List of Glossary Terms

A Ageofaclusterorfuzzyrule 1054 A correlated equilibrium 3064 Agent 58, 76, 105, 1767, 2578, 3004 Amechanism 1837 Agent architecture 105 Anearestneighbor 790 Agent based models 2940 A social choice function 1837 Agent (or software agent) 2999 A stochastic game 3064 Agent-based computational models 2898 Astrategy 3064 Agent-based model 58 Abelian group 2780 Agent-based modeling 1767 Absolute temperature 940 Agent-based modeling (ABM) 39 Absorbing state 1080 Agent-based simulation 18, 88 Abstract game 675 Aggregation 862 Abstract game of network formation with respect to Aggregation operators 122 irreflexive dominance 2044 Aging 2564, 2611 Abstract game of network formation with respect to path Algebra 2925 dominance 2044 Algebraic models 2898 Accuracy 161, 827 Algorithm 2496 Accuracy (rate) 862 Algorithmic complexity of object x 132 Achievable mate 3235 Algorithmic self-assembly of DNA tiles 1894 Action profile 3023 Allowable set of partners 3234 Action set 3023 Almost equicontinuous CA 914, 3212 Action type 2656 Alphabet of a cellular automaton 1 Activation function 813 ˛-Level set and support 1240 Activator 622 Alternating independent-2-paths 2953 Active membranes 1851 Alternating k-stars 2953 Actors 2029 Alternating k-triangles 2953 Adaptation 39 Amorphous computer 147 Adaptive system 1619 Analog 3187 Additive cellular automata 1 Analog circuit 3260 Additively separable preferences 3235 Ancilla qubits 2478 Adiabatic switching 1998 Anisotropic elements 754 Adjacency matrix 1746, 3114 Annealed law 2564 Adjacent 2864, 2981 Annotations 58 Adjoint conjugate operator 1381 Anomalous diffusion 1724 Adoption 2940 Ant colony optimization 3150 Adverse selection (hidden information) 2253 Ant colony optimization (ACO) 39 Affiliation network 2925 Antibody 1576 Affine CA 965 Antigen 1576 Affinity 1576 Antigen presenting cells (APC) 1576 3398 List of Glossary Terms

Aperiodic tile set 3198 Basic reproduction rate 1535 Apparent exponent 2267 Basins of attraction 1 Approximation 2761 Bayes’ theorem; prior, likelihood and posterior Approximation space 2761 distributions 254 Arc 2864 Bayesian equilibrium 238 Arrow 2981 Bayesian game 238, 695 Arrow’s impossibility theorem 3280 Bayesian learning 1695 Artificial chemistry 39 Bayesian parametric and non-parametric modeling 254 Artificial intelligence (AI) 1619 Bayesian–Nash equilibrium 1837 Artificial life (ALife) 39 BB84 2453 Artificial neural network 813 Beam splitter 2437 Artificial neural network (ANN) 39 Behavior 204, 2029 Artificial neuron 813 Behavior strategy 1695, 2830 Aspects 58 Behavioral strategy 2620 Asymmetric information 2253 Behavioral type 2830 Asymptotic density 1499 Belief learning 1695 Asymptotic negligibility 1801 Bell inequality 2437 Asymptotic shape 1499 Bell states 2437 Asynchronous circuit 1998 Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction 2594 Attendance 1863 Bernoulli measure 966 Attraction basin 914 Besicovitch pseudometrics 914 Attractor 914, 3212 Bessel process 3075 Attribute 827, 862, 2761, 2864 BGK models 407 Attribute (also feature or variable) 1781 BGP (border gateway protocol) 1663 Attribute node 827 Bi-directional QKD, or “Plug & play” QKD 2453 Attributed-based data model (ABDM) 1369 Billiard ball model 2685 Attributes 58 Binarization 862 Autocatalytic set 39, 185 Binary neighborhood system (binary granular model; Automata 1292 binary GrC model) 1404 Automated planning 1706 Binary relation 2981 Autonomous 39 Biologically-inspired computational algorithm 39 Autonomous information system 690 Biologically-inspired optimization 774 Autonomous system (AS) 1663 Bipartite graph 2981 Autonomy 105, 2578 Bipartite network 2864 Avalanche 2780 BIRCH 1681 Avalanche photodiode (APD) 2437 Bit 2388, 2496 Avalanches 285 Bit-flip 2454 Average class accuracy 862 Bit-flip error 2478 Average distance 3170 Black box model 2303, 2334 Avida 39 Block 2226 Block mapping 76 Blocking word 914, 3212 B Blockmodel 2226, 2912 Bcell 1576 Blockmodel image 2226 B92 2453 Blockmodeling 2226, 2898, 2981 Babbage engine 1998 Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy 940 Babbling equilibrium 2830 Boolean algebra 2496 Back-propagation 1619 Boolean functions 789 Bag 1404 Bose–Einstein particles 2388 Balance theories 2898 Bottom-up fabrication 1998 Balanced multiwavelet 1981 Boundary region 2761 List of Glossary Terms 3399

Bounded-rationality 18 Classification 827, 862 Box splines 1939, 2168 Classification accuracy 862 BQP complexity class 2351 Classification of objects 1465 Brownian motion 1998, 2564, 3075 Classification task 790 B-splines 2168 Classifier 827, 862 BSS 161 Clausius entropy 940 Bytecode 58 Climate change 897 CLIQUE 1681 C Clique 2864 Clonal selection theory 1576 C++ 58 Closing CA 3212 C# 58 Closure 185 CA 407 Closure property 359 CACTUS 1681 Closure relation 1381 Cadherins 456 Club 1801 Carbon nanotube 1998 Cluster 1681 Case 790 Cluster analysis 561 Case-based reasoning 1347 Cluster State 2437 Cauchy–Schwarz inequality 1382 Clustering coefficient 3170 CCDF 1663 CNOT gate 2478 Cell 407, 465 Co-clustering 1681 Cell fate 527 Coevolution 39, 1043 Cell lineage 528 Coherent light 2138 Cell type 527 Coherent superposition 2406 Cellular automata 1, 337, 382, 443, 965 Cointension 1177 Cellular automata (CA) 39, 3198 Collective or social choice problem 3280 Cellular automata rule 1 Collision 407 Cellular automaton 298, 312, 325, 359, 407, 1094, 1499, Collision-based computer 2594 1564, 1998, 2157, 2594, 2668, 2780, 2792, 2999, 3150 Column subshift 3212 Cellular automaton (CA) 434, 1043 Combinators 1767 Cellular automaton with block rules 2668 Common intermediate language 58 Cellular programming 1043 Common prior and consistent beliefs 238 Cellular-computing architecture 3150 Common values 3280 Central limit theorem, the 1066 Communication channel 2496 Centrality 2912 Community 490 CHAMELEON 1681 Compatible observables 1381 Change determination process 2029 Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) Change opportunity model 2029 1998 Chaos 2780 Complete 2864 Characteristic function form game 675 Complete information 2656 Characteristic or coalitional function 666 Completely revealing strategy 2635 Cheap-talk game 2830 Complex adaptive system (CAS) 39 (Chemical) Organization 185 Complex dynamics 2611 Chemotaxis 456 Complex (MHC) 1576 Choice set of f 2 F from A W(Chf (A)) 3235 Complex system 39, 2286 Chordal SLE 3075 Complexity 76 Church–Turing (CT) computation 161 Complexity in space 1131 Church–Turing thesis, the 3187 Complexity in time 1131 Class 58 Component 2864 Classical computer 2334 Compositionality 1767 Classical computing 2388 Computable 1821 3400 List of Glossary Terms

Computation 465 Cost sharing problem 724 Computational algebra systems 58 Cost sharing rule 724 Computational complexity 2303, 2334 Coulomb blockade 1998 Computational mathematics systems 58 Coupler link rules 3114 Computational particle 147 COV 1274 Computational universality 443, 1998 Covariates 2029 Computer 2496 Crawling 1746 Computer architecture 1998 Criterion 2727 Computer generated imagery (CGI) 604 Critical behavior 2157 Computer language 58 Critical curves 3075 Computer programming language 58 Critical dimension 1080 Computing 465, 3187 Critical phenomena 407 Computing agent 2578 Critical phenomenon 1644 Condensation 2878 Critical properties and scaling 285 Condition D1 2830 Criticality (in physics) 2286 Condorcet jury theorem 3280 Cross section 3212 Condorcet paradox 3280 Crossbar array 1998 Condorcet winner 3291 Crossover 1309 Configuration 2351, 2792 Cryptography 2496 Configuration space and the shift 965 C-SIGN 2437 Conformal invariance 3075 CSS code 2478 Conformal transformation 3075 Cumulated payoff 1863 Confusion matrix 862 CURE 1681 Connectance(C) 1155 Current mirror 3260 Connected 2981 Curse of dimensionality 774 Connectivity matrix 1681 Cut 2878 Conservation law 407 CWT 2121 Consistent estimator 2267 Cycle 2981 Construction 2792 Cyclic mapping 76 Construction universality 1998 Cyclic states 1 Consumer-resource interactions 1155 Cyclic triad 2953 Continuation game 1292 Continuity equation 407 D Continuous problem 2334 Continuous space machine (CSM) 2138 Dark count 2454 Continuous time random walk 1724 Data cleaning 862 Continuous two-sided matching model 3234 Data (information) model 1369 Continuum limit 3075 Data (information) table 1369 Convex 2564 Data mining 774, 862, 1321, 1421, 1444, 2702 Cooperative game 666 Data object 862 Core 666, 724, 1801 Data preprocessing/preparation 862 Core group 1535 Data set 862 Corrections to scaling 2267 Database 2702 Correlated equilibrium 238 DBSCAN 1681 Correlation 705 Decentralized control 39 Correlation function 705, 1080 Decidability 359 Correlation length 3075 Decision node 827 Correlation time 2267 Decision problem 3199 Cost function 724 Decision rule 790, 1347, 1465, 2727 Cost of an algorithm 2334 Decision system 1464 Cost of voting 3280 Decision systems 789 List of Glossary Terms 3401

Decision tree 1564 Discrete ridgelet trasnform (DRT) 754 Decision under uncertainty 2727 Discrete two-sided matching model 3234 Declarative language 58 Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) 3316 Decoherence 2406, 2496 Discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT) 1981 Decoupler link rules 3114 Discretization 862, 2772 Defect-tolerant 1998 Distance 2864, 3170 Defuzzification 1619 Distance functions (metrics) 790 Degeneracy (or near-degeneracy) 2953 Divinity 2830 Degree 1488, 1663, 2864, 3114 DLA 407 Degree rank 1663 DNA 228, 882 Delay-insensitive circuit 1998 DNA binary counter 1894 ı-function 1381 DNA circuit 1894 Demand game 724 DNA computing 1894 Demand revelation game 724 DNA logic gate 1894 Dendritic cell 1576 DNA Sierpinski triangle 1894 Dendrogram 490 Domain 325, 3358 Density 2864 Domain-specific language 58 Density classification 1043 Dominance 2727 Density-based partitioning 1681 Dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA) 1347 Deoxyribozyme 1894 Dominant strategies 1837 Deoxyribozyme-based automaton 1894 Domination 675 Deoxyribozyme-based logic gate 1894 Downsian model of political competition 3280 Dependence assumption 2953 Downward causation 39 Dereferencing 2810 Dual space 1381 Description logic 1464 DWT 2121 Design pattern 58 Dyad independence 2953 Detector 2138 Dyad-wise shared partners 2953 Deterministic automaton 1564 Dynamic cellular computing system 3150 Deterministic evolutionary dynamic 1000 Dynamic method invocation 58 Deterrence 1605 Dynamic network analysis 39 Device 1998 Dynamical system 407 DEVS 204 Dynamics 854 Dielectric material 1998 Differentiation 528 E Diffusion 407 Diffusion processes 2898 E91 2453 Digital 3187 EAC 161 Digital circuit 3260 Echo 39 Digital images 3341 Economy, an 1801 Digital organism 39 Edge 2864, 2981 Digraph 2082, 2864, 2981 Edge labeled graph 2981 Dilation matrix 275 Edge-wise shared partner distribution 2953 Dimensionality reduction 774, 862 Edge-wise shared partners 2953 Diode 3260 Effective dimension 3114 Directed graph 2981 Effects 2029 Directed line 2981 Efficiency 1073, 3280 (Directed) walk 2082 Egalitarianism 3280 Directed/Undirected graph 579 Ego-network 2864 Directional dynamics 3212 Eigenvalue 1663 Discrete least squares fitting 1939 Eigenvalue and eigenvector 1381 Discrete problem 2334 Elementary set 2761 3402 List of Glossary Terms

Elementary Swarm 3150 Evolutionary computing 39, 1619 Embodied agent 925 Evolutionary game 39 Emergence 39 Evolving system 1053 Emergent phenomenon 325 Exact equivalence 2968 Encapsulation 58 Exact, inexact notion 789 Endogenous and exogenous games 1863 Example (also instance or case) 1781 Endomorphic agents 204 Exchangeability 254 Ensemble 862, 1781 Excitability 622 Entangled state 2437 Excitability level 622 Entanglement 2388, 2407, 2496 Excitable medium 2594 Entropy 39, 1998, 2496, 3187 Excitable system 2594 Environment 105, 2564 Exclusion principle 407 Envy-freeness 1073 Expansive CA 914, 3212 Enzyme 882 Expansivity 132, 479 Epidemic threshold 1535 Expected value 1066 "-Approximation 2334 Expert systems 1619 Equicontinuity 132, 479 Exploration 3075 Equicontinuity point 132, 479 Extended system 1644 Equicontinuous CA 914, 3199, 3212 Extensible markup language (XML) 1369 Equicontinuous configuration 914, 3212 Extension principle 1177, 1253 Equilibrium 897, 1292, 2635 Extensive form 1605 Equilibrium, an 3064 Extensive system 940 Equilibrium concept 1588 External noise 1080 Equilibrium outcome 2830 External stability 675 Equilibrium path 1292 Extracellular matrix (ECM) 456 Equilibrium states 407 Extrinsic uncertainty 1381 Equitability 1073 Equivalence class 2761 F Equivalence Relation 1404 Equivalence relation 2761 Fainted laser source 2453 Erdos–Rényi˝ random graph G(n; p) 2536 Farsighted stable set 675 Ergodic law 2564 Fast slant stack (FSS) 754 Ergodicity 407 Fault-tolerant 1998 Error correcting code (ECC) 1998 Fault-tolerant computation 2496 Error correction 2388 Fault-tolerant quantum computing 2478 Error syndrome 2478 Feasible assignment 3234 Error-correcting code 2496 Feature 862, 1790, 2761 Estimate of yi wouldbeobtainedas,the 1274 Feature extraction 862 Estimator 2267 Feature selection 774, 1790 Evaluation 1790 Feature transformation 774 Evaluation of stage payoffs 3064 Feedback networks 813 Event history analysis 2940 Feedforward network 813 Evolution (artificial) 39 Fermi–Dirac particles 2388 Evolutioninmaterio 1030 FHP model 407 Evolution of fuzzy systems 1547 Fiber tracts 456 Evolution rule 1851 Fibonacci sequence 350 Evolution strategies 39 Field 58, 147 Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) 1000 Field theory 1080 Evolutionary algorithm 39, 1030 Field-effect transistor (FET) 1998 Evolutionary algorithms/evolutionary computation Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) 1999 1309 Filter 2168, 3316 List of Glossary Terms 3403

Filter bank 3316 Fuzzy number 1211 Filter process 2168 Fuzzy random variable 3052 Filter taps 3316 Fuzzy reasoning 2069 Final set 1499 Fuzzy relation 1253 Fine-grained parallelism 1998 Fuzzy set 1177, 1211, 1253, 1619, 3052 Finite automaton 1564, 1999 Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic 1389 Finite configurations 312 Fuzzy set and fuzzy vector 1240 Finite dynamical system 88 Fuzzy set theory 1211, 1321, 1421 Finite element and macro-element 1939 Fuzzy sets 1347, 2702 Finite size scaling 2267 Fuzzy statistical tests 3052 Finite state machine 40 Fuzzy statistics 3052 Finite tiling problem, the 3199 Fuzzy system parameters 1053 Finite time attractor 3212 Fuzzy system structure 1053 Firing number 622 Fuzzy systems 1547 First generation discrete curvelet transform F-validity 1177 (DCTG1) 754 First law of thermodynamics 3187 G 1st Postulate of quantum mechanics 1381 Fitness 1309 Galois lattice 2981 Flip-flop circuit 3260 Game 1801 Floating-gate transistor 3260 Game horizon 897 Flow payoff 2656 Game of Life 3150 Fokker–Planck equation 1131, 3097 Game of life 434, 1337 Folksonomy 2810 Game of life, life 40 Font conventions 966 Game theory 666, 724, 1292 Food web 1155 Gap exponent 2267 F-optimal stable matching (respectively, payoff) 3235 Garden-of-Eden 1 Formal concept analysis 2981 Gate 1999 Formal language 359 Gene network architecture and topology 527 Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation (FK) 3075 Gene network dynamics 527 Fourier and Laplace transforms 1724 Gene regulatory network (GRN) 527 Fractal 407 Generalized constraint 1177 Fractal dimension 3075 Generalized constraint language 1177 Fractional differintegration 1724 Generate-and-test 1030 Fredkin gate 2685 Generating function 1080 Friend request 1433 Generation 435, 1337 Front 407 Generative social science 40 Function pointers 58 Generic space 914 Functional data model (FDM) 1369 Generics 58 Functional granulation 2968 Genetic algorithm (GA) 40, 1043 Functional language 58 Genetic algorithms 1321, 1547, 1619 Fusion of knowledge 1465 Genetic programming 1043 Fuzzification 1619 Genetic programming (GP) 40 Fuzzy control 1619 Genetic tree 1043 Fuzzy data mining 1321 Genetic-fuzzy data mining 1321 Fuzzy estimators 3052 Genome/chromosome 1309 Fuzzy event and its probability 1253 Genotype 40, 1030 Fuzzy if-then rule 1177 Geodesic 2864, 2981 Fuzzy logic 1253, 1619 Geometrically weighted degree counts 2953 Fuzzy logic (FL) 1177 Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem 3280 Fuzzy logic gambit 1177 Glider 434, 1337, 2594 3404 List of Glossary Terms

Goal-directed agents 2578 Heisenberg uncertainty principle 1999 Goal-oriented agents 2578 Hermitean operator 1381 Goto statement 58 Heterogeneous networks 2044 GPAC 161 Hierarchical clustering 1681 GRACLUS 1681 Hierarchical modeling 255 Gradient 147 Hierarchy 1389 Graduation 1177 Higher-order programming 59 Granuland 1177 Hilbert space 1381 Granular computing 1347, 1369, 1421 HOM interference 2437 Granular computing (GrC) 1389 Homogeneity assumption 2953 Granular data 1455 Homogeneous networks 2044 Granular link 1455 Homomorphism 2926 Granular neural network 1455 Homomorphism lattice 2926 Granular neuron 1455 Homophily 2940 Granular structure 1389, 1404 HPP model 408 Granular variable 1177 Hulls 3076 Granular weights 1455 Hybrid intelligent systems 1547 Granularity 1389, 1929 Hybrid logic 2968 Granulation 1177, 1389, 1404, 2968 Hybrid two-sided matching model 3234 Granulation of knowledge 1465 Hyperbolic cellular automaton 298 Granule 1177, 1369, 1389 Hyperbolic geometry 350 Graph 490, 1746, 2864, 2981, 3114, 3358 Hypercycle 40 Graph clustering 1681 Hyperedge 2981 Graph cohesion 2912 Hypergraph 2981 Graph diameter 2536 Hyperreal 2096 Graph grammar 3114 Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) 3358 Graph, lattice, tree 1644 Graph metric function 3114 I Graph (network) 1919 Graph structure 579 i.i.d. 2564 Graph theory 2898 Image compression 2168, 3341 Graph topology 579 Image denoise 2168 Graph visualization 579 Image edge detection 2168 Graph-rewriting automata 3114 Image inpainting 3341 GRDDL 2810 Image processing 2594 Grid 76 Image restoration 3341 Grid methods 1681 Image segmentation 3341 Groups 336 Immunocomputing 1564 Guaranteed possibility 2240 Imperative language 59 Imperfect monitoring 2656 Implementable social choice rule in an equilibrium H concept (e.g. Nash equilibrium) 1588 Hadamard gate 2351 Importance sampling 2267 Halting 1851 Imprecise data 3052 Halting problem, the 3199 Imputation 675 Hamiltonian 1999 Incidence 2940 Handicap principle 2830 Incident 2864 Haptotaxis 456 Incoherent light 2138 Headless 59 Incomplete information 2656 Heavy-tailed degree distributions 1488 Incomplete information game 2830 Heisenberg picture 2351 Incompressible word 132 List of Glossary Terms 3405

Indegree 2864, 2981, 3358 Irreflexive 2981 Indiscernibility 789 Ising model 408, 3076 Indiscernibility relation 2761 Ising-type model 76 Individual-based model 40 Island 2878 Induction 827 Isotropic dilation matrix 275 Inference, prediction and decision-making; samplesand Isotropy 408 populations 255 Iterative array 359 Infinitesimal 2096 IUWT 2121 Infinity 2096 Influence 2029 J Information 854, 2496, 2761 Information economics 2253 Java 59 Information flow 1767 Jointly periodic configuration 3212 Information fusion 122 Information granule 2761 K Information integration 122 k-core 589 Information measures of statistical memory in Key distribution problem 2453 complexsystems 705 k-independent-2-paths 2954 Information system 1464, 2702, 2762 k-in-star 2954 Information systems 789 k-means 1681 Information theory 2702 k-medoid methods 1681 Information-based complexity 2334 K-nearest neighbors 790 Inheritance 59 Knowledge 789, 1464, 2578 Inhibitor 622 Knowledge base 690 Initial set 1499 Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) 862 Injective (reversible) CA 3199 Knowledge discovery (KD) 862 Injectivity 1, 132, 479 Knowledge representation 789, 1464 Inner product 1381 Knowledge-based system 1619 Inspector leadership 1605 Kolmogorov complexity 132 Instance 827 k-out-star 2954 Integrable 646 Kramers–Moyal coefficients 1131 Intelligence 3150 k-star 2954 Intelligent agent 604 k-triangle 2954 Intelligent agents 2578 Intelligent control 1547, 1619 L Intelligent machine 1619 Intelligent query answering 690 L2 spaces 2168 Interaction 105, 1767 Lack of information on one side 2635 Internal noise 1080 Lamb–Dicke regime 2406 Internal representation 2578 Langevin equation 1080, 1131, 3097 Internal stability 675 Langton’s ant 40 Internal versus external influence 2940 Langton’s loop 40 Interval type-2 fuzzy sets 1201 Large deviations principle (LDP) 2564 Intrinsic uncertainty 1381 Lattice 408, 2925 Intrinsic universality 443 Lattice Boltzmann model 408 Intuitive criterion 2830 Lattice gas 408 Invariant 408 Lattice property 3235 Invariant group of a tiling 350 Lattice spacing 408 Invariant measure 966 Laurent polynomial 3316 Ion trap 2406 Law 2564 Irreducible matrix 2082 Law of large numbers (LLN) 2564 3406 List of Glossary Terms

LB 408 Lymph node 1576 Learning (also training) set 1781 Lymphocyte 1576 Learning automaton 1564 Lévy flight 1724 Learning classifier system 1564 Lévy stable laws 1724 Learning classifier system (LCS) 40 Lévy walks 1725 Learning for problem-solving and planning 1706 Learning rule 813 M LEM2 algorithm 2772 LERS machine learning/data mining system 2772 m , c 1274 Levels of interoperability 204 Machine learning 40, 1564 Levels of system specification 204 Macro language 59 LGA 408 Major histocompatability 1576 Lifting 1981 Majority gate 1999 Lifting step 3316 Majority relation, strict majority relation 3291 Ligase 1894 Majority voting 3280 Limit set 3199 Manakov system 646 Lindenmeyer system (L-system) 40 Manipulability of a social choice function 3280 Line 2864 Manipulable mechanism 3236 Linear CA 479, 965 Marginal stability 2611 Linear cellular automata 1 Margolus neighborhood 408 Linear logic 1767 Market 1801 Linguistic variable 1177 Market anomalies 18 Linguistic variable, fuzzy conditional statement, Market games 1801 com-positional rule of inference 1253 Markov chain 1999, 2029, 3097 Link analysis 1746 Markov chain Monte Carlo 2267 Linkage metric 1681 Markov dependence assumption 2954 Link-spamming 1746 Markov process 285, 3097 Lipschitz norm 2564 Markov property 3076 Liquid crystal 1030 Martingale 2564 Lithography 1999 Mask 2168 Local equilibrium 408 Master equation 1080, 3097 Local maps of a cellular automaton 1 Matching mechanism 3235 Local network 2925 Matching 3234 Locality 3076 Mathematica 59 Locally stationary process 3043 Mathematical framework 88 Location in a network 2226 MATLAB 59 Loewner equation 3076 Maximal attractor 3212 Loewner evolution 3076 Maximin preferences 3235 Logic gate 2496 MCMC 561 Logic programming language 59 Mean field 1644 Logical gate 2594 Mean-field approximation 1080, 2157 Logically universal processor 2594 Measures 966, 3076 Long-lived player 2656 Mechanism 1588, 1821 Lookup table 408 Median voter theorem 3280 Lookup table (LUT) 1043 Medium 622 Loop 2864 Membership function 1620 Loop erased random walk (LERW) 3076 Membrane structure 1851 Lower approximation 2761 Meme 40 Lower cutoff 2267 Memory 382 LSI, large-scale integration circuit 3260 Memory effects in stochastic processes through Lyapunov exponents 3212 correlations 705 List of Glossary Terms 3407

Memory functions 705 Monte Carlo Markov chain maximum likelihood Mereology 1466 estimation (MCMCMLE) 2954 Message passing interface (MPI) 76 Monte-Carlo 1644 Message passing (MP) 76 Moore neighborhood 408 Metabolomics 561 Moore’s law 1999, 2496 Metadata 204, 2810 Moral hazard (hidden action) 2253 Metastability 1499, 2611 Morphological computation 925 Method 59 MOSFETS 1999 Method of moments 2029 M-precision 1177 Methodological individualism 59 MRA 2168 Mh-precisiand 1177 Multidimensional scaling 2981 Microarray 561 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) 2912 Microdynamics 408 Multi-granular computing 1929 Microlevel simulation 2999 Multiparticle models 408 Mind–body problem 40 Multiple attribute (or multiple criteria) decision sup-port Minimal energy method 1939 2727 Minority-carrier transport 3260 Multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) 76 Missing attribute values 2772 Multiple network 2925 Mixed state 2437 Multipotency 527 Mixed strategy 1605 Multiresolution analysis 3043 Mixed-star 2954 Multiresolution, multiresolution approximation (MRA) Mixing environment 2564 1981 Mixture modeling 255 Multiresolutions 516 Mm-precisiand 1177 Multiscaling function, multiwavelet function, multi- Mobile agents 59 wavelet 1981 Modal logic 2968 Multiset 185, 1851 2-Mode matrix 2912 Multivariate splines 1939 Model 1444, 2157, 3004 Mutation 1309 p1 Model 2954 Myopic optimum 2656 p2 Model 2954 Model (also classifier) 1781 N Model of computation 2334 Model-based automation 204 Nanotechnology 882 Modeling and simulation ontology 204 Nash equilibrium 695, 1605, 2620, 2656, 2830 Modular design of nucleic acid catalysts 1894 Nash reversion 2656 Modularity 1919 Natural asynchrony 3150 Modulation matrix 1981 Navier–Stokes equation 408 Module 59 Necessity measure 2240 Molecular automaton 1894 Neighbor 434, 1337, 2864 Molecular computing 465 Neighborhood 1, 409, 1043, 2351 Molecular electronics 1999 Neighborhood system 1389, 1421 Molecular finite state automaton 1894 Neighborhood system (local granular model abb. local Molecular logic gate 1894 GrC model) 1404 Molecular Mealy automaton 1894 Neologism-proof equilibrium 2830 Molecular species 185 Net-centric environment 204 Molecule 185 NetLogo 59 Moment analysis 2268 Network 579, 589, 2029, 2864, 2878 Monitoring structure 2620 Network configuration 2954 Monomial 3316 Network decomposition 2878 Monotone cellular automaton 1499 Network exposure 2940 Monte Carlo 2268 Network model 2845 3408 List of Glossary Terms

Network motifs 1919 Occupation numbers 409 Network population 2845 ODE 161 Network threshold 2940 Oligonucleotide 1894 Networks 285 O(n)models 3076 Neural network 1999 One mode matrix 2981 Neural networks 1620 One-mode network 2864 Neuro-fuzzy systems 2069 One-time pad 2453 Neuron 1999 On-line random graph 2536 Newtonian mechanics 1381 On-line update and batch update 1863 Next-nearest neighbor 3114 Ontogenesys 925 Nilpotent CA 3212 Ontology 204, 690, 2810 Nilpotent cellular automata 3199 Open CA 3212 NMOS FET 3260 Open system 409 No Dictatorship 3280 Operon 228 Node 2981 Optimal algorithm 2334 Node degree distribution 579 Optimization 1211 Node degree distribution nk 2536 Optimization algorithms 3150 Node indegree (outdegree) 1746 Order of a reaction 185 Node-betweenness 3170 Order parameter 1080 Node-degree 3170 Ordering 1043 Noise 862 Ordinal properties and monotonicity 1347 Nomograph 161 Oregonator 2594 Non revealing strategy 2635 Orthogonal ensembles 2549 Nonadditive entropy 940 Orthogonalization 1564 Non-archimedean 2096 Oscillator 434, 1337 Noncooperative game 1605 Outcome 3235 Nonequilibrium random network 1488 Outdegree 2864, 2981, 3358 Nonextensive system 940 Outlier 862 Non-homogeneous cellular automaton 1043 OWL 2810 Nonlinear Schrödinger equation 646 Nonlinear system 1644 P Nonnegative matrix 2082 Non-player character (NPC) 604 P, NP, PSPACE, NC 2138 Non-procedural language 59 Psystem 1852 Normal form game 1000 PageRank 1746 Normal modes 2406 Pairwise majority voting rule 3280 Normalized discounted value 2656 Parabolic scaling law 754 Notation 966 Paradox of voting 3280 NP-complete 1999 Parallel 409, 1999 Nucleation 1499 Parallel computation thesis 2138 nv 1274 Parallel computer architecture 76 Parallel computing 465 Parallel Turing machine 298 O Parallelism 1852 Object 59, 2761 Parameter space and phase space 2268 Object closest to a set 790 Parameters 2954 Objective function 2029 Pareto optimality or pareto efficiency 3280 Objective-C 59 Pareto-optimal matching 3235 Object-oriented language 59 Partial algebra 2925 Observation scheme 2845 Partial covering (global granular model; global GrC Observer 59 model) 1404 List of Glossary Terms 3409

