake(surface)...... 7-19 Fig. 7.2-14 Spatial and Temporal Si Fluctuationsin Patos Lake(surface)...... 7-20 Fig. 7.2-15 TP and TN correlation...... 7-21 Fig. 7.2-16 Spatial and Temporal Chl-a Fluctuations in Patos Lake ...... 7-22 Fig. 7.2-17 Seasonal Chl-a Fluctuations in Patos Lake ...... 7-23 Fig. 7.2-18 Chlorophyll-a and TP Correlation ...... 7-23 Fig. 7.2-19 Spatial and Temporal SS Fluctuations in Patos Lake (surface) ...... 7-26 Fig. 7.3-1 Physic-chemical and Heavy Metal Characteristic of Sediment (1st survey-Feb.99)...... 7-32 Fig. 7.3-2 Heavy Metal Variation in Sediment in Patos lake...... 7-33 Fig. 7.4-1 Spacial and Temporal Total Coil. Variation in Patos Lake ...... 7-35 Fig. 7.4-2 Spacial and Temporal Fecal Coil. Variation in Patos Lake...... 7-35 Fig. 7.4-3 Spacial and Temporal Phytoplankton Variation in Patos Lake ...... 7-37 Fig. 7.5-1 Productivity Measured by O2 in Patos Lake ...... 7-45 Fig. 7.5-2 Productivity Calculated in Terms of Carbon Productivity in Patos Lake ...... 7-46 Fig. 7.5-3 Relationship between Gross and Net Production and Light Intensity...... 7-47 Fig. 7.5-4 Integrated Gross Productivity (m2/h)...... 7-49 Fig. 7.5-5 Total Amount of Elution in each Experimental Cylinder...... 7-53 Fig. 7.5-6 Sediment and Elution Rate ...... 7-58 Fig. 7.6-1 pH Variation in Mirim Lake...... 7-61
- xvii - Fig. 7.6-2 TP Variation in Mirim Lake ...... 7-62 Fig. 7.6-3 TN Variation in Mirim Lake ...... 7-62 Fig. 7.6-4 SS Variation in Minim Lake...... 7-63 Fig. 7.6-5 Total Solid (TS) Variation in Minim Lake...... 7-64
Chapter-8 Fig. 8.1-1 Numerical Simulation Flowchart for Water Quality Analysis...... 8-3 Fig. 8.3-1 Lattice and Inflow Points Map of Patos Lake ...... 8-9 Fig. 8.3-2 Water Depth Map of Patos Lake ...... 8-10 Fig. 8.3-3 Eutrophication Model...... 8-12 Fig. 8.4-1 Comparison of Velocity between Observed Values and Calculated Values at the Two Channels ...... 8-17 Fig. 8.4-2 Current Pattern in Guaiba Channel...... 8-18 Fig. 8.4-3 Current Pattern in Southern Area ...... 8-19 Fig. 8.4-4 Distribution of Salinity in Southern Area...... 8-20 Fig. 8.4-5 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 1st day of Model Pattern)...... 8-21 Fig. 8.4-6 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 2nd day of Model Pattern) ...... 8-22 Fig. 8.4-7 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 3rd day of Model Pattern)...... 8-23 Fig. 8.4-8 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 4rd day of Model Pattern)...... 8-24 Fig. 8.4-9 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 5th day of Model Pattern) ...... 8-25 Fig. 8.4-10 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 6th day of Model Pattern) ...... 8-26 Fig. 8.4-11 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 7th day of Model Pattern) ...... 8-27 Fig. 8.4-12 Current Pattern in Patos Lake (The 8th day of Model Pattern) ...... 8-28 Fig. 8.4-13 Map of Release Rate and Diatoms Rate and Open Boundary Condition for Water Quality ...... 8-31 Fig. 8.4-14 Calculated Chl-a Distribution (Present : Summer Season)...... 8-34 Fig. 8.4-15 Calculated T-N Distribution (Present : Summer Season)...... 8-35 Fig. 8.4-16 Calculated T-P Distribution (Present : Summer Season)...... 8-36 Fig. 8.4-17 Calculated BOD Distribution (Present : Summer Season) ...... 8-37 Fig. 8.4-18 Calculated COD Distribution (Present : Summer Season) ...... 8-38 Fig. 8.4-19 Calculated Chl-a Distribution (Present : Winter Season)...... 8-39
- xviii - Fig. 8.4-20 Calculated T-N Distribution (Present : Winter Season) ...... 8-40 Fig. 8.4-21 Calculated T-P Distribution (Present : Winter Season)...... 8-41 Fig. 8.4-22 Calculated BOD Distribution (Present : Winter Season)...... 8-42 Fig. 8.4-23 Calculated COD Distribution (Present : Winter Season)...... 8-43 Fig. 8.4-24 Comparison between Observed Values and Calculated Values...... 8-44 Fig. 8.4-25 Calculated Chl-a Distribution (Present : Average Values)...... 8-45 Fig. 8.4-26 Calculated T-N Distribution (Present : Average Values) ...... 8-46 Fig. 8.4-27 Calculated T-P Distribution (Present : Average Values)...... 8-47 Fig. 8.4-28 Calculated BOD Distribution (Present : Average Values) ...... 8-48 Fig. 8.4-29 Calculated COD Distribution (Present : Average Values) ...... 8-49
Chapter-9 Fig. 9.2-1 Schematic Flow of Present Movement of Wastewater/ Drinking Water in Pelotas ...... 9-3 Fig. 9.2-2 Existing Sewage Water Treatment Condition in Pelotas...... 9-5 Fig. 9.3-1 Schematic Flow of Present Movement of Wastewater/Drinking Water in Rio Grande...... 9-8 Fig. 9.3-2 Existing Sewage Water Treatment Condition in Rio Grande ...... 9-10
Chapter-10 Fig. 10.1-1 Work Flow of the Study on Solid Waste Management...... 10-2 Fig. 10.2-1 Location of Existing and Alternative Site for New Landfill in Pelotas ...... 10-7 Fig. 10.2-2 Solid Waste Stream in the Municipality of Pelotas...... 10-8 Fig. 10.3-1 Location of Existing and Alternative Landfill Sites in Rio Grande ...... 10-13 Fig. 10.3-2 Solid Waste Stream in the Municipality of Rio Grande ...... 10-14 Fig. 10.4-1 Collection Services Coverage, Location of Dumping Site, and other Features in S. Lourenco do Sul...... 10-19 Fig. 10.5-1 Collection Services Coverage, Location of Dumping Site and Area, and other Features in Camaqua...... 10-23 Fig. 10.6-1 Collection Services Coverage, Location of Dumping Site, and other Features in Tapes...... 10-27 Fig. 10.8-1 Recycling Center Location Plan...... 10-40 Fig. 10.8-2 Recycling Center Site and Roof Plan ...... 10-41 Fig. 10.8-3 Recycling Center Paper and Plastic Processing Unit (1)...... 10-42 Fig. 10.8-4 Recycling Center Paper and Plastic Processing Unit (2)...... 10-43 Fig. 10.8-5 Recycling Center Administration and Pedagogic Workshop (1)...... 10-44
- xix - Fig. 10.8-6 Recycling Center Administration and Pedagogic Workshop (2)...... 10-45 Fig. 10.8-7 Recycling Center Metal and Glass Processing Unit (1) ...... 10-46 Fig. 10.8-8 Recycling Center Metal and Glass Processing Unit (2) ...... 10-47
- xx -
Chapter 1
Socio-economic Conditions
The study on socio-economy of the Project was basically carried out through a procedure of 3 successive periods: the first period of collection and review of existing materials and data related, the second period of field surveys for grasping local facts and opinions on the study, and the last period for making an analysis of the survey-results and carrying out an evaluation on basic and economic aspects of the related priority programs/projects proposed in the whole framework of the Master Plan.
Based on this procedure, the study was started with the review and analysis of collected socio-economic information, documents and statistic data for making the data base of the study to contribute to the formulation of the Master Plan. The site visits and hearings at various places in the Study area were made afterwards for grasping the actual facts and local opinions to understand the present socio-economic situation at local levels. During these field surveys, the prepared questionnaires (SOC-T-1) were basically used for hearing the local voices on the present conditions. At the final stage, with the formulation of proposed priority programs/projects for the Master Plan, a basic jutification on the study based on the collected opinions from counterpart agencies etc. on the study proceedings and results (SOC-T-2) was carried out along with an economic analysis.
1.1.2 Basic Findings from the Socio-Economic Surveys
From these site surveys and local hearings, a basically steady situation of daily socio-economic activities has been observed in the State during the study period. The State Government has been reportedly making basic efforts to improve the present socio-economy and the local environmental conditions. The crucial situation in public finance, however, is still a consistent problem to solve for substantially realizing a dynamic socio-economic development program.
In grosso modo, the state of Rio Grande do Sul is divided into 2 parts, the North and the South. The Study area, which is located in the southern part of the South, covers about 1/3 of the total area of Rio Grande do Sul, but only 1/9 of its population. Therefore, in comparison to the northern part, the southern part, except for some specific cities i.e. Pelotas, Rio Grande and Camaqua, is generally found inferior in socio-economic activities. Only the population of these 3 mentioned cities is found surpassing one half of the total population in the Study area (one million inhabitants). Besides, the largest water bodies in the State such as Patos, Mirim and Mangueira are found in the Study
1-2 area. The main agglomerations in the Study area including the 3 mentioned cities are found on the western bank of Patos Lake, along the trunk road Porto Alegro-Pelotas-Rio Grande which is also the main highway in the Study area.
In the total 66,180 km2 subjected to the study area, the inland water area is found at roughly 13,000 km2 or about its 1/5. The socio-economic contribution of these water areas, however, has been found substantially inferior with about 5,000 fishermen only presently living on artisanal fishery. Their fish catch is reportedly decreased year by year due to various factors related to the environmental management in which the polluted water quality is considered as an overwhelming factor. The present annual fish catch is reportedly decreased to about one-tenth of 20 years ago. As a matter of fact, the requirements for improving the aquatic environment as well as the environmental improvement of the water bodies in the Study area, particularly Patos Lake, are considered basically indispensable. Besides, on the aspect of contributions to the regional socio-economy from these water bodies, except for the actual utilization mainly in navigation and irrigation, other economically profitable activities are presently found substantially insufficient.
Concerning the agriculture in the Study area, two main aspects are found in farming activities: 1). Big farms for rice production on the alluvial plains distributed around Mirim Lake and Patos Lake with irrigation application from these water resources, and 2). The rainfed farming of field crops mixed with livestock production in the remaining areas of predominantly updown land configuration. As most rice fields around Patos Lake are irrigated by this water source, the water pollution by heavy metals and toxic substances in this lake, if so happened, would cause harmful consequences to consumers. The control of agro-chemicals used in cultivation has not been strictly practiced. Besides, due to a large part of hilly land in the Study area, particularly on its western side, is made by remote areas with substantially insufficient road network etc., the main utilization of this land type is for cattle grazing. Cattle population, therefore, is considerably higher than inhabitants in the Study area.
On the aspect of sanitation, the major part of urban households in main cities along Patos Lake have been connected with the sewage piping system to discharge the effluent into this water body after a primary sedimentation only. In rural areas, wealthy households have infiltration septic tanks set up at their backyards; meanwhile, poor households have their sewerage discharged directly to nearby places or water streams. This situation is found for households of slump areas scattered in the cities also. From these conditions, as per consequence, the beaches of water bodies in the Study area are
1-3 frequently found unclean, particularly for Patos Lake which receives the sewerage effluents of all large cities in the Study area along with those of the Guaiba metropolitan region on the North. Along the coasts of Patos Lake, there are several resort beaches with beautiful scenic views such as Tapes, Arambare, Sao Lourenco do Sul etc.where tourists have frequently visited during hot seasons. CORSAN, therefore, has recently installed some fresh water shower units for servicing people taking bath at these beaches. The proper treatment of domestic sewerages at present, therefore, is found substantially insufficient.
On the aspect of solid waste treatment, the collection of solid wastes in urban areas is found properly done in most cities, but the dumping grounds of collected solid wastes are observed in very simple structures without basic protection works and located very near resident areas. This sanitation situation has been cited by local inhabitants during the hearings as a basic cause threathening to the public health. No offical statistics on diseases of environmental causes in the Study area, however, but malaria and dengue were disclosed.
From the present socio-economic situation ( SOC-F-1 Preliminary Analysis of Major Socio-Economic Characteristics in the Study Area Basin ), the issue of environmental management in the Study area, therefore, is an urgent matter to be taken into account at its basis. Through many occasions and even in the JICA seminars held during the Master Plan Study period, many local organizations have repeatedly voiced for paying more concerns in the study on the aspect of improving local living and environmental management conditions. Therefore, they have expressed their hopes in the realization of Programa Mar de Dentro for this purpose ( SOC-F-2 Brief Comparison Between Programa Mar de Dentro and JICA Master Plan Study ).
1.2 Administrative Units in the Study Area
1.2.1 Generalities
As the fifth largest country in the world, Brazil covers a total area of 8,547,403 km2 and a population of 157 million inhabitants ( average population density: 18.5 persons/km2 ), but 80% of its population are living in urban areas. Besides, its population is found concentrated in the eastern litoral regions, particularly in the 2 metropolitan cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, leaving the forestal and remote regions in the whole country, particularly Amazonia on the North, in a minor importance to the mainstream
1-4 of its society.
