ATM Switch and ATM Endpoints
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X.25: ITU-T Protocol for WAN Communications
X.25: ITU-T Protocol for WAN Communications X.25, an ITU-T protocol for WAN communications, is a packet switched data network protocol which defines the exchange of data as well as control information between a user device, called Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and a network node, called Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE). X.25 is designed to operate effectively regardless of the type of systems connected to the network. X.25 is typically used in the packet-switched networks (PSNs) of common carriers, such as the telephone companies. Subscribers are charged based on their use of the network. X.25 utilizes a Connection-Oriented service which insures that packets are transmitted in order. X.25 sessions are established when one DTE device contacts another to request a communication session. The DTE device that receives the request can either accept or refuse the connection. If the request is accepted, the two systems begin full-duplex information transfer. Either DTE device can terminate the connection. After the session is terminated, any further communication requires the establishment of a new session. X.25 uses virtual circuits for packets communications. Both switched and permanent virtual circuits are used. X.75 is the signaling protocol for X.25, which defines the signaling system between two PDNs. X.75 is essentially an Network to Network Interface (NNI). X.25 protocol suite comes with three levels based on the first three layers of the OSI seven layers architecture. The Physical Level: describes the interface with the physical environment. There are three protocols in this group: 1) X.21 interface operates over eight interchange circuits; 2) X.21bis defines the analogue interface to allow access to the digital circuit switched network using an analogue circuit; 3) V.24 provides procedures which enable the DTE to operate over a leased analogue circuit connecting it to a packet switching node or concentrator. -
Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay Andatm
CHAPTER 18 Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay andATM In Chapter 8, we discussed switching techniques. We said that there are three types of switching: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. We also men tioned that packet switching can use two approaches: the virtual-circuit approach and the datagram approach. In this chapter, we show how the virtual-circuit approach can be used in wide-area networks. Two common WAN technologies use virtual-circuit switching. Frame Relay is a relatively high-speed protocol that can provide some services not available in other WAN technologies such as DSL, cable TV, and T lines. ATM, as a high-speed protocol, can be the superhighway of communication when it deploys physical layer carriers such as SONET. We first discuss Frame Relay. We then discuss ATM in greater detaiL Finally, we show how ATM technology, which was originally designed as a WAN technology, can also be used in LAN technology, ATM LANs. 18.1 FRAME RELAY Frame Relay is a virtual-circuit wide-area network that was designed in response to demands for a new type ofWAN in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 1. Prior to Frame Relay, some organizations were using a virtual-circuit switching network called X.25 that performed switching at the network layer. For example, the Internet, which needs wide-area networks to carry its packets from one place to another, used X.25. And X.25 is still being used by the Internet, but it is being replaced by other WANs. However, X.25 has several drawbacks: a. -
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (Voip)
S. HRG. 108–1027 VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP) HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 24, 2004 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 22–462 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 14:00 Dec 07, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\22462.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina, CONRAD BURNS, Montana Ranking TRENT LOTT, Mississippi DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas JOHN B. BREAUX, Louisiana GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota PETER G. FITZGERALD, Illinois RON WYDEN, Oregon JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada BARBARA BOXER, California GEORGE ALLEN, Virginia BILL NELSON, Florida JOHN E. SUNUNU, New Hampshire MARIA CANTWELL, Washington FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey JEANNE BUMPUS, Republican Staff Director and General Counsel ROBERT W. CHAMBERLIN, Republican Chief Counsel KEVIN D. KAYES, Democratic Staff Director and Chief Counsel GREGG ELIAS, Democratic General Counsel (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 14:00 Dec 07, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\22462.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on February 24, 2004 ...................................................................... -
Quality of Service Regulation Manual Quality of Service Regulation