Partial dependence assumption 2954 PMOS FET 3260 Particle 325, 1043 Poincaré’s disc 350 Particle swarm optimization 40, 3150 Political ignorance 3281 Particle-wave duality 1381 Polymorphism 59 Partition 490, 589, 1405 Polynomial representation 1564 Partition of a non-empty set X 2762 Polyphase decomposition, polyphase matrix 1981 Partitioned cellular automaton 2668 Pooling equilibrium 2830 Partitioning 409 Population game 1000 Partitioning networks 2226 Population network 2845 P-a.s. 2564 Position 2226 Patch 59 Positional analysis 2226 Path 2864, 2981 Positional equivalence 2968 Path length 2981 Possibilistic logic 2240 Pathogen 1576 Possibilistic number 1211 Pattern 863 Possibility distribution 2240 Pattern searching 2878 Possibility measure 2240 Pauli operator 2351 Possibility theory 1211 Payoff 3023 Potential 1054 Payoff vector 1801 Potentiometer 161 Payoffs 897 Potts model 3076 PDE 161 Power law distribution 2286, 2536 Peano curve 3076 Pragmatic frame 204 Penalized least squares fitting 1939 Pragmatics 204 Pentagrid 350 Pre- and postprocessing 1981 Per capita boundedness 1801 Precisiand 1177 Perceptron 1999 Precisiend 1177 Percolation 1644, 3076 Precision 161, 863 Perfect monitoring 2656 Predecessor state 1 Periodic tiling 3198 Predicate logic 204 Periodic tiling problem, the 3199 Predictability 1863 Permutation 2981 Prediction rule 1695 Permutative CA 965 Preference model 2727 Permutive CA 3212 Preference, preference aggregation 3291 Personalization of ranking-scores 1746 Preferential attachment 1488 Perturbation expansion 1080 Pregame 1801 Phase gate 2351 Pre-Topology 1404 Phase transition 409, 2157 Prevalence 2940 Phase-flip 2454 Price taking equilibrium 1801 Phase-flip error 2478 Primary system 161 Phenotype 40 Principal–agent 2253 Pheromone 3150 Principle diagonal 2981 Phonon bus 2406 Probabilistic clustering 1681 Phosphodiesterase 1894 Probabilistic graphical model 561 Photon 2437 Probabilistic system 1620 Phylogenesis 925 Probability distribution 1066, 1644 Pitch 1999 Probability – frequentist and Bayesian 255 Planning knowledge 1706 Procedural language 59 Plasmid 228 Processor 1999 Platform for agent-based simulation 105 Processor complexity 298 Player 3023 Profile 1433, 3291 Players 897 Programming language 59 3410 List of Glossary Terms

Projection operator 1381 Quotient set 1929, 2762 Promise 2334 Quotient space 1929 Propagation 409 Quotient space model 1929 Pseudo-likelihood estimation 2954 Quotient structure 1404 Pure state 2437 Pure strategy (or simply strategy) 695 R P-validity 1177 Rabi-oscillations 2406 Random dynamics approximation 3114 Q Random graph 2536 q-logarithmic and q-exponential functions 940 Random graph model G(w) 2536 QMA complexity class 2351 Random homogeneous mixing 1535 Quantum algorithm 2496 Random matrices 2549 Quantum bit 2496 Random network 1488 Quantum channel 2478 Random recursive graph (tree) 1488 Quantum circuit 2361 Random sets 3052 Quantum circuit model 2303 Random variable 1066 Quantum circuits 2478 Random walk 409, 3076 Quantum communication channel 2496 Random-graph network 3170 Quantum communications 2388 Randomized network 3358 Quantum complexity class 2361 Randomized setting 2334 Quantum computation 2437 Ranking 1790 Quantum computer 2497, 3187 Ratchet 1999 Quantum computing 2388 Rate 2940 Quantum computing speedup 2334 Rate function 2029 Quantum cryptography 2497 Rational agents 2578 Quantum dense coding 2388 RDF 2810 Quantum dot cellular automaton 1999 RDF(S) 2810 Quantum error-correcting code 2497 Reachable 2864 Quantum error-correcting code (QECC) 2478 Reaction network 185 Quantum gate 2478 Reaction-diffusion system 40 Quantum information 2497 Reaction-diffusion systems 409 Quantum interactive proof system 2361 Reasoning 789, 1466 Quantum key distribution 2388, 2453 Recall 863 Quantum mechanics 2497 Receiver 2830 Quantum network 2407 Record 59, 2611 Quantum proof 2361 Recursive and recursively enumerable (re) 3199 Quantum register 2406 Recursive network 1488 Quantum setting 2334 Recursively generated object 40 Quantum state 1381 Reduction of network 2878 Quantum teleportation 2388, 2437 Reduction process 774 Quantum Turing machine 2351 Refinable function vector, refinement equation 1981 Quantum weirdness 2497 Reflection 59 Quasi-attractor 3212 Refractory period 622 Qubit 2351, 2388, 2406, 2437, 2454, 2478, 2496 Regression 863 Qubit complexity 2334 Regular domain 1043 Qubus 2388 Regular equivalence 2912, 2968 Quenched law 2564 Regularity 479 Query 2334 Relation 2981 Query complexity 2303, 2334 Relational data model (RDM) 1369 Quota of an agent 3234 Relational granulation 2968 List of Glossary Terms 3411

Relational structure (relational granular model; S rela-tional GrC model) 1404 Saddle point 1605 Rematching proof equilibrium 3236 Sampling 863 Repast 60 Sampling design 2845 Repast simphony 60 Sampling frame 2845 Repast simphony score 60 Satisfiability (SAT) 882 Repeated game 2620, 2656 Scalability 490 Repeated game with incomplete information 2635 Scalable 2388 Repeated games 1292, 1695 Scale invariance 3076 Repeater 1999 Scale invariant process 2611 Replicator dynamic 1000 Scale-free network 1919, 3170 Representative agent 18 Scale-free networks 1488 Reputation bound 2656 Scaling 161 Resonant clock 1999 Scaling hypothesis 409 Resonant tunneling device 2000 Scaling law 409 Responsive preference 3234 Scaling limit 3077 Restricted totalistic rules 3114 Scaling methods 2898 Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) 2000 Restriction 3076 Schema 204 Retain 790 Schramm’s theorem 3077 Retrieve 790 Schrödinger picture 2351 Reuse 790 Schrödinger’s cat 2497 Revelation game 3236 SDCA model hierarchy 3115 Revelation mechanism 3236 Search 1790 Reversibility 1, 312 Second generationdiscrete curvelet transformx Reversible cellular automaton 2668, 2685 (DCTG2) 754 Reversible computation 2000 Second law of thermodynamics 2497, 3187 Reversible logic 2497 2nd Postulate of quantum mechanics 1381 Reversible logic element 2685 Section 579 Reversible Turing machine 2685 Selection 1309, 2029 Revise 790 Self- and cross-phase modulation 646 Revision protocol 1000 Self-avoiding random walk (SAW) 3077 r(f )-Separable preference 3234 Self-maintaining 185 Rich configuration 132 Self-organization 40 Riemann’s mapping theorem 3076 Self-organized criticality 409, 2286, 2780 Rings 336 Self-organized criticality (SOC) 285 RNA 228, 882 Self-replication 40, 2792 Self-reproduction 2792 Role algebra 2926 Self-signaling set 2830 Rotary element 2685 Semantics 204, 690, 1444 Rough inclusion 790, 1465 Semi-algorithm 3199 Rough set 1348, 1389, 2727, 2762, 2968 Semicycle 2864 Rough set theory 1421 Semi-decidability 312, 3199 Rough sets 2702 Semigroup 2925 Rough sets: knowledge as classification 1464 Semipath 2864 Rule 435, 1337 Semi-supervised learning 1790 Rule induction 2772 Sender 2830 Rule table 1 Sensitive CA 914, 3200 Rules and RIF 2810 Sensitivity (recall) 863 Runtime type identification 60 Sensitivity to initial conditions 132, 479 3412 List of Glossary Terms

Sensor 204 Social process 3004 Separating equilibrium 2830 Sociometry 2981 Sequential equilibrium 695, 2620 Soft computing 1547, 1620 Service-oriented architecture 204 Software engineering 1421 Sexually transmitted infection 1535 Solidification 1499 SFF-LSE 1274 Solitary wave 646 SFF-SVM 1274 Soliton 646 Shapley value 666, 1801 Solution concept 666 Shor’s algorithm 2437 Somatic evolution 456 Shortest-path problem 2594 Source 2138 Short-lived player 2656 Source (sink) SCC 1746 Shrinkage 3043 Space complexity 298 -Algebra 1240 Space-homogeneous 2351 Signal 359 SPARQL 2810 Signal subshift 3212 Sparsity 3043 Signaling game 2830 Spatial light modulator (SLM) 2138 Signed graph 2864 Spatially extended systems 409 Similarity 790, 1465 Specificity 863 Simple action type 2656 Spectral clustering 1681 Simple graph 2864 Spence-Mirrlees condition 2830 Simple random graphs, Bernoulli graphs, Erdös–Rényi Spike, autowave 622 graphs 2954 Spiking neural P system 1852 2d-Simplex 2564 Spin 409 Simplex of probabilities over a finite set, the 2635 Spintronic device 2000 Simulation 1821, 3004 Split selection 827 Sincere strategy 3236 Spreading set 914, 3212 Single electron tunneling device 2000 Spring embedder 589, 2981 Single instruction multiple data (SIMD) 77 Squeezing 2388 Single photon detector 2453 Stabilizer code 2478 Single photon source 2453 Stable matching mechanism 3235 Single-crossing condition 2830 Stable outcome 3235 Single-electron circuit 3260 Stackelberg action 2656 Singular value decomposition 2981 Stackelberg type 2656 Site 409 Stage game 2656 Situated agent 925 Standard signaling game 2830 Skeleton 2594 Star-network 2864 “Slime trail motion” 456 Statechangecomplexity 298 Small group effectiveness 1801 State of a system 1644 Small-world models 2898 State of nature 238 Small-world network 3170 State of the world 238, 1588 Small-worlds graph 579 State space 527 Social agent-based modeling 40 State transition diagram 1 Social choice function 3281 Stationary distribution and transient 2268 Social choice function, social choice correspondence Stationary process 2611, 3043 3291 Stem cell 527 Social choice rule 1588 Stigmergy 40, 3150 Social circuit dependence 2954 Stochastic Loewner evolution (SLE) 3077 Social network 2226, 2845, 2925, 2968 Stochastic process 3097 Social network analysis (SNA) 40 Stochastic process in scale 1131 Social network (or, in graph theory, a graph) 2912 Stochastic variable 3097 Social networking community 1433 Stochastically stable state 1000 List of Glossary Terms 3413

Strange kinetics 1725 Synapse 2000 Strategic abstention 3281 Synchronization 1043, 3170 Strategic complexity 1292 Syntax 204, 1444 Strategic form game 675 System 3004 Strategic game 724 System entity structure 204 Strategic (or normal) form game 695 System specification 204 Strategic voting 3281 Systems biology 561 Strategies 854, 897 Strategy 1292 T Strategy of a player 2635 Strategy profile 2635 TCell 1576 Stretched-exponential distribution 2286 Teleportation 2497 Strong component 2864 Templates 60 Strong transitivity 479 Ternary heptagrid 350 Strongly connected 2864 Tessellation 350 Strongly connected component 3358 Testing object 827 Strongly connected component (SCC) 1746 Testing set 827, 1781 Strongly connected digraph 2082 Thermodynamics 3187 Strongly substitutable preferences 3235 3rd Postulate of quantum mechanics 1381 Structural equivalence 2912, 2968 Threshold result 2388 Structural property 2864 Threshold theorem 2478 Structurally dynamic cellular automata 3115 Thresholding 3043 Structure 204 Tie indicator 2029 Structured language 60 Tierra 40 Subexcitability 622 Tight wavelet frame 1939 Subexcitable medium 2594 Tiles 3198 Subgame 2656 Tiling 350, 3198 Subgame perfect equilibrium 2656 Tiling fp; qg 350 Subgraph 1919 Tiling problem, the 3199 Subshift attractor 3212 Tiling problem with a seed tile, the 3199 Subshifts 966 Time complexity 298 Substitutable preferences 3235 Time complexity of algorithm 2878 Sugarscape 40 Time step 409 Superposition 2497 Time-homogeneous 2351 Superposition of states 2000 Time-space diagram 1094 Supervised learning 1790 Tissue P system 1852 Surjective cellular automata 3199 TM 161 Surjectivity 1, 132, 312, 479 T-map 3235 Survey sampling 2845 Toeplitz space 914 Swap operation 2351 Tomography 2437 Swarm 40, 60 Top level domain 3358 Swarm Intelligence 3150 Top-down fabrication 2000 Swarm intelligence 40 Topological entropy 3200 Swarm optimization 3150 Topological mixing 479 Swarm Robotics 3150 Topological neighborhood system 1404 Symbol 1981 Topological sort 2878 Symbolic processing 40 Totally balanced game 1801 Symmetric 2981 Training object 827 Symmetric and asymmetric phase 1863 Training set 827 Symplectic ensembles 2549 Trajectory 1644 Symport/antiport 1852 Transcription 228 3414 List of Glossary Terms

Transcription factor 527 Unstructured language 60 Transcriptome 527 Unsupervised learning 1790 Transfer principle 2096 Update rule 40 Transient states 1 Update table 2351 Transition function 1043 Updating 409 Transitive triad 2954 Upper approximation 2762 Transitivity 132, 479 Upper cutoff 2268 Translation 228 URI 2811 Transversal gates 2478 URL 3358 Tree 1488, 2981 Utilitarianism 3281 Triad 2864 Utility 255, 1605 Triangle 2954 Utility function 695 Triples and triplestores 2811 Utility of voting 3281 Trophic species (S) 1155 UWT 2121 Truncation 3236 TS-FR 1274 V Tunneling 2000, 2388 Value 2635 Tunneling phase logic 2000 Variance and moments 1066 Turing equivalent 646 Variational distance 2564 Turing machine 359, 2000, 3187 VCG mechanisms 1837 Turing machine (TM) 3198 Vector computer/vector processor 77 Turtle 60 Verifiable information game 2830 Two mode matrix 2981 Verification 1605 Two-mode network 2864 Vertex (vertices) 2864 Two-mode network data 2226 Very large scale integration (VLSI) 2000 Two-scale similarity transform (TST) 1981 Virtual character 604 Two-sided matching model 3234 Virtual machine 60 Type 238, 2656, 2830 Virtual world 604 Type of an agent 1588 Viscosity 409 Type-1 fuzzy sets 1201 Volatility 1863 Type-2 fuzzy sets 1201 Voltage encoding 2000 von Neumann architecture 3150 U von Neumann neighborhood 409, 2000 UML 204 von Neumann–Morgenstern stable set 675 Unbiased estimator 2268 von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function 695 Voronoi diagram 2594 Uncertainty 1381 Voting cycle or Condorcet’s paradox 3281 Undecidability 312 Voting procedure, voting theory 3291 (Un)decidability 3199 Voting rule 3281 Undirected graph 2864 v-precision 1177 Uni-directional QKD 2453 Uniform measure 966 Uniform spanning tree (UST) 3077 W Uniformizing maps 3077 W3C 2811 Unitary 2437 Wave fragment 2594 Unitary ensembles 2549 Wave number 1381 Unitary operations 2388 Wave vector 1381 Universal cellular automaton 2668 Wavelet 2168 Universal Turing machine (UTM) 40 Wavelet and scaling filters 3043 Universality 312, 409, 1852, 2157 Wavelet and scaling functions 3043 Unpredictable system 3150 Wavelet system 275 List of Glossary Terms 3415

Wavelets 1939, 3341 WT1D 754 Weak ergodicity breaking 1725 WT2D 754 Weakly connected 2865 Weakly connected component 3358 X Web graph 1746 Web of data 2811 XML 204, 2811 Web science 2811 Web server 3358 Z Webpage 3358 Web-page ranking 1746 Z 298 Website 3358 Zero-sum game 1605 Weight matrix 2940 Zero-sum games 2635 Weyl pseudometrics 914 0th Postulate of quantum mechanics 1381 Wolfram classes 312 Z-FRB 1274 Worst-case setting 2335 Ziff model 409 WT 2121 z-Transform 3316 Index

A Active membranes 1851 A path planning algorithm 610 Active phases 1087 Abacus 1828 Activity 2869 Abelian group 2780 Activity fronts 1082 ABM see Agent-based modeling, see Agent-based Activity paradigm 218 modeling Acts 2747 Abnormal glycolytic activity, tumor locus 462 Acyclic graphs 589 Absorbing boundaries 3099 Acyclic relation 3294 Absorbing state 1082, 1087, 1658 Adamatzky 1829 Abstract computing machine model 1821 Adaptability 180 Abstract game 2044 Adaptation 54 endogenous network formation 2045 Adaptive 929 feasible set 2045 Adaptive actor architecture 81 player preferences 2045 Adaptive real-time classifiers 1061 rules of network formation 2045 Adaptivity in amorphous computing 155 Abstraction Adding machine 3215 in amorphous computing 155 Additive cellular automata 3, 5, 10, 11 AC see Artificial chemistry (AC) asymptotic randomization 977 Access 2088 Additively optimal universal, representation Accuracy 161, 164, 171, 181, 827, 2705 system 133 lower approximation 2705 Additivity 943 sensitivity 843 Address 2146 specificity 843 encoding function 2146, 2151 upper approximation 2705 Adiabatic algorithm 2521 Accuracy rate 876 Adiabatic equilibrium 1522 Acidosis Adiabatic switching 2008 carcinogenesis 457 Adjacency 2903 tumor invasion 460 Adjacency matrix 1746, 1795, 2031, 2083, 2084, 2917 ACL see Agent communication language Adjusted winner 1075 ACO 3156–3158, 3160, 3161 Adolescent health data 2946 Action 1710 Adversary argument 2338 Action potential 173 Adverse selection 2259 Action profile 733 repeated 2261 Action schema 1709 Advertising 2839 Action theory 2865 Adware 1437, 1438 Activation function 813, 818 Adyan SI 338, 341 Activator-inhibitor model 3267 Affiliation 2915 Active gradient, in amorphous computing 154 network 2925, 2926, 2928, 2935, 2937 3418 Index

Affine CA 965 game-theoretic models 2580 Affine maximizer 1844 goal-directed agents 2583 Affine systems 99 limited autonomy 2589 Ageofaclusterorfuzzyrule 1054 limited knowledge 2590 Agenda control 2841 neural nets 2583 Agent 1767, 2578, 2999 strategic action 2590 autonomous 2578 Aggregated 1621 decision-making 2580 Aggregation 425, 1529 definition 107 Aggregation operator 122, 124 deliberative 109 Aggregative games 1017 goal-directed 2578 Agile computing, definition 1890 goal-oriented 2578 AGNA 3146 intelligent agents 2578 Agree to disagree 247 mobile 1880 Aharonov–Bohm (AB) effect 2400 rational 2578 AI-engineering 1401, 1402 reactive 108 AIDS epidemic 1535, 1537 Agent actions 108 Airport Agent architecture 108 problems 725 Agent-based computational methods 2899 Akaike criterion, neuro-fuzzy systems 2077 Agent-based computational model 2902, 2905, 2908 AlChemy 189 Agent-based modeling (ABM) 41, 2951, 2999 Alcohol consumption 2040 cellular automata approaches 106 Alexander, Malcolm 2901 emerging behaviors 108 Algebra 2925, 2928, 2929, 2931–2933, 2935, 2938 grid computing 84 Algebraic connectivity 2084 guidelines for development 79 Algebraic eigenspace 2089 large scale simulations 76 Algebraic models 2905 limitations 80 Algebraic number field 2318 load balancing 81 Algebraic product 1260 parallel computing 81 Algebraic set theory 2898 program design 80 Algebraic structures 2099 protocol 80 role of physics 108 Algorithm 162, 1936 scaling 80 adiabatic 2324, 2328 simulation 105 black-box 2305, 2307 Agent-based models (ABMs) 108, 2030, 2949, 2951 coevolutionary algorithm 1312 Agent-based simulation 18, 222 continued fractions 2309 platforms for 114 CSM 2149, 2150 Agent communication language (ACL)-based evolutionary algorithm 1309 models 111 exact 2307, 2312 Agent complexity, role in simulation 80 genetic 1310 Agent interaction 107, 111 Grover’s 2327 direct 111 in artificial chemistry 186, 189 environment mediated 114 Kitaev’s 2308 indirect 112 of Girvan and Newman 498 models, taxonomy 112 optical 2143, 2153 Agent theory 2578 Shor’s 2304, 2305, 2308, 2327 cognitive systems 2586 Simon’s 2307, 2315 computational agents 2581 topological 2325, 2327, 2328 deliberative agents 2586 with approximation guarantees 3307 endogenous 2579 aLife 605 exogenous 2579 Allen–Cahn theory 414 Index 3419

Allocation 669, 682 Anisotropic filtering 3352 individually rational 683 Annealed law 2565 Pareto efficient 683 Annihilation process 1085, 1087 Allocation rule 2064 Annihilation reaction 1085 Alonso-Sanz, Ramon 3132, 3133 Anomalous statistics 1147 ˛-Cut 1182, 1258 Ant colony optimization 49, 3150, 3156, 3157 ˛-Level set 1240, 1258, 3054 Antecedent 1621 random 1245 Anti-persistence 1864 Alphabet 1896 Antibody, autoimmunity 1580 Alternating offers bargaining 1299 Anticrowds 1871 Amorphous computing 147, 471 Antikythera mechanism 162, 1828 gradientsasprimitives 154 Anytime agent 616 in artificial chemistry 200 Applicative computation 1777 linguistic framework for 152 Approachability 2642 means of abstraction 155 Approval voting procedure 3302–3304 means of combination 155 Approximate reasoning 1621, 1630 model 148 Approximation 760, 1424, 2764 modeling of classical partial-differential M-term 760 equations 153 non-linear 760 restriction to spatial regions 156 order, multiwavelet 1987 supporting infrastructure 156 space 2761, 2971 Amorphous computing paradigm 149 APS operator 902 Amorphous particle, marker propagation 149 property 903 Amplification Arborescence, spanning 2093 of memory effects 715 Arc 2084, 2878, 2956 Amplitude amplification 2310, 2311 Archimedean t-norm 1468 Amplitude estimation 2312 Architectural spandrels 1926 amplRes 2148, 2149, 2151 Architecture Analog 1828 CMOL 2020 Analog computation 166, 3258 of agents 108 general-purpose 163 quasi-regularity 2006 Analog equation solver 1828 random 2006 Analog mechanical computing device 1828 reconfigurable 2006 Analog memory 170 regular 2005 Analog thinking 173 unstructured 2006 Analog VLSI 165 von Neumann 2018 Analysis 3324 von Neumann architecture 2022 Analytic approaches to the minority game 1873 Arcing 1785 Analytical engine 175, 1831 Area sampling 2858 Analytical learning 1711 Arithmetic mean 125, 126 Anasov’s theorem 1521 Arithmetic operation 1829 Anchor text scoring 1751 artificial chemistry 190 Ancilla 2442 Arithometer 1830 AND 1629 Arms control and disarmament 1605 AND gate, reversibility 2501 Arms race 1312 Anderson model Armstrong’s axioms 2710 invasive tumor 460 Arrow 3292 Anderson theorem 2119 Arrow’s impossibility theorem 1840, 3281, 3284 Anderson’s Wiener process 2118 Artifact mediated models 113 Andness 126 Artificial chemistry (AC) 46, 185, 471 Anisotropic diffusion 3343, 3347, 3348 building block 187 3420 Index

definition 185 Attribute 827, 867, 1930, 2728, 2761 engineering motivation 186 condition 2730 information processing 200 decision 2730 inspired by Turing machine 192 decision node 827 mechanical 195 dependency 1425 scientific motivation 185 node 827 simulation by ODE 191 sampling 1611 theory 196 types 867 Artificial immune system (AIS) 1576 Attribute-based data model (ABDM) 1369 genetic variation 1578 attribute-value pairs 1369 Artificial intelligence (AI) 2819, 3154, 3167 directory keywords 1371 good old-fashioned AI 2822 non-directory keywords 1371 Artificial life 41, 605, 2792 records 1370 Artificial neural networks (ANN) 49, 813, 1455 Attribute-value blocks 2773 Artificial neuron 813 Auction mechanisms 1307 Artificial organism 192 Auction theory 240 Artificial society 3014 Auctions 2254 Artificial-to-intelligence ratio 1313 Dutch 2261 Artificial worlds 1653 English 2261 Assembler automaton see also Von Neumann machine first-prize 2254 Assessment sealed-bid 2261 linguistic 1241 second-prize 2254 subjective 1241 Aumann model 240, 243, 251 Assignment games 681 Aumann–Shapley rule 746 Association 1453 Authentication codes, partial result 1887 Association analysis 870 Authority 1752 Association mining 1428 Autocatalytic polymer chemistry 191 Association rules 1323, 1429, 2712, 2751, 2752 Autocatalytic set 46, 196 confidence 2712 evolution of 198 support 2712 AUTOCLASS 1684 Assortative interaction 1542 Asymmetric dynamic commons model 907 Autocorrelation function 2274 Asymmetric information 2253 Automata 228, 434, 1337, 3150 Asymmetric phase 1865, 1873, 1875 Automation, of modeling and simulation 212 Asymptotic behavior 2275 Automaton 1913, 1916 Asymptotic randomization Automorphism 101, 2921 additive cellular automata 965 Autonomous systems 1663, 1665 linear cellular automata 975 Autonomy 107 Asynchronous cellular automata 458 of interacting agents 112 Asynchrony 3150, 3161–3163 Autopoiesis Attachment 1488, 1490 artificial chemistry 197 preferential 1488, 1490 Autoregression theory 2077 Attacks on mobile agents 1885 Avalanche 285, 2291, 2780, 2781 Attenuation 2903 Avalanche photodiode 2439 Attractiveness 2872 Average class accuracy 877 Attractor states, GRNs 528 Average memory 383 Attractors 916, 3220 Average voting 3302 as cell types 546 Averaging 1520 cell types 550 Avida 41, 194 gene expression 551 Axiom of Archimedes 2100 genes 537 Axiom of quality 2928, 2929, 2938 Index 3421

Axiomatic characterizations 670 Batch learning 816, 819 Axon 814, 1621 Bayes’ theorem 254 Bayesian approach 1624 B Bayesian demand game 745 Bayesian equilibrium 239, 248, 249, 251, 252 B-Form 1941 Nash–Bayes equilibrium 249 B-Indiscernibility relation 1464, 1470 Bayesian game 238, 248, 1289, 3038 B-Lower approximation 792 Bayesian mechanism design 1845 B-Spline 2130 Bayesian–Nash equilibrium 1837, 1846 B-Upper approximation 792 Bayesian probability theory 255 Babbage, Charles 175, 1830 Bayesian solution, belief invariant 702 Babbage’s difference engine 1830 Bayesian statistical inference 564 Backgammon 1319 Bayes factors 573 Backpropagation 170, 819 Bayesian computation 565 Backward pass 819 Bayesian information criterion 573 Backward search 1791 likelihood 564 Bacterial computer 3258 marginal likelihood 565 BADD-OWA 128 posterior distribution 564 Bagging 1784 prior predictive distribution 565 Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld (BTW) model 286, 2269 prior probability distribution 564 Baker diagram 13 BDI model 109 Bala–Goyal rules 2046 Beam splitter 2439 Balance 2902 Bear market, fuzzy logic 1189 in graphs 2900 Beehive rule 3132 Balanced environment 2570 Behavior 205, 926 Balancedness 668, 669 Behavioral 925 Baldwin, Frank S. 1830 Behavioral contract theory 2263 Baldwin, Joseph M. 3292 Behavioral science 616 Baldwin’s procedure 3296 Behavioral strategies 1613 Ballistic behavior 2568 Belief assessment 2626 Ballistic computer 1824 Belief-desire-intention (BDI) model 109, 606, 3002 Balzer 1095, 1097 Belief subspace (BL-subspace) 243, 244 Banach algebra 979 Beliefs 2586 Bandwidth conservation 1889 coherent infinite hierarchies of 242 Banks’ solution 3301 infinite hierarchies of 239 Banks winner 3301, 3306 Bell basis 2443 Barabási–Albert model 295, 1490 Bell measurement 2443 Barabási, Albértó-Laszlo 2901, 2910 Bell inequality Bargaining 2839 quantum weirdness 2511 Barnes, John 2900 Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction 427, 428, 624, Bartholdi, L. 342, 347 3262 Base models 1783 Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition 1494 Basic idea 2764 Berkowitz, Steven 2901 Basic minority game 1864, 1871, 1872, 1876 Berners Lee, Tim 3358 Basic reproduction number 1537 Bernoulli endomorphism 987 Basic reproduction rate 1535 Bernoulli graph 2846, 2955, 2957 Basin of attraction 2059 Bernoulli measure 966 Boolean networks 545 Bernoulli sampling 2848 Bass 2941 Bernstein–Bézier polynomials 1942 Bass model 2941 Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm 2367 Batagelj, Vladimir 2905 Bertoluzza et al’s distance 3059 3422 Index

Besicovitch pseudodistance 138 Bipartite 2913 Besicovitch pseudometric 917 Bipartite graph 2991 Bessel equation 3089 Bipartite network 2888, 2956, 2964 Bessel process 3075, 3080, 3088 Birefringent optical fiber 658 Best response dynamics 1696 Birth–death process 3101 Betweenness 2903 Bisimulation 2975 centrality 2920 Bistability Beyer 1115 networks 540 BGP 1663, 1664, 1666, 1676, 1677 Bistable dynamics 540 Bi-fractional diffusion equations 1737 Bistable genetic circuits 539 Bi-orthogonal wavelet transform 2123, 2124 1-Bit CA 1110 Bi-orthogonal wavelets 3343 Bivalent logic 1178 Bias 1716 Bivariate M-wavelet system 275 Biased net theory 2955 Black-box 2305 Biclique 2920 groups 2374 Biclusters 785, 786 models 878, 2334 Biconvexity 2649 Blackboard architecture 113 Bieberbach conjecture 3084 Blackwell-set 2642 Bilateral-unilateral rules 2052 Bloch-sphere representation 2414 Billiard ball model (BBM) 2015, 2676, 2689 Bloch-vector, quantum computing 2414 Bimartingale 2648 Block diagonal matrix 2560 Binary arithmetic 3258 Block mapping Binary Boolean set-operations, definition 2097 parallel computing 81 Binary counter 1901 Blocking word 3216 Binary granular data model (BGDM) 1411 Blocking, parallel computing 82 Binary GrC model, third 1411 Blockmodel 2926, 2934, 2935 Binary Hamming code 2481 Blockmodeling 2896, 2899, 2905, 2922 Binary neighborhood system (BNS) 1411 indirect approach 2228 Binary output encoding 821 regular equivalence 2228 Binary relation 2925, 2926, 2932, 2933 structural equivalence 2227 Binning 2281 Blocks 758, 1467 Bio-engineering methods 465 complete 2228 Biobrick 231 1-covered 2228 Bioinformatics 228, 466, 472, 561, 1459 negative 2229 Biological motifs 1925 null 2228 Biological networks partitioning 758 neural 1455 positive 2229 Biological neuron 814 Blogs Biological systems, complexity in 1920 livejournal 3367 Biologically-inspired 466 mobile blogging 3369 algorithm 1578 Blum 169 computational algorithms 47 Boids 605 hardware 472 Boltzmann constant 941 optimization 785 Boltzmann distribution 1653, 2287 Biology Boltzmann equation 1650 synthetic 148 Boltzmann machine 2009, 2021 Biomimetics 466 Boltzmann, Ludwig Eduard 941, 944 Bionanotechnology, biomaterials, energy 228 Boole, George 1831 Biosensing 228 Boolean algebra of sets 2110 Biotechnology 233 Boolean circuits 447 BioWatch 473 Boolean logic 228, 1831 Index 3423