Except for the South with a temperate climate, Brazil is predominantly belonged to the tropical climate, characterized by heavy rains in the large region of Amazonia. Meanwhile, the Central Brazilian Plateau gives rise to the xerophytic vegetation of the cerrado and the eastern coasts has heavy rains often in storms fall on the seaward faces of the Atlantic.
From these natural conditions Brazil has only about 8 percents of the national land being used as arable land; meanwhile more than 65 percents are categoried as forest and woodland, 19 percents as meadows and pastures, and 6 percents presently used for other purposes.
Being formed as a federal republic, the Federative Government of Brazil is consisted of 26 states with Brazilia as the federal capital. In central or federal government, the president and the vice-president as well as the members of Parliament (Lower House) are directly elected through a general election for a 4-year mandate. The members of the Senate have an 8-year mandate. The present Cabinet of 22 Ministries was formed by the elected President (SOC-F-3). At local levels, the Governor and members of the State Assembly are elected by a local election on the same date of central government election for a 4-year mandate also, but for Prefeito and members of Municipio Assembly they are elected by another local election.
Administratively as well as socio-economically, Brazil is made of a two-tiers structure based on the Federal Government and its 26 States. However, due to the socio-economic disparities among the States in Brazil are so enormous, a constant financial assistance from the Federal Government to marginal States and Municipios, particularly for the underdeveloped States and Municipios, has been carried out, causing an incremental financial deficit in the Federal budget year by year. This situation, therefore, has been resulted in a destabilization in the public finance and, as per consequence, a chronic obstacle to the development of national economy.
In the whole, the 26 States and Brazilia, the Federal District, are integrated into 5 regions, namely North, Northeast, Mid West, Southeast and South. This division is based on geo-economic characteristics for politico-regional considerations but no corresponding administations are organized for these 5 regions. Economic predominance is found in the South and Southeast regions where geo-climatic conditions and human resources are considerably favorable.
1-5 The State of Rio Grande do Sul which covers the Study area is belonged to the South Region, along with the two other States, Parana and Santa Catarina. The basic socio-economic indices of Brazil and the 5 regions are shown as below:
Item/Region North Northeast Southeast Midwest South Brazil Area (000km2) 3,869.6 1.561.1 927.3 1,612.0 577.2 8,547.4 (%) (45.25) (18.28) (10.85) (18.86) (5.76) (100) Population 12.1mil 46.2 mil 69.8 mil 11.2 mil 24.4mil 163.7mi (%) (7%) (28.9%) (42.7%) (6.4%) (15%) (100%) Pop.Den (p/km2) 2.66 27.3 42.7 5.9 33.5 18.8 Urban Popu. (%) 57.8 60.8 88.0 81.5 74.5 75.5 Rural Popu. (%) 42.2 39.2 12.0 18.5 25.5 24.5 Illiteracy (%) 12.4 28.7 8.7 11.6 8.9 14.3 Pop growth (%) 2.4 1.1 1.3 2.2 1.2 1.6 IDH 0.727 0.608 0.857 0.848 0.860 0.739 GDP/capita US$ 2,738 1,845 5,744 4,338 4,389 2,700 Share in GDP of 4.87 12.68 59.41 7.15 15.89 100 Brazil (%) Source: Brazil Almanaque 2000
From the above table, the South Region which covers the Study area has the smallest coverage in land area (5.76%) but the third in population (15%) after Region of Southeast (42.7%) and and Region of North East (28.9%). The basic socio-economic conditions of 3 states in the South Region are as follows:
Index/ State Santa Catarina Parana Rio Gr. Do Sul 1. Area 95.318,3 km2 199.324 km2 280.674 km2 2. Population 4.550.000 persons 8.500.000 persons 9.150.000 persons 3. Pop.Density 48 pers./km2 43 pers./km2 33 pers./km2 4. Urban Pop.% 70,7% 73.5% 76,5% 5. Rural Pop.% 29,3% 26.5% 23,5% 6. Populat’nGrowth 1.4 % 1.2 % 1.0 % 7. Inf.Mortality 23.09 %o 28.02 %o 19.4 %o 8. IDH 0.863 0.847 0.869 9. GRP per cap. US$ 4,038 US$ 4,223 US$ 4,719 10. Share in GDP 3.05 % 4.223 % 4.719 % 11. Capital Florianopolis Curitiba Porto Alegre 12. Capital Popult. 195.000 842.000 1.300.000 Source: Almanaque Brazil 2000
On the aspect of watershed division, the State of Rio Grande do Sul is divided into 3 large hydraulic parts ( Grand Basins ) as characterized by the river systems with related basins as below:
1-6 Grand Basin Basin Water Ressource Service Area 1 Uruguai River 8 Basins Uruguai River Western RS 2. Guaiba River 8 Basins Guaiba River Middle RS 3. Litoral Part Camaqua Basin Camaqua River Middle part Mirim Basin Mirim Lagoon Southern part Litoral Medium Outer part of Patos Southeastern Tramandai Northern seashore Northeastern Mampituba Mambitupa River Northeastern Source: Survey on Water Uses in the Hydrographical Basin of Mirim Lake DRHS 1999
From this hydro-graphical partition, apart from the Uruguai River Basin on the western side and the Guaiba River Basin on the Central North, the Litoral Part which is made of 5 basins as mentioned in the above. Of which the three basins of Camaqua Basin, Mirim Basin and Litoral Medium are subjected to the Study area, or also the area of Programa Mar de Dentro.
In economic aspect, Brazil has presently produced a GDP of about US $ 400 billion, or about US$ 2,700 per capita ( about one-tenth of Japan ). Basically different from Japan, Brazil is a large country with various potentials on natural and human resources for tremendous socio-economic development but, due to its short recovery-period from the 20-year period of militarism (1964 - 1984) and a present political system of various parties, the continuity of programs for socio-economic development in long term have been found inconsistent from times to times.
1.2.2 Administrative Units in the Study Area
The present administrative units in the Study area are shown in Fig.1.2-1.
Firstly, the State of Rio Grande do Sul has a population of about 9 million inhabitants and a total land area of 280,674 km2 (average population density : 33 persons/km2). It is the southernmost state of Brazil bordered by Argentina in the West, Uruguay in the South and the Atlantic on the East. In general, this State represents a small Brazil in most geo-demographic characteristics as mentioned in the above. The State has its capital, Porto Alegre, in the North with about 1.3 million inhabitants and the habour city of Rio Grande in the South which is the landmark of this State when firstly discovered in 1737 by the Portuguese batallion to prevent the Spaniard colonial expansion from the South.
Administratively, the State of Rio Grande do Sul which is overall governed by the Governor Office and the State Administration is presently divided into 471 Municipios
1-7 and 22 Regional Councils. The Municipalities are the smallest administrative units; meanwhile, the Regional Councils are non-governmental organizations in charge of sensibilization on development plans in the region. The Governor & Vice-Governor and 55 members of the State Assembly as well as the Prefeito & Vice-Prefeito and the members of each Municipality Assembly are elected by local people through corresponding elections.
Presently there are 50 Municipalities covered by the Study area as for Programa Mar de Dentro. Of these 50 Municipalities, there are 29 Municipalities fully covered and 21 Municipalities partly covered. The full data of these Municipalities, except for the newly established ones, are notified in SOC-T-3.
1-8 Fig. 1.2-1
75 km
in the Study Area
Administrative Units
50
DO SUL
DO SUL
CAPIVARI
PALMARES
025
MOSTARDAS
S
O
T
A P
TAVARES
S
MARIANA O PIMENTEL TAPES D
SERT O SANTANA
A
DO SUL
SENTINELA N BAR O DO U TRIUNFO
ARAMBAR
G A
GRANDE DO SUL CERRO L
IN THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
CAMAQU
THE STUDY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
CHUVISCA
CRISTAL
OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF AND PATOS MIRIM LAKES
DO SUL
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. / PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL
DOM FELICIANO
S O LOUREN O
FERRADOR
AMARAL
TURU U
DO NORTE
SOJOS
ENCRUZILHADA DO SUL
ARROIO DO PADRE
PELOTAS
RIO GRANDE
CAP O DOLE O
MORRO REDONDO
CANGU U
CERRITO
SANTANA DA BOA VISTA
PEDRO OS RIO
PIRATINI M
I
R
I M
ARROIO GRANDE
PINHEIRO MACAADO
HERVAL
JAGUAR O
CANDIOTA
LAVRAS DO SUL A
PEDRAS ALTAS O
G
HULHA NEGRA A L
SANTA VIT RIA DO PALMAR
CHU
ACEGUA
1-9 1.3 Socio-Economic Indices by Municipality
1.3.1 Population
(1) Basic Characteristics
Agglomeration from human dwelling is one major factor causing the water pollution in the Study area as most of its domestic sewages including toilet water are presently untreated and discharged into the surrounding water bodies. The other two major pollution factors are originated from industries including mining on one hand and agriculture including soil erosion on another hand.
With the recent establishment of 7 new Municipalities (1. Acegua, 2. Arroio Padre, 3. Cerrito, 4. Chuvisca, 5. Chui, 6. Pedra Altas and 7. Turucu) in the Study area, the total number of Municipalities covered by Programa Mar de Dentro, or also the Study area, therefore, is counted at 50. The total population of all these 50 Municipalities is about 1.5 million inhabitants or 16.5 % of the State population (9 million inhabitants). In fact, due to 21 Municipalities are partly covered in the Study area, the population in the Study area is proportionally calculated at around one (1) million inhabitants. The average population density in the Study area is about 18.7 inhabitants/km2, lower than the average of State population density (33 inhabitants/km2).
Based on the hydrological division of three (3) basins in the Study area (1.Litoral Medio of 5,844 km2, 2. Camaqua of 21,498 km2 and 3. Mirim Sao Goncalo of 26,218 km2), the basin of Mirim Sao Goncalo has the highest population of 704,017 inhabitants (population density : 26.9 inhabitants/km2), followed by the basin of Camaqua with a population of 234,188 inhabitants (population density: 10.9.inhabitants/km2), and the basin of Litoral Medio has the lowest population of 68,205 inhabitants (population density: 11.7 inhabitants/km2) ( SOC-F-4 ).
Concerning the aspect of population, the population of two neighbouring cities, Pelotas and Rio Grande, located in the estuary of Patos Lake and belonged to the basin of Mirim Sao Goncalo, is counted for about 0.5 million inhabitants ( where 95% are urban population ) or roughly one half of the population of the Study area. In terms of area coverage, these two Municipios cover only about 10 % of the Study area.
For the remaining half population, therefore, they are distributed in the 90 % of the Study area with an equivalent ratio of urban and rural populations. Of this half population, there are 7 Municipalities with a population of more than 20,000 inhabitants
1-10 as follows: 1) Santa Vitoria do Palmar (34,054), 2) Jaguarao (29,819), 3) Cangucu (50,045), 4) Capao do Leao (20,978), 5) Sao Lourence do Sul (42,527), 6) Sao Jose do Norte (22,767) and 7) Camaqua (61,620).
(2) Population by Municipalities
The figures of population by Municipalities covered in the Study area are shown in the following Table 1.3-1:
(3) Present Situation of Population Issue
Concerning the population distribution in the Study area, the most dense agglomerations are predominantly found on the western bank of Patos lake such as Pelotas, Rio Grande, Sao Lourence do Sul, Camaqua and Tapes, along the national highway of Porto Alegre – Pelotas - Rio Grande. The highest density is found in Pelotas with 100-500 inhabitants/km2, followed by Rio Grande with 50-100 inhabitants/km2 and 25-50 inhabitants/km2 for some medium–sized cities such as Camaqua, Tapes etc. as shown in Fig.1.3-1.
In the South of Rio Grande do Sul where the Study area is located, a significant trend of migration from the Western rural areas towards the Eastern citadel industrial areas, particularly Pelotas and Rio Grande, for searching jobs and living earnings has been observed in the recent years. This social phenomenon is presently causing a high employment rate of about 10 % and a remarkable increase of slum areas scattered in these two cities (Pelotas with presently about 16,000 unemployed persons and Rio Grande with about 10,000 unemployed persons).
The unemployment rate is reportedly increasing in the medium-sized cities also. However, due to their relatively low populations, the situation is not causing a serious social problem as in Pelotas and Rio Grande.