REGULATORY & MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Quality of Service Switzerland REGULATION MANUAL www.itu.int Manual ISBN 978-92-61-25781-1 9 789261 257811 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2017 Telecommunication Development Sector QUALITY OF SERVICE REGULATION MANUAL QUALITY OF SERVICE REGULATION Quality of service regulation manual 2017 Acknowledgements The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) manual on quality of service regulation was prepared by ITU expert Dr Toni Janevski and supported by work carried out by Dr Milan Jankovic, building on ef- forts undertaken by them and Mr Scott Markus when developing the ITU Academy Regulatory Module for the Quality of Service Training Programme (QoSTP), as well as the work of ITU-T Study Group 12 on performance QoS and QoE. ITU would also like to thank the Chairman of ITU-T Study Group 12, Mr Kwame Baah-Acheamfour, Mr Joachim Pomy, SG12 Rapporteur, Mr Al Morton, SG12 Vice-Chairman, and Mr Martin Adolph, ITU-T SG12 Advisor. This work was carried out under the direction of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) Regulatory and Market Environment Division. ISBN 978-92-61-25781-1 (paper version) 978-92-61-25791-0 (electronic version) 978-92-61-25801-6 (EPUB version) 978-92-61-25811-5 (Mobi version) Please consider the environment before printing this report. © ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Foreword I am pleased to present the Manual on Quality of Service (QoS) Regulation pub- lished to serve as a reference and guiding tool for regulators and policy makers in dealing with QoS and Quality of Experience (QoE) matters in the ICT sector. -
Multimedia Streaming by Broadband Connection Ð Future Prospects and Development Strategy at Oki Electric
Multimedia Streaming by Broadband Connection – Future Prospects and Development Strategy at Oki Electric Atsushi Nagasaka The rapid spread of broadband access networks, In view of this situation, although MPEG2 over ATM most recently in the form of ADSL links, means that high- did become popular in normal and satellite broadcasting quality video streaming is now a real possibility. systems, and the like, it did not take root in a general Video streaming is widely regarded as the “killer sense. application” in broadband networks, and it involves a whole range of issues relating to IP networks, including quality of service (QoS), transmission delays, delivery Video streaming systems costs, service models comparable to current broadcast services, copyright protection, and so on. From an early (1) Internet video streaming stage, we at Oki Electric have been developing Video streaming has changed massively with the technology for video transmission over IP networks, with rapid growth in the Internet since 1995. In the United a view to the coming broadband generation. States, where CATV coverage is high and comparatively In this essay, I review the latest trends in video fast access networks are commonplace, increased streaming over broadband networks, taking a look at Oki bandwidth in backbone networks, along with other Electric’s development strategy in this area. developments, have led to the spread of music delivery via the Internet, since 1998, followed subsequently by video streaming technology. Video delivery systems These streaming technologies do not guarantee high quality in video transmission, but instead absorb any Due to the real time characteristics of video and the delay or jitter on the network by providing a large buffer large data volumes it involves, dedicated high-speed on the terminal side. -
(Qos) and Quality of Experience (Qoe) of the 4G LTE Perspective
International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, Vol. 5, No. 3, June 2016 Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) of the 4G LTE Perspective Settapong Malisuwan, Dithdanai Milindavanij, and Wassana Kaewphanuekrungsi with limited frequency resources (high spectral efficiency is Abstract—The increasing uptake of Internet of Things (IoT), achieved). These will promote the emergence of several new Big data and cloud-based services introduces a new set of services or businesses. requirements for network performance. Furthermore, the evolution of mobile networks towards an all-IP 4G LTE introduces new challenges for traditional voice and data services. It is critical for operators to guarantee minimum levels of performance. Therefore, operators need to understand and manage both quality and performance of the services to fulfill on the technical quality of service (QoS) as well as on the quality of experience (QoE) level. 4G LTE broadband mobile technologies have been designed with different QoS (Quality of Service) frameworks to enable delivery of the evolving Internet applications. Specifically, it is fundamental requirement to Fig. 1. Trends of network development toward LTE. provide satisfactory service delivery to users and also to manage network resources. To provide QoS, different service levels are Other than utilizing the new type of radio air interface, specified for different types or stream of traffic in term of network providers also have to convert their existing throughput, latency (delay), jitter (delay variation) and packet errors or loss. This paper aims to provide a basic principle of networks, both packet switching and circuit switching, into QoS of the 4G LTE service. -
Multiprotocol Label Switching
CHAPTER23 MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING 23.1 The Role of Mpls 23.2 Background Connection-Oriented QoS Support Traffic Engineering Virtual Private Network (VPN) Support Multiprotocol Support 23.3 MPLS Operation 23.4 Labels Label Stacking Label Format Label Placement 23.5 FECs, LSPs, and Labels Route Selection 23.6 Label Distribution Requirements for Label Distribution Label Distribution Protocol LDP Messages LDP Message Format 23.7 Traffic Engineering Elements of MPLS Traffic Engineering Constrained Shortest-Path First Algorithm RSVP-TE 23.8 Virtual Private Networks Layer 2 Virtual Private Network Layer 3 Virtual Private Network 23.9 Recommended Reading 23.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 749 750 CHAPTER 23 / MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: ◆ Discuss the role of MPLS in an Internet traffic management strategy. ◆ Explain at a top level how MPLS operates. ◆ Understand the use of labels in MPLS. ◆ Present an overview of how the function of label distribution works. ◆ Present an overview of MPLS traffic engineering. ◆ Understand the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs. In Chapter 19, we examined a number of IP-based mechanisms designed to improve the performance of IP-based networks and to provide different levels of quality of service (QoS) to different service users. Although the routing protocols discussed in Chapter 19 have as their fundamental purpose dynami- cally finding a route through an internet between any source and any destina- tion, they also provide support for performance goals in two ways: 1. Because these protocols are distributed and dynamic, they can react to congestion by altering routes to avoid pockets of heavy traffic. -