Boolean logic gate 3190 Broken symmetry 2158, 2297 Boolean networks 93 Brownian motion 882, 1725, 2009, 2573, 3075 behaviors 546 Brownian particle 3107 complex GRN 543 Brunsviga 1830 dynamics 544 BSS 161, 170 ensembles 548 BSS model 169, 177 GRN 545 Bubble raft 1829 model formalism 544 Bubbles 21 modelling real network dynamics 546 Bucklin’s procedure 3302, 3304 state transition maps 544 Budget balancedness 1845, 1846 state transition table 544 Building block Boolean operations 372 of an artificial chemistry 187 Boosting 1784 Built-in self-test (BIST), applications 1050 Bootstrap distribution 3061 Burgers equation 1091 Bootstrap percolation (BP) 1508 Burning algorithm 2790 Bootstrap sample 3061 Burroughs, William S. 1830 Bootstrapping 1784 Borda 3292 Burt, Ronald 2901, 2906 Borda score 3296 Burton–Steif theorem for multidimensional Borda’s procedure 3296, 3300, 3304, 3308 subshifts 969 Borsuk–Ulam type theorem 2647 Bosonic channel, quantum information transmission C 2528 Bott, Elizabeth 2901 c-Contribution 1798 Bottom-up C-Regularization 1286 simulation 79 C4.5 830 Boundary conditions 4 CA 1337, 3156, 3159–3164, see also Cellular automata periodic boundary conditions 5 applications or examples 1045 Boundary region 2761 with three states 393 Boundary to a concept 792 CA classification Bounded-depth quantum circuits 2384 Culik–Yu 317 Bounded-rationality 18, 702, 1291 Kurka’s˚ 313 Bounded sum 1629 Li–Packard 313 Bounds on probability 1246 Wolfram 313 Bow tie structure 1749, 3359 Calibration 1703 Box splines 280 Caltagirone 3135 Boyd, John 2901 Cancer cells BQP characteristic traits 456 classical upper bounds 2370 phenotypes 457 error reduction 2369 subroutine theorem 2369 Cancer diseases 456 BQP-hard 2326 Cannon, Walter 2900 Brain 172, 176 Canny 1826, 1827 computers, compared to 2021 Cantor distribution 2287 informatics 1461 Capacity Brain’s fiber tract, glioma growth 461 entanglement assisted 2528 Branching process 285, 287 Car traffic models 2161 Breiger, Ronald 2901 Caratheodory, Constantin 941 Bribery 3308 Carcinogenesis 456 Bridges 2904, 2949 metabolism and acidosis 457 Briegel 2445 Cardinal ratings 3302 3424 Index

Cardinality of a fuzzy set Cellular automata (CA) 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 42, 92, 108, 138, fuzzy 1258 309, 312, 317, 411, 434, 436, 443, 456, 458, 470, 965, nonfuzzy 1258 1337, 1655, 1823, 2003, 2005, 2352, 2792, 3198 Cardinality, fuzzy logic 1182 additive 965 Carrier in amorphous computing 155 affine 965 Carrington, Peter 2901 agent-based modeling 85, 106 CART 835 agent-based simulations 1659 Cartesian product 1629 algebraic 972 couple 2111 algebraic ZD-action 974 definition 2098 asymptotic randomization 977 of two fuzzy sets 1262 asymptotically randomizes 977 Cascade algorithm 278 asynchronous 307 multiwavelet 1984 attractor 981 Cascade-correlation network 822 average Lyapunov exponents 990 Cascade operator 278 B-bubble 968 Case-based learning 1713 B-diamond 968 Case-based reasoning 791, 803, 2736 B-posexpansive 970 Case memory model 803 ballistic annihilation model 976, 984 Case representation 803 basin 981 Catalytic polymer, in artificial chemistry 193 basins of attraction 1 Catch-recapture sampling 2858 binary Ledrappier 978 Categorical GrC model, eighth GrC model 1412 bipermutative 966 Category 101, 1793 bounded-to-one 967 mathematical systems 2099 Burton–Steif measure 969 Category-exemplar model 804 canonical factor 970 Category of Turing machines 1412 Cayley graph 453 Cauchy (or Lorentz) distribution 1727 center 982 Cauchy–Peano theorem 2109 Cesàro average 977 Cauchy–Riemann equation 3084 Cesàro limit 977 Causal dependency 1717 character 979, 988 Causal feature selection 1799 classical 2351, 2352 Cavity-QED, quantum computing 2432 collision rule 976 Cayley graph 341, 343 column shift 970 CBC algorithm 281 communication in 308 CBC (coset by coset) algorithm 281 comparison with Turing machines 303 CCNOT gate, quantum computing 2514 complete 309 CDF 3322, 3323, 3328, 3329 complete connections 973 Ceccherini-Silberstein, T. 338, 342, 344 complete history 974, 990 Celestial calculation 1828 complexity measures 305 Celestial simulation 1826 computationally universal 2353 Cell-cell adhesion, tumor cell migration 459 conditional measure 969 Cell-ECM adhesion, tumor cell migration 459 cone entropy 992 Cell fate 538, 551 cone entropy of 992 Cell heterogeneity 550 connected 983 Cell matrix 474, 2016 cyclic 976 Cell migration, ECM influence 457 cyclic addition and ballistic annihilation model 985 Cell processes, tumor invasion 456 cylindrical 4 Cell types 538, 539 d-dimensional measurable entropy density 992 attractors 546, 550 d-dimensional topological entropy density 992 Cells 465 d-frame 994 Cellular array 1113 d-linear form 994 Index 3425 d-plane 992 irreducible 974 defect 975 join 977 densely recurrent 983 lattice gas 1657 densely recurrent subshift 983 lean -attractor 981 density one 987 lean -center 982 diffusive 979 Ledrappier 978 dimension 971 left-permutative 965 Dirchlet boundary conditions 4 left radius 965 directional entropy of 990 limit measures and other asymptotics 977 discrete spectrum 988 limit set 981, 3199 dislocation 975 linear 1, 965, 977 domain 975 local rule 965 domain boundary 975 locally free 979 dual group 988 Lyapunov exponent 989, 1656 eigencharacter 988 M-mixing 987 eigenfunction 988 machines 472 eigenvalue 988 maxentropy measure 969 elementary 3, 975, 986, 2352 (maximum) Lyapunov exponents 990 embedding 452 measurable dynamics of 986 emergent defect dynamics 995 measurable entropy 989 endomorphic 972 measurable entropy dimension 992 entropy 3200, 3209 measure attractor 983 entropy geometry of 992 measure of maximal entropy of 969 entropy theory of 989 measure-preserving dynamical system 986 equicontinuity 3209 measure rigidity of 972 equicontinuous 3200 minimal 981, 982 ergodic 986 mixing and ergodicity of 986 essentially equals 973 mixing of all orders 987 evolving 1043, 1045 -attractor 981 expansive 972, 993, 3210 -center 982 expansive component 994 -limit set 983 expansive subdynamics of 992 multimixing 987 extremally permutative 987 multiplicative 980 full support 978 mutually erasable pair 968 game of life 1655 nearest-neighbor XOR 978 Garden of Eden 7–9, 3206 neighborhood 965 Garden-of-Eden problem 968 nilpotent 3199, 3200, 3208 generator 971 null boundary conditions 4 group shift 972 odd sofic shift 986 grouping 452 omega-limit set 981 growth degree 971 one-sided 965 H-mixing 974 one-sided generator 971 h-permutativity 966 P-periodic 970 Haar measure 972 P-periodic 970 harmonically mixing 979 particle 976 hexagonal lattice 453 particle weight function 986 history 451 periodic 3210 hyperbolic plane 453 periodic measures of 970 injective 968, 3199, 3200, 3205 permutative 970 intrinsic universality 448 permutive 966 invariant measures of 967 phases 975 3426 Index

posexpansive 970 weakly -mixing 982 positively expansive 970 well 982 pre-injective 968 -eigenfunction 988 probabilistic 1657 Cellular automata (CA) applications 2 proper 978 biological pattern formation 2 quantum 453, 2351, 2352 cryptography 2 quantum-dot 2359 deterministic pattern generation 2 quasi-invertible 993 discrete reaction-diffusion systems 2 radius 965 disease processes 2 realm 981 disease transmission 2 rescaling 453 DNA sequences 2 reversible 453, 2353, 3199, 3200 error correcting codes 2 right-permutative 965 forest fires 2 right radius 965 gene interactions 2 rule 1 growth and aggregation processes 2 scalar coefficients 965, 977 image processing 2 self-timed 2807 language and pattern recognition 2 sensitive 3209 parallel computers 2 -minimal 982 parallel multipliers 2 signal subshift 977 prime number sieves 2 simulation among 451 pseudoassociative memory 2 small universal 451 pseudoexhaustive pattern generation 2 sofic 969 pseudorandom sequences 2 space complexity 303 signature analysis 2 space-time diagram 444 social interaction networks 2 spectral group 988 sorters 2 spectral properties of 988 spin exchange 2 stable phases 975 VLSI logic circuit design 2 state change complexity 307 Cellular automaton (CA) 312, 325, 359, 362, 967, 1043, (strongly) mixing 987 1044, 1094, 1499, 1564, 1819, 2012, 2157, 2352, 2594, subgroup shift 972 2668, 2669, 2780, 2999, 3150, 3215 support 979 additive 314 surjective 967, 3199, 3200, 3206 asynchronous 2016 surjunctive 969 in artificial chemistry 194 time 303 injective 2669 toggle automata 966 invertible 2669 topological entropy 989 modeling, tumor invasion 456 topological entropy dimension 992 monotone 1499 topologically ergodic 986 neighborhood 1043, 1044 topologically transitive 986 nilpotent 314 totally ergodic 987 omnivorous 1502 totally -ergodic 973 partitioned 315, 2668, 2670 tree 309 quantum dot 2014 triangular lattices 453 reversible 315, 2668, 2670, 2699 universality 451 self-reproducing 2683 v-directional -entropy 990 self-timed 2017 v-directional topological entropy 990 solidification 1499 vacuum configurations 986 STCA 2017 velocity 977 supercritical 1501 weak converges 977 surjective 315 weakly mixing 987 synchronously 2016 Index 3427

threshold growth (TG) 1500 Chaotic behavior totalistic 1500 networks 547 4-tuple definition 458 Chaotic phase 2160, 2161 two-dimensional 1050 Chapman–Kolmogorov equation universal 2668 stochastic processes 1136 universal reversible 2673, 2675 stochastic time series 1139 with block rules 2668, 2670 Character-centric games 614 Cellular automaton (CA) on a group 337, 339 Characteristic G-equivariant 339 height 2091 game of life 339 level 2091 injective 340 Segré 2091 Laplacian (discrete) 340, 344 Weyr’s 2091 linear 337, 338, 343 Characteristic function 667–669, 677, 1254, 1627 local defining map 337, 339 Characteristic function form 677 Markov operator 344 Characteristic vectors 3298 memory set 337, 339 Characterization, dynamic game 902 minimal memory set 339 Charge density waves 2614 on Z2 337 Chartist 21 pre-injective 337, 340, 344 Cheap talk 699, 2831 surjective 340 Chebyshev inequality 2248 Checkerboard model 51 Cellular computing 465, 466, 468, 3150, 3159, 3258 Chemical differential equation 188 Cellular engineering 148 Chemical direction sensing 634 Cellular maps 1927 Chemical distance Cellular network 968, 1925 sensing 635 Cellular neural network 472 Chemical evolution 197 Cellular programming 1043 Chemical exclusive OR gate 632 Cellular programming algorithm 1048 Chemical frequency filter 633 Cellular, hyperbolic 309 Chemical gradient diffusion 149 Center of gravity method 1634 Chemical logic AND gate 631 Center-of-sets (COS), type-2 fuzzy logic 1208 Chemical logic OR gate 631 Central charge 3077 Chemical media 3258 Central dogma 229 Chemical memory 637 Central limit theorem 954, 956, 1066, 2269, 3078 Chemical neuron 640 stochastic processes 1135 Chemical reactions 1085, 1087 Centrality 2869, 2903, 2907, 2944, 2946 Chemical signal diode 627 Centralization 2869, 2904, 2944, 2946 Chemical system, logic of 189 Centroid method 1634 Chemical three-valued logic 642 Centroid type-2 fuzzy logic 1208 Chemical wave 427 Chain rule 819 Chemistry, matrix-multiplication 191 differentialbility 2108 Chess 1315 Chan–Vese model 3349 Chess games 890 Chan–Vese region-based active contour 3349 Chip-firing 2787 Chan–Vese’s active contour without edge 3349 Choice 2727, 2728, 2739 Chances, detection 1133 Chomsky hierarchy 467 Channel additivity conjecture 2527 language family 367 Channels Choquet integral 129 multiple use 2526 Chordal SLE 3075, 3090 Chaos 2780 Chromatin modification 542, 543 probabilities 1648 epigenetic marks 541 stochastic processes 1142 Chuang 2443 3428 Index

Church–Turing 161 Cliques 2883, 2900, 2904, 2907, 2920 Church–Turing thesis 176, 468, 2303, 2304 Clock 1831 quantum strong 2304, 2305, 2321, 2325 resonant 2007, 2009 strong 2303 Clock gating 2007 CIMMSIM 53 Clonal selection 1580 CImmSim 91 Cloning 231 Cirac–Zoller gate, quantum computing 2420, 2421 Closed-world assumption 1709 Cirac–Zoller scheme, controlled Z-gate 2420 Closeness 2903 Circuit 2051, 3294 centrality 2919 asynchronous 2007 Closing CA 3219 delay-insensitive 2007, 2017 Closure 2867 logspace uniform 2152 of sets 197 quasi-delay-insensitive 2007 properties 359, 371 self-timed 2007 syntactic and semantic 200 speed-independent 2007 CLR see Common language runtime two-qubit 2515 Club networks 2050 Circuit diagram, quantum Fourier transform 2428 Club of Rome 3007 Circuit model of quantum 2304 Clubs 1291 Circulant matrices 6 Cluster 2880 Fourier matrix 6 in amorphous computing 155 generalized circulant matrices 12 Cluster analysis 570, 870 minimal annihilating polynomial 9 hierarchical clustering 571 properties of 6 model-based hierarchical clustering 571 Circular causality 934 Cluster state 2445 Circular ensembles 2550 Clustering 567, 777, 1428, 1453, 1491, 1538, 2035, 2880, Clarke mechanism 1841, 1845 3048 Class coefficient 1491, 2867, 2886, 2917, 2963, 3361 basic 2088 effect 2547 distinguished 2090 procedure 2892 final 2088 CMOS 3259 initial 2088 of non-stationarity 707 CNOT-gate, quantum computing 2423 operator 1468, 1472 CNOT quantum gate, truth table 2421 Classical augmented infinities 2099 CNOT-wavepacket gate, quantum computing 2423 Classical computational complexity 2335, 2534 Coalition 666, 668, 671, 677 Classical information transmission quantum channels losing 679 2527 minimal blocking 679 Classical master and Langevin equations 1084 minimal winning 678 Classical planning 1707 winning 678 problem 1710 Coarea formula 3348 Classification 313, 317, 321, 827, 1428, 1453, Coarse coding 172 2727–2729, 2875 Coarse graining 1087, 3078 degree-based 321 COD 1691 methods 798 Code system 2777 mobile 1881 Classifier 791, 827 obfuscation 1887 Clausius 940 on demand 1882 Clebsch–Gordan transformation 2327 signing 1887 Client, mobile system 1881 Codebook 781 CLIQUE 1688 Coevolution 1043, 1048, 1312, 2874 Clique percolation 504 applications 1049 Index 3429

host-parasite 1048 channel, quantum information processing 2504 of networks and behavior 2038 equilibrium 695 Cognitive 925 mechanism, amorphous computing 153 Cognitive agents see Deliberative agents, 607 Community 490 Cognitive dynamics 2588 hierarchy 494 filtering beliefs 2588 Community definition 492 filtering goals 2589 global 493 Cognitive immunology 1582 local 492 Cognitive processes 3005 Community structure 491, 3175, 3365 Cognitive science 616, 1456 modularity 3366 Cogwheel 1830 Commutative-group, definition 2098 Cohen, L.J. 2241 Commutative-semigroup, definition 2098 Coherence Commutator 1516 quantum computing 2425 Comparator 168, 169 Coherency condition 242 Competition 3102 Coherent (laser) light 2138, 2140, 2141, 2145, 2146 model 416 Coherent optical wavefront 2140, 2144, 2148 Competitive equilibrium 668, 669 Coherent states 1086 Competitive learning 1623 Coherent systems 2141 Competitive market 1302 Coherent wavefronts 2145 Competitive (Walrasian) equilibrium 1302 Cohesive subgroup 2867, 2920 Complement 1627, 1628 Coincidence detector 633 of a fuzzy set 1259 Cointension, fuzzy logic 1188, 1196 Complementary cumulative distribution 2287 Cointensive precisiation, fuzzy logic 1186 Complementation 1324 Colbrar, Charles Xavier Thomas de 1830 Completely revealing strategy 2635 Collective choice problem 3282 Complex data 1406 College admissions problem 1291 Complex energy landscapes 2614 Collision-based reaction-diffusion computing 3274 Complex GRN 527, 528 Collision term 421 Boolean networks 543 Collisions 420, 421 Complex networks 537, 579 explicitly simulated 189 subgraphs in 1921 of molecules 186 Complex systems 88, 937, 2286, 2296, 3078 Colony 3164 as networks 1919 Combination 1934 non-Hamilton 713 in amorphous computing 155 Complex wavelet 3049 Combinatorial optimization problem 3298 Complexity 804, 1292, 1295, 1932, 2303, 3078 Combinatorial space-time 3142 bounds 1298 Comfort control 1635 classes 3303 Common agency 2259 computational 1932, 2303 Common knowledge 238 costs 1306 Common language runtime (CLR) 1883 in biological systems 1920 Common-pool resources 1613 in scale 1133 Common prior 240, 246 in time 1132 Common prior assumption 700 measures 2147, 2148, 2151 Common structure semigroup 2934, 2935 of computation 1295 Common value 3282, 3284, 3285, 3287, 3288 of contracting 1307 Communicate 2088 of implementation 1295 Communicating finite state machines 92 polylogarithmic 2152 Communication 1298 polynomial 2152 about intentions 2831 query 2303, 2305 between particles 157 stochastic processes 1131 3430 Index

theory 178 Computational web intelligence 1460 time 2147 Computer game(s) 604 Compliant motion planning 1827 Computer generated imagery (CGI) 605 Component separation 754 Computer graphics 604 morphological component analysis 769 Computer science 228, 466 Components 1494, 2064, 2904, 2907 Computer security 1406 giant connected 1494 discretionary access control model 1408 strong 2882 Computer simulation 2999, see also Simulation weak 2882 Computer systems, mobile 1880 Componentwise egalitarian 2064 Computer vision, applications 1050 Composition 1630, 1631 Computing of relations 2927, 2928 amorphous 147 operator 1621 noise driven 2009 Compositional rule of inference 1263, 1625, 1632 paintable 151 Compositionality 1767 pervasive 158 Compressed sensing 3353 reversible 2013 Compressible 755 Computing cell, growth 152 Compression 3341 Computing cube 469 Compressive sampling 3353, 3355 Computing predecessor states 10 Computability theory 467 Computing with solitons 646 Computable 1821 Computing with words (CW) 1178, 1196, 1264, 1427 Computation 174 Concavification 2639 continuous 162, 166 Concavity 942 discrete 161, 166 Concept approximation 1416, 1425 mobile 1880 Concept approximation space 1417 quantum information processing 2500 Concept dependent granulation 1480 reversible 2008 Concept detection 1934 Computation at the edge of chaos 1047 Concept lattice 2929 Computation in CAs 1044 Conceptual structure, fuzzy logic 1180 Computation theory 1044 CONCOR 2994 Computation-universality 2682, 2686, 2694, 2698 Concurrence relation, non standard analysis 2114 Computation via CA particles 1047 Concurrent Poisson process 2272 Computational agent Concurrent relationship 1541 BDI agents 2586 Condensation 1493, 2882 classifier systems 2582 Condition E 1984 genetic algorithms 2582 Conditional possibility distribution 2246 reinforcement learning 2583 Conditional probability strong 2581 of a fuzzy event 1266 weak 2581 Condorcet 3292 Computational biology 466, 561 Condorcet jury theorem 3282, 3284, 3285, 3287 Computational complexity 467, 2334 Condorcet–Kemeny problem 3297, 3304 Computational complexity class 1822 Condorcet winner 3291, 3292, 3297 Computational complexity theory 2151 Condorcet’s paradox 3283, 3284 Computational equivalence 320 Condorcet’s procedure 3304 Computational intelligence 1576 Configurable logic blocks 474 Computational mechanics 1525 Configuration Computational model 1583 almost equal 340 Computational particle 148 almost periodic 318 Computational problem 1822 finite support 318 Computational processes, agents as 108 initial 340 Computational task 1045 periodic 318, 343 Index 3431

recursive 318 elementary divisor 851 rich 139 elementary transformation 851 sufficient 1500 rank 847, 848 support of a 343 rough set 847 Configuration reachability 97 statistical independence 848 Configuration space and the shift subdeterminant 849 alphabet 965 submatrix 849 Cantor space 965 Continuation configuration space 965 strategies 1294 configurations 965 Continuity 747 shift map 965 Continuity equation 422 Confluence 317 Continuous function 2105 Conformal field theory 3077, 3079, 3092 Continuous problem 2334 Conformal invariance 3075, 3080, 3083, 3084, 3088, Continuous space machine (CSM) 2146 3094 C2 2150 Conformal maps 3080, 3083 Continuous t-norm 1468 Conformal property 3087 Continuous time 167 Conformal transformation 3075, 3079, 3084, 3089 random walk 1728 Confusion matrix 877 Continuous wavelet transform 2121, 3045 Congestion games 1004, 1011 Continuum Conjunction 1629 limit 1084, 1086, 1087, 3075, 3084 Connected graphs 1748 Contour of a convex image 1572 Connectionism 466 Contraceptive 2942 Connectionist learning 823 Contraction 2880 Consequent 1621 Contracts 2253 Conservation laws 423 incentive 2253 Consistency 1701 long-term 2258 assumption 247, 252 menu of 2259 relation 1937 short-term 2258 Consistent belief 246 Contrast enhancement 754 Consistent BL-subspace 249 Consistent state of the world 247 Control node 82 ˛ Constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) 20 Control parameter 1865 Constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) 22 Control qubit Constrained Pareto efficiency 2061 CNOT-gate 2423 Constrained variable 1189 Control surface 1637 Constraint-based planning 615 Control system 174, 179 Constraints 2871 Control systems 178 fuzzy logic 1189, 1190 Controlled-NOT, CNOT 2483 Constructibility 368 Controlled-sign 2441 Construction universality 2017 Controlled Z-gate, Cirac–Zoller scheme 2420 Consumer sovereignty 735 Controller, interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems 1206 Contact tracing 1543 Convenience samples 2857 Contagion 2941, 2942, 2946–2948, 2950 Convergence Context data 1621 trajectories 550 Contextual independence 848 45-Convex 1572 Contingency matrix 846 Convex combination, fuzzy logic 1184 Contingency table 846 Conway JH 339 attribute 847 Conway’s game of life 2782 conditional probability 849 Conway’s life rule 3135 determinantal divisor 850 Conway’s game of life 1819 3432 Index

Cooling Correlation and memory in discrete non-Markov vibrational 2413 stochastic processes 706 Cooperative cost game 727 chain of connected kinetic finite-difference equations sub-additivity 727 of a non-Markov type 710 Cooperative game 666, 667, 727 finite-difference kinetic equation of a non-Markov Cooperative game theory 666, 1289 type 710 Cooperative outcome 1296 set of dynamic parameters of non-stationarity 710 Cooperative phenomena 1081 short memory function 710 Coordinate Correlation device 696 in amorphous computing 155 Correlation functions 1080–1085, 1091, 2071, 3081 connected 1083 Coordination games 1019 Correlation length 3075, 3078, 3079, 3082 Coore’s growing point language (GPL) 150 Correlation length exponent 3079 Coornaert M 344 Correlation time 2271, 2274 Copeland score 3300 Correspondence Copeland’s procedure 3300, 3306, 3308 compact-valued 903 Coprocessors, secure 1888 Correspondence analysis 2995 Copula 2297 Cortical map 167, 173 Copy-cat strategy 1770 COS see Center-of-sets Copying 1770 Cosine transform (DCT) 3342 Core 666–670, 677, 724, 726, 1289, 2730, 2735, 2743, Cost 727 2883 marginal 730 bipartite 2888 Cost function 724, 816 main 2883 Cost game p-core 2885 cooperative 727 (p,q)-core 2888 stand-alone 727 stable 677 Cost of an algorithm 2334 strict 683 Cost of voting 3286–3288 Core GRN Cost share 729, 736 as a graph 529 Cost sharing 739, 1291 cell phenotype 529 additive 739 mammals 529 Cost sharing problem 724 Core group 1535, 1537 Cost sharing rule 724, 729 Core network 193 additive 729 Core number 2883 additivity 739 anonymity 730 Core wars 193 average 738 CORE 2743 PCT budget balance 735 CORE 2746, 2747 S constant returns 739 Corrections to scaling 2276 cost shares 729 Correlated equilibrium 250, 695, 1289, 3032 cross-monotonic 736 canonical 696 decreasing serial 739 coalition proof 702 game-theoretical rules 732 existence 697 independence of merging and splitting 741 objective 698 irrelevance of reallocation 741 subjective 698 no advantageous reallocation 741 Correlation 705, 1081, 1083, 1087, 1492, 2301 positive 739 anti 1087 separable cost remaining benefit solution 728 assortative 1492 serial 738 disassortative 1492 Shapley–Shubik 738 function 705 strong monotonicity 730 Index 3433

Coulomb gas method 3079 power laws 1654 Count-up wave 149 scale invariance 1654 Counter-harmonic mean 127 self-organized criticality 1654 Counter machine 2679, 2699 universality classes 1654 reversible counter machine 2699 Critical point 3078 simulating reversible counter machines 2678 Critical properties 285 Counting 2312 Critical slowing down 2280 Counting complexity 2371 Critical temperature 2158, 3078 Couple, definition 2111 Cross 1297 Coupled identical oscillators 3171 Cross-phase modulation 646 Coupled map lattice 177 Cross section 3219 Coupler 3135 Cross-validation (CV) 817 Coupling pattern 3176 Crossbar array 2004, 2005, 2018, 2020 Coven, Paul, Meester and Steif 969 storage capacity 2020 Coverage factor 1328 Crossbars Covering algorithm 798 diode 2019 Cover’s theorem 822 FET 2019 CRAFTY 1317 resistor 2019 Crashes 20 Crossover 47, 1310, 1623 Crawler 1746 operation 1326 Creation and termination of ties 2029 Crothers, Charles 2901 Credibility 1598 Crowd 1871 Cremer–McLean mechanism 1848 Crowd-anticrowd 1864 Cricket localization system 155 approaches 1868 Crime participation 2861 Crowd modeling 106 Crisis 2287 Crowd motion 420 Crisp boundary Cryptography 1831, 2303, 2304, 2312 fuzzy logic 1180 computationally secure 2304 Criteria 2728, 2734 public key 2309 Criteria isolines public-key 2304 neuro-fuzzy systems 2079 quantum 2327 Criteria isolines method quantum computationally secure 2328 neuro-fuzzy systems 2077 quantum information processing 2502 Criterion 2727 Crystallization 1829 Criterion function CSS code 2487 block inconsistency 2230 CTP see Theory of perceptions inconsistency 2230 Culture 2875 Critical behavior 2157, 2161 CURE 1685, 1690 Critical concentration 3081 Current-flow betweenness 499 Critical curve 3075, 3082 Current-mode logic 3274 Critical dimension 1087, 3079 Curse of dimensionality 1456, 1791, 2338 scaling 1088 Curta 1830 upper 1087 Curvelet transform Critical domain wall 3094 coronization 762 Critical dynamics, relaxational 1090 first generation 760 Critical exponents 288, 3078, 3079, 3082 second generation 762 Critical interface 3082 Curvelets 754, 3049 Critical networks 547 wedge 763 Critical phenomena 1654, 2290, 3078 Curves 3080, 3088 critical exponents 1654 Cut-and-choose 1074 critical slowing down 1655 Cut-out 2881 3434 Index

Cutoff Data mining frameworks lower 2275, 2276 orange 879 upper 2275 Weka 879 Cuts 2882 Data preprocessing process 1450 line-cut 2883 Data reduction 774 vertex-cut 2883 Data storage 886 CW see Computing with words Data table 2892 Cycle monotonicity 1844 keys 2892 Cycle period 8–10, 13 records 2892 Cycles 1488, 2084, 2904 Database 1378, 2702 bistable 655 Dataset 828 Datastructure 2149 multistable 655 continuous space machine 2141 Cyclic CA 333 Daubechies 4 3323, 3325, 3328, 3338 Cyclic mapping, parallel computing 81 wavelet 3322 Cyclic states 1 Davis, Martin 178 Cyclic tag system 2674, 2698 DBCLASD 1687 DBSCAN 1687 D DCG see Dynamic commons game DD see Duplication and diversification d-Dimensional rules 11 DDOS see Distributed denial of service Da Vinci, Leonardo 1830 De Bruijn diagrams 10 Dadic and Pisk 3142 de Casteljau’s algorithm 1942 Daily stock price, fuzzy syszem models 1285 Deadlocking, parallel computing 82 DAML (DARPA agent markup language) 2818 Deblurring 3341 DAML+OIL 2818 Decidability 359, 375 Danger theory 1581 Decision 1465, 2766 Dangling page 1757 Decision forest (DF) 840 DAO-E Sierpinski 1903 Decision making 1249, 1268 Dark figure 2861 utility function 2580 Darwin, Charles 1156 Decision problem 3199 Darwinism 2611 Decision rules 794, 1465, 2727, 2730, 2735, 2741, 2743, Data 2745, 2748, 2752, 2766 approximate 2735 imprecise 1242 Bayesian confirmation measures 2736 incomplete data 2773 certain 2731, 2735 Data analysis 2030 confidence 2731, 2736 Data attribute descriptions 1451 minimal 2731, 2736, 2741 Data bus, quantum computing 2418 possible 2731, 2735 Data cleanings 868 relative support 2736 Data collapse 2275 robust 2736, 2753 Data errors, noise 868 strength 2731, 2742 Data fusion 1456 weak 2742 Data (information) model 1369 with a minimal number of descriptors 795 Data mining 54, 827, 1378, 1390, 1392, 1397, 1444, Decision system 792, 2765 1456 Decision table 847, 2730 dependency 846 Decision theory 260 granularity 846 Decision tree 827, 872, 1564, 1570 independence 846 Decision under uncertainty 2727, 2747 process 1450 Declarative graduation, fuzzy logic 1183 technique 1323 Decoding 782 Index 3435