1-11 Table 1.3-1 Population by Municipality in the Study Area
Municipality Area in km2 Municipality Urban Rural Population in (Mar Dentro Programa) (Coverage) Population population population Study area 1. Acegua Na (U+1/2R)) - - - - 2. Amaral Ferrador 506.6 (F) 4,906 934 3,972 4,906 3. Arambare 517.5 (F) 3,473 1,991 1,482 3,473 4. Arroio do Padre Na (F) - - - 5. Arroio Grande 2,544.8 (F) 18,669 15,633 3,036 18,669 6. Bage 5,674.1 (1/2R) 118,180 98,691 19,489 9,745 7. Balneario Pinhal 106.4 (Nil) 5,516 4,806 710 0 8. Barao do Triunfo 436.3 (1/5R) 5,927 585 5,342 1,069 9. Barra do Ribeiro 850.0 (1/20R) 11,162 8,978 2,184 110 10. Cacapava do Sul 3,051.0 ( 1/3R) 33,287 20,823 12,464 4,216 11. Camaqua 1,683.2 (F) 59,353 41,715 17,638 59,353 12. Candiota 597.2 (F) 7,434 3,240 4,194 7,434 13. Cangucu 3,520.6 (F) 49,488 16,340 33,148 49,488 14. Capao do Leao 784.0 (F) 22,248 19,965 2,283 22,248 15. Capivari do Sul 414.0 (F) 3,128 2,725 403 3,128 16. Cerrito 462.0 (F) 6,710 4,946 1,674 6,710 17. Cerro Grande doSul 324.4 (F) 7,909 936 6,973 7,909 18. Chui 201.0 (F) 3,151 2,661 490 3,151 19. Chuvisca 214.0 (F) 4,679 2,856 1,823 4,679 20. Cidreira 241.9 (Nil) 6,987 6,747 240 0 21. Cristal 682.1 (F) 6,811 3,886 2,925 6,811 22. Dom Feliciano 1,263.0 (U+2/3R) 13,580 2,057 11,523 9,739 23. Dom Pedrito 5,194.8 (1/20R) 39,226 35,003 4,223 212 24. Encruzilhada do Sul 3,422.0 (1/2) 23,477 13,913 9,564 11,739 25. Herval 2,798.3 (F) 7,753 4,423 3,330 7,753 26. Hulha Negra 1,147.2 (2/3R) 5,145 2,544 2,601 1,734 27. Jaguarao 2,070.9 (F) 30,923 26,252 4,671 30,923 28. Lavras do Sul 2,604.8 (U+1/2R) 7,024 4,637 2,387 5,830 29. Morro Redondo 247.1 (F) 5,851 2,037 3,814 5,851 30. Mostardas 1,941.7 (F) 9,358 5,535 3,823 9,358 31. Osorio 671.2 (1/2) 35,807 29,700 6,107 17,904 32. Palmares do Sul 947.3 (F) 10,886 8,664 2,222 10,886 33. Pedras Altas Na (1/5R) - - - 34. Pedro Osorio 598.5 (F) 7,730 5,697 2,033 7,730 35. Pelotas 1,647.9 (F) 311,674 288,537 23,137 311,674 36. Pinheiro Machado 2,549.0 (F) 13,431 9,746 3,685 13,431 37. Piratini 3,562.5 (F) 17,039 8,659 8,380 17,039 38. Rio Grande 2,835.8 (F) 180,556 174,225 6,331 180,556 39. Santa V.do Palmar 5,242.7 (F) 30,428 25,701 4,727 30,428 40. Santana da B.Vista 1,461.9 (U+2/3R) 8,562 3,749 4,813 6,858 41. S.Antonio Patrulha 1,069.3 (1/3R) 34,408 19,764 14,644 4,882 42. Sao Jeronimo 970.2 (1/8R) 18,880 14,412 4,468 559 43. Sao Jose do Norte 1,135.3 (F) 23,053 16,167 6,886 23,053 44. Sao Lorenco do Sul 2,028.3 (F) 43,108 23,042 20,066 43,108 45. Sentinela do Sul 282.5 (U+2/3R) 4,322 643 3,679 3,096 46. Tapes 805.3 (U+4/5R) 14,893 11,568 3,325 14,228 47. Tavares 652.3 (F) 5,018 2,291 2,727 5,018 48. Tramandai 143.7 (Nil) 34,042 31,217 2,825 0 49. Turucu 286.0 (F) 3,618 3,189 429 3,618 50. Viamao 1,434.2 (1/2R) 214,472 178,654 35,818 17,909 765,453 240,957 1,006,410 Source: Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica RS ( 1999 ) Notes: 1. F: Full coverage, U: Urban, R: Rural, Nil: Area not covered 2. Covered population is calculated proportionally with the covered area 3. Municipios without data are newly formed in 1996-97
1-12
This phenomenon, on one hand, is reportedly caused by the gradual application of mecanisation in big farms, which cover largely the arable land in the Study area ( SOC-F-5 ). On another hand, this phenomena should be considered on the unappropriate provision of good farmland to the rural population and no proper supporting services for the farming activities of small farms. Besides, the creation of job opportunities to cope with the actual conditions in rural areas has been observed insufficient. As a matter of fact, rural workers, who are mainly living on seasonal agricultural works up to now, have to migrate to citadel areas for other daily labour works to support their living earnings and, as per consequence, creating the situation of homeless or slum areas in these cities.
Unless proper measures are taken into account to solve this fundamental social problem, the trend of inland migration will be continued as up to now, causing a gradual population pressure in the subjected cities and, at the same time, a social disorder on the aspect of hygienic and security control as being observed times to times at now.
Therefore, in order to carry out efficiently the environmental management in the cities, the environmental education only, as being largely promoted at now, will not be sufficient for solving this social problem. In rural areas, proper measures on farmland distribution and generation of rural jobs with sufficient supporting technical and financial services should be carried out in parallel to prevent the migration of rural population towards the large cities at first. And in urban areas, the installation of sufficient public toilets and collective sewage treatment facilities for populated areas should be done for improving the public environment in the area.
This crucial social problem would inquire an integrated policy from the State Government including the creation of new proper farmland for small farms with the application of consolidation works for making the presently unused public land into farmland/agroforestry land. Besides, a proper rural economy based on present local conditions of available labor force to be used in farm production will be applied for ensuring the basic living earnings of small farms at first and, at the same time, to contribute to the Gross Domestic Product of the State.
1-14 1.3.2 Industry
(1) Basic Characteristics
Industry has been consistently considered by the State Government as the core economic sector for effectively generating the GDP in the State. Along with the business and trade sector, this sector has performed a major share in its GDP with more than 35 % and a significant growth of average 80 % per annum during the last two decades.
However, industrial activities, as being observed, have been acting as a major environmental pollution factor, particularly in the two main industrial areas in the region, Guaiba area in the North and Rio Grande-Pelotas in the South. Along with domestic sewerages, industrial sewerages from both these industrial areas have been continuously pouring into Pelotas Lake, which is a typical lagoon-typed lake. These effluent sources, if not being promptly treated from now, would gradually affect not only its water quality but also all living aspects or the whole socio-economy in the region.
At present, most industrial enterprises of medium size and above are reportedly equipped with some kind of sewage treatment system. The periodical reports on their treatment operations are reportedly sent to FEPAM for information purpose. Except for especially serious cases, no periodical inspections on the operation of these facilities have been applied at now.
Historically, Rio Grande do Sul has been developped since the early times as a region for agriculture based on livestock production. Sizable agro-industries related to this farming system were reportedly established around 50 years ago. Other contemporary industries such as oil refinery, chemicals and mecanical engineering as existing in Guaiba region in the North and around Rio Grande in the South were then gradually introduced for structuring the two industrial areas, Guaiba and Pelotas-Rio Grande, in the region.
As mentioned in the above, incorporating with the pollution by domestic sewerage, the industrial pollution from these two industrial areas has gradually imposed a severe problem for the regional public health, particularly by industries of chemicals, minerals, leather tannery and oil refinery. Leakages of chemical items from loading and unloading works in major ports such as Rio Grande and Porto Alegre, despite of no confirmations as yet, should be concerned accordingly.
1-15 Besides, similar to the population aspect, the region of Rio Grande and Pelotas, which covers almost one-thirds of total industrial units and almost 90% of the large-scaled industries, is the main point source for industrial pollution in the Study area. Apart from this central region, there are a few large-scaled industries scattering in the Study area at some specific localities, which contributing as minor point sources of the industrial polution.
Since the industrial development can largely absorb the labor force and generate dynamically the GDP of the State, this course will be continued in the future. Therefore, proper measures to control the industrial pollution sources are considered as indispensable subjects to be taken into account. FEPAM is now elaborating a proper control system in corporating with corresponding Municipios.
(2) Industries by Municipios
The situation of industries by Municipios is shown in the following Table 1.3-2:
(3) Present Situation of Industrial Issue
From the above table, the present situation of industrial issue is as follows
1. There are presently about 3,600 industrial installations in the Study area, of which more than 90 % are small industries of less than 100 employees. Of which 26% are agro-industries.
2. Along with its high population, the region of two cities Rio Grande and Pelotas covers the major industrial area in the Study area. Particularly, Rio Grande has 207 industries in which more than half are large industries with more than 1,000 employees. This city has 9 chemical enterprizes, 4 fertilizer enterprizes and 23 factories of mineral and metalurgy Meanwhile, Pelotas has 822 enterprise but all are small industries. As a matter of facts, similar to the matter of domestic sewage, the industrial sewage in these two cities is assumingly contributing to more than half of the total industrial population in the Study area. The pollution control of these two cities, therefore, will largely effect the whole enviromental conditions in the South of Rio Grande do Sul.
3. The Municipality of Viamao has 454 industrial units but all are small or individual enterprizes and the Study area covers only one-thirds of its area.
1-16 Table 1.3-2 Industries by Municipalities in the Study Area
No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of % of % of Rema-r Municipality Indus. Employ’d Engaged Agro- Employ’d Engaged Agro-In AgroEmp. ks Units Persons Persons Industr. P. (Agro) P.(Agro) d. 1. Chui 2. S.V.do Palmar 38 110 148 21 54 75 55.3 50.7 3. Jaguarao 37 26 63 3 21 34 35.2 54.0 4. Arroio Grande 51 156 207 34 143 177 66.7 71.0 5. Herval 3 4 7 2 4 6 66.7 85.7 6. Pedro Osorio 65 83 148 15 27 42 23.1 28.4 7. Pedras Altas 8. Candiota 16 1,221 1,237 7 6 13 37.5 1.1 Mines 9. Hulha Negra 8 150 158 4 133 137 50.0 86.7 10. Acegua 11. Bage 146 1,269 1,415 45 857 902 30.8 63.7 12. Pin.Machado 20 241 261 5 9 14 25.0 5.4 13. Piratini 37 161 198 16 13 29 43.3 14.7 14. Cerrito 15. Cangucu 75 134 209 13 65 78 17.4 37.4 16. CapaodoLeao 46 953 999 22 888 910 47.8 91.1 17. M.Redondo 35 1,027 1,062 14 986 1,000 40.0 94.2 18. Arroio Padre 19. PELOTAS 822 11,384 12,206 202 7,416 7,618 24.6 62.4 20. R. GRANDE 207 294,862 295,069 91 33,339 33,430 43.9 11.3 21. Turucu 22. Sao Lourenco do 124 549 673 36 401 437 29.0 64.9 Sul 23. Sao Jose do Norte 10 7 17 4 5 9 40.0 53.0 24. Cristal 32 37 69 7 31 38 21.9 55.1 25. Camaqua 238 958 1,196 74 651 725 31.1 60.6 26. Arambare 6 17 23 5 16 21 83.4 91.3 27. Chuvisca 28. A. Ferrador 6 1 7 3 0 3 50.0 42.9 29. Encr.do Sul 73 158 23I 20 4 24 27.4 10.4 30. S.Boa Vista 16 0 16 1 0 1 6.3 6.3 31. Caca. do Sul 112 1,923 2,035 13 176 189 11.6 0.1 Mines 32. Lavr.do Sul 5 5 10 1 0 1 20.0 10.0 -- 33. D. Feliciano 16 37 53 2 3 5 18.8 9.4 -- 34. C Gr. Do Sul 32 3 35 4 0 4 12.5 11.4 35. Sent. do Sul 39 80 119 13 75 88 33.4 73.9 36. Palm. Do Sul 44 514 558 17 104 121 38.7 21.7 37. Mostardas 16 158 174 11 23 34 68.8 19.5 38. Tavares 5 1 6 1 0 1 20.0 16.7 39. B do Triunfo 4 0 4 2 0 2 50.0 50.0 40. S. Jeronimo 55 238 293 13 39 52 23.7 17.8 41. Capiv.do Sul 42. Dom Pedrito 76 495 571 39 449 488 51.3 85,5 43. Tapes 89 455 544 34 122 156 38.2 28.7 44. Viamao 454 1,384 1,838 42 330 372 9.3 20.2 45. S.Antonio da Patrulha 300 2,386 2,686 63 201 264 21.0 9.8 46. Osorio 140 1,642 1,782 33 76 109 23.6 6.1 47. Tramandai 88 92 180 14 7 21 15.9 11.7 48. Cidreira 34 11 45 16 4 20 47.1 44.4 49. Pinhal 13 20 33 3 19 22 23.1 66.7 Total 3,633 322,952 326,585 975 46,697 47,671 26.5 14.6 Source: SCP
1-17 4. Some Municipalities have their specific industries with a considerable production capacity as follows:
Cacapava do Sul: 4 shoes-enterprizes with 474 employees 48 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with1,200 employees Candiota : 3 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 941 employees Encruzilhada do Sul: 6 timber enterprizes with 125 employees Osorio: 7 shoes-enterprizes with 1371 employees Palmares do Sul: 13 timber-enterprizes with 338 employees Pinheiro Machado: 10 mineral and metalurgy units with 232 employees Santa A. da Patruha: 22 mineral and metalurgy units with 213 employees Viamao: 175 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 553 employees Details on industries by Municipality are mentioned in SOC- T-4.