Decoherence DENCLUE 1687, 1688 quantum computing 2424 Dendrite 814 vibrational state 2426 Dendrogram 490, 494 Decoherence-free subspace 2494, 2524 Denial of service, mobile agents 1886 quantum computing 2425 Denoising 754, 3045, 3341 Decoherence-free subsystems 2494 hard-thresholding 756 Decomposition 2879, 3044 minimax rate 766 Deconvolution 754 Dense groups 2883 Decoupler 3135 Density 1499, 1502, 2869, 2900, 2903, 2907 Decreasing preimages 3222 Density classification 1043 Decreasing returns to scale 743 Density classification (or majority classification) task Deduction 1045 fuzzy logic 1178, 1194 Density classification task 1047 Deductive data mining 1418 Density contours 600 Defect Density function 738 spatial phase 328 Density matrix temporal phase 327 consistency 2373 Defect-tolerant 2010 purification 2526 Defective tile 2162 quantum mechanics 2508 Deference 2873 Density of states see Semicircle Law, see also Semicircle Deferred-acceptance algorithm 1291 Law Defuzzification 1266, 2248 Deoxyribozyme 1914 center-of-area 1266 Deoxyribozyme-based full adder 1909 center-of-gravity 1266 Deoxyribozyme-based half adder 1908 Defuzzified 1632, 1634 Deoxyribozyme-based logic gate 1905, 1906, 1909 Degenerate 2959 Deoxyribozyme logic gate 1911, 1914 Degree 321, 1488, 2083 Dependence intermediate 321 degree 849 Turing 321 rank 849 Degree centrality 2919 Dependence graph 2956 Degree–degree correlation 1491 Dependencies among attributes 791 Degree distribution 955, 1162, 1488, 1492, 1920, 2034, Dependency 2893, 2959, 2961, 3359 attribute 846 cutoff 1492 graph 91, 93 Pareto 3359 Derivable function 2108 power law 3359 Derrida plot 547 Zipf 3359 Descartes 228 Degree matrix 1795 Descent 2982 Degree of compatibility 3054 Description logic 1464, 2979 Degree of dependence Descriptions of knowledge states 1450, 1452, 1453 decrease 853 Descriptive data mining 1450 divisor 851 Descriptive expressions 1450 subdeterminant 851 Descriptive language 1450, 1451 Degree of granularity, dependence 852 Descriptive model 1445, 1450 Delayed synchronization algorithm 1106 Descriptors 2766 Deliberative agents 109 Design-based and model-based inference 2858 Delta rule 817 Design concepts and details (ODD) protocol, Demand game 724, 726, 734, 742 overview 84 Demand monotonicity 743 Desires 2586 Demand revelation game 724, 726 Desulphurization, fuzzy system models 1285 Demand revelation mechanisms 735 Detailed balance 2272 3436 Index

Detectable deviation 2626 Diffusive coefficient 3347 Determinantal divisor 846 Digital computation 161, 166 Deterministic automaton 1564 Digital computer 164 Deterministic cellular automata 412 development 2500 Deterrence 1605 Digital images 3341 Deutsch 2441 Digraph 2082, 2084, 2913, 2988 Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm 2515 minimally connected 2086 quantum computing 2426 simple 2084 Development 934 strongly connected 2084 multi-cellular organism 539 weighted 2084 Developmental robotics 936 Dilation equation 2174 Developmental/learning 925 Dilation invariance 3088 Devices Dilation matrix 275 carbon nanotube (CNT) 2004 Dimension molecular 2004 quantum system 2505 resonant tunneling 2004 Dimensionality of a data set single electron tunneling (SET) 2004 curse of dimensionality 868 spin logic 2004 Dimensionality problem 802 Devisor 846 Dimensionality reduction 774, 782, 869, 1790, 2767 Dhar 2786 Diode 3258 Diagnostic automaton 1905, 1908 Dipolynomial representation 6 Diagonal mapping 1116 Dirac bracket, qubit 2504 Diagonal mapping scheme 1117 Direct cascade 3093 Diameter 1490, 2084, 3360 Direct dominance 2047, 2055 Diamoeba 1505 Direct interaction models 111 Diamond 3217 Direct product 2931, 2932 Dictator 3293 Directed graphs 1748, 2031, 2050 Difference engine 1830 networks 529 Difference, definition 2107 Directed percolation 1088, 1658, 2159 Differentiability 2107 Directional bivariate wavelets 283 definitionb 2107 Directional entropy 3223 Differential 2096 Directional sensitivity 754 Differential analyzer 163, 175, 1829 Discount factor 2621 Differential equalizer 1831 -Discounted game 2637 Differential equations Discovery system 863 chemical 188 Discrete baker transformation 12, 13 Differential game 1290 Discrete event simulation 89, 189 Differentiation Discrete event system specification (DEVS) multi-cellular organism 539 formalism 208 Diffusion 174, 2572, 2905, 3080 Discrete interval valued type 2 fuzzy sets (DIVT2FS) chemical gradient 149 1283, 1284 in amorphous computing 149 Discrete Langevin processes 1134 time series 1141 Discrete membership values 1284 Diffusion coefficient 3088 Discrete multiwavelet transform 1985 Diffusion constant 425 algorithm 1987 Diffusion equation 1725 Discrete time 170 Diffusion-limited 1087 evolution 1134 Diffusion matrix, stochastic processes 1141 series 706 Diffusion of innovation 2940 Discrete wavelet transform 3045 Diffusion process 425, 2904 Discretization 834, 2772, 2773 Diffusion wavelets 3352 based on cluster analysis 2773 Index 3437

equal frequency per interval 2773 nanostructure 1833 equal interval width 2773 origami 895 minimal class entropy 2773 tiles 2005 of attributes 797 tiling assembly 1833 Disease spread 2941 Dodgson 3292 Disjunction 1628 Dodgson score 3301, 3307 Dispersion 646 Dodgson winner 3307 anomalous 646 Dodgson’s procedure 3301, 3307 normal 646 homogeneous 3307 Dissipative 1514 Domain 327 Dissipative models 178 chaotic 328 Dissipative non-linear form 1735 filter 327 Dissipative system 178 interface 332 Distance 2084, 2868, 2903 multiple 329 algorithmic 144 problem, sequential compactness 901 Cantor 138 regular 327 of particles in amorphous computing 155 wall 3079, 3082 Distance between two fuzzy sets 1259 Domany–Kinzel 2159 Distinguished eigenvalue 2090 Dominance 733, 2727, 2734, 2743, 2744, 2747 Distributed artificial intelligence 221 based rough set approach (DRSA) 2734, 2757 Distributed denial of service (DDOS) 1890 classical 2747 Distributed programming 1880 cone 2734, 2736 Distributed quantum information, trapped ion 2431 overwhelmed 734 Distributed sensor grids 1889 solvable games 1013, 1016 Distributed simulation 211 stochastic 2747 Distributed systems, mobile agent applications 1890 successive elimination of (strictly) dominated Distribution 3080, 3082 strategies 733 marginal 847 weak domination 733 stationary 2271 Dominance relation 726, 2044, 2741, 2742 Distributive justice 725 graded 2741 Ditto 1827 irreflexive 2044 Diversification, multi-cellular organism 539 multi-graded 2742 Divide-and-conquer genetic-fuzzy problem for items transitive 2056 with a single minimum support (DGFSMS) 1332 Dominates, stochastically 2748 Divide-and-conquer genetic-fuzzy problem for items with Domination 675 multiple minimum supports (DGFMMS) 1333 direct 685 Divide-and-conquer strategy 1101, 1455 indirect 685 Dividend 21 strong 683 Dividing-and-multiplying pattern 3272 weak 683 DiVincenzo’s checklist 2396 Domination path 2055 Divisive algorithm 498 Domino tiling 1832 Divisive clustering 1684 Doppler cooling Divisor, elementary 851 quantum computing 2413 DIVT2FS see Discrete interval valued type 2 fuzzy sets Doreian, Patrick 2901, 2906 DLA 425 Down-sampling 3345 DMWT see Transform Downsian model of political competition 3286 DNA 229, 884 Downward causation 46 addition 889 Drift as genetic logic unit 148 time series 1141 computation 475 Drift terms, Gaussian noise 1140 computing 1833 Drift vector, stochastic processes 1140 3438 Index

Driven diffusive lattice gas 1091 payoff 897, 904 Driven diffusive systems 1091 player 897 Driven nonequilibrium system 3093 second-best problem 911 DRSA 2757 state 897 Drug synthesis 894 state space 906 Dual game 2651 strategic setting 907 Dual rail 2439 strategy 897 Dual recursive formula 2652 time cycle strategy 905 Dual sequence 2090 Dynamic graph calculus 3140 Duality 3090, 3092 Dynamic graphs 3140 Dummy 749 Dynamic market games 1302 Dummy player 727, 729 Dynamic mechanism design 1849 Duopoly market game Dynamic memory model 804 Bertrand 687 Dynamic programming 1414, 1720 Cournot 686 Dynamic programming principle 857 Duplication and diversification (DD), genomes 1925 Dynamic recruitment 151 Duplication and rewiring Dynamic susceptibility 1091 model of 1927 Dynamic system 163 Duplication model 2546 Dynamical 926 Duplication step 2546 Dynamical models Dutta’s solution 3301 in biology 536 Dyad 2031 Dynamical noise, autocorrelation function 1144 Dyadic 2037 Dynamical robustness, biological models 536 Dyadic independence model 2957 Dynamical systems 319, 915 Dynagraph 3140, 3141 effective 319 Dynamic algorithm 503 Dynamics 1827 Dynamic commons game (DCG) 908 as building block for AC 188 Dynamic coupling patterns 3178 molecular 2270 Dynamic game 1289, 1293 dyRange 2148, 2149, 2151 aggregative growth model 906 Dyson’s Brownian process 3094 argument 900 asymmetry 907 E Bellman optimality equation 902 business-as-usual equilibrium 910 E. coli 230 characterization 902 E-Science 2812 climate change 897 EAC 168 climate change model 897 Early stopping 816 emission factor 912 Earthquake 2294 equilibrium 897 Echo 41 equilibrium payoff vector 911 Ecological webs 2560 feasible payoff 904, 905 Economic efficiency 725 finite argument 900 Econophysics 3012 Folk theorem 904, 906 Edge artifacts 3342 game horizon 897 Edge betweenness 498 global common 907 Edge clustering coefficient 499 global warming 907 Edges 760, 2083, 2878, 2899, 2902, 2956 individually rational payoff 905 contours 771 model 897 curved 760 most rapid approach (MRAP) 910 discontinuities 765 near-irreversibility 907 incident 2083 nonlinearity 907 Edgeworth, F. 666 Index 3439

Effective dimensionality 3124, 3144 Engineering of systems 3000 Effectiveness, of neuro-fuzzy systems 2077 Enigma machine 1831 Effectivity 677 ENO 3343 Effector genes 529 ENO-wavelet transforms 3350 Efficiency 1073, 2870, 3281–3284 Ensemble approaches Efficient equilibria 1301 bagging 874 Efficient market believer (EMB) 23 boosting 874 Egalitarian solution 726 Ensemble methods 842, 1781 Egalitarianism 3281–3284 Entanglement 3194 Ego-centric 2945 quantum mechanics 2510 Ego-centric data 2948 Entanglement assisted capacity 2528 Ego-centric network data 2948 Entropy 831, 940, 951, 955, 959, 2302, 2704, 3081, 3214, Ego-network 2872 see also Mean dimension Ehrenfest urn 3099 of a subshift 347 Eigengap 1758 of cellular automata 989 Einstein relation 1090 Entropy production 942 Electrical dissipative structures 3271 Entropy theory of cellular automata Electromechanical digital computing 1831 cone entropy 992 Electron shelving detection, transition 2417 directional entropy 990 Electron shelving, quantum computing 2416 entropy geometry and expansive subdynamics 992 Electron tunneling 3269 Lyapunov exponents 989 Elek G 339, 347 Environment 1590, 2565 Elementary granules 2762 difference between simulated and simulation 110 Elementary sets 2775 role for simulations 109 Elitist strategy 1624 role in agent-based modeling 106 Elliptic curve 2309 synthetic 105 Elman network 822 Environment mediated interaction 114 EM 1936 Environmental remediation 228 Embedded interval type-2 fuzzy sets 1205 Environmental stochasticity 3107 Embedded state (conceptual state) 1413 Envy-ensuring 1078 Embeddedness 2869 Envy-freeness 744, 1073 Embodiment 926 Envy-possible 1078 Embryonics project 473 Enzymes 883 Emerge 927 Epidemic communication see Gossip Emergence 41, 1389, 1395, 1399, 3006 Epidemic models 2163 Emergent behavior 605 Epidemic threshold 1535 Emergent defect dynamics in cellular automata 975 Epigenesis 472 Emergent logic 1774 Epigenetics 539, 542 Emerging behaviors, agent-based modeling 108 Epigenetis robotics 936 Encoding 781 Epilepsy Encrypted functions 1888 photosensitive 716 Endogeneity 2298 Epoch 816 Endogeneous complexity 1296 "-Insensitive SVR 1280 Endogenous complexity 1306 "-Insensitive value 1286 Endogenous matching model 1304 Equal treatment 749 Endogenous threats, mobile agents 1885 Equi-partition set, density 2106 Endomorphic agents 212 Equicontinuous point 3215 Endowment function 2041 Equicontinuous system 915 Energy landscape 1651 Equilibirum selection 1018 Energy minimization methods 589 Equilibrium 1591, 2626, 2635, 3064 Engineering 180, 937 Bayesian 1591 3440 Index

belief free 2631 Error communication 2626, 2628 numerical 2273 condition D1 2834 quantum information processing 2523 correlated 1698, 2626, 2628, 3064, 3070 Error-correcting code CURB 1699 quantum information processing 2523 -discounted "-equilibrium 3066 Error-correcting output codes 1787 divinity 2835 Error correction 2304, 2443 "-equilibrium payoff 3067 quantum 2304, 2327 extensive-form correlated 3070 quantum computing 2429 intuitive condition 2835 Error function 816, 819 joint payoff 1002 Error surface 819 limsup "-equilibrium 3067 Error syndrome 2481 minimal prep sets 1699 Errors/trembles in output 1301 Nash 1591, 1697, 2832 Escort distribution 950 normal-form correlated 3070 Estimator 2273 perfect 2621 consistent 2273 perfect Bayesian 2837 unbiased 2273 pooling 2260, 2832 Euclidean algorithm 3336, 3337 public 2629, 2630 Euclidean geometry 162, 169 pure equilibria 1002 Euclidean space of vectors of state 708 Euler–Lagrange equations 3347, 3348 quantile response 1698 Evaluation 1793, 3064 self-confirming 1699 discounted evaluation 3066 separating 2260, 2832 finite-horizon evaluation 3066 sequential 2626 limsup evaluation 3066 sociological factors/bounded rationality 1599 Event history analysis 2947 strategic stability 2834 Eventual set, definition 2101 subgame (Bayesian) perfect 2254 Evidence theory 1242 subgame perfect 1597 Evolution 934 T-stage "-equilibrium 3066 chemical 197 uniform "-equilibrium 3067 extrinsic 198 Equilibrium in beliefs 3030 in materio 1030, 1031, 1033–1035, 1037 Equilibrium joint plan 2646 intrinsic 198 Equilibrium machines have one state each 1301 rule 1851 Equilibrium refinements 2832 strategies 47 Equilibrium selection 1021 Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) 1000, 1003 Equilibrium selection argument 1297 Evolutionary 925, 1053 Equilibrium statistical mechanics 1650 Evolutionary computing 47, 1623 Equitability 1073, 1076 Evolutionary dynamic Equivalence class 2098 best response dynamic 1007 attribute 847 Brown–von Neumann–Nash 1007 Equivalence principle 669 logit dynamic 1007, 1013 Equivalence relation 364, 1930, 2098 Markov process 1017 definition 2098 mean dynamic 1006 Equlibrium perturbed best response dynamic 1013 undominated nash equilibrium 1597 projection dynamic 1011 Erdös–Rényi graph 2955, 2957 replicator dynamic 1000, 1007, 1011, 1012, 1014, Erdös, Paul 2910 1015 Erdos–Rényi˝ model 1489 Smith dynamic 1015, 1016 Ergodic 1515 zero-sum game 1014 Ergodic theory 967 Evolutionary game 1291 Index 3441

Evolutionary game theory 51 Exploration process 3082 Evolutionary granular cognitive neural network 1457 Exponent 2086 Evolutionary minority game 1865 apparent 2275 Evolutionary paths, motifs as fingerprints 1925 Exponential distribution 2034 Evolutionary programming 47 Exponential family 2862 Evolutionary robotics 935 Exponential random graph model 2908, 2951, 2953, Evolutionary stable strategies 3040 2954 Evolutionary system, open-ended 200 Exponential set, definition 2112 Evolved spandrels 1926 Exponents of random power law graphs 2542 Evolving clustering 1055 EXPTIME 1822 Evolving fuzzy classifiers 1057 Extended analog computer (EAC) 167, 176 Evolving fuzzy controllers 1059 Extended systems 1645 Evolving fuzzy systems 1054 Extensible markup language (XML) 1369 Evolving system 1053 elements 1373 Exactly solvable set 1503 schema 1373 Excess volatility 24 tags 1373 Exchange economy 669 unique 1373 Exchangeability 255 Extension functor 1406 Excitability 623 Extension principle 1264 Excitable 394 fuzzy logic 1193 Excitable chemical medium 3258 Extensive form 667, 668, 1293 Excitable lattices 3264 Extensivity 943 Excitable media 427 External dynamics 929 Excludability 2642 Extracellular matrix (ECM) 456 Exclusion principle 420, 425 tumor cell migration 459 Exhaustive algorithms 798 Extremal 987 Exogeneity 2298 Extreme value distribution 1068 Exogenous 1298 Extrinsic evolution 198 Exogenous threats, mobile agents 1885 Expanding circular pattern 3271 F Expansibility 942 Expansive subdynamics of cellular automata 992 Facet, fuzzy logic 1180 Expansive system 3219 Factor subshift 3223 Expectation value 2506 Factorization 2932, 2933, 2935 Expectations 1299 Failures 1714 Expected value 1066 Fair division 1073, 1291 Experimental design paradoxes 1077 fuzzy system models 1285 Family Experimental fundamentals of algebras 2925, 2928 abriefhistory 2462 of partial algebras 2925, 2929 channels 2463 Farsighted consistency 2046, 2057 detection systems 2464 Farsightedly consistent networks 2063 sources 2463 Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) 3343 truly quantum random number generators 2466 Fast gate, quantum computing 2423 Experimental implementation of BB84 protocol Fast Radon transform 758 phase coding 2466 Fast wavelet transform 277, 3345 polarization coding 2466 Fault Explanation 1714 intermittent 2010 Explanation-based learning 1706, 1711, 1714 transient 2010 Explicitly simulated collision 189, 190 Fault detection and prognostics 1061 Exploration 3075, 3082 Fault detectors 1055 3442 Index

Fault tolerance 2792 low–pass 2173 Fault-tolerant 2010 quadrature mirror filter bank 2174 Fault-tolerant firing squad synchronization problem subband coding 2173 1107 Final set 1499, 1501 Fault-tolerant quantum computing, (FTQC) 2490 Financial drawdowns 2296 FCBF 1793, 1794 Financial market data, stochastic processes 1147 FCCF see Fuzzy conjunctive canonical forms Finite automaton 1292, 1564, 2699, 3215 FCM see Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm reversible finite automaton 2699 FCM algorithm, special fuzzy functions 1278 Finite configuration 2669 FDCF see Fuzzy disjunctive canonical forms Finite dynamical system 88, 93 Feasible payoffs 2622 Finite element 1939, 1946 Feature 2761 Finite field 94 extraction 870, 1790 Finite size correction 2282 interaction 1797 Finite-size scaling 2275 map 823 Finite state automaton 1896 quality evaluation 1791 Finite state machine (FSM) 43, 611 ranking 1792 Finite state transducer 1905 selection 870, 1790 Finite time propagators 1137 selection bias 1793 Fiorenzi, F. 348 Feed-forward loop (FFL) 1924 Firing set, type-2 fuzzy logic 1208 motifs 1925, 1926 Firing squad synchronization 1819 Feedback 169, 855, 2039 Firing squad synchronization algorithm 1095 Feedback arc set problem 3305 Firing squad synchronization problem 1094, 1095, Feedback neural network 822, 1623 2683 Feedforward network 813 on two-dimensional arrays 1114 Feedforward neural networks 817 First arrival density becomes 1732 Fermi, Enrico 945 First-order Ferromagnetic state 3078 approach 2257 Feynman 2438 First passage Feynman diagrams 1084 leapovers 1734 Feynman–Kac path integration 2342 FF-SVM see Special fuzzy functions with SVM time density 1740 (FF-SVM) method First-past-the-post 3295 FFL see Feed-forward loop Fishburn’s solution 3300 FFT 756 Fitness 1046, 1316, 1493 FHP model 422 Fitness function 936, 1309 Fictitious play 1696 proportionate 1310 Field 336 Fixed-path cost sharing rules 746 definition 2099 Fixed point 99 in amorphous computing 153 Fixed-point attractor 171 Field analogy method 162 FL see Fuzzy logic Field computation 162, 173, 176 Flemming, Walther 465 Field computer 163 Flory’s mean field theory 3092 Field programmable gate arrays 472 Fluctuation-dissipation relation 1738 Field-theoretic methods 1080 Fluctuation-dissipation theorem 1091 Field theory 1081, 1083–1091 Fluctuation records 2617 Filter bank 2131, 3316 Fluctuations 1081, 1083, 1087, 1090, 1091, 2301, 2566, Filters 775, 2168, 3316, 3344 3078 band–pass 2173 broad distributions 2301 conjugate quadrature filter bank 2174 critical 1088 high-pass 2173 importance 1131 Index 3443

Fluorescence Frame imaging 892 elements 760 Focal length 2148 tight 762 Fock space 1084, 1085, 3142 Frame mapping 1119 Fokker–Planck equation 957, 1090, 1148, 1515, 3089, Frame of relevance 179 3103 Framework of granular computing 1431 diffusion 3104 Fredkin 2783 jump moments 3103 Fredkin construction 3132 stochastic cascade process 1150 Free path encoding 1826 stochastic processes 1138 Free word algebra 2927, 2929 Foliations 1525 Freezing-thawing technique 1106 Freq 2148, 2151 Folk theorem for repeated games 1297 Frequency transformation after barrier crossing 629 Folk theorems 2622 Frequent set, definition 2101 Folksonomy 2810 Frequentist probability 268 Font conventions 966 Friction 1827 Food webs 583, 1155, 1156 Friedman–Moulin rule 747 dynamics 1156 Friend-of-a-friend (FOAF) 2824 models 1159 Friendship network 2037 robustness 1167 Frobenius–König 2087 structure 1156 Frobenius normal form 2088 Footprint of uncertainty (FOU) 1205 Frobenius–Victory theorem 2090 Forced mobility 1882 Fréchet type 1069 Forest fire 2785 FSM see Fuzzy system modeling Formal concept analysis 2978, 2991 Full adder 1908 Formal language 359 Full completeness 1774 Formation of crowds, anticrowds and anti-persistence in Full rank the symmetric phase 1870 individual 2630 Fortuin–Kasteleyn 3092 pairwise 2630 Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation 3075 Full support monitoring 2664 Forward pass 819 Function Forward search 1791 definition 2097 FOU see Footprint of uncertainty extension 2101 Foundations of granular computing 1431 networks 529 Fourier characteristic of a molecule in AC 187 of non-stationarity 707 finite-rank 2119 ordering/level 2882 hyperfinite-rank 2119 strict evaluation 2112 Fourier coefficients 979 Function and terminal nodes 1048 Fourier decompositions 3343 Function-extension 2104 Fourier spectrum 2145, 2148, 2149 Function generators 167 Fourier transform 756, 2141, 2144, 2444 Function set 1316 quantum computing 2517 Functional data model (FDM) 1369 Fourier transformation 2140 entity 1371 Fourier/wavelets 3342 entity-valued functions 1372 Fox H-function 1730 object 1371 FPGA 2020, 2803 Functional dependency 795, 1470, 2709 Fractal 5, 3080 Functional equations 125 Fractal dimension 3075, 3080, 3089, 3092 Functional granulation 2971 Fractal scaling behavior 1133 Functional integral 1084 Fractional Fokker–Planck equation 1138, 1729, 1738 Functional modularity, GRN 536 3444 Index

Functional synthesis of finite automata 1564 Fuzzy interval 2249 Functional transformation of states 108 Fuzzy logic 612, 1177, 1181, 1267, 1377, 1547, 1621, Fundamental diagram 1625, 2069 stochastic processes 1145 equivalence 1268 Fundamental theorem of calculus 2109 implication 1267 Fundamental value 22 intersection 1267 Fundamentalist 21 negation 1267 Fusion gates 3274 principal contributions 1195 Fuzzification 1202, 1621 structure 1180 Fuzzified 1634 type-2 1201 Fuzziness 1265 union 1267 Fuzzy 401, 1053 Fuzzy mean 3060 Fuzzy algorithms 1264 Fuzzy measure 129 Fuzzy analysis 1243 Fuzzy membership function 1466 Fuzzy association rule 1324, 1330 Fuzzy model 1558 Fuzzy boundary 1627 Fuzzy neighborhood system 1427 Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm 777, 1275 Fuzzy neural network 1456 Fuzzy chip 1635 Fuzzy number 1265, 3054 Fuzzy composition 1203 addition 1265 Fuzzy conditional statements 1263 division 1265 Fuzzy confidence interval 3057 inverse 1265 Fuzzy conjunctive canonical forms (FCCF) 1275 multiplication 1265 Fuzzy constraint 1268 opposite 1265 Fuzzy control 1632, 2249 subtraction 1265 Fuzzy data-mining algorithm 1321 trapezoid 1265 Fuzzy decision 1269 triangular 1265 Fuzzy descriptor 1621 Fuzzy perceptions 3055 Fuzzy disjunctive canonical forms (FDCF) 1275 Fuzzy predicate 1621 Fuzzy environment 1268 Fuzzy-predicate approximate reasoning 1621 Fuzzy estimate 3057 Fuzzy probability 1245 Fuzzy estimator 3057 Fuzzy probability distribution functions 1247 Fuzzy event 1243, 1245, 1266 Fuzzy probability space 1245 independent 1266 Fuzzy probability theory 1240 Fuzzy expected value 3060 Fuzzy processor 1635 Fuzzy functions 1248, 1274 Fuzzy proposition 1628 special 1277 Fuzzy quantifier 1621 Fuzzy-fuzzy set 1204 Fuzzy random events 1245 Fuzzy goal 1268 Fuzzy random quantities 1243 Fuzzy granulation-degranulation 781 Fuzzy random set 1191 Fuzzy granules 1426 Fuzzy random variable 3055, 3056 Fuzzy graph 1185 Fuzzy randomness 1241 Fuzzy graph constraint, fuzzy logic 1191 Fuzzy realization 1244 Fuzzy-graph extension principle 1194 Fuzzy reasoning 2070 Fuzzy if-then rules 1196 Fuzzy relation 1261, 1629, 1937 Fuzzy implications 2071 Fuzzy-rough E-R diagram 2707 Fuzzy inference 1547 Fuzzy rough intersection 2708 Fuzzy inference reasoning Fuzzy rough join 2709 logical approach 2070 Fuzzy rough projection 2709 mamdani approach 2070 Fuzzy rough relational database 2706 Fuzzy inference systems 2071 Fuzzy rough relational difference 2708 Fuzzy integrals 129 Fuzzy rough selection 2709 Index 3445

Fuzzy rough set 2703 Game 676 Fuzzy rough union 2708 absorbing games 3067 Fuzzy rule 1629 abstract 676 Fuzzy rule bases 1274 balanced 728 type 1 1276 common interests 1011 Fuzzy sample mean 3060 concave 728 Fuzzy set system 1426 convex 678 Fuzzy-set-theoretic facet 1180 demand revelation 735 Fuzzy set theory 1323, 1421, 2703 dynamic 897 basics 1181 evolutionary games 1313 fuzzy membership 2703 game of incomplete information 2658 Fuzzy sets 777, 1177, 1201, 1240, 1254, 1255, 1455, 1625 games in normal form 3064 contained in 1257 in extensive form 1612 degree of containment 1257 in normal form 1607 degrees of equality 1257 matrix games 3064 distance between 1243 multi-player games 3069 empty 1256 non-transferable utility games 730 equal 1256 NTU- 677 equal to a degree 1257 of life 3, 43, 331, 339, 410, 434, 435, 438, 469, 1503, interval valued 1256 3150, 3161 intuitionistic 1256 of life rules 435 L-fuzzy set 1256 of perfect information 1910 normal 1257 on the unit square 1608 subnormal 1257 prisoner’s dilemma 1001, 1003, 1022 subset of 1257 prisoner’s dilemmas 1023 theory 1255 repeated games 3064 type 2 1256 rock–Paper–Scissors games 1023 type-2 fuzzy logic 1203 simple 679 type n 1256 standard fixed tree 731 Fuzzy singleton 1255 stochastic game 3064 Fuzzy subset 3054 stopping games 3064 Fuzzy-support of the linguistic terms in large 1-itemsets strategic 732 1333 sub-modular 728 Fuzzy system 1547, 2069 TU- 677 Fuzzy system modeling (FSM) 1275 with complete information 244 Fuzzy system models with incomplete information 239, 251 evolution 1274 zero-sum 1012, 3067 future 1282 Game horizon 904, 906 Fuzzy system structure 1053 Game semantics 1771 Fuzzy test for hypothesis 3058 Game theory 666, 667, 724, 897, 1289, 1292, 2253, 2831 Fuzzy validity 1198 Gamma systems 471 Fuzzy vector 1240 Gap exponent 2278, 2279 Fuzzy vector quantization 781 Gap scaling 2278 Følner E 342 Gapology, quantum information processing 2522 Følner sequence 342 GapP function 2371 Garbage-less circuit 2688, 2692 Garbage-less computation 2686, 2695 G Garden of Eden (GOE) 968, 996, 1819, 2669 Gain ratio 832 configuration 337, 340 Galois lattice 2908, 2929, 2936 pattern 340 Galton–Watson process 287 theorem 337 3446 Index

Gate 2687 Generalization 816 COPY 650 fuzzy logic 1195 FANOUT 650 Generalization operator 1449 Fredkin gate 2675, 2687 Generalization relation 1449 NAND 652 Generalize 931 NOT 651 Generalized blockmodeling 2228 ONE 651 criterion function 2229 quantum computing 2418 criterion function requirements 2229 reversible logic gate 2687 deductive use of blockmodeling 2231 reversible logic gates 2675 direct approach 2228 switch gate 2676 generalized equivalence 2228 Toffoli gate 2687 inductive use of blockmodeling 2230 Gauss 948 measures of fit 2230 Gaussian distribution 3088 optimization 2230 Gaussian ensembles 2550, 2551 pre-specification 2231 Gaussian filter 3347 Generalized constraint language (GCL) 1191 Gaussian kernel 3347, 3348 fuzzy logic 1189 Gaussian minimum output entropy conjecture 2528 Generalized decision class 2766 Gaussian noise 1140 Generalized decision function 2766 Generalized delta rule 819 Gaussian probability density function 1725 Generalized eigenvectors 2089 GCL see Generalized constraint language Generalized equivalence, departures from permitted GDToolkit 590 blocks 2229 GEDI map, gene expression network 530 Generalized extreme value distribution 1069 Gel electrophoresis 885 Generalized firing squad synchronization algorithms Gemetic tree 1048 1120 Gene 229 Generalized firing squad synchronization problem biological behavior 530 1103 functionally isolated “islands” 536 Generalized Langevin equation 1134 miniclusters 530 Generalized OWA 128 regulating activity 532 Generalized Pauli matrix 2507 Gene circuit Generalized Riemann hypothesis 2310, 2318 architecture 535 Generalizing equivalence, permitted block type 2228 dynamics 535, 537 Generating function 1083 small 535 Generative models of networks 3362 Gene expression Barabasi–Albert model 3362 high-dimensional attractor 551 copying model 3363 network state 530 cosine similarity 3363 Gene expression pattern 528 forest fire model 3363 Gene expression profile 528, 536, 551 preferential attachment 3368 Gene regulation, cell fate determination 527 Generative social science 52 Gene regulatory networks see GRN Generator matrix 2480 Gene-specific information 534 Generic scale invariance 1091 Gene therapy 233 Generic space 920 Genealogy 2888 Genetic algorithm (GA) 47, 1043, 1045, 1325, 1623, General operations among a family of sets, definition 3130 2098 Genetic circuits 174 General-purpose analog computer 167, 175 bistable 539 General-purpose computer 175 Genetic determinism 542 General purpose frameworks 114 Genetic engineering 229 General scheme for generalized blockmodeling 2229 Genetic-fuzzy data-mining technique 1321 Index 3447

Genetic-fuzzy mining problem 1327 Glassy dynamics 2612 way of processing items 1327 Glider 331, 1337, 1338, 1819, 2782 Genetic neural networks 1456 Glider gun 1338 Genetic neural support vector machines 1460 Glioma cell migration, cellular mechanisms 459 Genetic operators 935 Glioma growth, brain’s fiber tract 461 Genetic programming 47, 1043, 1048, 1569 Glioma invasion, effects of fiber tracts 460 strongly typed 1315 Global climate change 909 Genetic regulation 230, 882 issue 907 Genetic regulatory network 174 result 909 Genetic tree 1043 Global dynamics 101 Genetics 562, 1053 Global function 2669 differential expression 568 Global GrC model, second GrC model 1410 functional genomics 568 Global minimum 819 gene regulatory networks 562 Global Pareto optimum (GPO) 909 genome wide association studies 576 Global welfare 909 mass spectrometry 574 Gluckman, Max 2900 microarrays 568 Goal 2583 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) achievement 2584 spectroscopy 574 active vs. inactive 2587 regulation 562 chosen 2587 single nucleotide polymorphisms 562 end-goal 2583 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 576 executed vs. waiting 2587 transcribed 562 individual vs. social 2587 transcriptome 567 innate 2584 translation 562 learned 2584 Genomes maintenance 2584 duplication and diversification 1925 prosocial vs. aggressive 2588 Genotype 44, 935 realizable 2584 Geodesic distances 2035 shared vs. collective 2588 Geometric gate, quantum computing 2422 side-goals 2584 Geometric mean 126 sub-goal 2583 Geometric OWA 128 unrealizable 2584 Geometrical phase transition 3081 Goodness of fit 2963 Geometrodynamics 3141 Google bombing 1759 Geometry information in amorphous computing Google PageRank 2082 155, 157 Gossip in amorphous computing 153 Gerken 1095, 1098 Goto 1095, 1098 Gestalt psychology 2899 Gottesmann 2443 GHZ see Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state Gottschalk W 338, 343 GHZ experiment 2512 GPAC 163 Giant SCC (GSCC) 1750 GPL see Growing Point Language (GPL) Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem 3282, 3285, 3286 GPO see Global Pareto optimum Gibbs’ oscillations 3342, 3350 Grade of membership 1255 Gibbs’ phenomena 3342, 3343 Gradient Gibbs, Josiah Willard 941, 944 as primitives in amorphous computing 154 Gillespie algorithm 189 in amorphous computing 157 Gini index 832 Gradient descent 171, 817, 820 Ginzburg–Landau functional 3079 Gradual development 1053 Girth 2084 Graduation, fuzzy logic 1177 GL rule 438, 1338, 1342, 1343 Grain of truth 1700 Glass 596 Grand-canonical minority game 1865, 1873, 1877, 1878 3448 Index

Grand-canonical version 1864, 1865 Graph drawing 590 Grand coalition 667, 668 Graph grammar 3139 Grand junction system 3302 Graph layout algorithm 2916 Granovetter 2904 Graph partitioning 491, 495 Granovetter, Mark 2901 Graph rewriting 195, 196 Granular agent 1478 Graph rewriting automata 3139 Granular computing (GrC) 776, 1369, 1377, Graph structure 3358 1389–1391, 1393, 1405, 1421–1423, 1455, 2968 Graph theory 2898, 2902 applications of 1432 Graph visualization 579 data table 1369 Graphael 591 granules 1369 Graphcode 85 Granular data 1455 GraphViz 590 Granular data model (GDM) 1378, 1411 Grassberger model 2163 Granular exact sequence 1415 Grassmannian 2555 Granular kernel machines 1463 GRDDL (gleaning resource descriptions from dialects of Granular link 1455 languages) 2810 Granular mathematics (GrM) 1377 Greenberg–Hasting model 427 Granular model 1445 Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state Granular neural network 1455 fluorescence measurement 2431 Granular neuron 1455 quantum computing 2429 Granular reflection 1480 Grid 756, 2148, 2151 Granular structure (GrS) 1389, 1394, 1401, 1406, 1413 Cartesian 756 Granular support vector machines 1463 exotic 771 Granular synthesizer 1478 polar 756 Granular systems 1463 pseudo-polar 756 Granular weights 1455 rectopolar 756 Granularity 1448, 1449, 1929 Grid computing, agent-based modeling 84 contingency table 846 Grid/cloud computing 1378 degree 852 Grid/cloud computing are granules 1408 Granulation 1422 Grim strategy 1295 functions 1185 Grim trigger strategy profile 2661 fuzzy logic 1177, 1184, 1185 GRIP 591 Granulation of knowledge 797 GRN Granule 798, 1449, 1475 attractor states 528 Granules of knowledge 2734 Boolean network 545 Graph 490, 1488, 1489, 1496, 2050, 2083, 2865, 2878, complex 527, 528 2913, 2956, 2986 dynamics 534 acyclic 2882 evolution 533 bipartite graph 2083 functional modularity 536 Cayley 336 in living cells 552 classical random 580 medusa structure 529 deterministic 1496 modularity 531 directed/undirected 579 state 536 labeled 343 studies 531 maximum degree 2883 transcriptome 528 motifs in 1919 Gromov, M. 338, 340, 343 recursive 1488, 1489 Grossberg 168 simple directed 2878 Group 336, 1515, 2925, 2926, 2928, 2930 simple undirected 2878 Abelian 336 small-worlds 579 amenable 336, 341 underlying 2084 black-box 2305, 2309 Index 3449

Cayley graph of a finitely generated 336, 341, 343 Haar–Fisz transform 3047 class 2310 Haar transform 3318–3320, 3323, 3325 classes 1515 Haar wavelet 2134, 3344 coset and quotient group 1516 HaikuBot 1318 dihedral 2316 Half-adder 1908 direct product 1516 Halpern 3130, 3131, 3135 finite state automata 1517 Halpern and Caltagirone 3135 finitely generated 336 Halting 1851 free 336, 341 Halting problem 177, 1822 free Burnside 341 Hamiltonian Følner sequence in a 342 two-qubit interaction 2422 homomorphism, isomorphism, and automorphism Hamiltonian path problem 885, 3258 1516 Hammersley–Clifford theorem 2956 L-surjunctive 345, 347 Hamming distance 2480 Lie group and Lie algebra 1516 Handicap 2831 mean on a 341 Handwriting recognition 1639 non-Abelian 2316 Hard thresholding 3342, 3346, 3347 non-amenable 341 Hardness proof 1823 normal subgroup 1516 Harmonic analyzer 1828 of sub-exponential growth 338 Harmonic mean 126 quotient manifold 1517 Harmonic synthesizer 1828 quotient set 1517 Harsanyi model 239, 240 residual finite 343 Hash functions 2312 residually finite 336, 343 Hasse-diagram 197 ring 337, 345, 346 Hawk–Dove game 1002, 1003 semidirect products 1516, 2317 Hawthorne studies 2900 semigroup 1516 Head 2084 sofic 338, 343 Heat dissipation 2006 solvable 2310 Hebbian learning 1623, 2020 subgroup 1515 Hedlund G 340 surjunctive 338, 343, 348 Height defuzzifier 2073 torsion-free 346 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 883, 1377, 1408 transformation group 1516 Henderson, Lawrence 2900 Group dynamics 2900 Herfindahl–Hirschman index 2868 Group non-membership problem 2374 Hermann, J.A. 1828 Group oracle 2374 Heterogeneous CA 397 Group test wavelet (GTW) 3346 Heterogeneous directed network 2049 Grover’s algorithm 2446 Heterogeneous good 1073 Grover’s quantum search algorithm 2428, 2521 Heterogeneous linking network 2049 Growing point language (GPL) 150, 472 Heterogeneous market 1304 sequencing decision 155 Hidden layers 815 Growth Hidden population 2857, 2862 accelerated 1495 Hidden subgroup problem 2309 Growth process 425 Abelian 2309, 2310 Guaranteed possibility 2242 dihedral 2316, 2317, 2320 Gumbel type 1069 Heisengroup group 2317 Gutenberg–Richter (GR) law 2295 nilpotent group 2317 non-Abelian 2314, 2316, 2327, 2328 normal subgroup 2316 H Hierarchical clustering 497, 1684 hindex 123 with relational constraints 2894 3450 Index

Hierarchical modeling 255 HTML (hypertext markup language) 2812 Hierarchical task networks (HTN) 1710, 1719 HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) 2814 HTN domain description 1711 Hub 1752, 2903, 2910 HTN planning problem 1711 Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation 2556 methods 1711 Hull 3076, 3080, 3088, 3090, 3092 non-primitive 1711 Human 77 operators 1711 Human brain core 716 primitive tasks 1711 Human genome project 228 Hierarchy 1389, 1391, 1392, 1394, 1932, 2880 Human sexual network 1535 complete 2880 HUMIES 1313 of beliefs 242 Hurst scaling exponent 3078 of system specifications 205 Hybrid additive rules 2 High-pass filters 278, 281 Hybrid computer 165, 166 Higher level instruction 1414 Hybrid neural networks 1456 Higher order concept approximation 1417 Hybrid seed corn 2940 Hijacked links 1759 Hyper-space, special fuzzy fucntions 1277 Hillis, Danny 1831 Hyper-universe 2113 Hillman 3142 Hyperbolic ensembles 2551 Hisaoka 1120 Hypercycle 46 Histone code 542 Hyperfine qubit 2415 History 2621, 2625 Hyperfine state qubit 2411 public 2629 Hyperfinite coin-tossing, definition 2118 History-independent subgame perfect equilibrium Hyperfinite equi-partition 2106 1301 Hyperfinite random walk, definition 2118 HITS 1752 Hyperfinite set, continous function 2106 HLA_GRID_Repast 85 Hyperfinite time-axis, definition 2118 HMETIS 1685 Hypergraph 2990 Holland–Leinhardt model 2860 Hyperreals 2102, 2105 Holographic 2144 definition 2103 Holography 2145 Hypothesis space 1791 Homans, George 2900 Hypothesis testing 2030 Homogeneity 2957, 2959 Hölder condition 3086 Homogeneous 1044 Hölder mean 126 Homogeneous directed network 2049 Homogeneous linking networks 2048 I Homogeneous market 1304 Homogeneous problems 746 ID3 828 Homological algebra 1406, 1414 Ideas and behaviors 2940 Homomorphism 2926, 2931–2935 Idempotent network 2930 lattice 2926 Identification Homophily 2867, 2949, 2964 of the cellular automaton 1564 Honda’s fuzzy logic transmission 1183 Identity 2789 Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference 2443 If-then rules 1203 Hooke, Robert 465 Illusion of life 606 Hopfield network 92, 168, 1623 Image 754, 2141, 2144 Horizontal hostility 1885 binary symbol 2149 Hostility column 2150 horizontal 1885 complex-valued 2146, 2148 vertical 1885 geometry 754 House Barter games 682 matrix 2149, 2150 HPP model 420 processing 754 Index 3451

row and column 2149 Incompressibility theorem for injective cellular stack 2149 automata 968 two-dimensional 2146 Incompressible words, c-incompressible 136 Image compression 3341 Inconsistent belief 246 Image graph 2906 Inconsistent data 2774 Image inpainting 3341, 3349, 3350 Increasing returns to scale 744 Image interpolation 3349 Incremental approach 1377 Image processing 2168, 2169 Indegree 2084 edge detection 2216 Independence 2274, 3088, 3293 image decomposition 2216 contextual 848 image denoising 2217 Independent increment image reconstruction 2216 finite-rank 2118 LSI circuits 3267 hyperfinite-rank 2119 Image restoration 3341 Independent sets 101 Image segmentation 3341, 3349 Independent two-path 2960 Imitation 2941 Indeterminacy 1241 Immergence 3006 Index 2089, 2288 Immigrant agents 83 of a network 2930 IMMSIM 53 of cyclicity 2085 Immune network 1577, 1580 of memory 716 Immune system, homeostasis 1579, 1583 Indirect dominance 2047, 2055 Immunocomputing 1564, 1571 Indirect interaction models 112 Immunology 1576 Indiscernibility 1464 Impasse 1714 Indiscernibility relation 2729, 2761, 2762, 2972 Imperfect information 1265 Individual rational level 2631 Impersonating profiles 1441, 1442 Individual rationality 728 Implementable social choice rule 1588 Individually rational payoff 2622 multiple implementation 1598 Induced fuzzy parameter 3057 truthfully implementable 1593 Induced OWA 128 Implementation 1290 Induction 827 Implication 1627, 1629 Inductive inference 829 Importance sampling 2271 Inductive learning 1706, 1711, 1712 Impossibility theorem 3292 generalization 1717 Imprecise information 1254 negative examples 1716 Imprecise probabilities, fuzzy logic 1197 positive learning examples 1716 Imprecision specialization 1717 fuzzy logic 1178 Inertia 2033 type-2 fuzzy logic 1202 Inertial manifold 1519 Imputation 677 Inexact concept 791 Imputation set 728 Infective individual 2164 Incentive 2254 Inference compatibility 1840, 1846 non-monotonic 2243 compatibility constraint 2257 non-parametric statistical inference 262 Incidence matrix 2083 parametric statistical inference 262 Income prediction, fuzzy system models 1285 Infimum Incompatibility definition 2100 principle, fuzzy logic 1197 Infinite-dimensional Hilbert space Incomplete data 2773 quantum mechanics 2505 Incomplete information 695 Infinitesimal 1408, 1409, 2102 on one side 244 non-Archimedian 2100 on two sides 245 Infinitesimal difference 2096 3452 Index

Infinitesimal granules 1377 Integrated molecular circuit 1914 Infinitesimal hyperreals 2104 Integration Infinitesimal time evolution operator, quantum limit problem 901 simulation 2520 Intelligence 3150–3152, 3159 Influence 2029, 2039, 2950 Intelligent agent 604 Information-based complexity 2334 Intelligent data analysis 774 Information economics 2253 Intensity 2139, 2144, 2148 Information extraction (IE) 2820 Intensive 946 Information flow 1767 Intentions 2586 Information fusion 122, 124, 1456, 1934 Inter-cell communication 379 Information gain 832 Inter-domain routing 1663, 1676, 1677 Information granularity 1426 INTERACT 1798 Information granulation and integration 1406 Interaction 1767 Information granule 776, 1456, 2713, 2761 Interaction-based simulation 88 Information hiding 1394, 1395, 1400, 1416 Interaction gain 1798 Information integration 122, 124, 1416, 1431 Interactive dynamic visualization 596 Information measure of statistical memory 705 Interactive multiobjective optimization 2752, 2756 Information memory measure 713 Interconnect 2003 Information models 1369 Interconnect topology 469 Information processing Interdependent valuations 1847 in artificial chemistry 200 Interestingness 865 Information set 1469, 1473, 1612 Interface 3079 Information system 690, 691, 792, 1425, 1448, 1473, motion 414 2762, 2764 Interface growth 1091 Information table 1378, 2729 Interim stage 246 Informational rent 2260 Interlocking directorate 2914 Infovis 591 Intermediate-value, continous function 2107 Inheritance, definition 2099 Intermittency 2615 Initial configuration 1044 Intermittent 2612 Initial seeding 2949 Internal correlation 2626, 2632 Initial set 1499 Internal dynamics 929 fills space 1501 Internal state decoherence 2425 Injective 1, 3, 7, 8 Internality 124 cellular automata 967 Internet topology 1663, 1664, 1666, 1667, 1669, 1671, Injectivity 2669 1672, 1674–1676, 1678 Innovation 2941 Interpersonal communication 2940 Inpainting 754, 3314, 3341 Interpersonal contact 2941 Input layer 815 Interpersonal influence 2941 Insects 173 Interpolation 279 Inspection games 1290 fuzzy logic 1179 Inspector leadership 1605 Interpolatory masks 280 Instant-runoff voting 3296 Interpretation 2707 Insurance 2253, 2831 redundant 2707 Integer factorization 1832 Intersection 1324, 1627 Integrable system 646 of two fuzzy sets 1259 Integral calculus 2109 type-2 fuzzy sets 1204 Integrated genetic-fuzzy problem Interval arithmetics 3055 for items with a single minimum support (IGFSMS) Interval computing 1455 1327 Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (IT2FLS) 1206 for items with multiple minimum supports (IGFMMS) Interval type-2 fuzzy sets 1205 1329 Interval-valued FSs 1205 Index 3453

Interval-valued type 2 fuzzy sets (IVT2FS) 1276 Isotropic diffusion 3347, 3349 Intractable mechanical simulation 1827 Isotropic dilation matrix 275 Intrinsic evolution 198 Isotropic undecimated wavelet transform 2128 Intuitionistic sets 2713 Isotropic wavelet transform 2131 Invariant measure 966 IT2 FS see Type-2 fuzzy systems Invariant measures for cellular automata 967 IT2FLS see Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems domains, defects, and particles 975 Iterative array 359, 362 Furstenberg conjecture 974 Iterative estimation methods 2862 maxentropy measures 969 Ithiel de Sola pool 2909 measure rigidity 972 periodic measures 970 J posexpansive and permutative CA 970 J-Measure 832 uniform measure 967 Jackson–van den Nouweland rules 2046 Invariants Jackson–Wolinsky rules 2046 of the motion 1525 Jacquard, Joseph-Marie 1830 Invasion Java 233 tumors 456 Java programming and security issues 1885 Invasive tumor Java-sandbox security model 1886 Anderson’s model 460 Java virtual machine (JVM) 1882 effects of directed cell motion 459 Jevons, William Stanley 1831 morphology 457, 459 Jevons’ logic 1831 spatial structure 459 Join of subshifts 3222 Inverse cascade 3093 Joint homomorphism 2934 Inverse limit 242 Joint plan 2646 Inverse semigroup 2930, 2931 Joint probability distribution 1137 Ion–ion entanglement, quantum computing 2431 of the matrix elements 2553 Ion-photon entanglement, experimental setup 2432 Jointly controlled lottery 699, 2649 Ion–photon entanglement, quantum computing 2431 Jointly periodic point 3215 Ion string, vibrational cooling 2414 Jones polynomial 2325 Ion trap Jordan chain 2090 diagram 2410 Jourjine 3142 large-scale 2410 JPEG 3342 technology 2408 JPEG2000 3342, 3350 Ion-trap cavity-QED 2432 Jump length distribution 1726 Ion, quantum computing 2407 JVM see Java virtual machine Ionic qubit, state detection 2416 JXP method 1761 Ionization, quantum computing 2412 IRR 1665, 1667, 1669, 1676, 1677 Irrelevant feature 1790 K Isaacs 858 k-Core representation 599 Ising domain wall 3080 K-Descriptive language 1451 Ising Hamiltonian 3078, 3081 k-Means 1683 Ising model 414, 1653, 3076, 3080, 3081, 3092 k-Means clustering approach 498, 1328 Ising spin glass 3093 k-Nearest neighbors 871 ISIS communication system 155 k-plexe 2920 Islands 2888 k-Ring 2886 simple 2888 k-Satisfaction 1452 Isolated state (internal state) 1412 k-Satisfaction relation 1452 Isophote direction 3350 k-Star 2960, 2961, 2963 Isotope, quantum computing 2412 k-Triangle 2960, 2961, 2963 Isotropic 2571 K-Truth 1452 3454 Index

k-Two-path 2962 Kolmogorov endomorphism 987 Kadanoff block construction 3079 Kolmogorov probability space 2111 Kamikawa 1109 Korean family planning study 2945 Kaplansky I 338, 345, 347, 348 Kramers equation 3108 Kaplansky zero-divisor problem 346 Kramers–Moyal coefficients 1141 Kaplansky’s conjecture on stable finiteness of group rings Kramers–Moyal expansion 1150, 3103 347, 348 Kramers problem 1735 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) theorem 1281 Kripke semantics 2975 Kauffman bracket 2326 kth pOwer of a fuzzy set 1261 KD systems Kuhn, Thomas 941 first-generation 864 Kuhn’s theorem 1697, 2621 second-generation 864 Kullback–Leibler distance, stochastic processes 1142 third-generation 864 Kuramoto model 3172 KDD 1444 Kurokawa 3139 KDDM model 864, 865 Kutrib 1107 Kelvin 162, 175, 1828, 1829 König, René 2900 Kemeny 3293, 3298 Kemeny index 3304 L Kemeny score 3304 Kemeny winner 3298 L-Shaped mapping 1115 Kemeny’s procedure 3307 L-Systems 45 Kendall–Wei ranking 2093 l0 Minimization 3355 Kermack 2164 l1 Optimization 3355 Kernel functions, support vector machines (SVM) 1281 Labeled links SDCA model 3128 Kernighan–Lin algorithm 496 Labeled walk 2925 Kerr 2438, 2441, 2445 Labelled graph 3215 Khinchin 949 Labour market model 2831 Killer application 1314 Lack of information Kinetics on both sides 2644 mass-action 188 on one side 2635 Kings 2294, 2295 Laflamme 2445 Kinodynamic planning 1826 Lagrange 951 KM algorithms, type-2 fuzzy logic 1209 Lagrange multiplier 3348 Knight problem 891 support vector machines (SVM) 1281 Knill 2445 Laing’s molecular machine 193 Knot 2325 Lamb–Dicke limit, quantum computing 2423 Knowledge 1464, 2587 Lamb–Dicke parameter, quantum computing 2419 Knowledge base 1621 Lambda-calculus 189 Knowledge discovery 1456, 2702 Lambda phage 233 data mining 863 Lambda set 2920 Knowledge operation 1417 Lance-Williams updating formula 1684 Knowledge representation 1416, 1464 Landauer’s principle 2686 Knowledge structures (KS) 1406, 1413 Langdon 1105 Knowledge system 1448 Langevin dynamics 1087, 1089 Kochen, Manfred 2909 Langevin equation 957, 1084, 1089–1091, 1514, 1729, Kohonen map 823 1738, 3078, 3080, 3089, 3105 Kohonen network 1623 generalized 1134 Kohonen self-organizing maps 783 Langevin processes Kolmogoroff scaling exponent 3093 discrete 1134 Kolmogorov complexity 134, 1820 short time propagator 1136 given a representation system 133 Langton, Chris 2792 Index 3455

Langton’s loop 44, 2796 Kalai and Lehrer (KL) 1700 Language family learnable best response property (LBR) 1700 bracketed context-free 371 machine learning 54 context-free 367 neuro-fuzzy systems 2076 Dyck languages 371 paradigms 816 hierarchy 367 rate 817, 820, 823 linear context-free 367 reinforcement learning 54 PSPACE complete 371 rule 813, 815 recursively enumerable 371 sophisticated 1695 semilinear 371 stochastic 1695 Laplace expansion 849 supervised 54 Laplace operator 3347 unsupervised 54 Laplace operator on a group see Laplacian (discrete), Leave-one-out validation 817 see Laplacian (discrete) LEDA 590 Laplacian 2083, 3352 Legendre 944 combinatorial 2083 Lehmer mean 127 normalized 2083 Lehmer, Derrick 1832 Laplacian (discrete) 340, 344 Lehmer’s number sieve computer 1832 Laplacian matrix 1795, 2093 Leibniz’ product rule, differentiability 2108 Laplacian score 1795 Leibniz program, definition 2099 Large deviations 2289, 2567 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 1830 Large networks LEM2 algorithm 798, 2772, 2773 architectural features 548 Lemma of Neyman and Pearson 1610 dynamics 548 Lenses 596, 2144, 2148 Large-scale ion trap, quantum computing 2410 LERS 2772–2774 Large scale simulations, agent-based modeling 76 Lesche stability 942 Laser cooling, quantum computing 2412 Level 2088 Latency reduction 1889 of detail 598 Lattice 2925, 2926, 2928, 2929, 2931–2933, 2935, 2937, Levels of interoperability 211 2991 Levine, Joel 2901 Galois 2991 Lewin, Kurt 2899 Lattice Boltzmann model 424, 459 Lewis, D. 2241 Lattice gas automata 420 Liesegang pattern 426 Lattice molecular system 194 Lifting Lattice property 3235 multiwavelet 1992 Laumann, Edward 2901 scheme 281, 2125 Laurent polynomial 3316 step 3316 Law Likelihood function 257 of web surfing 3361 Limit Lawton, W. 338, 343 quantum 2002 Layout format 600 speed-of-light 2002 Leader, amorphous computing 153 thermal 2001, 2006, 2008 Learnability 1701 Limit cycle Learning 54, 169, 828, 934, 1695 stochastic processes 1142 argument 1297 Limit measures and other asymptotics for cellular automaton 1564 automata Bayesian 1696 asymptotic randomization by linear cellular belief 1696 automata 977 classifier system 47, 54, 1564 Hilmy–Hurley centers 982 deterministic 1695 hybrid modes of self-organization 981 game 1291 Kurka–Maass˚ -limit sets 983 3456 Index

Kurka’s˚ measure attractors 983 Link spam 1751 Milnor–Hurley attractors 981 Link-spamming 1746 Limit pricing 2839 Link tracing 2846 Limit set 138, 3220 Links 2325 orbit 138 Lin’s context based reasoning method 1378 Limit theorems, stochastic processes 1135 Liouville equation 710 Limited hyperreals 2104 finite-difference Liouville’s equation of motion 711 Limiting point Liouville operator 710, 1514 definition 2101 Liouville quasioperator 708 Linda coordination model 113 Liouville theorem 1514 Lindenmayer systems 45 Lloyd Warner, W. 2900 Line diagram 2936 LLS model 22 Line graph 1541 LMF see Lower membership function Linear 817 Load balancing Linear bounded automaton 98 agent-based modeling 81 Linear CA 965 Local function 2669 Linear cellular automata, asymptotic Local geometry in amorphous computing 155, 157 randomization 977 Local GrC model, first GrC model 1409 Linear ion trap Local hamiltonian problem 2373 quantum computing 2409 Local interaction 1021, 1022 Linear logic 1767 Local majority voting 1045 Linear neural networks 818 Local majority voting rule 1045 Linear orders, single-peaked 3306 Local minimum 819 Linear Paul trap, quantum computing 2408 Local modification, agent actions 108 Linear prediction 3321 Local network 2925, 2929 Linear response 1738 Local point of view, agent interaction 113 Linear scale of events 711 Local rule 3215 Linear transformation 99 Local social neighborhood 2956 Lines 2878, 2899, 2902 Local update function 93 Linguistic expression 1633 Locality 3076, 3090 Linguistic quantifier 1268 Locality property 3090 Linguistic structure 1406 Locally stationary 3050 Linguistic uncertainty Loeb construction, non-standard stochastic analysis type-2 fuzzy logic 1203 2116 Linguistic variable 1263 Loeb measure theorem 2117 fuzzy logic 1178, 1196 Loewner equation 3076, 3085–3087 Linguistic words 1456 Loewner evolution 3076, 3086, 3088 Linguistically quantified statement 1268 Logarithmic waiting times 2614 Link addition 1926 Logic Link-based ranking algorithm 3365 of chemical systems 189 HITS 3364 possibilistic 2240 PageRank 3364 Logic circuit, quantum computation 2513 Link deletion 1926 Logic gates 883 Link popularity 1751 Logic operation, artificial chemistry 190 Link rules 3117, 3139 Logical circuit 3258 couplers 3117, 3126 Logical constructions decouplers 3117, 3126 symbols 2112 outer-totalistic 3117 Logical control of computations 1831 restricted totalistic 3118 Logical mobility of programs 1883 substitution rules 3145 Logical neuro-fuzzy system, architecture 2075 totalistic 3117 Logical quantum bit, error correction 2430 Index 3457

Logical systems 2070 Löwner equation 2302 Logical-type neuro-fuzzy systems 2072 Löwner, Karl 3077 Logically universal 2675, 2692 logically universal 2687 M Logistic function 818, 2941 Logistic regression 2034 M-Wavelet frame 276 Long-range memory effect 715 MAC see Message authentication codes Longitudinal methods 2909 Machine intelligence, human-competitive 1313 Longitudinal velocity increment, stochastic processes Machine learning (ML) 828, 1455, 1564, 1577 1147 Machì A 338, 342 Lookup table (LUT) 412, 1043, 1044 Macro element 1939 transition function 1043 Macro-micro-macro questions 2039 Loop 1488, 1494, 2048, 2878 Macro-operator 1708, 1717 Loop erased random walk (LERW) 3076, 3080, 3088, Maeda 1120 3092 MAFIA 1691 LOQC 2445 Magic word 3218 Lord-of-the-Rings trilogy 608 Magnetic field Lorenz fluctuation, quantum computing 2425 core 731 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) 716 dominates 730 Majercik 3127–3129 order 730 Major features: phase transition, volatility and Lorenz equation predictability 1868 stochastic 1143 Majoritarian voting 3295 Lorrain, François 2901 Majority action cellular automaton 339 Losonczi’s means 127 Majority-choice approval 3302 Lotka–Volterra model 1081–1083, 1086, 1089 Majority logic 3275 Lovelace 1831 Majority relation 3291 Low-pass filter 277, 281 strict 3291, 3297 Lower approximation 1477, 2750, 2761, 2775 Majority rule 414 concept lower approximation 2777 Majority vote 3283, 3285 singleton lower approximation 2776 Majority voting 3282 subset lower approximation 2776 Malicious hosts 1887 Lower membership function (LMF) 1205 Malicious mobile agents 1885, 1886 ls-set 2920 Malware propagation 1435 Ludgate 1830 Mamdani approach, fuzzy inference reasoning 2070 Łukasiewicz s-norm 1261 Mamdani model 1559, 1632 Łukasiewicz t-norm 1260 Mamdani system 1632 Lumping 1530 Mamdani-type neuro-fuzzy systems 2073 LUT 1044, 1048 Manakov (system) 646 LW see also APS operator Manipulation 1077, 3308 Lyapunov exponent 943, 3172, 3217 Manna model 286 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 2906 Many particle physics, stochastic processes 1144 Lévy flight 1729 Many-valued implication 2249 Lévy flights 1726 Map Lévy noise 1134 of science 592 Lévy process Maple 3146 stochastic processes 1135 Mapping Lévy processes 1141 structure-to-function 189 short time propagator 1137 Mapping site 3, 4 Lévy–Smirnov distribution 1727 Marakhovsky 1105 Lévy Walks 1737 Marginal cost pricing 739 3458 Index