1.3.3 Agriculture
(1) Basic Characteristics
As mentioned in the above, agriculture is the original and basic industry in Rio Grande do Sul. However, as shown in the following table of Gross Domestic Product in Rio Grande do Sul in 1970 and 1994, the share of agriculture sector in the whole economic structure of this State has been decreased from the level of 30% to 10.6 %. Its average annual growth, however, is maintained at the level of 17.4 % during this 25-year period.
Table 1.3-3 GDP of Rio Grande do Sul in 1970 and 1994
Production in ‘70 Production in ’94 Annual Sector % % ( Billion US $) (Billion US $) Growth 1. Agriculture 1.02 30 4.43 10.6 17.4 % 2. Industry 0.68 20 14.67 35.1 86 % 3. Service 1.70 50 22.69 54.3 58 % Total GDP 3.40 100 41.79 100 49 % Source: RS Investment Seminar 1975 & Atlas socio-economico RS 1998
This situation implies that, except for some years of economic chaos during this period (1970 - 94), the economy of Rio Grande do Sul has performed a tremendous growth, particularly for the two sectors of industry and commerce/service with an average annual growth of 86% and 58%, respectively. In this particular situation, the steady growth in agriculture sector is considered relatively low.
1-18 (2) Agricultural Production by Municipality
The situation of agricultural production in the Study area is shown as follows:
Table 1.3-4 Agricultural Production by Cropping Areas in the Study Area
Area Crp.Are. Rice Corn Soyb’n Cassv Potato Legum Tobac Municipality ( Km2 ) ( ha ) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 1. Chui --- 2. SVD Palmar 5,242.7 92,149 90,000 700 300 0 10 10 0 3. Jaguarao 2,070.9 24,973 22,000 1,500 170 0 25 30 4. Arroio Grand 2,544.8 45,716 39,000 1,200 4,000 5 15 150 0 5. Herval 2,798.3 9,005 5,500 2,125 300 0 0 130 0 6. Pedro Osorio 598.5 14,800 3,000 9,000 1,500 0 220 770 0 7. Pedras Altas 8. Candiota 597.2 2,045 600 1,000 100 0 5 150 9. Hulha Negra 1,147.2 8,190 1,400 4,200 300 0 4 230 10. Acegua --- 0 11. Bage 5,674.1 27,116 18,000 3,500 1,500 8 55 12. PinMachado 2,549.0 7,515 400 4,500 500 0 46 1,420 0 13. Piratini 3,562.5 20,715 1,320 10,000 7,000 0 380 980 0 14. Cerrito --- 15. Cangucu 3,520.6 82,610 1,710 50,000 1,500 0 1,850 10,500 16. Capao Leao 784.0 15,076 8,000 3,000 2,500 0 700 290 17. M.Redondo 247.1 3,786 10 1,700 40 0 760 565 18. ArroioPadre 19. PELOTAS 1,647.9 42,350 10,750 15,000 5,000 0 4,350 2,860 2800 20. RIO GR. 2,835.8 29,600 26,000 600 0 0 50 1,850 0 21. Turucu --- 22. Sao Lourenc do 2,028.3 43,480 9,530 20,000 4,000 280 7,750 600 Sul 23. Sao Jose do 1,135.3 6,897 2,730 1,500 0 0 8 2,500 Norte 24. Cristal 682.1 12,159 5,920 2,950 2,100 20 665 110 300 25. Camaqua 1,683.2 42,966 25,535 8,000 1,500 1,000 320 640 4,700 26. Arambare 517.5 11,909 11,200 300 200 0 0 20 27. Chuvisca 28. A. Ferrador 506.6 6,330 650 2,000 0 70 70 1,505 1,900 29. Emcruzihada do 3,422.0 10,393 1,000 6,000 600 280 30 1,202 Sul 30. Santana da Boa 1,461.9 7,850 435 5,000 200 20 25 2,000 Vista 31. Caca. do Sul 3,044.8 18,000 4,020 8,000 2,000 50 20 3,003 32. Lavr.do Sul 2,604.8 5,556 1,950 2,400 500 10 33 510 33. D. Feliciano 1,263.0 15,474 190 9,000 0 450 425 2,130 34. C Gr. Do Sul 324.4 6,240 656 1,450 0 300 120 315 3,220 35. Sent. do Sul 282.5 3,788 1,801 400 0 385 80 7 800 36. Palm. do Sul 947.3 25,390 24,500 500 100 120 11 75 37. Mostardas 1,941.7 35,216 33,300 700 0 80 11 1,070 38. Tavares 652.3 6,240 2,120 1,400 0 120 16 2,300 39. B do Trumfo 436.3 6,165 150 3,800 0 180 126 451 40. S. Jeronimo 970.2 13,790 1,220 8,000 0 520 60 1 1,200 41. Capivari d.S 42. Dom Pedrito 5,194.8 43,555 34,500 3,000 4,000 43. Tapes 805.3 11,360 11,000 250 0 50 15 0 44. Viamao 1,434.2 27,853 22,300 1,300 2,850 600 574 8 45. Santa A.da 1,069.3 23,924 12,700 4,750 400 3,000 230 1,940 530 Patrulha 46. Osorio 671.2 4,800 3,410 450 0 500 20 340 0 47. Tramandai 143.7 173 110 30 0 20 5 2 48. Cidreira 241.9 2,343 1,434 30 0 48 3 13 49. Pinhal 106.4 6,610 50 3,200 1,800 100 26 710 10 Total 69,413.6 824,107 440,101 199,435 40,960 8,208 19,066 41,442 15,460 Source: SCP
1-19 Due to the presently limited cropping areas and no availability of G.I.S.maps to identify the cropping areas in corresponding Municipalities, all the cropping areas mentioned in the above table are assumingly covered in the Study area.
(3) Present Situation of Agricultural Development
From this situation, except for some cities, most Municipios in the Study area are presently living on agriculture as its main and basic industry.
In this State, three characteristic periods are distinguished in its historical course: Firstly, the extensive occupational pattern with the production increases through the further occupying land. Secondly, the introduction of technical land cultivation, especially the rotation cropping of bean and wheat, evoking the introduction of the modern agro-industrial sector. And thirdly, the relatively recent introduction of foodgrains such as soybean, rice and legumes as cashcrops
Recently rice is predominantly observed in the Study area where in some Municipios, the share of paddy fiels is almost 90% of the cropped areas. The cultivation of rice is reportedly started since 1832. The production of rice in this region is now covering approximately 30 % of all rice production in Brazil. The average of rice yield per ha is 4,300 kg, considering as a good and stable yield in this region.
Besides, as shown in Annex SOC-T-5, based on the regional classification in the Studies on Regional Characteristics made by ENGEVIX in 1977, the agro-climatic characteristics of the Municipios in the Study area are identified accordingly.
This information shows that, based on the relevant agro-climatic conditions, rice and corn are the most preferential crops for most parts in the Study area and onion/garlic for the sandy loam of Mostardas, Tavares and Sao Jose do Norte.
However, due to the basic characteristic of predominantly hilly land configuration in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, the cropping area (agricultural land) is found presently still limited at the level of 15 % of the total land area. Therefore, apart from the land portion used as housing and infrastructures, most Municipios have presently the fallow land proportion at the level of more or less 50%, particularly for the western hilly Municipios and the areas in Sao Jose do Norte and Mostardas-Tavares areas. For future socio-economic development, the planning for effectively using these lands is considered necessary.
1-20 Besides, due to basic conditions of climate, farming habits etc. in this region, only one harvest per annum for the summer seasonal crops has been mainly applied. Winter crops, therefore, are found extremely limited. There is to some extent a diversification of crops, depending on the farming characteristics of Municipios, but, in general, perennial crops for industrial purposes or fruit trees are presently found very limited in the Study area.
Most foodgrain crops in the Study area are generally planted in large areas with the application of farm machinery. In principle, except for rice, irrigation is almost not applied. However, fertilizers and agro-chemicals which are considered as main pollutions sources in the farming activities are generally applied in these large-scaled cultivations.
1.3.4 Land Use
(1) Basic Characteristics
As mentioned in the above, due to the hilly land configuration and the basic farming system of mixed agriculture with dairy farming in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, the situation of land use in the Study area is observed very limited at present.
The issue of land use in the Study area is very relative to agricultural development, the basic industry in this State. However, except for a few areas have been intensively developed as industrial or agricultural areas, the rest of large and hilly parts of the State is predominantly made as unused or pasture land.
(2) Land Use by Municipalities
Regarding the present conditions of land use in the Study area, the situation is shown in the following Table 1.3-5.
(3) Present Situation of Land Use
The characteristics of land use in the Study area, therefore, are as follows:
1-21 Table 1.3-5 Land Use by Municipality in the Study Area
Percent. Perman. Season Winter Percent Area Agri. Municipality Agri. Crops Crops crops Nonagri Remark ( Km2 ) Land (ha) Land. (ha) (ha) (ha) Land 1. Chui --- Na. 2. SVD Palmar 5,242.7 92,149 17.57% 6 92,143 82.43% 3. Jaguarao 2,070.9 24,973 12.06% 15 24,958 87.94% 4. Arroio Grand 2,544.8 45,716 18.00% 451 45,265 82.00% 5. Herval 2,798.3 Na. 6. Pedro Osorio 598.5 14,800 25.00% 130 14,698 75.00% 7. Pedras Altas Na. 8. Candiota 597.2 2,045 3.50% 22 2,o23 (320) 96.50% 9. Hulha Negra 1,147.2 8,190 7.20% 28 8,162 (124) 92.80% 10. Acegua --- Na. 11. Bage 5,674.1 27,116 4.80% 229 26,887 (2,004) 95.20% 12. PinMachado 2,549.0 7,515 3.00% 86 7,265 (250) 97.00% 13. Piratini 3,562.5 20,715 5.80% 724 20,015 (700) 94.20% 14. Cerrito --- Na. 15. Cangucu 3,520.6 82,610 23.47% 76.53% 16. Capao Leao 784.0 15,076 19.23% 171 14,905 80.77% 17. M.Redondo 247.1 3,786 15.30% 662 3,124 (5) 84.70% 18. ArroioPadre Na. 19. PELOTAS 1,647.9 42,350 26.00% 550 42,350 74.00% 20. RIO GR. 2,835.8 29,600 10.50% 38 29,585 89.50% 21. Turucu --- Na. 22. Sao Lourenc do 2,028.3 43,480 21.50% 222 43,258 78.50% Sul 23. Sao Jose do 1,135.3 6,897 6.10% 5 6,892 93.90% Norte 24. Cristal 682.1 12,159 17.80% 40 12,119 82.20% 25. Camaqua 1,683.2 42,966 25.50% 173 42,793 74.50% 26. Arambare 517.5 11,909 23.00% 27 11,882 77.00% 27. Chuvisca Na. 28. A. Ferrador 506.6 6,330 12.50% 41 6,289 87.50% 29. Emcruzihada do 3,422.0 10,393 3.04% 759 9,634 96.96% Sul 30. Santana da Boa 1,461.9 7,850 5.37% 111 7,739 94.63% Vista 31. Caca. do Sul 3,044.8 17,980 5.90% 203 17,772 94.10% 32. Lavr.do Sul 2,604.8 5,556 2.13% 63 5,493 (6) 97.87% 33. D. Feliciano 1,263.0 15,474 12.25% 112 15,362 87.75% 34. C Gr. Do Sul 324.4 6,240 19.24% 63 6,177 80.76% 35. Sent. do Sul 282.5 3,788 13.65% 70 3,788 86.35% 36. Palm. do Sul 947.3 25,390 26.80% 50 25,340 (1) 73.20% 37. Mostardas 1,941.7 35,216 18.14% 44 35,172 81.86% 38. Tavares 652.3 6,240 9.56% 9 6,230 90.44% 39. B do Trumfo 436.3 6,165 14.13% 20 6,145 85.87% 40. S. Jeronimo 970.2 13,790 14.21% 166 13,624 85.79% 41. Capivari d.S Na. 42. Dom Pedrito 5,194.8 43,555 8.38% 55 43,500 91.62% 43. Tapes 805.3 11,360 14.11% 9 11,351 85.89% 44. Viamao 1,434.2 27,853 18.5% 287 27,853 (4,307) 81.5% 45. Santa A.da 1,069.3 23,924 22.37% 23,924 77.63% Patrulha 46. Osorio 671.2 4,800 8.5% 276 4,720 91.5% 47. Tramandai 143.7 173 12.0% 173 88.0% 48.Cidreira 241.9 2,343 9.68% 13 2,330 90.32% 49. Pinhal 106.4 6,610 62.12% 6,610 37.88% Total 69413.6 806,107 11.61% 5,721 800,386 (7,717) 88.39% Source: SCP
1-22 1. Except for some municipalities with relatively high cropping areas such as Pinhall (62%), Palamares do Sul (26%), Camaqua (25.5%) and Pedro Osario (25%), most Municipios in the Study area have the present cropping areas in the range of 3 % to 23 % of their total land areas, The average range for land use is 10 - 15 %.