Marginal distribution 847 Matching 2264, 3234 Marginal pricing rule 739 F-optimal stable matching 3235 Marginal rate of substitution 742 pareto-optimal matching 3235 Marginal stability 2611, 2615 Matching mechanism Margolus partitioning 2357, 2358 manipulable mechanism 3236 generalized 2355, 2356 revelation mechanism 3236 Margolus partitioning scheme 2353 stable matching mechanism 3235 Mark and destroy 889 Matching technology 1304 Marker propagation for amorphous particles 149 Mate-In-N 1318 Market anomalies 18 Material unaccounted for 1609 Market games 1291 Mathematica 45, 3146 Markov approximation 1650 Mathematical biology 562 Markov chain 95, 2029, 2030, 2908, 3098 Mathematical discussion 2112 Markov chain Monte Carlo 566, 2271 Mathematical extension, definition 2099 Gibbs sampler 566 Mathematical framework 88 metropolis–hastings 566 Mathematical model 1583 Markov condition 2271 Mathematical system 2111 Markov decision problems 3064 definition 2099 Markov graphs 2847 Mathematical table 1830 Matrix Markov operator on a group 344 aperiodic 2086 Markov–perfect equilibrium 910 fully indecomposable 2087 Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE) 899 irreducible 2082 Markov process 285, 3097 nearly reducible 2086 Chapman–Kolmogorov equation 3098 nonnegative 2085 stochastic processes 1136 partly decomposable 2087 Markov property 3076, 3080, 3082–3084, 3087–3089, positive 2085 3092, 3094 primitive 2085 stochastic cascade process 1150 quantum mechanics 2505 Markov random graph model 2955, 2958, 2959, 2963 reducible 2082 Markovian 1729 strongly connected digraph 2082 Markovian game 897 symmetric 2083 Markovian properties Matrix display 2880 direct evolution 1139 Matrix element of Liouville’s quasioperator 712 joint probability distribution 1137 Matrix element of the contracted description 709 stochastic time series analysis 1139 Matrix extension problem 281, 283 Markovian strategy 899 Matrix-matrix multiplication 2142 pure stationary 904 Matrix-multiplication chemistry 191 Martin–Löf tests 136 Matrix-tree theorem 2093 Martingale of a posteriori 2639 Matrix-vector algebra 2143 MAS see Multi-agent systems Matrix-vector multiplier 2142, 2143 Mask 277 Matrix zoom 594 Mass-action kinetics 188 MatrixExplorer 594 Mass media 2941 Matthew effect 2034 Massive software system 608 Maturation 934 Massively multi-agent systems (MMAS) 77 Max-min composition of two fuzzy relations 1262 Massively multi-player online games 610 Maximal clique 890 Massively parallel computing 148 Maximal entropy measure Massively parallel processors 3276 for cellular automata 969 Master equation 1080, 1084, 1085, 1087, 1138, 3100 Maximin piece 1073 Master stability function 3172 Maximin procedure 3299, 3304, 3308 Index 3459

Maximin strategy 1073 indirect 736 Maximizing decision 1269 integer game 1597 Maximum 1260 straightforward 736 Maximum likelihood 2036, 2037 strategy-proof 737 Maximum likelihood estimation 2293 Mechanism design 1290, 2253 Maximum transient lengths 9 Media campaign 2948 Maxwell distribution 1651 Median 125, 127 MAYA-II automaton 1911, 1914–1916 Median rule 125 Mayo, Elton 2900 Median voter theorem 3284 Mazoyer 1095, 1098 Mediated communication 699 McCarthy, J. 1095 Medical innovation study 2945 McKendrick 2164 Membership function 1254, 1255, 1627, 3054 MD see Molecular dynamics fuzzy logic 1183 Mealy machine 1300 secondary 1282 Mean type-2 fuzzy logic 1202 of maxima method 1634 Membership grade 1255 Mean dimension 338, 344 fuzzy logic 1202 Mean field 1647 Membership values approaches 1083 discrete 1284 approximations 1081, 2157 special fuzzy function 1279 power laws 1088 Membrane computing 471 theories 1081 in artificial chemistry 200 Mean intervertex distance 1489 Membrane structure 1851 Mean reversion 24 Meme 52 Mean square displacement 1725, 3078 Memory 2301 Mean square error 3046 strong fluctuations 2301 Meaning postulate, fuzzy logic 1192 Memory effect, statistical 713 Measurability 1243 Memory function 705 Measurable dynamics of cellular automata 986 Memory in other discrete time contexts 401 mixing and ergodicity 986 Memory organization packets 803 spectral properties 988 Mereology 1472, 2763 Measurable functions, definition 2117 Merging 2663, 2664 Measure 920, 966, 2116, 3076, 3080, 3082, 3084, 3087 Mertens and Zamir system 2645 Bernoulli measure 966 Meso-scale assembly 1833 cylinder set 966 Mesoscopic description of a graph 508 full support 966 Message authentication codes (MAC) 1887 -preserving 966 Message-passing interface (MPI) 82 support 966 Meta-dynamical ODE frame work 191 ˚-invariant 966 Meta-model 1783 Measure-preserving dynamical system 967 Metadata 214, 2810 Measure rigidity Metastability 1499, 1507 of cellular automata 972 Metastable state qubit 2412 Measurement scale 746, 867 Method of moments 2029, 2036, 2037 Mechanical and analogue computers 3258 Metric factor 2275 Mechanical artificial chemistry 195 Metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) 2915 Mechanical automaton 1831 Metropolis–Hastings algorithm 2033, 2959 Mechanical computing 1821 Meyer’s wavelets 3343 Mechanical computing device 1827 MI see Mutual information Mechanical inference machine 1831 Michael Conrad 467 Mechanism 1588, 1590, 1821, 1837, 1840 Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) 1832 direct 736 Micro-macro interaction 3005 3460 Index

Micro-simulator 90 do not care 2772 Microanalytical simulation 3005, 3009 lost values 2772 Microbial camera 235 Missing values 842 Microbial colony language (MCL) 149, 156 Mitchell, Clyde 2901 Microbiology, amorphous computing 148 Mittag–Leffler function 1728 Microenvironment, breast cancer 462 Mixed state 950 Microfabrication, amorphous computer 147 Mixed strategies 1605, 3027 Microlevel simulation 2999 Mixing 1515 Micromotion, quantum computing 2410 Mixing system 3214 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 549 Mixture modeling 255 Microscopic simulation 18 Mixture of experts models 1787 Microscopic state, quantum information processing MLEM2 algorithm 2777 2499 mm-precisiand, fuzzy logic 1188 Microtrap, quantum computing 2411 MMAS see Massively multi-agent systems Middleware 618 Mobile agent systems Midrange 125 properties 1889 Migdall 2450 survey of 1888 Mignosi F 338 Mobile agents 1880 Milburn 2445 agile computing 1890 Milgram experiment 2893 application areas 1888 Milgram, Stanley 2901, 2909 attacks on 1885 Miller’s solution 3300 classification of 1880 Millionaire calculator 1830 components of 1884 MIMD see Multiple instruction multiple data definition 1882, 1883 MIMO see Multi-input multi-output denial of service 1886 Min max payoff 2622, 2631 distributed systems 1890 Mind dynamic configuration 1884 endomorphic modeling and simulation of 223 endogenous threats 1885 Mind-body problem 47 exogenous threats 1885 Miniaturization 883 global state of programming 1884 quantum information processing 2497 Minicluster of genes 530 localities 1884 Minimal covering set 3301, 3306 malicious 1885, 1886 Minimax procedure 3300, 3304 orthogonal capabilities of 1881 Minimization algorithm 378 requirements 1884 Minimum 1260 restricted connectivity 1884 Minimum cost spanning tree games 728 security 1884, 1885 Minimum output entropy additivity conjecture 2527 unmanned autonomous systems 1890 Minimum spanning tree algorithm 1684 Mobile code 1881 Minimum support value and membership functions Mobile computing 1880 1330 theoretical foundations 1883 Mining data streams 1062 Mobile search 1762 Minority-carrier transport 3268 Mobile state 1881 Minority game (MG) 1866, 2630 Mobile systems, classification of 1882 no strategy table and no information 1876 Modal logic without information 1865, 1876 alethic 2974 Minsky, M. 1095 Graded 2976 MIP 2379 hybrid logics 2976 MISO see Multi-input single output propositional 2975 Missing attribute values 2772, 2775 propositional multi-modal 2975 conditions 2772 Modality, networks 529 Index 3461

Mode 2913 Molecular half-adder 1908 quantum computing 2418 Molecular logic gate 1914 1-Mode 2913 Molecular machine 2-Mode 2912 Laing’s 193 Mode-coupling 1090 with fixed tape size 193 Model 179, 1444, 1936, 2157, 2303, 2304 Molecular media 3258 black box 2303 Molecular structure, semi-realistic 195 black-box 2305 Molecular system, lattice 194 continuous 2304 Molecular transducing automaton 1909 continuous time 2322 Molecule discrete 2304 as building block for AC 187 lattice Boltzmann (LB) model 411 cascades 2008, 2015, 2016 manna 291 Moment 2277 measurement based 2328 analysis 2277 probabilistic 1936 multiwavelet 1986 quantum circuit 2303 numerics 2277 quantum computation 2306 Moment ratio 2280 Model A critical dynamics 1091 Moments characteristic Model analysis 84 finite-rank 2119 Model-assisted estimators 2846 hyperfinite-rank 2119 Model B 1091 Momentum 24 Model fusion 1783 Momentum term 820 Model of computation 2334 Monad hyperreals 2104 Model selection 1783 Monetary compensations 735 Model specification 1249 Monitoring Modeling 937 almost perfect 2625 fuzzy logic 1189 almost public 2625, 2630 Modeling language, fuzzy logic 1197 canonical 2625 Modeling physical systems, applications 1050 perfect 2625 Modeling space 196 public 2625 Models 566 semi-standard 2626 evolution, fuzzy system 1274 Monitoring structure 2625 Modifiers, fuzzy logic 1180 Monotone 2885 Modularity 493, 494 Monotone hazard condition 737 Modularity optimization 500 Monotonicity 1594 extremal 501 Monotonous likelihood quotient property 2258 greedy technique 500 Monte Carlo 2268 reliability 501 Monte-Carlo algorithm 232, 2338 simulated annealing 500 Monte-Carlo computation 1651 spectral 501 Monte-Carlo estimation 2908 Modulation matrix, multiwavelet 1988 Monte-Carlo Markov chain maximum likelihood 2962 Mokken, Rob 2901 Monte-Carlo simulation 1082, 1088, 1243, 3079, 3082 Molecular automata 466 Moore 1105, 1827 Molecular biology 562 Moore EF 337, 341 Molecular collision 186 Moore machine 1295 Molecular computing 466, 883 Moore neighborhood 412, 1044 Molecular dynamics (MD) Moore’s law 165, 181, 467, 2534 simulations 78 first law 2000 Molecular electronics 467, 2001 second law 2005 Molecular finite state machines 3258 Moral hazard 2257 Molecular full adder 1909 repeated 2258 3462 Index

Moran model 3101 Multilayer neural networks 817, 818 Moran’s I 2942 Multilevel 926, 931 More informative action 2627 Multilevel algorithms 592 Moreno, Jacob 2899 Multilevel simulation 3011 Morgenstern, Oskar 666 Multinomial logistic regression 2034 Mori–Zwanzig projections 1521 Multiparticle entanglement, quantum computing 2429 Morphogenesis 44, 233, 470 Multiplayer preceptron 1622 Morphological 927 Multiple attribute (or multiple criteria) decision support Motif frequencies, natural 1927 2727 Motif intensity score 1924 Multiple criteria sorting 2727, 2728 Motif profile 3361 Multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) 81 Motifs 582 Multiple-minimum-support fuzzy mining (MSFM) and evolutionary paths 1925 1322 biological 1925 Multiple network 2925–2931, 2933–2935, 2938, 2964 FFL 1925 Multiple objective optimization 2727 in graphs 1919 Multiple-prover interactive proof 2379 of networks 1923 Multiple realizability 174 Motion Multiple systems 2508 planning 1824 Multiple tunneling junction 3270 Moulin–Shenker rule 747 Multiplexing 2011 MPE see Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE) Multiplicative noise 2291, 3109 MPI see Message-passing interface Multiplicity MQA 2376 of subgame perfect equilibria in the multiplayer game MRA see Multiresolution approximation 1299 MRAP see Most rapid approach (MRAP) Multiplicity sampling 2846 MSFM problem 1325 Multipotent cells 538 Multi-agent simulation models 77, 106, 3005 Multirelational networks 2894 Multi-agent systems (MAS) 88, 2578 Multiscale 754 architeture 109 dyadic 760 Multi-binary GrC model, fourth GrC model 1411 geometry 754 Multi-bit communication cellular automata 1111 pyramid 760 Multi-dimensional 2901 sub-band 760 Multi-dimensional scaling 2907, 2987 transforms 754 Multi-input multi-output (MIMO), type-2 fuzzy logic Multiscaling 2278 1206 Multiscaling function 1985 Multi-input single output (MISO) 1276 Multiset 1851 Multi-planner systems 1721 Multistability Multi-resolution 513, 516 networks 540 Multi-resolution analysis (MRA) 2174, 3341, 3344 Multistage control process under fuzziness 1271 Multi-resolution approximation 2201 Multistage game with observable actions 1293 multiwavelet 1984 Multivariate 2195 Multi-scale 926, 931 Multivariate network 2956 Multi-scaled phenomena 458 Multivariate splines Multicellular organism 472 bivariate spline 1940 development 539 box splines 1939 differentiation 539 spherical 1940, 1941 stem cells 538 trivariate 1941 Multicellular tumor spheroid 460 Multivariate wavelets Multicore processor and amorphous computing 158 biorthogonal boxsplines 2179 Multifractal behavior 1133 multivariate prewavelets 2205 Multilayer 930 orthonormal box spline wavelets 2221 Index 3463

spherical tight wavelet frames 2214 Nanofabrication 2005 splines 2200 bottom-up 2005, 2012 Multiview 596 top-down 2005 Multiwavelet 1981, 3315 NanoFabrics 2020 balanced 1989 Nanotechnology 882 boundary 1990 Nanson 3292 lifting 1992 Nanson’s procedure 3296 moment 1986 Napier, John 1830 polyphase factorization 1992 Napier’s bones 1830, 3258 pre and postprocessing 1989 Nash equilibrium (NE) 249, 686, 695, 726, 733, 899, prefilter 1989 1001, 1002, 1004, 1009, 1011, 1605, 1607, 2621, 2660, symbol 1983 3024 TST 1993 mixed 696 Mumford–Shah segmentation model 3343, 3349 strong 733, 745 Munakata 1827 with complexity 1294, 1295 Murata 3139 Nash networks 2063 Mutation 47, 1310, 1580, 1623 Nash-reversion equilibrium 2661 Mutation operation 1326, 1624 Nash stability 2046 Mutual edges 1921 Nash stationarity 1009 Mutual information (MI) Nasu’s theorem for cellular automata 971 networks 547 Natural computing 173, 181, 1400, 3193 Mutualistic networks 1171 Natural language processing (NLP) 2820 Mutuality 1538 Natural languages, fuzzy logic 1180 Mutually orthogonal subspace 712 Natural mechanisms 1597 Myerson value 2064 Natural selection 1623 Myhill, J. 337, 341, 1095 Nature-inspired 466 Myopia 2033 Navier–Stokes equations 422, 423, 3093, 3350 Mølmer–Sørensen gate NC 2138, 2152, 2153 quantum computing 2422, 2429 NE see Nash equilibrium (NE) Near-miss 1794 Near real-time material accountancy 1611 N 1-Nearest neighbor 791 n-ary relation, definition 2112 Nearest neighbor method 4, 791, 800 n-Body simulation 1826 Nears-hit 1794 n-Clan 2920 NEC 1301, 1306 n-Clique 2920 Necessity 1477 n-Club 2920 Necessity measure 2240, 2242 N-Particle W-state, quantum computing 2430 Necessity relations 2243 N-Qubit Deutsch–Jozsa circuit 2516 Negation 1628 Nadel 2906 Negative selection 1581 Nadel, Siegfried 2901 Negotiation models 1301 Nagel–Schreckenberg (NaSch) CA model 2161 Neighborhood 92, 412, 1500, 2669, 2903 Nano- 467 configuration 3 Nanocell 2021 function 823 Nanocomputer 2001 Margolus neighborhood 2670, 2677 chemical 2002 radius 823 electronic 2002 system (NS) 1377, 1409, 1421, 1423 mechanical 2002 Neologism proof 2837 programming methods 2022 Nestling 2568 quantum 2002 Net benefit 735 Nanodot (minute dot) 3273 Net flow score 2742 3464 Index

.NET infrastructure, Microsoft 1883 Network biology 1927 NetDraw 3146 Network closure 2035 NetLogo, simulation tool 114 Network complexity Network 285, 294, 529, 579, 822, 955, 956, 1155, 1488, levels of 1920 1493, 1652, 2029, 2865, 2878, 2898, 2956 Network conditions arc 2044 changing 1889 as complex systems 1919 Network configuration 2957 biological behavior 530 Network design 886 Booleans 543 Network dynamics 2902 cellular 1925 genes 534 complex 537 Network exposure 2942, 2944, 2946–2948 critical 547 Network formation 1291 directed 2044 Network game 2629 dynamics behavior 529 Network (GRN) gene regulatory 529 gene regulatory 584 Network homomorphism 2934, 2935 growth models 584 Network inference 532 heterogeneous 2044 Network matrix 2889 homogeneous 2044 Network motifs 1921, 1923 huge 2879 dynamic behavior of 1924 in systems biology 532 Network payoff functions 2052 label 2044 Network sampling 2904 labeled arcs 2044 Network state labeled links 2044 gene expression 530 large 548, 2878 genes 536 link 2044 Network structure 2949 linking 2044 analyzing 533 middle 2878 Network theory and topology studies, applications mutual informations 547 1050 nodes 2044 Network topology 529 null model 533 Networkwalksampling 2853 protein–protein interaction 533 Neumann, John von 147 random graphs 1652 Neural networks (NN) 166, 169, 172, 173, 177, 783, real 549 813, 873, 1313, 1621, 2020, 2069 scale-free 1488, 1653 cellular 2015 small 2878 recurrent 169 small world 1652 Neuro-fuzzy 1053 social 2898 Neuro-fuzzy systems (NFS) 1463, 2069 social networks 1652 architecture 2074 synchronization phenomena 585 criteria isolines method 2077 triad significance profile 1924 effectiveness 2077 weighted 1493 for pattern classification 2076 without descendants 2059 learning 2076 Network analysis logical-type 2072 algebraic methods 2899 Mamdani-type 2073 algebraic models 2905 simplified 2074 visualization techniques 2899 suboptimal 2079 Network analyzers 163 Takagi–Sugeno 2074 Network architecture 529, 532 with Lukasiewicz implication 2075 Network autocorrelation 2941, 2942 with weights 2075 Network automata 3144 Neuron 813, 814, 883 Network-based interventions 2950 Neutrosophic computing 1455 Index 3465

New kind of science 3144 Non-cooperative rules 2054 Nexus sampling 2846 Non-determinism 379 NFS see Neuro-fuzzy systems Non-deterministic gate 2442 Nielsen 2445 Non dictatorial 3285 Ninth GrC model 1412 Non-dictatorial 3284 NL-computation, fuzzy logic 1196 Non-equilibrium 2302 No-cloning theorem 2482, 2530 asymptotic behavior 2301 quantum mechanics 2509 Non-equilibrium phase transition 429 No dictatorship 3284 Non-homogeneous cellular automata 458, 1043, 1048 No envy test 744 Nonlinear 926 No free lunch 1312 Nonlinear equations 163 No incentive to separate 2837 Nonlinear filtering 3352 No trade theorem 247 Nonlinear mapping 1827 Nodal attribute 2964 Nonlinearoscillatorpotential 1731 Node degree 1920 distribution 579 Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Node indegree 1746 NLS 646 Node to node communication 82 Nonlinear systems Nodes 1621, 2956 fluctuations 1132 control 82 Non-manipulable 3285 of a network 1921 Non-Markov kinetic equation 711 parallel computing 81 Non-Markovity parameter 713 physical mobility 1883 Nonnegative basis theorem 2089 worker 83 Nonnegative matrix 2082 Noise 171, 868, 1081, 1087 Non-orthodox sampling methods 2846 autocorrelation function 1144 Non-parallel model 83 conserved 1091 Non-parametric methods 2293 external 1080, 1089 Non-player characters 605 internal 1080 Non-recursive algorithms 1102 multiplicative nature 1151 Non-revealing game 2639 quantum information processing 2523 Non-revealing strategy 2635 stochastic processes 1134 Non-standard analysis 1377, 2096 thermal 1089 idealization principle 2115 Noise correlation 1091 overflow 2115 Noise correlator 1089 set-terminology 2110 Noise data, stochastic processes 1139 standardization principle 2114 Noise-immune 658 transfer principle 2114 Noise probability distribution 1089 ultra-power construction 2113 Noise trader 24 Noiseless subsystem 2524 underflow 2115 Noisy circuits, stochstic processes 1142 Non-standard stochastic analysis, Loeb construction Nominal 2976 2116 Nomogram 162 Non-stationarity 2297 Nomograph 161 Non-stationary process Nonanticipative strategy 855 Euclidean space of the state vectors 709 Non-archimedean infinitesimal 2100 normalization and attenuation of correlation 707 Nonatomic game 746 statistical theory of a discrete non-Markov Non-cooperative game 1605 process 707 Non-cooperative game theory 666 Zwanzig–Mori’s kinetic equation 707 Non-cooperative implementation 668, 670 Non-transferable utility game 668 Non-cooperative or strategic game 726 Normal distribution 2288 3466 Index

Normal form Offline learning 816, 819 game 1000, 1001 OIL (ontology interchange language/ ontology inference procedure 190 layer) 2818 Normal modes OLSE see Ordinary LSE method quantum computing 2418 Olshanski, A.Y. 338, 341 Normalized event memory function 713 On-line 1053 Normalized Laplacian matrix 1795 O(n)model 3076, 3080, 3092 Normalized linear (Hamming) distance 1259 1D Brownian motion 3077, 3087–3089 Normalized mutual information 1797 1D CA 1046 Normalized quadratic (Euclidean) distance 1259 One-dimensional neighborhood 1044 Norman 1827 1D random walk 3080 Normed counting measure, defintion 2117 One-mode data 2904 NOT 1628 One-out-of-n encoding 821 Notation 966 One-qubit gate 2440 Nowotny and Requardt 3143 One-round procedure 3295, 3303 NP 1822, 2138, 2143, 2305, 2311 One-sided 1102 complete 2152 One-step processes 3101 hard 2317, 2325 Online learning 816, 819 NP-complete problem 886 Onsager coefficients 1090 NP-hard 178 Onsager–Machlup functional 3110 Nucleation 1499 Ontogeny 472 parameters 1508 Ontological approach, agent-based modeling 112 Nucleolus 726 Ontology 2810 per capita nucleolus 732 for modeling and simulation 214 Null model, networks 533 Open-ended evolutionary system 200 Nullifying 2101, 2102 Open system 3219 Number of large 1-itemsets 1327 Open-system operation 2523 Number of states 1292 Operation, disconnected 1889 Numerical attributes 2773 Operational amplifier 163 Nyquist rate 3353 Operator quantum error correction 2494 universal set 2004 O Opinion dynamics 2580 Object 2728 Opinion leaders 2944 Object extraction 3265 Optical computing 3194, 3258 Object level 2764 Optical lattice 2358, 2359 Objective function 2029, 2032, 2039 Optical neural networks 2142 Oblique extension principle (OEP) 282 Optical pattern recognition 2141 Observable OPTICS 1687 quantum mechanics 2506 Optimal algorithm 2334 Observable payoffs 2625 Optimal “stationary” policy 1297 Observation 1713 Optimization 1495, 1581, 3150, 3152, 3156 OCC model 616 Optimization theorem, support vector machines (SVM) Occam’s razor 1716 1280 Occupation number 420 OR 1628 Octahedral partition 1954 Oracle 2303, 2305, 3046 ODD see Overview, design concepts and details risk 3047 ODE frame work, meta-dynamical 191 Order Odhner, W.T. 1830 dominance 2989 OEP 283 lexicographic 731 Off-the-equilibrium payoffs 1306 linear 3294 Index 3467

median 3293 Over-searching 1791 of the reaction 188 Overdamped Brownian motion 3107 partial 3294 Overfitting 816 Order parameter 288, 1081, 3079, 3081 Overlap factor 1328 Order parameter equation Overlapping community 495 complexity in time 1132 Overtraining 816 Order statistic, largest 1069 OWA 127 Order statistics 127 OWL (Web ontology language) Ordered field DL 2810 definition 2099 full 2810 extension 2098 lite 2810 Ordering 1043 definition 2102 P task 1048 Ordinal classification 2727, 2728, 2734 P 1822, 2138, 2143, 2152 Ordinality 746 P-Boundary 2730, 2735, 2743 Ordinary differential equation (ODE) 563 P-Dominance 2741 artificial chemistry 191 P-Elementary sets 2729 Ordinary least-squares estimator (OLSE) method 1278 p-Graph 2888 Oregonator model 624, 2594 P-Lower and P-upper approximation 2743 Organization 2253 P-Lower approximation 2729, 2734, 2741 set theory 197 p model 2953, 2954 syntactically and semantically closed 198 p-n-p-n device 3268 Origami-based self-assembly 150 Psystem 471, 1852 Origami language 156 P-Upper approximation 2729, 2734, 2741 Origami shape language 472 p1 model 2955 Orness 126 p2 model 2955 Ornstein D 342, 344 Packard 1502 Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process 1731, 1740, 3105 Pad binding mechanism 1832 Orthogonal mapping 1114 PageRank 1753 Orthogonal wavelets 3329 Paintable computing 151 Orthogonalization 1564 Pair of biorthogonal M-wavelet bases 276 Orthonormal basis 3341, 3344 Pair of dual M-wavelet frames 276 Orthonormal M-wavelet basis 275 Pairwise comparison 3297 Oscillator 232, 434, 1337, 1338 coefficient 3297 Other memories 389 method 3291 Other quantum key distribution protocols 2467 table 2740 decoy state protocols 2468 Pairwise instance similarity 1796 differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) protocols Pairwise majority voting 3283, 3284 2470 Pairwise stability 2046, 2062 entanglement-based protocols 2468 Pajek 590, 3146 Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) protocol Palindromes 301 2470 Panel data 2036, 2947 strong reference pulse protocols 2469 Pappus of Alexandria 130 Other technique 505 Parabolic 760 Out-of-equilibrium 2286 Parabolic scaling law 760 Out-of-equilibrium behavior 2614 Parabolic wedge 763 Outcome 2747 Paradigm Outdegree 2084 amorphous computing 149 Outlier 868 programming 149 Output layer 815, 818, 822 Paradox of voting 3282, 3286, 3287 3468 Index

Parallel cellular machines 1048 Particle communication, in amorphous computing 157 Parallel computation thesis 2151 Particle identity in amorphous computing 156 Parallel computing 1820 Particle swarm optimization (PSO) 49, 786, 3150, 3156 agent-based modeling 81, 85 Partition 490, 1297, 1424, 2880, 2923 massively 148 Partition function 3081, 3083 Parallel dynamical system 93 Partition matrix 778 Parallel time 2151 Pascal, Blaise 1830 Parallel Turing machines 304 Pascaline 1830 processor complexity 305 Pass-transistor logic 3274 relations between PTM complexity 306 Passive abstractions, agents as 114 space complexity 305 Path 2051, 2084, 2882 time complexity 305 Path dominance 2055 Parallel, massively 2150 core 2046, 2060 Parallelism 1852 Path-generated cost sharing rules 746 Paramagnetic state 3078 Path integral representation, stochastic processes 1137 Parameter Path integrals 1089, 3109 space 2269 Path integration 2341 Parameter estimation 2036 Pathogens 236 Parameterized complexity 3307 Pattern 340, 3341 Pareto-dominates 1078 mutually erasable 340 Pareto-efficient 3283 support 340 Pareto-optimal set 2752, 3283, 3284 Pattern formation 1080 Pareto property 3293 Pattern growth 1820 Pareto, Vilfredo 2288 Pattern searching 2888 Parity check matrix 2480 Pattison, Phillippa 2907 Parkinson’s disease 715 Paul trap, spherical 2410 Parry measure 969 Pauli matrices 2486 Parsimony principle, neuro-fuzzy systems 2077 Payoff Parsons, Talcott 2900 Markovian strategy 904 Part relation 1472 Payoff dominant equilibrium 1019 Partial algebra 2925, 2929, 2933 Payoff function 684 Partial algebraic 2926, 2938 Payoff type 1702 Partial conditional dependence 2960 Payoff vector Partial containment 796 approachable 2628 Partial covering (PCov) 1410 decomposable 2629 Partial differential equations 1939 PCL see Primary constraint language biharmonic equations 1966 Peano curve 3076 fluid flow simulation 1969 PEC 1295, 1301, 1306 modeled by amorphous computing 153 PEC is always competitive in 1304 Navier–Stokes equations 1969 Peer-to-peer (P2P) search engine 1761 Poisson equation 1962 Penning trap, quantum computing 2411 Partial FSSP solution 1108 Pentagonal tessellation 434–436 Partial history within a stage 1300 Perception Partial result authentication codes (PRAC) 1887 computational theory 1197 Partial role algebra 2929 concept of 113 Partial semigroup 2929 Perceptron 817, 1479 Partially ordered algebra 2925, 2928 learning rule 817 Partially ordered semigroup 2925, 2926, 2928, 2931 Percolation 2291, 3076, 3080, 3082, 3092 Partially revealing strategy 2636 Percolation cluster (IPC) 3081 Particle 329, 1043, 1047 Percolation threshold 3082 computational 148 Perfect equilibrium with complexity 1295 Index 3469