2. The average range for non-cropping land use in most municipalities, therefore, is 85 - 90%, varying with the conditions and characteristics of each municipality
3. Supposing the percentage of land use for housing and infrastructures is in the range of 20 - 30% of the total land area in each municipality, the percentage of fallow or pasturage land in each municipality is presently estimated at the level of more than 50 % of its land area. This figure is considered high.
1.3.5 Livestock
(1) Basic Characteristics
As mentioned in the above, livestock production has been considered as a traditional industry in the Study area. In this region, the type of agriculture based on dairy farming has been generally applied. Due to the predominant hilly land configuration in this region, this farming system has been originally practiced as the appropriate system for a large scaled exploitation.
Recently, with the introduction of new foodgrain crops such as rice, soybean etc. to gragually develop the base for agro-industries in this region, the livestock production has shown to some extent a gradual decrease in the last decades.
Except for the limited plains in the basins of Patos and Mirim used as cropping and industrial or urban lands, almost the large hilly lands are presently used as grazing land for livestocks to produce meat and leather.
(2) Livestock production by Municipality
The figures of animals in the Study area are shown in the following Table 1.3-6.
1-23 Table 1.3-6 Livestock by Municipality in the Study Area
Area No. of No. of No. of Big Anim Covrd.No. Municipality No. of Pigs ( Km2 ) Bovines Ovines Chicken No.coverd Chicken 1. Chui --- 2. SVD Palmar 5,242.7 190,000 115,000 6,379 46,900 311,379 46,900 3. Jaguarao 2,070.9 117,856 177,114 2,646 34,638 297,616 34,638 4. Arroio Grand 2,544.8 125,308 86,080 2,685 28,616 214,073 28,616 5. Herval 2,798.3 150,728 180,000 2,669 21,294 333,397 21,294 6. Pedro Osorio 598.5 70,588 41,719 2,866 61,226 115,173 61,226 7. Pedras Altas 8. Candiota 597.2 188,244 386,831 4,492 32,120 579,567 32,120 9. Hulha Negra 1,147.2 189,223 388,122 3,993 31,777 290,669 15,888 10. Acegua --- 11. Bage 5,674.1 587,654 1157879 14,157 96,941 879,845 48,470 12. PinMachado 2,549.0 248,663 300 5,400 50,235 290,363 50,235 13. Piratini 3,562.5 190,066 145,006 10,007 86284 345,079 86,284 14. Cerrito --- 15. Cangucu 3,520.6 128,657 50,210 53,000 449,207 231,867 449,207 16. Capao Leao 784.0 38,700 8,508 1,131 16,494 48,339 16,494 17. M.Redondo 247.1 12,860 2,660 5,280 80,000 20,800 80,000 18. ArroioPadre 19. PELOTAS 1,647.9 41,286 2,399 27,757 386,331 71,442 386,331 20. RIO GR. 2,835.8 116,934 42,530 6,005 265,575 165,469 265,575 21. Turucu --- 22. SaoLourence do 2,028.3 76,500 17,000 18,700 200,000 112,200 200,000 Sul 23. Sao Jose do 1,135.3 42,099 6,350 5,626 60,701 54,075 60,701 Norte 24. Cristal 682.1 28,500 6,900 6,000 37,500 41,400 37,500 25. Camaqua 1,683.2 78,000 10,700 12,500 120,000 101,200 120,000 26. Arambare 517.5 48,000 9,200 6,350 32,000 63,550 32,000 27. Chuvisca 28. A. Ferrador 506.6 21,200 6,000 5,460 54,300 32,660 54,300 29. Emcruzihada do 3,422.0 116,412 103,906 7,986 100,201 114,152 50,100 Sul 30. Santana da Boa 1,461.9 123,078 196,103 12,212 71,108 165,696 35,554 Vista 31. Caca. do Sul 3,044.8 336,959 341,652 19,005 155,704 348,808 77,852 32. Lavr.do Sul 2,604.8 323,437 567,374 5,158 36,224 447,985 18,112 33. D. Feliciano 1,263.0 23,000 14,000 15,700 98,000 35,134 65,334 34. C Gr. Do Sul 324.4 6,000 1,650 8,340 27,700 15,990 27,700 35. Sent. do Sul 282.5 8,500 2,100 5,000 28,800 10,400 19,200 36. Palm. do Sul 947.3 37. Mostardas 1,941.7 74,159 67,459 6,197 18,990 147,815 18,990 38. Tavares 652.3 17,282 25,100 2,423 23,448 44,805 23,448 39. B do Trumfo 436.3 3,800 300 5,400 25,000 4,750 12,500 40. S. Jeronimo 970.2 34,904 13,900 21,200 93,200 14,000 18,640 41. Capivari d.S 42. Dom Pedrito 5,194.8 387,212 237,346 5,464 70,696 63,002 7,070 43. Tapes 805.3 34,000 4,500 3,080 28,000 41,580 28,000 44. Viamao 1,434.2 72,118 18,340 29,626 4290161 40,028 1430,050 45. Santa A.da 1,069.3 79,570 4,600 21,650 180,600 35,273 60,000 Patrulha 46. Osorio 671.2 27,600 4,600 4,510 33,400 36,710 11,133 47. Tramandai 143.7 1,400 910 280 1,050 518 210 48. Cidreira 241.9 11,813 4,367 4,500 2,835 6,893 945 49. Pinhal 106.4 1,810 200 1,240 14,100 1,083 4,700 Total 69,413.6 4,427,851 5,080,861 387,491 7,501,518 6,174,785 4,037,250 Source: SCP
Note: The livestock population covered in the Study area is mentioned in the last two columns
1-24 (3) Present Situation of Livestock Production
From these above figures, the general observations are as follows:
1. The total population of big animals (bovines, ovines and pigs) in the Study area is estimated at about 6.2 million heads or about 6 times of the human population in the Study area. This implies the Study area has been largely used for livestock production which is also the traditional lifestyle of Gaucho people in the area as up to now..
2. Most of cattles are raised by method of grazing in the rural pastures. This means the sewerage from animals which is calculated in the part of agricultural sources, has no considerable pollution effect in the region.
3. Only for small livestock, mainly poultry being raised in poultry farms with particularly large populations in Viamao and Cangucu.
4. Despite of many large water bodies existing in the Study area, the use of these water bodies for raising animals such as ducks is not observed in the area.
5. Livestock production is presently supporting the industries of leather tannery and shoes-making which are also considered as important industries in the region.
1.3.6 Fishery
(1) Basic Conditions
As aforementioned, despite of roughly 1/5 of the Study area are made of water areas with Patos Lake as the largest barrier lagoon type in the world, the fishery is still found in a quasi-primitive situation. The artisanal fishery occurred since the end of the last century has been continued but since the last two decades the catches have been reportedly declined sharply. The causes are considered as follows:
1. There are over-exploitations catching even for the small fish
2. There are illegal fishing activities using trawler nets/ carrying out during prohibited periods.
3. The water quality in lakes is found seriously polluted
1-25 Recently, the estuarine fishery has not been observed as a full economic activity, except for Pink Shrimp during its season.
There are about 5,000 fishermen living in 4 colonas (3 in Pelotas Lake and 1 in Mirim Lake) in the Study area. The management system for fishing activities in the area is basically a traditional one in corporated with the governmental orders. In principle, IBAMA is responsible for regulating the fishing activities, but due to no proper facilities and budget, the controlling activities are found very neglected, resulting in an actual situation of reportedly illegal fishing activities as at now.
In 1996, a Forum on Patos Lake was held to discuss the establishment of proper institutions for regulating the fishing activities in the area. They are the management and enforcement of activities, the encouragement of co-operatives, associated works and leading to effective control works. However, the measures for recupering the water quality as well as the eco-system for creating the living environment for marine resources have not been realized as up to now.
(2) Evolution of Fishery in the Area
The artisanal fishery in the area, particularly in Patos Lake, has been reportedly started since the end of the 19th century. From the environment of good natural conditions and regulated fishing patterns at this time, an annual catch of average 45,000 tons was generally performed to sell to the Northern markets and also to other countries. There were no records on the number of fishermen and fishing villages at that time, but it marked an important industry in the region.
At the end of 1960’s, with the introduction of tax incentives for industrial investments, a large number of fish processing plants were established in Rio Grande, and fish materials were gradually imported from neighbouring countries into this city for processing. Then, from the beginning of 1970’s with the conclusion of fishing agreements with these neibouring countries, the number of fishing boats was sharply increased from around 80 to about 400 units, causing a phenomena of over-exploitation, particularly for the estuary fishing.
Since then, the catch volume in Patos Lake decreased sharply to more or less 11,000 tons in 1973 and then, 10 years later, with the sharply decreased annual catch, the fishermen in the area could not survive by their fish catch only. Most fish processing
1-26 plants in the area were closed, letting only the shrimp catching during the season as the sole fishing activity in this region.
Actually there are about 5,000 fishermen living in 4 colonas in the area (3 in Patos lake and 1 in Mirim lake), but during off-seasons of shrimp catching they have no proper earnings for living. From the present hardship of their daily life, the local government has reportedly offered an annual financial assistance to each family for supporting their life.
(3) Actual Problems and Solutions
From the actual situation, the problems in fishery are identified as follows:
1. The serious pollution of water bodies and no proper recuperation measures at now, 2. The lack of establishment of restricted areas for fishing, 3. The lack of established areas for promoting appropriate aquacultures, 4. The lack of an efficient control of illegal fishing activities, 5. The lack of supplies of modernized fishing tools 6. The lack of an efficient organization for technical and financial supports to all fishermen in the area, and 7. The lack of institutional works for clearly demarcating the restricted areas and periods, and other related items.
The solutions for these problems, therefore, are elaborated as follows:
1. Recuperation and monitoring of the water quality in subjected lakes, 2. Establishment of sanctuary areas with strict controls by corresponding Municipios, 3. Establishment of specific areas for appropriate types of aquacultures based on the natural conditions, 4. Application of a strict controlling system of illegal fishing activities, 5. Supply of modern fishing tools through fishermen organizations 6. Formation of an efficient organization for technical and financial supports to fishermen in the area, 7. Creation of institutional works for demarcating fishing areas, periods and other related items
1-27 1.3.7 Sanitation Facilities
(1) Basic Characteristics
Regarding sanitation facilities in the Study area, the two (2) main conditions are observed for sanitation facilities in urban areas and rural areas as follows.
1) Urban Areas:
Except for Pelotas being handled by SANEP, most urban areas or principal localities of the Municipios in the Study area are covered by CORSAN. Along with the city-water supply, CORSAN has established a piping system to collect the domestic sewage from their households. For this domestic sewage collection、CORSAN has two (2) kinds of treatments as follows:
1. The flushing toilet water and the domestic sewage are collected together by piping system to a simple place served as the primary equalizing tank for discharging into the nearby waterbodies (Primary treatment), or
2. The flushing toilet water and the domestic sewage are collected to a sewage treatment plant for treating prior to be discharged as the effluent to the subjected water bodies (Secondary treatment). No chlorination for bacterial treatment is applied at now. ( Note: Flushing toilet system is generally applied in urban areas )
In urban areas, along with the water supply system, the sewage collection carried out by CORSAN is covering almost 95 % of households in these cities. Presently, the consumption of water in urban areas is estimated at 150 l/capita/day.
2) Rural Areas:
For the domestic sewage in rural areas, there are two main situations: houses with individual latrines and septic tanks, and houses with simple sewage drains but no septic tanks. With septic tanks, the sewage is filtrated into the ground through its open bottoms. Data on installations of flushing toilet and septic tank in the rural areas of the Study area are not available at the moment.
1-28 In terms of system of drains for non-collected sewage as for this situation, the total rural population (100 %) as well as its total livestock (100 %), therefore, are belonged to the category of non-point sources..In rural areas, the average of 120 l/person/day, therefore, is generally applied for water consumption.
(2) Sanitation Facilities by Municipalities
In the Study area the 14 following Municipalities are reportedly applying the primary treatment for domestic sewerage:
1. Arroio Grande 8. Sao Jeronimo 2. Enncruzilhada do Sul 9. Sao Jose do Norte 3. Lavras do Sul 10. Pinhal 4. Pinheiro Machado 11. Osorio 5. Piratini 12. Cidreira 6. Santa Vitoria do Palmar 13. Tramandai 7. Santana da Boa Vista 14. Santo A. da Patrulha The secondary treatment, however, is presently applied for two Municipalities, Tramandai and Cidreira, only.
(3) Present Situation of Sanitation Facilities
In general, the present situation of sanitation facilities for residential parts in urban areas is considered good enough with a sewage piping system (but lack of a proper treatment system for an acceptable effluent). The sanitation conditions of some markets, bus-stops etc. in city areas, however, are still observed in poor conditions. In rural areas, the aforementioned situation of sanitation facilities showed a disparity between rich and poor households.
1.4 Socio-Economic Indices by Basin
As notified in Chapter 3 (River and Basin Conditions) the Study area is composed of three (3) hydrological basins, namely Litoral Medio Basin (L20), Camaqua Basin (L30) and Mirim-Sao Goncalo Basin (L40), and the two (2) lakes of Patos and Mirim.
Except for the areas of the two (2) lakes, the three (3) hydrological basins are furtherly divided into 16 sub-basins as showed in the following Table 1.4-1 (Coverages of Sub-Basins in the Study Area):
1-29 Table 1.4-1 Coverages of Sub-basins in the Study Area
Sub-basin Name of Area Basin/Lake No. Name Symbol Covered Municipios (km2) Litoral Medio 1 Litoral Medio L20 5,844 7: Viamao (P), S.A.da Patrulha (P), Osario (L20) (Sub-Total 1) 5,844 (P), Capiari do Sul (F), Mostardas (F), Tavares (F), Sao Jose do Norte (P) Camaqua 2 Camaqua I L30-1 3,461 6: Lavras do S.(F),Cacapava do S (P), Dom Pedrido(P), Bage (P), Hulha Negra (P) (L30) 3 Camaqua II L30-2 2,123 4: Bage(P), Cacapava do S.(P), Santana da B.V(P), Pinheiro Machado (P) 4 Camaqua III L30-3 7,927 8: Santana da Boa.Vista.(P), Encruzilhalda do S.(P), Dom Feliciano (P), Amaral Ferrador, Cristal, Cangucu, Piratini, Pinheiro Machado 5 Camaqua IV L30-4 3,999 7: S.L.do Sul(P),Cangucu(P), Cristal(P),Amaral Ferrador.(P), DomFeliciano(P),Chuvisca(P), Camaqua(P) 6 Arroio Velhaco L30-5 2,587 6: Tapes(P), Sent.do Sul(P), Cerro G.do Sul(P), Camaqua(P), Arambare(P), Chuvisca(P) 7 Arroio Grande P. L30-6 1,401 5: S.L.do Sul(P), Pelotas(P), Cagucu(P), Arroio do Padre(P), Turucu(P) (Sub Total 2) 21,498 Mirim-Sao 8 Mirim East Coast L40-1 3,681 3: Chui(P),S.V.Palmar (P), Rio Grande (P) Goncalo 9 Rio Grande L40-2 491 1: Rio Grande (P) 10 Mangueira L40-3 3,966 3: Chui(P), S.V.Palmar (P), Rio Grande (P) 11 Jaguarao L40-4 5,497 5: Acegua(P), Hulha Negra(P), Candiota(P), Pinheiro Machado (P), Pedra Altas (P) 12 Arroio Grande M. L40-5 3,709 4: Jaguarao(P), Herval(P), Arroio Gr.(P), Pedro Osorio (P) 13 Piratini L40-6 5,777 10: Herval(P), Pedra Altas(P), P.Mach(P),Piratini(P),Cangucu(P, Pedro Osorio(P), Cerrito(P), Arroio Grande(P), Capao do Leao(P), Morro Redondo (P) 14 West Sao Goncalo L40-7 933 3: Capao do Leao(P), Morro Redondo(P), Pelotas (P) 15 Arroio Pelotas L40-8 1,646 5: Pelota(P), Morro Redondo(P), Cangucu(P), Arroiod.Padre(P), Turucu(P) 16 Sao Jose do Norte L40-9 518 1: Sao Jose do Norte (P) ( Sub-Total 3 ) 26,218
Total of Land Area 53,560 km2 Patos Lake 17 Patos Lake in L20 PL-20 5,145 18 Patos Lake in L30 PL-30 3,517 19 Patos Lake in L40 PL-40 1,132 (Sub-Total ) 9,794 Mirim Lake 20 Mirim Lake in L40 ML-40 2,826 Total of Water Area (Patos and Mirim lakes) 12,620 km2 Total (Land Area + Water Area) 66,180 km2 Source: JICA Study Team
1-30 1.4.1 Population
The distribution of sub-basin population calculated proportionally with each corresponding area covered is shown in the following Table 1.4-2 ( Sub-basin Population ).
Table 1.4-2 Sub-basin Population
Basin Sub-basin Municipality Urban Rural Total Remarks Population Population Population Camaqua L30-1 1. Lavras do Sul 4,637 2,387 5,830 Calculations L-30 2. Cacapava d.Sul 0 2,108 2,108 Based on 3. Dom Pedrito 0 212 212 Covered Areas 4. Bage 0 4,873 4,873 5. Hulha Negra 0 1,734 1,734 Sub-total: 4,637 11,314 15,951
L30-2 1. Cacapava d.Sul 0 2,108 2,108 2.Santana d.Boa Vista 0 1,605 1,605 3. Bage 0 4,873 4,873 4. Pinheiro Machado 0 922 922 Sub-total 0 9,508 9,508
L30-3 1.Santana d.Boa Vista 3,749 1,604 5,353 2.Pinheiro Machado 0 1,228 1,228 3. Piratini 0 4,190 4,190 4. Cangucu 0 13,257 13,257 5. Cristal 0 293 293 6. Amaral Ferrador 934 3,574 4,508 7. Dom Feliciano 0 3,841 3,841 8. Encruzilhalda dSul 6,957 4,783 11,739 Sub-Total 11,639 32,770 44,409
L30-4 1. Cangucu 0 6,628 6,628 2. Sao Lorence d.Sul 0 10,033 10,033 3. Camaqua 0 3,528 3,528 4. Cristal 3,886 2,632 6,518 5. Amaral Ferrador 0 398 398 6. Dom Feliciano 2,057 3,841 5,898 7. Chuvisca 2,856 1,823 4,679 Sub-Total 8,799 28,883 37,682
L30-5 1. Camaqua 41,715 14,110 55,825 2. Cerro Grande d.Sul 936 6,973 7,909 3. Sentinela d.Sul 643 2,453 3096 4. Tapes 11,568 2,660 14,228 5. Arambare 1,991 1,482 3,473 Sub-Total 56,853 27,678 84,531
1. Cangucu 0 3,314 3,314 L30-6 2. Pelotas 0 2,314 2,314 3. Arroio do Padre na na na 4. Turucu 3,189 215 3,404 5. Sao Lorenco d.Sul 23,042 10,033 33,075 Sub-Total 26,231 15,876 42,107
Sub-total 108,159 126,029 234,188
Mirim L40-1 1. Chui 2,661 245 2,906 Sao- 2. San V. do Palmar 25,701 2,363 28,064 Goncalo 3. Rio Grande 0 2,110 2,110 ( L40 ) Sub-total 27,362 4,618 31,980
L40-2 1. Rio Grande 174,225 2,110 176,335 Sub-total 174,225 2,110 176,335
1-31 Basin Sub-basin Municipality Urban Rural Total Remarks Population Population Population L40-3 1. Chui 0 245 245 2. Santa V.doPalmar 0 2,364 2,364 3. Rio Grande 0 2,110 2,110 Sub-total 0 4,719 4,719
L40-4 1. Acegua na na na 2. Hulha Negra 0 1,156 1,156 3. Candiota 3240 4,194 7,434 4. Pedras Altas na na na 5. Pinheiro Machado 0 615 615 6. Herval 0 1,110 1,110 7. Jaguarao 26,252 2,335 28,587 Sub-total 29,492 9,410 38,902
L40-5 1. Jaguarao 0 2,335 2,335 2. Herval 4,423 1,110 5,533 3. Arroio Grande 15,633 3,000 18,633 4. Pedro Osorio 0 33 33 Sub-total 20,056 6,478 26,534
L40-6 1. Pedras Altas na na na 2. Herval 0 1,110 1,110 3. Pinheiro Machado 9,746 1,230 10,976 4. Piratini 8,659 4,190 12,849 5. Cangucu 16,340 6,630 22,970 6. Morro Redondo 0 1,907 1,907 7. Capao do Leao 0 571 571 8. Cerrito 4,946 1,674 6,620 9. Pedro Osorio 5,697 1,626 7,323 10. Arroio Grande 0 36 36 Sub-total 45,388 18,974 64,362
L40-7 1. Morro Rerondo 0 636 636 2. Pelotas 288,537 4,627 293,164 3. Capao do Leao 19,965 1,826 21,789 Sub-total 308,502 7,089 315,591
L40-8 1. Morro Redondo 2,037 1,907 3,944 2. Cangucu 0 3,315 3,315 3. Pelotas 0 18,510 18,510 4. Arroio do Padre na na na 5. Turucu 0 215 215 Sub-total 2,037 23,947 25,984
L40-9 1. Sao Jose do Norte 16,167 3,443 19,610 Sub-total 16,167 3,443 19,610
Sub-total 623,229 80,788 704,017 Litoral 1.Sao J.do Norte 0 3,443 3,443 Medio L-20 only 2. Tavares 2,291 2,727 5,018 ( L20 ) 3. Mostardas 5,535 3,823 9,358 4.Palmares d.Sul 8,664 2,222 10,886 5.Capivari d.Sul 2,725 403 3,128 6. Osorio 14,850 3,054 17,904 7.S.A.da Patrulha 0 559 559 8.Viamao 0 17,909 17,909 9. Tramandai 0 0 0 10.Cidreira 0 0 0 11.Pinhal 0 0 0 Sub-total 34,065 34,140 68,205 Total 765,453 240,957 1,006,410 Source: JICA Study Team
1-32 Similarly to the situation of industries mentioned in the below part, the 3 sub-basins of L40-2, L40-7 and the northern part of L40-1 of the two main cities, Pelotas and Rio Grande, are covering more than one half of the population in the Study area. The domestic sewerages and wastes in these areas, therefore, will be essentially subjected to a proper treatment for preventing the pollution of the water quality in Patos and Mirim lakes.
Besides, other sizable cities in the Study area such as Camaqua, Tapes, Arambare and Sao Lourence do Sul etc., which are also major resort places, are considered necessary to set up collective treatment facilities for their sewerages and solid wastes
1.4.2 Industry
As most sizable industial units are gathered in Rio Grande and Pelotas, L40-2, L40-7 and the northern part of L40-1 are the major sub-basins to be considered on the aspect of volume of industrial pollutants.
The control of industrial pollution, therefore, should be made in a regional control system for this part of the Study area.
However, for toxic pollutants, the industries on chemicals, tannery and metalurgy in other areas, specific measures should be taken into account also.
On this basis, the related conditions are observed as follows:
Cacapava do Sul : 4 shoes-enterprizes with 474 employees, and 48 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 1,200 employees Candiota : 3 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 941employees Encruzilhada do Sul : 6 timber enterprizes with 125 employees Turucu: 1 large tannery factory with about 1,000 employees Osorio : 7 shoes-enterprizes with 1371 employees Palmares do Sul : 13 timber-enterprizes with 338 employees Pinheiro Machado: 10 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 232 employees Santa A. da Patruha : 22 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 213 employees Viamao : 175 mineral and metalurgy enterprizes with 553 employees ( Viamao has only one half of its area in the Study area )
Out from the enterprizes mentioned above, other industrial units are almost individual units. Their industrial pollution effect is considered low.
1-33 1.4.3 Agriculture
As mentioned in the above, the traditional farming system in the Study area is the agriculture mixed with livestock production. The cropping agriculture for foodgrains like corn, soybean and rice has been introduced since the 19th century.
At present, of about 800,000 ha of cropping areas in the study area, rice fields cover approximately 300,000 ha in total. This is the main crop in this region which is largely cultivated in four (4) main parts as follows:
1. L40-1, L40-2 and L40-3 on the eastern side of Mirim Lake with 116,000 ha. 2. L40-4 and L40-5 on the western side of Mirim Lake with about 60,000 ha. 3. L20 on the north and eastern side of Patos Lake with about 60,000 ha. 4. L30-4, L30-5 and L30-6 on the western side of Patos Lake with about 40,000 ha.
Due to climatic conditions, only one crop per year has been carried out. In principle, rainfed cultivation is applied for rice culture but supplemental irrigation of these rice fields has been carried out from the following water sources:
1. L40-1, L40-2 and L40-3 with water sources of Mirim Lake and Mangueira Lake. 2. L40-4 and L40-5 with the water source from Mirim Lake. 3. L20 with the water source from Patos Lake.
For other crops, corn is considered as the second crop largely cultivated on the eastern sides of Patos Lake and Mirim Lake, and onion is mainly cropped in L40-9. Tobaco is mainly found in the region of L30-1,L30-2 and L30-3 only.
1.4.4 Land Use
Concerning the situation of land use in the sub-basins the conditions are as follows:
1. As mentioned in the above, due to no GIS maps to identify specific cropping areas at now, it is impossible to clearly define the conditions of land use in each sub-basin. 2. L30-5, L30-6, L40-2, L40-7 and L40-8 are citadel and industrial areas. 3. L40-1, L40-3, L40-4, L40-5 L30-4, L30-5 and L20 are main agricultural areas.
1-34 From our field surveys, the hilly land in L30-1, L30-2, L30-3and L40-6 are not intensively developped at the moment.
1.4.5 Livestock
Concerning the livestock in the Study area, the observations are as follows:
1. L40-2 which covers only the city area of Rio Grande is, in principle, has no livestock raising with a considerable scale. 2. L40-1, L40-3 and L20 have only few cattles 3. For other Municipios, cattles are the most popular livestock, 4. Cattles are raised mainly by free grazing type in the region. 5. Chickens are predominantly raised in Viamao, the northwestern part of L20 sub-basin.
1.4.6 Sanitation Facilities
The situation of sanitation facilities in the basins and sub-basins is as follows:
1. In Pelotas and Rio Grande, where the population is about one half of population of the Study area, the urban population is found at almost 8 times of the rural population. This means, in principle, the situation of sanitation facilities in these two cities should be paid by high concerns..