Perfect recall 1613 Planar graphs 589 Perfect reconstruction 3332, 3333 Planimeter 1828 Performance moderator functions 616 Planning 3001 Period 2086 Planning knowledge Period of a network 2930 domain-configurable 1710 Periodic point 99, 3214 domain independent 1710 Periodic structure 3215 domain-independent heuristics 1707 Peripherality 2903 domain-specific 1710 Permutation 1819, 2993 domain-specific control knowledge 1707 Permutative CA 965, 3218 Planning operators 1709 Perrier’s loop 2798 Plausibility ordering 2243 Perron–Frobenius theorem 2085 Player set 677 Perron root 2085 Players 724, 1073, 3064 Perron theorem 2085 Players’ preferences 2045, 2051 Perron vector 2085 strong preferences 2045 Personal network exposure 2942 weak preferences 2045, 2052 Perturbation Plurality rule 3295, 3302, 3303, 3308 attractors 550 Plurality rule with run-off 3296, 3304 Perturbation expansion 1083, 1084, 1087, 1088 Pluripotent cells 538 Perturbative expansions 1081, 1090 PMFserv 616 Perturbative methods 2570 POEtic machines 472 Pervasive computing, amorphous 158 Point system 3302 Peschansky 1105 Point/configuration, random 144 Pesin 942 Points 2899, 2902 Pharmaceutical synthesis 228 Poisson distribution 2613 Phase diagram 293 Poisson process 2032, 2039 Phase estimation algorithm 2519 Polarity in amorphous computing 154 Phase plots 3125 Polarization state 648 Phase shift Policy aware web 2819 quantum computing 2426 Policy making 3001 Phase space 94, 941, 2269 Phase transition 1081, 1090, 1652, 2157, 2910, 3080, Political ignorance 3284, 3285, 3288 3081, 3090 Political rhetoric 2841 absorbing state 1085 Polymer chemistry, autocatalytic 191 active to absorbing 1087 Polymerase 229 nonequilibrium 1088 Polymerase chain reaction 885 phaseRes 2148, 2149, 2151 Polynomial representation 1564, 1569 Phenotype 44 Polynomial time reduction 1822 Pheromone 3150, 3152, 3157 Polyphase matrix, multiwavelet 1988 Phishing 1438 Polzik 2450 Photoelectric effect 2438 Popescu 2445 Phylogeny 472 Population 1309 Physical agents 607 Population biology 3107 Physical computation 1030 Population dynamics 1081, 1088 Physical mobility of nodes 1883 Population game 1000, 1004 Physics 108 Poset 3294 Physiological time series 713 Position 2921 Pinwheel calculator 1830 Positional equivalence Pipelining in amorphous computing 156 exact 2973 Plan abstraction 1708 institutional 2978 Plan-space planning 1710 observational 2978 3470 Index

regular 2973 Prediction intervals 2248 structural 2972 Prediction rule 1695 Positive correlation 1009 Predictive distribution 254 Positively expansive, cellular automata 970 Predictive modeling Possibilistic constraint, fuzzy logic 1190 classification 870 Possibilistic logic 2244 regression 870 Possibility 1477 Predictors 1055 comparative 2241 Preference aggregation 3291 conditional 2244 Preference function 2040 guaranteed 2240 Preference information 2734, 2756 Possibility correspondence 243 Preference model 2727, 2756 Possibility distribution 2240, 2242 Preference relation 724, 2734, 2740 subjective 2248 comprehensive 2740 Possibility function 1627 graded 2740 Possibility measure 2240, 2242 strength of 2740 Possibility relations 2243 Preference supernetworks 2052 Possibility theory Preference voting 3296 fuzzy logic 1197 Preferences 2743, 2744, 2748, 2752, 3234, 3291 qualitative 2243 additively separable 3235 quantitative 2245 bi-normal 742 Possible worlds 2975 cardinal utility 737 Post-Moore’s law 181 complete preorder 2744 Posterior distribution 254 for simple strategies 1304 Potential 1054 interval scale 2744 Potential function 730, 2033, 2063 maximin 3235 Potential game 1010, 1021 numerical non-quantitative scale 2744 Potential surface 171 ordinal scale 2744 Potential systems, stochastic processes 1142 over action profiles 733 Potts model 3076 over consequences 733 Power law 1539, 1667–1669, 1671, 1672, 2288, 2870, quantitative scale 2744 2872, 2893, 2910 responsive 3234 behavior 2158 r(f )-separable 3235 distribution 1540, 1749, 2288 rich domain of preferences 737 Power mean 126 strictly convex 741 Power set, definition 2112 strictly quasi-concave 741 Power spectrum 3078 strongly substitutable 3235 PRAC see Partial result authentication codes substitutable 3235 Pragmatic frame 214 utility function 733 Pre-Robinson infinitesimals 2097 Preferential attachment 2034, 2870, 2872 Precisiated natural language (PNL) 1196 Preferential attachment rule 2894 Precisiation types, fuzzy logic 1187 Preferential voting 3296 Precisiation, fuzzy logic 1181, 1186, 1196 Preferential voting procedure 3304 Precision 161, 163, 164, 166, 171, 173, 181 Preferred-basis 2090 fuzzy logic 1196 Preferred basis theorem 2089 limited 1241 Pregeometric theories of emergent space-time 3141 Predation 2990 Preorder, complete 3294 Predator-prey interactions 3102 Preplay communication 695 Predecessor states 1, 10 Preserved fibrations 1525 Predicate calculus 209 Preserving property 1931 Predictable and unpredictable phase 1873 Prestige 2872 Prediction 254, 3319, 3331 Pretty good measurement 2316, 2320 Index 3471

Prevalence 2949 Problem Price changes, probability densities 1149 Abelian stabilizer 2310 Price of anarchy 745 associativity testing 2322 Primary constraint language (PCL) 1192 Bernstein and Vazirani 2306 Primary constraints, fuzzy logic 1191 black-box 2305 Primary membership, type-2 fuzzy sets 1205 class number 2310 Primitive claw-finding 2312 for amorphous computing 152 collision finding 2312 Principal-agent 1290, 2253 commutativity testing 2322 Principal-agent problems 1606 coset orbit 2327 Principal component analysis 775 database search 2311 Prior distributions 246, 254 decomposing Abelian group 2310 Prisoner’s dilemma 685, 2620 Deutsch–Jozsa 2306 n-person 686 Deutsch’s 2310 Privacy 2819 discrete logarithm 2304, 2309, 2310, 2321 Pro-activeness 107 dynamic game 901 Proactive persistent agent (PPA) architecture 614 Eigenvalue estimation 2308 Probabilistic algorithms 3308 element distinctness 2312, 2322 Probabilistic Boolean network 95 factoring 2304, 2305, 2308, 2310 Probabilistic cellular automata 412 Gauss sum 2320 generalized hidden shift 2320 Probabilistic constraint, fuzzy logic 1190 generalizedSimon’s 2310 Probabilistic graphical models 563 glued-trees 2322 causation 564 graph automorphism 2314 conditional independence 564 graph isomorphism 2314, 2316 dependence 564 ground state 2314, 2328 directed 564 hidden coset 2319 graph 564 hidden linear function 2310 undirected 564 hidden linear structure 2319 Probabilistic models 561 hidden polynomial 2319 Probabilistic product 1261 hidden radius 2319 Probabilistic reasoning 1624 hidden shift 2319 Probabilistic rule 846 hidden translation 2319, 2327 Probabilistic SDCA 3135 hiding sublattice 2318 Probability 254 local search 2312 imprecise 1241, 2245 matrix product verification 2322 of a fuzzy event 1266 matrix sum 2317, 2320 statistical inference 563 maximum-finding 2312 uncertainty 563 median-estimating 2312 Probability amplitudes 2440 min–max tree 2324 Probability content, definition 2116 NAND-tree 2323 Probability current 1090, 3102 orbit coset 2320 Probability density function 2268, 2292 order finding 2308, 2309 Probability distribution 1066, 1083, 1089, 2287, 3087 order-finding 2305, 2310 conditional 1139 ordered search 2312 fuzzy logic 1186 Pell’s equation 2318 reduced density matrix 2509 period-finding 2308, 2310 stochastic processes 1136 phase estimation 2308 Probability measure 3083, 3084 principal ideal 2318 Probability space 2111 search 2305, 2310 Probability theory, fuzzy logic 1195 self-shift-equivalence 2310 3472 Index

shift-equivalence 2319 Protein secondary structure, applications 1050 shifted subset 2319 Proteins 229 Simon’s 2307 as logic signal 148 state distinguishability 2317 Proto (programming language) 152 subset sum 2316, 2317 Protocol, ODD 84 triangle-finding 2322 Proximity data 2942 unit group 2318 Prudent orders 3299 Problem solving 1932 Prudent orders procedure 3304 Process fragments 472 Pruning Processes in time 1142 postpruning 837 Processor power, agent-based modeling 80 prepruning 837 Product of a scalar and a fuzzy set 1261 Pseudo-extensive 946 Product of networks 2889 Pseudo-intensive 946 Production game 2629 Pseudo-likelihood 2955, 2962 Production market games 679 PSMS see Pure stationary Markovian strategy Production sharing 724 PSO 3156–3161, 3163 Profile 1433, 1434, 3291, 3293 PSPACE 1822, 2138, 2143, 2151 similarity 2914 complete 2152 Progenitor cells 538 Psychodrama 2899 Program 170 Psychological balance 2865 logical mobility 1883 Pubeval 1319 mobile agents 1880 Public communication 2630 Programmable multitude 472 Public goods 738 Programming 1044 Public health 2941 distributed 1880 Public-key encryption 885, 2441 genetic 1311 Pull model of mobility 1881 global state of 1884 Pumping arguments 365 localities in 1884 Pumping lemma 378 Programming abstraction, amorphous computing 152 Punishments 1296 Programming paradigm, amorphous computing 149 Pure state 950 Projected function 279 Pure stationary Markovian strategy 904 Projected mask 279 Purification, quantum channel 2526 Projection 1630 Push model of mobility 1881 Projection operator Pushdown stores 363 supplementary 709 technique 713 Q Projection-slice-theorem 756 Projective limit 242 q-Fourier 953 Promise problems 2362 q-Gaussians 952 Proof trees 1720 q-Independent 954 Proof verification 1887 q-Product 953 Propagation 420 q-Triplet 954 Propagation operator 421 (q,˛)-stable distribution 954 Propagator QAM 2380 estimation 1140 QCA finite time 1137 block-partitioned 2356, 2357 Properties 2878 classically controlled 2357 Proportional demand game 742 computationally universal 2351, 2352, 2355, 2357 Protein networks 1927 continuous-time 2357 Protein–protein interaction networks 533 Grössing–Zeilinger 2354 Protein–Protein interactions 2559 Hamiltonian 2357 Index 3473

local-unitary 2356, 2357 Quantum computer 2498, 3258 nonunitary 2356, 2357 Quantum computing 1778, 2352, 2388, 2406, 2502, partitioned Watrous 2354 2512, 2514, 3187, 3193 quantum-dot 2352 adiabatic 2401 reversible 2355, 2356, 2359 cluster state 2399 Watrous 2354, 2357 continuous variable (CV) 2398 QCCD see Quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) digital 2389 QCMA 2376 error correction 2391, 2392 QIP 2376 one way quantum computer 2399 QKD see Quantum key distribution (QKD) topological 2399, 2525 QMA 2372 Quantum computing speedup 2334 error reduction 2374 Quantum cryptography 2503, 2530 QMA-hard 2328 Quantum data bus 2418 QMAM 2380 Quantum data compression 2327 QMIP 2380 Quantum effects 883 QRG 2381 Quantum entanglement 958 QSZK 2379 Quantum error-correcting code 2523 Quadratic mean 126 five-qubit code 2489 Qualitative fuzzy sets 1412 nine-qubit code 2484 Quality function 493 QECC 2486 Quality of approximation 2730, 2735, 2743 seven-qubit code 2487 Quanta 2499 Quantum error correction 2429, 2430 Quantified Boolean Formula 309 Quantum Fourier transform 2309, 2315–2317, 2319, Quantitative parameter of the quality of treatment 716 2428, 2448, 2517 Quantum 401 Quantum gate 2418 Quantum advice 2381 CNOT gate 2390 Quantum algorithms 2336, 2426, 2534 Hadamard 2390 Deutsch–Jozsa 2391 Quantum hacking 2471 future 2522 attacks 2471 Shor’s 2393 counter-measures 2473 Quantum architectures, qubus 2398 importance of quantum hacking 2473 Quantum bit see also Qubit Quantum information error correction 2430 carrier 2411 quantum computing 2407 sending 2526 Quantum cellular automata 2351 transmission 2503 Quantum channel 2485 Quantum information processing 2496 capacity 2526, 2527 Quantum information science 2534 dephasing 2485 Quantum information theory, implication 2531 depolarizing 2485 Quantum interactive proof systems 2361, 2376 quantum erasure 2485 parallel repetition 2378 Quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) 2410 public-coin 2380 Quantum circuit 2361, 2364, 2427 Quantum interactive proofs with competing provers distinguishability 2378 2381 natural representation 2364 Quantum jump detection 2416 oracles 2367 Quantum key distribution (QKD) 2455, 2474, 2530 polynomial-time generated 2368 battle-testing QKD systems 2475 universal gates 2364 calculation of the quantum key capacity 2475 Quantum circuit diagram 2515 equivalence between phase and polarization encoding Quantum coherence 2522 2458 Quantum communication 2503, 2525 example of a simple eavesdropper attack: Quantum complexity class 2361 intercept-resend attack 2458 3474 Index

ground to satellite QKD 2475 Query answering 690, 692, 693 key distribution problem and one-time 2455 Query complexity 2334 multi-party quantum key distribution and Query connection graphs 3366 entanglement 2475 Query language 690, 691 quantum no-cloning theorem and quantum key Quillen–Suslin theorem 281 distribution (QKD) 2456 Quorum sensing 234 quantum repeaters 2474 Quotient algebra 2099 security proofs with testable assumptions 2475 Quotient by eventuality, definition 2102 Quantum mechanics 1377, 1381, 2499, 2504 Quotient-set, definition 2098 quantum postulates 1383 Quotient space 1426, 1929 Quantum memories 2447 Quotient space theory 1455 Quantum non-demolition 2445 Quotient state (external state) 1413 Quantum parallelism 2515 Quotient structure (QS) 1406, 1413, 1414 Quantum process tomography 2446 Quantum proof 2361, 2372 R Quantum refereed games 2381 Quantum register, initialization 2412 Rabi-frequency 2415 Quantum repeater 2446 Rabi-oscillation Quantum search 2520 ion 2417 Quantum setting with randomized queries 2345 quantum computing 2415 Quantum simulation 2402, 2519 Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred 2899 Quantum state distinguishability 2379 Radial basis function network (RBF network) 822, 1622 Quantum teleportation 2427, 2443 Radial SLE 3090 Quantum Turing machine 2382 Radon transform 755 Quantum uncertainties 1382 Radon, domain 755 Quantum walk 2305, 2312, 2319, 2321, 2327, 2328, Raman-transition, Rabi-frequency 2415 2394, 2522 Random continuous 2321, 2322 nested 2246 Quantum weirdness, quantum information processing numbers, independent 2613 2510 Random attacks 2894 Quasi-arithmetic means 126 Random choice in amorphous computing 153 Quasi-linear utilities 1840, 1841 Random conductance 2573 Quasi-OWA 128 Random curve 3087, 3088, 3090 Quasi-periodic oscillations 334 Random forest 1785 Quasi-stability 2057 Random forests method 1285 Quasi-weighted mean 127 Random fractal curve 3080 Quasigroup 980 Random fuzzy set 3056 Qubit 2389, 2440, 2504 Random graph 2846, 2892, 2908 Bloch-sphere representation 2414 network 3171 complexity 2334 Random homogeneous mixing 1535, 1536 decoherence-free subspace 2425 Random map 3088 hyperfine 2415 Random matrices 2302, 2549 hyperfine state 2411 orthogonal ensembles 2549 implementation 2412 symplectic ensembles 2549 mapping 2420 unitary ensembles 2549 metastable state 2412 Random matrix theory 2549 quantum computing 2407 Random network state, vibrational structure 2419 models 2899 storing 2410 Random power law graphs 2542 Qubus 2398 Random search 883 Quenching 2565 Random set, fuzzy 1191 Index 3475

Random spanning tree 3093 Reacting matching pairs 430 Random subspace method 1786 Reaction constant 426 Random variable 1066 Reaction-diffusion chemical computer 1829 Random walk 425, 1649, 2302, 2564, 3076, 3080, 3099 Reaction-diffusion computing 168, 174 betweenness 499 Reaction-diffusion equation 174 Random walker, definition 2118 Reaction-diffusion process 426 Randomized Turing machine 1823 Reaction-diffusion system (RDS) 45, 287, 1084, 3261 Randomness 1265 Reaction front 426 Randomness space 143 Reaction-limited 1087 Randomness test 144 Reaction network 187 Range voting 3302 as example for artificial chemistry 186 Rank Reaction order 188 contingency table (2 × 2) 847 Reaction rate 426 contingency table (m × n) 848 Reaction rule as building block for AC 187 definition 2118 Reaction zones 1087 matrix 848 Reactive agents 108 subdeterminant 849 Reactivity 107 submatrix 849 Real networks 549 table 848 Real-time 1053 Rank and degree dependence 849 Real-valued Turing machine 1823 Ranked pairs procedure 3300, 3304 Rearrangement, matrix 2900 Ranking 2727, 2728, 2739, 2872 Reciprocity 2034, 2037, 2957, 3360 Rao-Blackwellization 2853, 2862 Recognition 3341 Rare event 2272, 2278 Recombinant DNA 229 Ratchet effect 2261 Recommendation 697 Rate function 2029, 2032, 2039, 2567 Reconfigurable device 473 Rate parameter 2941 Reconfiguration Ratings summation 3302 off-line 2011 Rationality 677, 3036 on-line 2011 coalitional 677 Record dynamics 2302, 2611, 2617 group 677 intermittent dynamics 2302 individual 677 nested hierarchical 2615 Rationalizable strategies 698 subordinated 2617 Rationing method 739 Record statistics 2611 random priority 740 Recurrence 2565 uniform gains 740 Recurrent neural network 177, 822 Rationing, problem 739 Recursion coefficients, multiwavelet 1983 Raussendorf 2445 Recursion relation, multiwavelet 1983 Rawlsian maximin criterion 1078 Recursive 1102 Ray tracing 1826, 1827 Recursive decomposition 2905 Rayleigh–Bénard experiment Recursive Fourier sampling 2307 stochastic processes 1132 Recursive function 170, 177 RBF kernel 1796 Recursive state 2787 RD chip 3261, 3262 Recursive structure 2629 RDF (resource description framework) 2810 Recursive zero-sum game 1611 RDF/XML syntax 2818 Recursively computable 1822 RDF(S) (RDF schema) 2810 Recursively generated objects 45 Re-focusing Red digital camera 3314 quantum information processing 2524 REDPCT 2743 Reachability 317, 2868 REDS 2746, 2747 >-Reachable 2055 Reduced density matrix, quantum mechanics 2509 3476 Index

Reduced form 1697 Relaxational dynamics 1090 Reduced graph 2088 Reliability 2793 Reduct 792, 794, 1470, 2730, 2735, 2743, 2767, 2972 ReliefF 1794 Reduction 2880 Remaining benefit 728 Redundancy 756, 2010 Remote computation, difference to mobile computing cascaded triple modular (CTMR) 2012 1880 hardware 2010 Remote evaluation 1882 information 2010 Remote ion–ion entanglement, quantum computing R-fold modular 2012 2431 time 2010 Remote method invocation (RMI) 1883 triple modular (TMR) 2012 Remoteness 3298 Redundant feature 1790 Renegotiation 1598 Reed–Muller expansion 3273 Renormalization group (RG) 2297, 3079 Reference set 1254 Renormalization group (RG) technique 3078 Referential 1254 Repast, simulation tool 114 Refinable function 277, 2176 Repeated game 702, 897, 1289, 2656 vector 1983 Refinement equation 277 complete information repeated game 2660 multiwavelet 1983 finitely 2621, 2624 Refractory period 624 imperfect monitoring 2659 Regeneration times 2568 incomplete information repeated game 2660 Regime switching 2298 model 898 Regiment (programming language) 152 no discounting 2621, 2622 Registration 3341 perfect monitoring 2658 Regular domain 1043, 1047 with discounting 2621, 2623 Regular equivalence 2921 with imperfect monitoring 702 Regular language 1897 with incomplete information 702 Regular semigroups 2930 Repeated prisoners’ dilemma 1294 Regularly varying 2288 Replication 1887 Reif 1826, 1827 Replicator 1013 Reinforcement learning 816, 1713 Replicator dynamics 702 policy 1720 Representation theorem (RT) 1206, 1258 punishments 1720 Representation theory 2315 Q-learning 1720 Representationww system 133 rewards 1720 Representative chromosome 1329 Relation Reputation 2840 definition 2112 Reputation bound 2662 median 3298 Reputation effects 1290, 2656 Relation instance 1378 Required number of large 1-itemsets (RNL) 1331 Relational data model (RDM) 1369 Resilient propagation (Rprop) 821 foreign key 1370 primary key 1370 Resolution relation 1370 identity 1258 tuples 1370 Resources Relational databases (RDBs) 2814 space-like 2148 Relational feature selection 1799 usage 2151 Relational granulation 2972 Respondent driven sampling 2846, 2851 Relational GrC model, fifth GrC model 1411 Response complexity 1300 Relative location SDCA model 3128 Response functional 1090, 1091 Relative majority 3295 Response to influences, agent actions 108 Relative reducts 794 Restoration 3341 Index 3477

Restriction 3076, 3090 stably finite 336, 346 enzymes 891 zero divisor in a 336, 346, 348 property 3090 4-Ring 2889 Result RISC 2022 dynamic game 900 Risk aversity 1073 stochastic game 900 Risk dominance 1019 RETAIN 803 Risk dominant equilibrium 1019, 1021 Retard diffusion 2949 Risk management 2287 Retrieval of cases 803 RMI see Remote method invocation RETRIEVE 803 RNA 229, 890 Return autocorrelation 28 Road traffic 1820 Return map 334 Robbins–Monro algorithm 2037 REUSE 803 Roberts theorem 1844, 1845 Reusing 804 Robocode 1314, 1318 Revelation game 3236 Robot control 3258 Revelation principle 1592, 2259 Robotics 615, 3153, 3154 Revenue equivalence theorem 2261 and amorphous computing 158 Reversibility 1, 7, 379, 421, 2668, 2685, 2785 Robust 926, 928 Reversible CA 395 Robustness under incomplete information 1599 ROC graph 877 Reversible computing 2303, 2305, 2501, 2669, 2685 Rock–Paper–Scissors games 1002, 1003 Reversible logic gate 3190 Rogers, Everett 2905 Reversible logic, quantum computation 2513 Rogue advertising profiles 1440 Reversible SDCA 3132 Role 2921 Reversible Turing machine 1823 Role algebra 2906, 2926, 2929, 2931, 2935 REVISE 803 Rolle differentiation 2108 Revision protocol 1000, 1005, 1006 Romanovsky theorem 2086 Rewriting systems 447 Root-mean-power (RMP) 126 Richness 1701 Root-mean-square 126 Ridge 757 Rotary element 2691 function 757 Rotated l-shaped mapping 1118 Ridgelet transform 755 Rotating spiral pattern 3272 fast slant stack 758 Rotation local 758 quantum mechanics 2507 orthonormal 757 Rothblum index theorem 2089 rectopolar 756 Rothemund 1833 Ridgelets 754 Rough binary relation 2741 Riemann–Liouville operator 1725 Rough entropy 2705 Riemann mapping theorem 3076, 3083–3085, 3087, Rough functional dependency 2710 3092 Rough inclusion 796, 1465 Riemann sum, definition 2109 Rough relation entropy 2706 Riemann theorem 3086 Rough relational database 2704 Riesz M-wavelet basis 276 indiscernibility 2704 Riesz wavelets 282 Rough schema entropy 2706 RIF (rule interchange form) 2810 Rough set 1455, 2727, 2762, 2764, 2971 Right multiplication table 2928, 2934, 2935 contingency table 847 Ring 336 Rough set system 1424 Artinian 348 Rough set theory 790, 792, 1378, 1421, 1464, 2703, 2729 commutative 336 classical 2729 directly finite 336, 346 Roughening transition 1091 group 337, 345 Roughly-redundant 2707 3478 Index

Roughness 2705, 2764 Scale-free 955 Roulette wheel selection 1624 Scale-free distribution 2910 RSA public-key cryptosystem 2518 Scale-free networks 2893, 3171 RSES package 798 Scale invariance 746, 2288, 3076, 3078 RT see Representation theorem Scale separation 1647 Rubel 167, 176 Scaling 161, 167, 172, 2161, 2898, 2901, 3078, 3080, Rule 3084 probabilistic 846 agent-based modeling 80 Rule 90 4, 9, 10 in equilibrium 3078 Rule based systems 612 Scaling exponent 2275 Rule component 3 Scaling function 756, 2174, 2275, 3079 Rule discovery method 846 Scaling idea 3078 Rule induction 872, 2772, 2773 Scaling laws 3079 Rulebases Scaling limit 3077, 3081 fuzzy 1274 Scaling methods 2899 type 1 fuzzy logic 1276 Scaling models 2907 Rules supernetworks 2054 Scaling relations 2158 Russell, John Scott 646 scaling laws 2161 RWRE 2564 Scaling universality class 3077, 3083 Rényi, Alfréd 947, 2910 Scarabotti F 338, 342 Réseau-Lu 591 Scattered data fitting discrete least squares fitting 1939, 1956, 1957 L spline method 1956 S 1 L1 spline methods 1961 s-Norm 1260 minimal energy method 1956 s-t-Norm composition of two fuzzy relations 1262 penalized least squares fitting 1956, 1960 Saddle point 1605 Scheduling 886 Saddle point criteria 1608 Schema 1311 Saddle potential, Paul trap 2409 Schramm Loewner evolution 3077 Safe languages 1886, 1887 Schramm’s theorem 3077, 3080, 3087 Safety learning 1721 Schrödinger cat state 2429 Saidani 3140 Schwartz’s solution 3301 SALSA 1755 Scientific progress, fuzzy logic 1179 Sampling Scientific theories, fuzzy logic 1195 critical 756 Score system 3302 design 2845, 2847, 2848 Score vector 3295, 3308 sample size 869 Scoring procedures 3295, 3303 theorem 757 Scott, John 2901 Samy worm 1435 Screening 2831 Sandbox security model, Java 1886 SDCA and genetic algorithms 3130 Sandboxing 1886 SDCA with memory 3133 Sandpile 2780 Search control knowledge 1708 Satisfaction relation 1445 Search-control rule 1715 Satisfiability problem 887 Search engine 3361 Saturation Search engine bias 3365 principle, non-standard analysis 2116 Search space 835, 1310 Scalability 490 Second-order phase transition 2158, 2161, 3078 Scalar solitons 646 Secondary membership function Scale fuzzy system models 1282 stochastic processes 1146 Secular frequency, quantum computing 2408 Scale disorder 1132 Secure coprocessors 1888 Index 3479

Security proofs Semantic closure 200 approaches to security proof 2459 Semantic grid 2825 classical post-processing protocol 2461 Semantic model 1445, 1448, 1449 classification of eavesdropping attacks 2458 Semantic view 1406 composability 2462 how-to-solve/compute-it 1406 security proofs of practical QKD systems 2462 knowledge engineering 1406 Seed adopters 2949 uncertainty theory 1406 Segmentability 684 Semantic web 2810 Segmentation 3341 commercial applications of 2821 Segregation 1087 Semantic web challenge 2821 Segregation model 19 Semantics 211, 690, 691, 693, 1444 Seismic phenomenon 715 Semi-endogenous sequential matching model 1305 Selection 1297, 1310, 2029, 2039, 2950 Semi-perfect equilibrium 1295 Selection operation 1326 Semi-realistic molecular structure 195 Self-assembly 889, 1832 Semi-supervised feature selection 1796 directed 2005 Semidecidability 375 molecular 2005, 2012 Semigroup 2906, 2925, 2926, 2928–2931, 2933–2935 origami-based 150 Semiwalk 2882 Self-averaging 2279 Sensitive system 915, 3216 Self-avoiding random walk 3077, 3080, 3092 Sensitivity analysis 1249 Self-calibrating intelligent sensors 1060 Sensor grids, distributed 1889 Self-consistency 747 Sensor network and amorphous computing 158 stochastic processes 1141 Separable 817 Self-crossing random walk 3080 Separable cost 728 Self-development 1053 Separation Self-inspection 2807 of time scales 1089 Self-maintenance of sets 196 Separation, six degrees of 2893 Self-organization 173, 1519, 2792 Sequence complexity in time 1132 mathematical function 2103 Self-organized branching processes 289 Sequence spaces Self-organized critical (SOC) system 2290, 2612, 3078 coordinatewise operations 2101 Self-organized criticality (SOC) 285, 429, 956, 2780 defintion 2101 Self-organizing map (SOM) 823 Sequencing, triggering of 155 Self-organizing systems Sequential compactness, domain problem 901 models 456 Sequential dynamical system 93 Self-reconfigurable robots 3140 Sequential equilibrium 695 Self-replication 42, 2792 Sequential feature selection 1799 computing machines 2792 Sequential learning 816, 819 Self-reproducing cellular automata 1095 Sequential machine, reversible 2690 Self-reproduction 1819, 2683, 2793 Sequential selection 1791 Self-signaling 2837 Sequential time 169, 177 Self-similar fractal patterns 5 Serial choice function 745 hierarchical iterated function systems 5 Serial demand game 742 matrix substitution systems 5 Serial extension 747 Pascal triangle 5 Serial principle 747 Sirpinski gasket 5 Serious games 613, 3002 Selfish gene algorithm, applications 1050 Server, mobile system 1881 Selfsimilar structures, complexity 1133 Service-oriented architecture 212 Selkov model 427 SeSAm 110 Selten game 249 Set Semantic approach 243 autocatalytic 196 3480 Index

complete 2736 Shortcut 2889 fuzzy 1177, 1180, 1201, 1203–1205, 2240 Shortest path 3360 fuzzy-fuzzy 1204 in a labyrinth 625 intersection 1204 problem 1826 interval 1205 Shrinkage 3046, 3342 minimal 2736 Shub 169 of decision rules 2736 Sideband cooling, quantum computing 2414 of probability measures 1242 Sideband excitation, quantum computing 2419 union 1204 Siegelmann 177 Set level 2764 SIENA 2041 Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) 3346 Sierpinski triangle 1902 Set theory 2900 Sigma-count, fuzzy logic 1182 Settle 1105 Sigmoid 166 Seventh GrC model 1412 Sigmoid function 818 Sexual contact 1535 Signal 359, 2008 Sexually transmitted infection 1535 token-based 2008 SFF see Special fuzzy functions voltage-encoded 2008 SFF-LSE see Special fuzzy functions with LSE Signal processing 959 (SFF-LSE) method Signal subshift 3222 SFFM see >Special fuzzy functions models Signaling games 1290, 2830 SGML (standard generalized markup language) 2817 Signed infinities, definition 2100 Shackle, G.L.S. 2241 Significanceprofile(SP) 1924 Shadowing property 3213 SIMD see Single instruction multiple data Shamir, Adi 1832 Similarity 1465 Shannon 167, 948, 1831 Similarity relations 796 Shannon–Nyquist sampling theorem 3353 Simmel, Georg 2899 Shannon, Claude 175 Simon 1105 Shannon’s entropy of information 2247 Simple minority game without Information 1872 Shape Simple random graph model 2955 asymptotic 1499 Simplified neuro-fuzzy systems 2074 asymptotic 1505 Simpson’s procedure 3304 linear 1505 SimSesam, simulation tool 115 reverse 1507 Simulated annealing 168, 1655 sublinear 1506 Simulation 171, 1821, 2304, 2312, 2313, 2909, 2959, Shapley value 666, 667, 671, 672, 726, 1289 3004 Shapley, L. 666 agent-based modeling 105 Shear 758 collision 189 matrix 764 discrete-event 189 Shift-commuting transformations 3 molecular dynamics 78 Shift dynamical system 3 of quantum systems 2347 Shift operator 2, 4 role of environment 109 Shifts 1054 Simulation model Shinahr 1123 multi-agent 77 Shinar 1115 Simulation universality 1820 Shinriki oscillator 1143, 1145 Single-crossing condition 2833 Shor, Peter 2441 Spence–Mirrlees condition 2833 Shor’s algorithm 2441, 2447 Single digit counter 639 Shor’s algorithm 2517 Single-electron device 3268 Short cuts 2910 Single-electron oscillator 3269 Short time propagators 1136, 1138 Single-electron penning trap 2411 estimation 1140 Single-electron transistor 3269 Index 3481