2. Regarding the situation in sub-basins, the Municipios possessing the primary treatment with domestic sewage piping collection by CORSAN are Orrario Grande, Encruzilhada do Sul, Lavras do Sul, Pinheiro Machado, Piratini, Santa Vitoria do Palmar, Santana da Boa Vista, Sao Jeroimo and Sao Jose do Norte.
3. In the Study area, only two Municipios, Tramandai and Cidreira are equipped with the secondary domestic sewage treatment facilities of CORSAN.
1-35 1.5 Plans for Sectoral Development
1.5.1 Generalities on Actual Development Studies and Plans
In the past, for the economic development of Rio Grande do Sul, the State Government had entrusted the studies of corresponding development plans to various local consulting firms starting by the Global Plan (Plano de Reestruturacao Economica para a Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul) made by ENGEVIX in 1997. This work comprises of 10 volumes to identify the potentials and problems in the important sectors for the socio-economic development for this State as mentioned in SOC-T-6.
These studies elaborated the present potentials and conditions, and envisaged the basic development directives for each related aspect.
Based on this foundation, further development of the important sectors were carried out, started by studies on two priority sectors (industry and tourism) carried out by the consulting firms, AMERICA and KVA, respectively, in 1998.
Along with these technically oriented studies, a macro economic development scenario of this State, a study on “ Projecoes para a Economia do Rio Grande do Sul” was carried out by a “Group for PROJETO RS 2010 – Realizando o futuro”. This work comprises of 8 following volumes:
* Cenarios (Scenarios for Development) * Capacitacao Competitiva (Capacity for Competition) * Infra-estrutura (Infrastructure Issue) * Investimento (Investment Issue) * Agribusiness (Agribusiness Issue) * Industria (Industrial Issue) * O Rio Grande no Mapa dos Investimentos (Plan for Investment in RS) * Financeiro
This work was basically aimed at economic analysis for outlaying the corresponding general development directives for Rio Grande do Sul.
In general, these studies and plans are globally oriented for the socio-economic development of the State. Action plans with detailed financial procurements and implementation schedules, however, were not formulated.
1-36 Presently, along with the new policies for long-term development of the State Government, the “ PROGRAMAS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO RS “ was mainly formulated through the proceedings of Participatory Budget (notified in Chapter 12). For “ORCAMENTO 2000”, the contents showed a lot of fundamental programs for socio-economic developmenent as follows:
* Apresentacao Geral ( Programas para o desenvolvimento do RS ) * Regioes do Orcamento Participativo * Agricultura: Programa apoio as Agroindustrias * Agricultura: Programa Credito Rural * Agricultura: Programa Troca-Troca de Sementes * Agricultura: Programa Acoes de Producao, Agroindustralizacao e Comercializacao em Agroecologia * Agricultura: Programa Reforma Agraria * Agricultura: Programa apoio Technologico, Assistencia Tecnica e Extensao Rural * Agricultura: Programa apoio as Cadeias Produtivas * Agricultura: Producao Vegetal * Agricultura: Producao Animal * Agricultura: Programa seguro Agricola * Agricultura: Programa apoio a Comercializacao * Agricultura: Apoio a Pesca Artesanal * Agricultura: Programa Infra-Estrutura Social no Campo * Agricultura: Programa RS Rural * Agricultura: Programa de Eletrificacao Rural – Proluz III * Ciencia e Tecnologia: Programa de Apoio aos Polos de Modernizacao Tecnologica ( PMT ) * Turismo: Desenvolvimento do Turismo: * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Incubadoras Empresariais * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Extensao Empresarial * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Politica de Desenvolvimento da Informatica Gaucha * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Desenvlvimento de Redes de Cooperacao Inter-Empresarial * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Capacitacao Empresarial * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Economia Popular Solidaria * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Desenvolvimento de Perfis de
1-37 Oportunidade de Investimentos * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Acao Implantacao e Desenvolvimento de Distritos Industriais * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Apoio aos Complexos Existentes * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Implantacao e Insercao de Setores Estrayegicos * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Atividade Cooperacao Tecnica Internacional * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Atividade Gerenciameto dos Convenios de Fraternidade * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Acao Qualificacao para a Exportacao * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Interiorizacao da Rede Trade Point * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Consorcio de Exportacao * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Projeto Feiras e Missoes * Geracao de Trabalho e Renda: Programa Primeiro Emprego
From the aforementioned contents, most development programs/projects via this procedure are for purposes of agricultural development (15 programs), and Generation of Job and Income (17 programs). For Tourism and for Scientific /Technological Development, however, each sector has only one (1) related program.
1.5.2 Specific Plans for Sectoral Development
(1) Water Resources Development
According to local officials working on the matter of water resources, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, up to recent years, due to the abundance of annual rainfall precipitation, and surface and underground water resources, the matter of water resources development was not seriously considered. This is due to the basic farming system of rainfed agriculture mixed with livestock production has been carried out up to now in the area.
Under the present socio-economic conditions in this State, only a few specific cities with concentrated industries and dense populations such as Pelotas, Rio Grande and Camaqua are somehow concious about the city water supply.
Recently, however, from the situation of intensive water intakes by local farmers for rice culture in Mirim basin between the two countries, Brazil and Uruguay, the Government
1-38 of Rio Grande do Sul has conducted a hydrological study for Mirim basin (Survey on Water Uses in the Hydrographic Basin of Mirim Lake: Intakes for Irrigation and Public cum Industrial Purposes ) for future planning on rational water uses from this lake. This study which is at the final stage has been mainly carried out by Magna Engenharia Ltda (consulting firm) incorporated with CRH/RS, SOPSH, DRHS and FRH/RS.
This work identified the present situation of water use in the Mirim basin and the identification on potentials for water resource development for future water uses in irrigation of paddy fields in this basin.
Besides, there are plans to use the water from this lake through Goncalo canal as future city-water source for Pelotas. At present, the water quality in this lake is reportedly not so affected by agro-chemicals applied in the surrounding rice fields at the moment. However, due to no strict controls on applications of agro-chemicals and effluent qualities from the present agricultural drainages, the quality of water would be seriously polluted with further agricultural developments in the future. The protection of water quality in this lake for using as water source for drinking purpose, therefore, should be elaborated at high priority accordingly.
In other parts of the Study area, the underground water is generally used by CORSAN as source for domestic water, except for the area of Camaqua where the dam-water is presently used as drinking water source. Due to the storage volume of the present dam is not sufficient with the increasing population in Camaqua region at the moment, the new development of domestic water source for this region is reportedly elaborated.
In case of Patos Lake, navigation is presently served as its major utilization. This is the marine channel to access to Porto Alegre from the mouth Barra do Rio Grande. At present, since this channel of about 350 km-length is narrow so that only one ship per trip is allowed. Besides, only ships of bottom depth within 17 feet can travel on this channel. For larger ships, Rio Grande will be the port.for loading and unloading. Besides, for navigation in this Patos channel, the assigned Brazilian pilot will be in charge when entering Rio Grande for traveling in the lake. In a year, an average number of 500 ships are observed to travel in this channel to access Porto Alegre. The Superintendencia de Portos e Hidrovias under Secretaria de Estedo dos Transportes is responsible for operation and maintenance of this channel. Each year more than 3 million Real have been used for dredging this channel at 2 parts of high sedimentation at the mouths of Guaiba river in the North and Canal de Goncalo at offshore of Pelotas in the South. The Superintendencia de Portos e Hidrovias is planning to depthen this
1-39 marine route to 19 feet for increasing the number of ships to access Porto Alegre (SOC-T-7).
For another major utilization of Patos lake, rice farmers in Tavares and Palmaras on the other side of Patos lake are presently taking the fresh water from this lake as irrigation water source for their rice fields At present, about 60,000 ha of rice fields have been developed on this side with irrigation from this water source. Similarly to the case of Mirim lake, if the water source from Patos lake is seriously polluted by heavy metals or toxic substances, the produce (rice), as per consequence, would endanger the health of its consumers.
For other utilizations for socio-economic developments in the area such as fishing, beaching, tourism etc., the basic condition of good water quality to be realized through corresponding sanitation programs and water monitoring works is also required at its basis.
(2) Agricultural Development
Despite of its traditional and fundamental characteristics and, at the same time, with huge potentials in natural resources for further exploitations in Rio Grande do Sul, the agricultural development with applications of modern techniques has not been strongly promoted in the State economic developent mainstream up to now. This situation could be observed with only minor projects with limited scales only in recent development plans of the State.
Previously the State Government had the intention to let this sector freely developped with the development activities of agro-industries in the region. Projeto RS 2010, therefore, emphasized on the development of agri-business only.
Besides, as performed up to now most large-scaled agricultural developments have been carried out by private entrepreneurs (or big farms) for the type of rice production or mixed agriculture based on livestock production and/ large plantations. The State Governement has let the agricultural development totally in the hand of these private entrepreneurs. The process of agricultural development in Rio Grande do Sul, therefore, is found basically based on the marketing operation of agro-industries at first which are well prepared for dealing with domestic and international markets of these commodities at the moment.
1-40 As a matter of facts, grainfood productions with related agro-industries such as rice/soya bean milling, per-boiled rice processing etc., therefore, are found largely existing in the area. This kind of agricultural development process is found definitely stable but, at the same time, limiting the involvement of small farms in the course of agricultural development of the State and the scope of crop diversification in agricultural development.
In the actual State Government, with the proceedings of local voices in the procedure of Participatory Budget, the aspect of agricultural development for small farmers has been largely taken into account from now on. As mentioned in the above, in the “Programas Para O Desenvolvimento do RS – Orcamento 2000”, 15 related programs were selected for agricultural development. The main problems for these programs are not in the conceptual structure but in the technical details for performing concrete implementation.
Also in “Programa Mar de Dentro”, the agro-ecology is imposed as an important aspect to be essentially concentrated for further elaborations for limiting the utilization of agro-chemicals, on one hand, and for maintaining the local varieties of flora and fauna through the corresponding diversification projects. Accordingly, the issue of agricultural land use should be elaborated. Also the agricultural engineering technology should be applied for erosion prevention.
Other new crops and items, therefore, are considered necessary to be implanted also in order to properly utilize the diversified natural potentials for further economic developments in this State. This effort of further agricultural development in the region, therefore, would need at least the incorporation of development implications from EMATER and EMPRABA to each SEAGRI of Municipio in the Study area for conducting their proper assistances to small farms for this purpose also.
(3) Fishery Development
Despite of enormous natural resources on this aspect, especially for inland fisheries in the two lakes of Patos and Mirim lakes with a total water area of 12,907 km2 ( lake banks of more than 1,000 km ) and for offshore fishing along the Atlantic coast of about 622 km, there are no development plans with concrete investments on this aspect from the State Government at the moment.
1-41 The traditional artisanal fishery has been reportedly operating in this region, particularly in the estuary of Patos lake, starting since the end of the last century by small wooden boats and simple fishing tools. Since 1980s, however, the catches were found sharply declined. Presently, there are reportedly about only 5,000 fishermen living in the area, forming 3 colonas in Patos Lake and one colona in Mirim Lake.
In Patos Lake, fishing season starts with the intrusion of sea water into the lake until Tapes, bringing marine organisms particularly pink shrimp into the lake. Normally, around 6,000 tons of pink shrimp could be catched in one season,
According to local fishermen responding to the hearings, previously during the fishing season they could catch around 500 kg per trip /boat ( for a 2-3 day trip ), but now for average 250 kg per trip/ boat, or only one half. Though exact causes were not known, they reported that many kinds of fish had disappeared in the last two decades. Nowadays, only pink shrimp is the main source for their income.
The reasons for the presently depleted fish catch, however, were cited generally as follows:
1. Fishermen are not well educated and organized for applying inland fishing regulations in the two (2) lakes. They catched all kinds of fish at all times.
2. Fishermen are not well equipped for offshore fishing in the ocean.
3. Quality of freshwater in the two (2) lakes is seriously polluted, particularly in Patos lake, making most species of freshwater fish gradually disappeared in the last 10 years.
4. Over-exploitations of fishing have been carried out in the two (2) lakes, causing the disappearing phenomena of freshwater fish.
5. A study-oriented program of aquaculture in Mirim lake has been carried out by FURG and IBAMA through several years. However, due to a lack of basic cooperation between researchers and fishermen, no good results were obtained as expected. Therefore, there are no large-scaled aquacultures for commercial purposes by using inland water areas and the ocean in the region.
For future fisheries development in the region, all concerned persons have the same opinion that, along with the managements for controlling a proper water quality in Patos and Mirim lakes, the education and organization management for local fishermen to
1-42 properly implement the regulations of inland fishery and the assistance to artisanal fishermen for other works during the fishing prohibitation periods (from October until end of February for fish catching, and from February to May for shrimp catching) should be basically carried out.
Besides, ocean fishing by large-sized boats with sophisticated equipment should be considered to carry out parallelly with the artisanal fishery accordingly. The governmental supports to investments in these activities should be elaborated for implementation at high priority.
(4) Industrial Development
As mentioned in the above, industrial development is the backbone for the economic development of this State up to now which many related economic development studies i.e. Projeto RS 2010 have intensively elaborated this matter..
Concerning the industrial development in the Study area, which is also the major development component for the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul, the State Government has strongly supported this policy for a long period up to now. There are three (3) major ports which are Porto Alegre, Rio Grande and Pelotas. All these ports are located in Patos lake., the main channel for navigation to the port of Porto Alegre after passing through the mouth of Barra do Rio Grande. While Pelotas port is of small size for the in-lake navigation only, Rio Grande is a large-sized seaport with major heavy industrial enterprizes to be expanded in the future.
Concerning the industrial development policy of the State, the two fundamental pillars, agro-industries for using local produces as material resources and export processing industries in the export industrial zones of Rio Grande for using local human resources as labor force, are major industries to be considered. In this respect, the vocational education of related techniques should be largely established, not only in big cities but also in related regions throughout the State.
In the project framework, measures for controlling the industrial pollution should be strictly observed at these industrial facilities.
1-43 (5) Tourism Development
Despite of various tourism development plans mentioned below for using the innumerous natural potentials in the Study area such as the approximately 2,000-km shores along the ocean coast and around the two lakes of Patos and Mirim, the vast wetlands with local fauna and flora, the basic infrastructural conditions for tourism development in the Study area such as access roads, communication means, accommodation facilities, supporting facilities etc., through our observations at the field-sites, are found in a very insufficient situation at the moment.
Last year, along with the publication of “ Banhado do Taim” for introducing this eco-touristic region to the public, and the large-scaled publication of Tourist Guide (432 pages) covering basic touristic information of all Municipios in Rio Grande do Sul was completed as large promotion works by the Secretariat do Turismo for the first time.
Besides, along with the activities of publication, the construction works of Green Roads (Caminhos Verdes) in Mostardas: 1) Lagoa do Peixe 2) Porto do Barquinho 3) Faral Cristavao Pereira, and in Palmares:1) Dumas 2. Lagoa do Casamento 3. Ilha are in consideration for implementation.
Presently, there are some 400.000 tourists coming to Rio Grande do Sul annually, mainly from two (2) gates, Uruguaiana for Argentine side and Jaguarao for Uruguay side (SOC-T-8). Most of these tourists have been reportedly stayed temporaly in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, for only one to two days, before and/or after going to Porto Alegre and Torres for spending their holidays. If the beaching conditions are improved, more tourists will come and will stay longer.
The reasons which tourists cannot have longer stays in the resort places in the South of Rio Grande do Sul are cited as follows:
1. The water at the shores in the South of Rio Grande do Sul is not clean and rather cold.
2. No frequent transportation means for accessing to these touristic places.
3. At the touristic places, there are no proper places to rest, to refresh and to have panorama scenic views, and no recreation facilities in the area such as acilities for buying souvenirs, enjoying boating, fishing, cycling, hiking, playing golf, tennis, mini-soccer etc.
1-44 In order to cope with this situation, last year the Secretaria do Turismo has carried out the tourist information and tourist guide training at the following 5 places: Palmares, Mostardas, Tavares, Sao Jose do Norte and Rio Grande
Besides, in sectoral development plan, KVA, a consulting firm on tourism, had completed a study on touristic development with the establishment of Tourist Centers in the Southern Region. The study was completed with detailed designs of facilities-plans but no concrete studies for financial procurement as yet. Therefore, prior to implement the construction of these facilities, the realization of marketing plans, promotion plans and corresponding financial evaluation for assuring their operation profits are considered very necessary.
1.6 Mar de Dentro Program
The initiatives for starting this Program were the concerns from the academic side, particularly from Prof. Luzardi L.F.of ETPEL, about the appropriate development for Patos Lake and its surrounding areas as well as the measures to be considered for dealing with its serious environmental deterioration presented in the first seminar on Programa Mar de Dentro in 1992.
Afterwards, along with the implementation of Pro Guaiba in the North ( Law No.33360, 1989 ), the RS Government decided to prepare a program which aims at a rationally socio-economic development as well as the environmental restoration and control in the South, named “Programa Mar de Dentro” under the Law No.35237 in 1994. In the evolution of this framework, RS Government requested JICA for carrying out “ The Study on the Environmental Management of the Hydrographic Basin of Patos and Mirim Lakes “ which was lately started in 1998.
In 1999, the Program was taken over to the new State Government and Secretaria Executiva do Programa Mar de Dentro. The new policy established the purpose of the Program again as follows;
The purpose of the Program is for the ecologically sustainable development of Patos Lagoon and Mirim Lake Hydrographic Basin, by reclaiming and preserving the Environment; awaking people to ecological consciousness as well as creating adequate conditions for the regional environment. Along with this purpose, the superior objective, the general and specific objectives of the Program were notified clearly.
1-45 Recently the structural administration of the Program was clearly organized (SOC-F-7 & SOC-F-8 ) and an actual budget of R$ 2.7 million was allocated in the fiscal year of 2000 for implementing the Program. Despite of the relatively modest amount, this has showed the commitment of the State Government for inplementing the Program. The Program, therefore, needs the participation and cooperation from other sectors/organizations for a fruitful implementation.
In the presentcomponent formulation, the Program is structured in 4 modules, and is expected to be developed within 10 to 15 years. The First Module－Environmental Assessment, in progress, consists of several interlinked projects, coordinated by the different entities integrated of PRO-MAR-DE-DENTRO. Meanwhile, the remaining 3 modules consisting of the 9 following subprograms shall be implemented accordingly, based on a sequence to be established in the near future as follows:
Subprogram 1 : Administration and Management Subprogram 2 : G.I.S Subprogram 3 : Environmental Education Subprogram 4 : Systems for treating Water, Sewerage and Solid Waste Subprogram 5 : Systems for Drainage, Sanitation of Habitation and Control of Vectors and Zoonoses Subprogram 6 : Environmental Monitoring, Ecological Management of Basins, Sub-basins and Micro-basins Subprogram 7 : Preservation of Environmental, Historical and Cultural Patrimoines Subprogram 8 : Communications Plan Subprogram 9 : Master Plan for the whole Mar de Dentro Program
According to the core members of Programa Mar de Dentro, the first 8 subprograms ( except Subprogram 9 which is covered by the Master Plan conducted by the JICA Study Team ) will be carried out by 14 Working Groups for each relative aspect. Each working group will consist of some members of Programa Mar de Dentro and the members of corresponding cooperation organizations. Along with the personnel cooperation, the financial assistance as cooperation sources from other organizations is expected also. This cooperation program is envisaged for a cooperation period of 4-5 years with one year of pilot project.
1-46 In order to implement these 9 subprograms, the Technical Group of Programa Mar de Dentro had formulated a prevision of cost allocations and cooperation sources as follows:
Self Source External Program Situation TOTAL ( % ) (Programa) Cooperation Current 621,562 621,562 1,243,124 Subprogram 1 2.0 Capital 0 10,359 10,359 Current 207,187 207,187 414,375 Subprogram 2 1.9 Capital 0 828,750 828,750 Current 414,375 621,562 1,035,937 Subprogram 3 2.6 Capital 0 627,482 627,482 Current 0 0 0 Subprogram 4 35.7 Capital 8,287,496 14,503,118 22,790,615 Current 0 0 0 Subprogram 5 26.0 Capital 4,143,748 12,431,244 16,574,992 Current 1,035,937 2,071,874 3,107,811 Subprogram 6 14.0 Capital 2,693,436 3,107,811 5,801,247 Current 1,035,937 3,107,811 4,143,748 Subprogram 7 16.2 Capital 2,071,874 4,143,748 6,215,622 Current 207,187 0 207,187 Subprogram 8 1.0 Capital 0 414,375 414,375 Current 414,375 0 414,375 Subprogram 9 0.6 Capital 0 0 0
TOTAL 21,133,115 42,696,885 63,830,000 100
Notes: Currency unit : R$
As for the present concept for implementing Programa Mar de Dentro, this concept of mutual cooperation has just been started to carry out the related tasks. Due to implications in finances and persons-in-charge among the assigned organizations, it would basically need a good coordination for a smooth operation to achieve fruitful results. Besides, the related sub-programs should be periodically justified on their outcomes and, as per consequence, readjusted the direction as well as contents of each corresponding sub-program, in order to be made each sub-program on a right track for efficiently contributing to the local benefits
On another hand, from the fact of various socio-economic sectors with corresponding development programs implicated to the basic issue of environmental management in the Study area, Programa Mar de Dentro, therefore, would be considered as a new approach for combining the sharing parts from these sectors in order to make an orderly implementation in the situation of limited financial sources for investments in new projects/programs as at present.
In this framework of the Master Plan, the priority project of Information Management
1-47 System was envisaged for strengthening the management on this aspect. As per the basic characteristics of working scope, available properties and financial scales and human resources, Programa Mar de Dentro is considered suitable for the integration in controlling the task of environmental management in the Study area.
In this respect, some sub-programs of Mar de Dentro such as Sub-program 1: Administration and Management, Sub-program 2: G.I.S. and Sub-program 3: Communications Plan would be induced in this priority project, if permissible, for an efficient working operation and, at the same time, for an economic use of the limited budget of the State.
1-48 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1 No. Author/Editor Title Year Published by / Printed in (a) Administration 1-a1 Informações Gerais sobre a Área em Estudo General Information of the Study Area 1-a2 Estrutura Setorial Estimada da Zona Sul Estimated Sector Structure of the South Zone 1-a3 Relação de Dados de Caso (31 Municípios) List of Case Data (31 Municipalities) 1-a4 Localização das Sedes Municipais (Location of the Municipal Centers) (b) Statistics and Atlas 1-b1 Resumo Estatístico Municipal - Varasão 11/97 1997 Municipal Statistic Summary – Version 11/97 1-b2 Banco de Dados da Zona Sul- RS 1998 Data Bank of the South Zone- RS 1998 1-b3 Atlas Sócio-Econômico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul Governo do Estado do RS Socio-Economic Atlas of the Rio Grande do Sul State RS State Government 1-b4 Banco de Dados da Zona SUL-RS 1998 Data Bank of SOUTH Zone – RS 1998 1-b5 Banco de Dados da FAMURGS Data Bank of FAMURGS (c) Economics 1-c1 RS: Economia & Política RS: Economy & Policy 1-c2 RS: Política Econômica & Alternativas RS: Economic Policy & Alternatives
1-49 No. Author/Editor Title Year Published by / Printed in 1-c3 Cenário Macroeconômico (1997-2002) Macroeconomic Scenario (1997-2002) 1-c4 Reforma Econômica para o Brasil Economic Reformation for Brazil 1-c5 Investimento para o RS Investment for RS 1-c6 Plano de Reestruturação Econômica para a Metade Sul no RS Plan of Economic Restructure for the South Half of RS 1-c7 Pelotas: The right choice to invest (d) Productive Activities 1-d1 RS: Modernização & Crise na Agricultura RS: Modernization & Agriculture Crisis 1-d2 Diagnóstico de Desenvolvimento da Agropecuária, Pesca, Micro e Pequena Empresa Development Diagnosis of Agriculture, Cattle Husbandry, Fishery and Micro and Small Enterprises 1-d3 Zona Sul: A Opção do RS South Zone: The Option of RS 1-d4 Pesca Artesanal: Tradição e Modernidade, Programa de 1989 Pesquisa e Conservacao de Areas Unidas no Brasil Artisan Fishery: Tradition and Modernity, Program for the Research and Conservation of Humid Areas in Brazil 1-d5 Adequação ao Sítio dos Espaços Urbanos do Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos Adaptation of the Site to the Urban Spaces of the Patos Lake Estuary 1-d6 Agricultura em Destaque Agriculture in Prominence
1-50 No. Author/Editor Title Year Published by / Printed in 1-d7 Guia Turístico Rio Grande do Sul 1997 1997 Tourist Guide of Rio Grande do Sul 1997 1-d8 O Serviço Público na Opinião dos Gaúchos The Public Service in the Opinion of the Rio Grande do Sul Inhabitants (Gaúchos) (e) Water Resources 1-e1 CRH/RS, SOPSH, Estudo para Avaliação e Gerenciamento da Disponsibilidade 1997 DRHS, DRH, Hídrica da Bacia da Lagoa Mirim (Relatório Anual) FRH/RS Study for the Evaluation and Management of the Hydrological Availability of the Mirim Lake Basin (Annual Report) 1-e2 CRH/RS, SOPSH, Estudo para Avaliação e Gerenciamento da Disponsibilidade 1997 DRHS, DRH, Hídrica da Bacia da Lagoa Mirim, Volume 2, Anexos A a P FRH/RS Study for the Evaluation and Management of the Hydrological Availability of the Mirim Lake Basin Volume 2, Annexes A to P 1-e3 CRH/RS, SOPSH, Levantamento Cadastral dos Usuários da Água na Bacia 1997 DRHS, DRH, Hidrográfica da Lagoa Mirim FRH/RS Census of the Water Users of the Mirim Lake Hydrographic Basin 1-e4 GERCO/FEPAM Avaliação das Disponibilidades Hídricas Superficiais. 1992 (P9-9) Evaluation of Superficial Hydrological Availability 1-e5 Baía de Todas as Águas Basin of All Waters
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