Single instruction multiple data (SIMD) 81 Small-world network 3171 Single-ion operation, quantum computing 2414 Small-world phenomenon 2547 Single ion, quantum computing 2413 Small-world properties 1750 Single-layer neural networks 817, 818 Smith dynamic 1007 Single-minimum-support fuzzy mining (SSFM) 1322 Smith set 3300 Single peak domains 1839 Smith winners 3306 Single photon sources 2448 Smoke 2946 Single photon state 2449 Smoothness 743 Single-qubit operation 2414, 2416 exponent 278 Single transferable vote 3296 SMS see Stationary Markovian strategy (SMS) Single, error correction 2430 Snijders, Tom 2909 Singlet state, quantum weirdness 2510 Snow transport 423 Singleton basins of attraction 2063 Snowball and walk samples 2846 Singular value decomposition 2987 Snowball sampling 2846, 2849 Singular variable, fuzzy logic 1184 Snowflakes 1502 Singularity 755 SOAR architecture 614 lines 755 Sobolev space 760, 3347 point 755 Social 937 Sink problem 1751, 1757 Social ability 107 Sipper, Moshe 468 agent-based modeling 111 SIR model 1536 Social actors 2029 Sir Philip Sidney game 2840 Social choice correspondence 3291 Site percolation 3092 Social choice function 738, 1843, 1844, 3285, 3291 model 3081 Social choice problem 3282 Situated ABM approaches 109 Social choice rule 1588 Situatedness 926 Social circuit dependence 2960 Situational calculus 616 Social comparison or competition 2944 Sixth GrC model Social field 3013 categories of function 1411 Social influence 2945, 2946, 2964 generalized function 1411 Social network 1378, 1408, 2914, 2925–2927, 2929, random variable 1411 2972 Skew product 1527 Social networking community 1433, 1434 Skewness 1727 Social objectives 1590 Slater 3293 Social physics 2899, 2902 index 3299 Social process 3005 order 3299 Social science 2999 problem 3299, 3305 Social selection 2964 winner 3299 Social system 2899 Slaved 1519 Social-theory building 3000 SLE 3092 Sociograms 2899 SLE evolution 3080 Sociometric data 2946 SLE parameter 3093 Sociometric studies 2945 SLE property 3088 Sociometry 2900, 2984 Slide rule 162, 169, 1830 Sociophysics 3000, 3012 SLM 2148, 2149 Sofic subshift 3215 Slowdown 2566 Soft computing 122, 1390, 1400, 1401, 1621 Smale 169 Soft constraints 2249 Small gene circuits 535, 543 Soft thresholding 3342, 3347 Small labeled-sample problem 1796 Soft wavelet thresholding 3346 Small world 1539, 2893 Software agent 2999 Small-world models 2899, 2909 mobile 1880 3482 Index

Software engineering 1429 SPE payoff 904 Solitary wave solutions 646 SPEC 1796 Soliton 646, 664, 3258 Special fuzzy functions Manakov 648 with LSE (SFF-LSE) method 1278 semi-discrete 664 with SVM (FF-SVM) method 1281 spatial 664 Special fuzzy functions models (SFFM) 1286 vector 647 Special fuzzy functions (SFF) 1277, 1284 Soliton CA 329 Specific entropy 2567 Solution 668, 670, 671 Spectral algorithm 502 additive 729 Spectral bisection method 496 anonymity 730 Spectral feature selection 1795 balanced contributions 730 Spectral radius 2085 constrained egalitarian 730 Spectral representation 3085 core 731 Spectral weight 3085 per capita nucleolus 732 Spectrum Shapley-value 729 of agents 607 strong monotonicity 730 Speech signal reconstruction 1062 symmetric 729 Speed 2565 Solution concept 666, 668, 669 Speed subshift 3222 Soma 814, 1621 Speed-up theorems 366 SP see Significance profile Spherical Paul trap, quantum computing 2410 Space 2148, 2151 Spiking neural P system 1852 as programming object 152 Spin exponential 2152 quantum mechanics 2506 modeling of 196 Spiral wave 333 Space-bounded quantum computation 2382 Spline spaces 1940 Space-fractional diffusion equation 1726 approximation order 1947 Space-time dimension of 1978 diagram 138, 362 Spline wavelets 3343 Spam 1438 Splines 756 Spam farm 1759 B-splines 2169 Span programs 2324 box splines 2169 Spandrel 1925 Split selection 827 SPARQL (SPARQL protocol and RDF query language) Splitting lemma 2638 2810 Splitting method Sparre Andersen theorem 1733 head of the splitting 352 Sparse representation 755 leading tile 352 Sparsely sampled, time series 1141 region of the splitting 352 Sparsity 755, 868, 3049 Spreading set 3221 Spatial autocorrelation 2905, 2944 Spring embedder 589, 2987 Spatial bridge 1539 Spyware 1436 Spatial databases 2711 Square synchronization algorithm 1123 Spatial light Modulators 2144 Squeezing procedure 1074 Spatial sequencing, in amorphous computing 155 SRM see Structural risk minimization Spatially extended coevolution 1050 sSelect 1797 Spatially grounded models 113 SSFM problem 1325 SpatialRes 2148, 2149, 2151 Stability 676, 1156, 2057 SPC (search path count) weights 2883 external 676 SPE see Subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) internal 676 SPE outcome path 906 Stability analysis, biological models 536 dynamics 906 Stabilizer code 2489 Index 3483

Stable completion method 281 Statistical analysis of microarray data 569 Stable games 1011, 1021 model-based analysis of gene expression profiles 571 Stable matching problem 1290 Statistical inference 2030 Stable outcome 3235 Statistical mechanics 940, 1083 corewise-stability 3236 Statistical methods 2029 pairwise-stability 3236 Statistical models setwise-stability 3237 Bayesian mixture models 575 strong-corewise-stability 3236 Bayesian time series models 575 Stable set 676, 1289, 2046, 2059, 2060 clustering 575 discriminatory 678 Dirichlet process 567 farsighted 684 mixture models 566, 567 objective 678 mixture of Dirichlet processes 567 sdom 683 model-based analysis of gene expression profiles 571 symmetric 678 neural networks 575 wdom 683 partial least squares (PLS) 575 Stackelberg payoff, pure action 2662 principal components analysis 575 Stacking 1785 random effect 566 Stag hunt game 1002, 1003 regression models 566 Stage 1293, 1299 state-space models 566, 567 Stand-alone core 740 wavelets 575 Statistical physics 3077, 3081 Standard constraints, fuzzy logic 1191 Statistical tests about fuzzy means 3061 Standard refinable function 277 Statistical zero-knowledge 2378 Star 2958 Statistics Star-extension 2104 anomalous 1147 super-structure 2113 Steen Rasmussen’s 475 State 1709, 3064 Stem cells 538 border 362 Step of nature 238, 240–242 function 817, 818 of the world 240, 242, 1588 Step size 820, 821 quantum computing 2408 Stepped drum 1830 quiescent 362 calculator 1830 State-change complexity 1099 Sticker model 893 State detection, ionic qubit 2416 Stigmergy 46, 3150, 3152, 3153, 3158 State independent signaling 2650 STING 1688 State initialization, quantum computing 2412 Stochastic 1085, 1092 State-space planning 1710 Stochastic actor-oriented model 2033 State transition Stochastic analysis, field theoretic methods 2302 diagram 1, 4, 8, 12 Stochastic cascade process 1147 equation 1270 scale 1148 map,Boolean networks 544 Stochastic complex systems 1081 table, Boolean networks 544 Stochastic data analysis 1133 State vector Stochastic differential equation stochastic processes 1133 Langevin-type 1080, 1089 States Stochastic differential equations 3105 functional transformation of 108 Stochastic dynamics 1087, 1088 Static coupling patterns 3176 Stochastic evolution equations 1134 Static games 1289, 3023 Stochastic fluctuations 1087 Stationarity 3088 Stochastic forces 1139 Stationary Markovian strategy (SMS) 899, 900 Stochastic game 897, 1290 Stationary process 3044, 3098 folk theorem 900 3484 Index

Stochastic game model Strategy-proofness 736, 1840 equilibrium 899 Stratified count, fuzzy logic 1182 history 898 Stratonovich definition 1135 set-up 898 Stretched exponential distribution 2289 state space 898 STRIPS 1706 state variable 898 Strogatz, Steven 2901, 2910 Stochastic interacting particle systems 1085 Strong and weak memory 714 Stochastic kinetics 1085 Strong coupling limit, cavity-QED 2432 Stochastic Loewner evolution 3077, 3079, 3087 Strong earthquake 715 Stochastic Lorenz equation 1143 Strong stability 2046, 2061 Stochastic matrix 3099 Strong ties 2886, 2894 Stochastic methods 2898 Strongly connected components 1749, 2088 Stochastic noise 1089 Strongly mixing 2566 Stochastic optimization 1651 Structually dynamic cellular automata Stochastic phase space 95 CA simulators 3129 Stochastic processes 1080, 1084, 1087, 1131, 2039 classes of behavior 3123 statistical description 1136 hierarchy of models 3129 Stochastic resonance 168 labeled links model 3128 Stochastic stability 1018–1021 models of computation 3127 Stochastic time series analysis 1138 models of fundamental physics 3141 Stochastically stable state 1000 random dynamics approximation 3136 Stochasticity 1080 related graph dynamical systems 3138 Stock market relative location model 3128 crashes 2297 statistical measures 3125 Stoichiometric matrix 187 symmetric links 3129 Stokman, Frans 2901 Structural balance 2035 Stopping criterion 1791 Structural equivalence 2906, 2921, 2934, 2948 Stopping rule 816, 819 Structural hierarchies 1518 Strange attractor 1519 Structural holes 2871, 2906, 2917 Strategic 1292 Structural individualism 2033 Strategic abstention 3288 Structural properties 294 Strategic analysis of markets 1302 Structural risk minimization (SRM) 1280 Strategic basin of attraction 2046 Structural robustness, biological models 536 Strategic form 667, 684, 695 Structurally dynamic cellular automata 399, 459, 3115 Strategic game 724 basic model 3116 Strategic manipulation 740 numbers of possible rules 3120 Strategic voting 3282, 3285, 3288 Structurally dynamic disordered cellular Networks Strategically abstain 3288 3143 Strategy 667, 854, 1292, 1933, 2636, 3064 Structure 1930 behavioral 2621 of a molecule in AC 187 "-optimal 3067 Structure-to-function mapping 189 hierarchical 1933 Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problem 2343 mixed 3066 Style 600 of a player 2635 SU(2), quantum mechanics 2507 private 2630 Subdeterminant rank 849 public 2629 Subdiffusion 952, 1728, 1738 pure 3066 Subdigraph 2084 stationary 3066 induced 2084 stationary Markovian 899 Subdirect product 2931, 2932 Strategy-proof 736 Subdivision scheme 278 group 736 Subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) 899, 1294 Index 3485

Subgraph 2880, 2904 Superposition 2440, 2481 and network motifs 1923 Superstatistics 959 complete bipartite 2889 Supervised feature selection 1793 examples 1921 Supervised learning 816, 871 in complex networks 1921 Support vector regression (SVR) 1280 induced 2880 Support vectors, fuzzy system model evolution 1281 spanning 2881 Supremum, definition 2100 Subgraph census 1920, 1921 Surface-electrode trap, quantum computing 2411 Subinverse 2931 Surface reaction model 429 Submatrix, rank 849 Surjective 1, 3, 7, 8 Submeasures 916 cellular automata 967 Suboptimal neuro-fuzzy systems 2079 Surjectivity 1819, 2669 Suboptimum solution 819 Survey sampling 2845, 2847, 2848 Subordination 1738 Survival probability 1732, 1740 Subquadratic algorithms 2879 Survivor distribution 2292 Subshift 348, 916, 966, 3214 Susceptible individual 2164 admissible transitions 966 Susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model 295 entropy of a 347 Susceptible-infective-removed (SIR) finite type 348 model 1536 forbidden words of a 348 SVM see Support vector machines irreducible 347 Svoboda 1829 language of a 347 SVR see Support vector regression Markov subshift 966 SWAP gate, quantum computing 2419 of finite type (SFT) 966 Swarm 3150–3154 one-sided Markov subshift 966 Swarm intelligence 49, 3164 sofic 348 Swarm optimization 3150 strongly irreducible 966 Swarm robotics 3150 topologically mixing 966 Switchable channel 639 Subshift of finite type 3215 Switching 882 Subthreshold logic 3274 Sybil attack 1759 Sufficiency 2853 Symbol Sufficient statistics 2257, 2860 multiwavelet 1983 Sugarscape 19 Symbol grounding 2824 Sugeno integral 130, 2245 Symbolic dynamical system 3213 Sugeno model 1547, 1632 Symbolic dynamics 1819 Sugeno–Yasukawa models 1285 Symbolic models 878 Suitability of membership functions 1327 Symbolic processing 45 Suitability of the derived membership functions 1333 Symbolic space 3213 Sum rules 278 Symlet 3329 multiwavelet 1987 Symmetric 1105 Sum squared error 819 Symmetric difference distance ı 3297 Sun 1827 Symmetric links SDCA model 3129 Super-agents 78, 79 Symmetric phase 1865, 1869, 1873, 1875 Super-individual approach 78 Symmetrical uncertainty 1798 Super-structure, definition 2112 Symmetry 281 Super-Turing power 177 quantum mechanics 2508 Supercomputer, quantum simulation 2519 Symmetry breaking 168 Superdiffusion 952 Symmetry-breaking field 2158 Supermodular games 1012, 1019, 1021 Symmetry groups 278 Supernetworks 2055 Symport/antiport 1852 >-Supernetworks 2056 Synaptic weight 1622 3486 Index

Synchronizability 3171 Temperley–Lieb algebra 1776, 2326 Synchronization 327, 1043, 1094, 1656, 3170 Tempesti’s loop 2798 manifold 3172 Template 1466, 1467 Synchronizing word 3215 Temporal disorder 1132 Synchronous updates 1044 Temporal hierarchies 1518 Synergetics 3012 Temporal networks 2894 Syntactic approach 243 Temporal sequencing in amorphous computing 155 Syntactic closure 200 Temporary reputation effects 2664 Syntax 1444 Tensor product Synthesis 3324 quantum mechanics 2508 Synthetic biology 148, 228 Teramac 2011 Synthetic chemistry 228 Teraoka 1120 Synthetic environments 105 Terminal 1311 System analysis 1430 complex 1316 System commands, agents as 108 simple 1315 System design 1430 Terminal set 1315 System dynamics (SD) 3005 Ternary number 1933 System entity structure 216 Tessellation 435, 436, 439, 1341 System implementation 1430 Test set 816 System size expansion 3110 Testing method 507 System structure 212 benchmark 507 System theory 2900 Zachary’s karate club 508 System RN 2101 Testing object 827 Systems 915, 2772, 3004 Testing set 827 Systems biology 231, 561 Tetrahedral partition 1946, 1954 Szabó A 339, 347 TF see Transcription factors Szwerinski 1105, 1120 Theorem Garden of Eden 337, 338 Moore and Myhill 341 T Theory t-Conform 122, 1260 of fuzzy sets 1255 t-Norm 122, 1260 of perceptions (CTP) 1197 T-Rank 1755 Therapeutic automaton 1905, 1907, 1908 T-Stage game 2637 Thermal equilibrium 1090 2-Tag system 2675 Thermal minority game 1865, 1870, 1872 Tail 2084 Thermodynamic limit 3078 Takagi–Sugeno form 1053 Thermodynamic phase 3078 Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy rulebase 1276 Thermodynamics 940, 3077, 3187, 3188 Takagi–Sugeno models 1285 first law of thermodynamics 3187 Takagi–Sugeno neuro-fuzzy systems 2074 second law of thermodynamics 3187 Tangent differentiability 2107 Thierrin–Vagner inverse 2931 Target genes 529 Thomson 1828 Target knowledge system 1449 Thomson, James 1828 Targeted attacks 2894 Three-body collision 423 Task hierarchies 1708 Three-cycle 2035, 2037 Taxonomy 2727–2729 Three-dimensional game of life 1343 Teleportation Three-dimensional microtrap, quantum computing quantum 2529 2411 quantum computing 2427 Three types theorem 1068 quantum information processing 2503 Threshold 92, 846, 2948 Teleporting gates 2491 Threshold function 817, 818 Index 3487

Threshold multiplication 191 Topological sort 2882 Threshold theorem 2492 Topological space 1417 Threshold unit 815, 817 Topology 1377 Threshold voter Automaton (TVA) 1509 generation 1672 Threshold voter automaton (TVA), majority 1509 modeling 1671 Thresholding 3046 rules 3141 Tic-tac-toe automaton 1910–1914 Toppling 2786 Tideman’s procedure 3304 Torres Quevedo, Leonardo 1829 Tie indicator 2029 Total-ordering, definition 2099 Tie variables 2031 Total variation (TV) 3348 Tierra 41, 193 Total variation (TV) restoration 3343 Tight M-wavelet frame 276 Totalistic 2782 Tightly-knit community (TKC) effect 1756 Totally ordered field 2103 Tilings Tournament 2092, 3294 acceptable for constrain 141 majority 3291, 3293, 3297 by local constraints 141 Tournament equilibrium 3301, 3306 with Wang tiles 141 Tournament matrix 2092 Time Tournament solutions 3293, 3297, 3300 complexity 2151 Toy chemistry 195 Time-axis, hyperfinite 2118 Trading volume 24 Time complexity 1095, 2879 Traffic data, phase space 1146 Time-discrete dynamical systems 89 Traffic flow Time-evolution operator 2524 stochastic processes 1144 quantum simulation 2520 Traffic model 417 Time-fractional diffusion equation 1725 Traffic states 1145 Time-independent Schrödinger equation 2343 Training 3001 Time reversal 421 Training object 827 Time series Training set 827 sparsely sampled 1141 Trajectory 1646 Time-series 170 Boolean networks 544 Time series analysis convergence 550 stochastic 1138 Transaction cost 2253 Time-series data 1649 Transcription 229 Time signal measurements 1131 Transcription factors (TF) 529 Time-space diagram 1094 Transcriptome 528 Time-stepped simulation 89 Transducing automaton 1908 Tissue engineering 228 Transfer function 813, 818 Tissue P system 1852 Transfer operator Tisza, Laszlo 945 multiwavelet 1984 TMG 1865 Transferable utility game 668 Toda lattice 169 Transformation Toeplitz space 918 elementary 851 Toffoli gate, quantum computation 2514 pignistic 2247 Tolerance class 1469 Transience 2565 Tolerance relation 796, 1465, 1469 Transient lengths 2, 8 Tom Thumb algorithm 2803 Transient states 1 Tomita 3139 TRANSIMS 90 Top cycle 3300 Transistor 231 Topological automata 3115 Transition Topological divide 1414 electron shelving detection 2417 Topological quantum computing 2525 Transition diagram 1897 3488 Index

Transition function 97, 1043, 1896 Tumor cell migration 456 Transition operator, multiwavelet 1984 effect of heterogeneous environments 460 Transition probability 2565 influence of the extracellular matrix 459 Transition rules 2012 Tumor invasion Transitive system 3214 cell processes 456 Transitivity 2035, 2037, 2902, 2917, 2959, 2960 cellular automata model 456 Translation 229 cellular scale 457 Transversal gates 2490 influence of metabolic changes 461 Trap frequency, quantum computing 2409 metabolism and acidosis 460 Trapped ion models 459 distributed quantum information 2431 molecular scale 457 quantum computing 2406 tissue scale 457 Traps 2566 Tumor locus 462 Tree 589, 1488, 1489 Tumor morphology, invasive 457 height 8, 10 Tumor spheroid, multicellular 460 Trend Tunneling junction 3268 detections 1133 Tuple space see Linda coordination model Triad significance profile (TSP) of networks 1924 Turbulence Triadic 2037 nonscaling behavior 1151 stochastic processes 1147 Triads 2873, 2902 Turbulent velocity fluctuations 2295 Triangle 2958 Turing equivalent 646 density distribution 2559 Turing machine 96, 97, 161, 169, 170, 176, 178, 302, Triangular connectivity 2886 359, 446, 882, 1821, 2138, 2151, 2352–2355, 2357, Triangular lattice 3081, 3082, 3092 2358, 2673, 2694, 3140, 3187, 3189, 3198, 3201 Triangular network 2886 halting problem 3199 Triangular tessellation 434, 435 in artificial chemistry 192 Triangulation refinement 1940 logspace 2151 Alfeld refinement 1946 quantum 2351 Clough–Tocher 1940 reversible 2673, 2694 Powell–Sabin 1940 universal RTM 2698 quadrangulation 1946 Turing power 177 Wang refinement 1941 Turing, Alan M. 465, 1309, 1821, 1832, 2438 Worsey–Farin refinement 1953 Turing, intermediate 321 Triplestores 2811 Turing’s artificial chemistry 186 Tristability, networks 540 Tutte polynomial 2325 Trotter formula 2313 TV wavelet inpainting 3353, 3355 quantum simulation 2520 TWINKLE 1832 True in GM 1453 Two-ballot procedure 3296 Trust 2814 Two-body collision 423 Trustworthiness 1241 Two channel filter bank 3332 Truth set 1452 Two-dimensional 1113 Truth table 2D Brownian motion 3094 CNOT quantum gate 2421 2D quantum gravity 3092 Truthful scheduling 1845 2D spin glass 3080 Truthfulness 1839, 1840, 1842 Two-dimensional turbulence 3093 TSK model 1639 2D turbulence 3080 TSP see Triad significance profile Two-gene circuit, expansion 537 TST see Two-scale similarity transform Two-level correlation function 2558, 2559 Tumor cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) Two-mode data 2904 interactions 456 Two-mode network 2888 Index 3489

Two node simulation 83 Undecidable 318, 321, 1822, 1827 Two-phase structure 1864 Undecidable mechanical simulation problem 1827 Two-qubit controlled Z-gate 2420 Undecimated wavelet transform 2127 Two-qubit gate 2424 Undetermined form 2100 Two-qubit interaction 2418 Undirected graph 1748 Two-round procedure 3296, 3304 Unequi-spaced FFT 764 Two-scale similarity transform 1993 Unified modeling language (UML) 212 Two-sided 1102 Uniform graph 2846 Two-sided matching model 1290, 3234 Uniform measure 966 continuous 3234 Uniform Nash equilibrium 2638 discret 3234 Uniform spanning tree 3077 hybrid 3234 Uniform value 2637 Two-state quantum system, quantum computing 2407 Uniformizing map 3077 Twofold integral 130 Uniformly elliptic 2565 Tygar 1826 Union 1324, 1627–1629 Type-1/type-2 fuzzy sets 1463 type-2 fuzzy sets 1204 Type-2 fuzzy logic 1201 Union of two fuzzy sets 1260 Type-2 fuzzy set 1203, 2713 Unitary 2440 Type-2 fuzzy systems 1203, 1283 Unitary extension principle 2210 generalized 1204 Universal Type of an agent 1588 quality 448 Type-reduced set, interval type-2 fuzzy logic system Universal amplitude 2277 1206 Universal approximation theorem 818 Typogenetics used in artificial chemistry 192 Universal belief space 242 Universal CA 3167 Universal computation 654, 2008 U Universal computer 175 Ulam, Stanislaw 337, 2352 Universal constructor 1819 Ultimate-reals, construction of 2102 Universal model for computation 96 Ultra-filter, infinite set 2103 Universal property 3078 Umeo 1098, 1107–1109, 1120 Universal quantum computation 2514 Umeo, Maeda and Hongyo 1105 Universal representation theorem for expansive cellular UMF see Upper membership function automata 971 Unanimity 3293 Universal set 1254 Unanimity game 1299 Universal threshold 3047 Unbiased fuzzy-valued estimator 3060 Universal Turing machine 47, 2698, 2795 Unbiased random walk 3080 Universal type space 242 Uncertainty 1381, 1382, 2948 Universality 314, 445, 447, 1852, 2157, 3293 aleatory 1242 computational 443, 445 epistemic 1242 consequences 447 extrinsic 1381 intrinsic 314, 443, 448 fuzzy logic 1201 Universality class 2157, 3078 intrinsic 1381, 1382 Universality theorem 2366 mixed probabilistic/non-probabilistic 1240 Universe 847, 1627 type-2 fuzzy logic 1207 Universe of discourse 1254 Uncertainty propagation 2249 Universe of objects 1469 Unconventional computing 3258 Unmanned autonomous systems 1890 Uncoupled 1700 Unpredictability 1651 Uncovered elements 3306 Unpredictable 3150, 3151, 3166, 3167 Uncovered set 3300 Unsupervised feature selection 1795 Undecidability 319 Unsupervised learning 816, 823, 871, 1623 3490 Index

Untrusted code, mobile agents 1886 Venn diagram 2900 Update 3319, 3331 Verifiable information 2831 Update order 93 Verification 102, 1605 Upper approximation 1477, 2750, 2762, 2775 Veristic constraint, fuzzy logic 1191 singleton upper approximation 2776 Vertex 2083, 2084, 2878, 2899, 2902 subset upper approximation 2776 adjacent 2083 Upper membership function (UMF) 1205 degree 2883 Upper semicontinuous 3054 in-degree 2883 Upperbound 747 incident 2083 Ur-element, definition 2112 initial 2084 URI (uniform resource identifier) 2811 out-degree 2883 Usuality constraint, fuzzy logic 1191 reachable 2882 Utilitarian Borda-score criterion 1079 strongly connected 2882 Utilitarianism 3283, 3284, 3286 terminal 2084 Utility 1605 weakly connected 2882 Utility function 733 Vertex similarity 493 expected utility 2580 Vertical hostility 1885 Utility of voting 3286, 3287 Vertical slice, type-2 fuzzy logic 1205 Utility problem 1706 Vibrational cooling, quantum computing 2413, 2414 Vibrational coupling, quantum computing 2419 V Vibrational mode, quantum computing 2419 Vagueness 1254 Vibrational quanta 2426 type-2 fuzzy logic 1203 Vibrational state decoherence 2426 Valente, Tom 2905 Video games 609 Valid computations 375 Video shot 1934 Validation 102, 2294, 2778 Virtual characters 604 Validation set 816 Virtual fidelity 607 Valuation functions 1843, 1848 Virtual human(s) 606 Value 2635 Virtual machines (VM) 1882 Vanishing 2101 Virtual world(s) 604 Vanishing moment 277, 3344 Visual complexity 590 Vannevar Bush 163 Visualization 2907, 2916 Variable 1493 VM see Virtual machines constraint 1189 Volatility clustering 22 hidden 1493 Vollmar 1099, 1107 type-2 fuzzy sets 1205 Voluntary participation 735 Variable sampling 1611 von Neumann 228, 2438, 3150, 3159, 3166 Variance von Neumann architecture 883 and moments 1066 von Neumann machine see also Assembler automaton Variants of the minority game 1871 parallel 193 variants 1864 von Neumann–Morgenstern 675 Varopoulos N 344 von Neumann neighborhood 412 Varshavsky 1105 von Neumann, John 337, 338, 341, 666, 941, 2352, 2792 VCG 1837, 1841, 1845 universal Constructor 2793 Vector of cost shares 728 Voronoi diagram 3264 excess 731 Voronoi tesselation 801 stable 728 Vorticity structure 3093 Vector of final system’s state 712 Voting 1784 Vector of initial state 711 0–99 voting 3302 Vector payoff 2642 Voting cycle 3283 Index 3491

Voting game 678 box spline tight wavelet frames 1976 simple majority 678 compactly-supported 756 Voting procedure 3291 Daubechies wavelets 2178 Voting rule 332, 3281–3286 Haar wavelet 2174 Voting systems 1291 Meyer 764 Voting theory 3291 mother wavelet 3314 multi-wavelets 2170 W multiresolution analysis 3314 orthonormal box spline 1974, 1975 W-State, quantum computing 2431 orthonormal wavelets 2175 Waddington’s epigenetic landscape 539 pre-wavelets 2180 formalism 541 q-dilated orthonormal wavelets 2190 Waiting time PDF 1725 scaling function 3314 Waksman 1095, 1096 tight wavelet frames 2178 Wald maximin criterion 2245 Way 2913 Walk 2082, 2084, 2881 Weak approachability 2643 closed 2084, 2882 Weak monotonicity 1843 length 2882 Weak ties 2886, 2894, 2901 Walrus 592 Weak topology 242, 243 Wang 1826, 1832 Weakly periodic point 3215 Wang tile 1897, 3198, 3201 Web 2.0 2822, 3368 aperiodic 3198 Web crawler 3361 deterministic 3204 Web graph 581, 583, 1746, 1749 periodic tiling 3198 Web link analysis 1747 tiling 3198 Web science 2811 tiling problem 3199, 3202 Web technology 1406 War of attrition 1012, 3025 Weblogs 3367 Warehouseman’s problem 1824 livejournal 3367 Warranty 2831 Weibull type 1069 Wasserman, Stanley 2901, 2908 Weight 2878 Watts, Duncan 2901, 2910 Weight matrix 2947 Wave Weighted Lehmer mean 127 ring 427 Weighted mean 127 spiral 427 Weiss B 338, 342–344 Wave function 2517 Weiss’s microbial colony language 149 Wavelet based minimal energy methods 3351 Welfare loss 737 Wavelet coefficients 3342 Wellman, Barry 2901, 2903 Wavelet masks 278 Western electric research 2985 Wavelet thresholding 3345 Weyl pseudometric 918 Wavelet transform 754, 2121, 2126, 3342 Wheeled calculator 3258 decimated 756 Wheeler 3141 dyadic 760 White noise 1134, 1521, 3106 orthogonal 757 White, Harrison 2901, 2905 overcomplete 756 Whitesides 1833 pyramidal 765 Wiener process undecimated 766 stochastic processes 1135 Wavelets 514, 754, 1939, 1940, 2169, 2195, 3043, 3341, Wiener theorem, probability 2111 3342 Wigner surmise 2550, 2557 band-limited 756 Wikipedia 3367 bi-frames 2209 degree distribution 3367 biorthogonal wavelets 2168 motif profile 3368 3492 Index

Window 758, 801 XOR problem 1798 spatial 758 xy-gate, quantum computing 2422 Winfree 1832, 1833 Winner-takes-all 781, 821, 3295 Y Wiring 2003 Yanagihara 1108 Wolfram 3144–3146 Yin–Yang computing 1455 Wolfram classes 325 Yoshida 1826 Wolfram’s rule 150 1109 Young score 3302 Wolfram’s rule 60 1109 Young winner 3302, 3307 Worker node 83 Young’s procedure 3302, 3307 World Wide Web consortium (W3C) 2811 Yunès 1105, 1107, 1109, 1110 World Wide Web (WWW) 2811, 3358 deep 2814 Z of documents 2811 Z-Gate, quantum computing 2420, 2423 shallow 2814 Zadeh fuzzy rule base 1276 Worm 1435, 1436 Zadeh, L.A. 2241 Worst-case studies 1243 Zadeh’s extension principle 3055 WOWA operator 128 Zareckii lattice 2929 Wrapper 775, 1792 Zero-blocks 2906 Wrapping 765 Zero divisor 336, 346, 348 Wright–Fisher model 3102 Zero knowledge quantum interactive proofs 2378 WSQ standard 3314 Zero padding 3318, 3323 Zero-photon signal, quantum computing 2417 Zero-sum game 1014, 1605, 2635 X Zero-sum two-person game 1290 XML (extensible markup language) 214, 2811 Zero-tree scheme 3346 RDF/XML syntax 2818 Ziff model 429 XML schema 214 Zuse 3142