Networking CS 3470, Section 1 Forwarding
Chapter 3 Part 3 Switching and Bridging Networking CS 3470, Section 1 Forwarding A switching device’s primary job is to receive incoming packets on one of its links and to transmit them on some other link This function is referred as switching and forwarding According to OSI architecture this is the main function of the network layer Forwarding How does the switch decide which output port to place each packet on? It looks at the header of the packet for an identifier that it uses to make the decision Two common approaches Datagram or Connectionless approach Virtual circuit or Connection-oriented approach Forwarding Assumptions Each host has a globally unique address There is some way to identify the input and output ports of each switch We can use numbers We can use names Datagram / Connectionless Approach Key Idea Every packet contains enough information to enable any switch to decide how to get it to destination Every packet contains the complete destination address Datagram / Connectionless Approach An example network To decide how to forward a packet, a switch consults a forwarding table (sometimes called a routing table) Copyright © 2010, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Datagram / Connectionless Approach Destination Port ----------------------------------- A 3 B 0 C 3 D 3 E 2 F 1 G 0 H 0 Forwarding Table for Switch 2 Copyright © 2010, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Datagram Networks: The Internet Model No call setup at network layer Routers: no state about end-to-end connections no network-level concept of “connection” Packets forwarded using destination host address packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths session session transport transport network network 1. -
Future of Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networking
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2004 Future of asynchronous transfer mode networking Fakhreddine Mohamed Hachfi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons Recommended Citation Hachfi, akhrF eddine Mohamed, "Future of asynchronous transfer mode networking" (2004). Theses Digitization Project. 2639. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2639 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FUTURE OF ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE NETWORKING A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Business Administration by ' Fakhreddine Mohamed Hachfi June 2004 FUTURE OF ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE NETWORKING A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Fakhreddine Mohamed Hachfi June 2004 Approved by: Da^e Frank Lin, Ph.D., Inf ormatTdn—&^-DSsision Sciences „ / Walt Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., Department Chair Information & Decision Sciences © 2004 Fakhreddine Mohamed Hachfi ABSTRACT The growth of Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM was considered to be the ideal carrier of the high bandwidth applications like video on demand and multimedia e-learning. ATM emerged commercially in the beginning of the 1990's. It was designed to provide a different quality of service at a speed up to 10 Gbps for both real time and non real time application. -
Chapter 10: Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Switching Networks
Chapter 10: Circuit Switching and Packet Switching CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 1 Sequence 10 Switching Networks • Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of switched nodes • Nodes not concerned with content of data • End devices are stations — Computer, terminal, phone, etc. • A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network • Data is routed by being switched from node to node CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 2 Sequence 10 1 Nodes • Nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to stations and other nodes • Node to node links usually multiplexed • Network is usually partially connected — Some redundant connections are desirable for reliability • Two different switching technologies — Circuit switching — Packet switching CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 3 Sequence 10 Simple Switched Network CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 4 Sequence 10 2 Circuit Switching • Dedicated communication path between two stations • Three phases — Establish — Transfer — Disconnect • Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection • Must have intelligence to work out routing CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 5 Sequence 10 Circuit Switching • Inefficient — Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection — If no data, capacity wasted • Set up (connection) takes time • Once connected, transfer is transparent • Developed for voice traffic (phone) CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 6 Sequence 10 3 Public Circuit Switched Network CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 7 Sequence 10 Telecom Components • Subscriber — Devices attached to network • Subscriber -
Implementation of Virtual Circuits As a Switching Fabric in Virtual
A Thesis Entitled Implementation of Virtual Circuits as a switching fabric in Virtual Modularized Network By Siddhartha Bolla Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. Dr. Lawrence Miller, Committee Chair Dr. Ezzatollah Salari, Committee Member Dr. Henry Ledgard, Committee Member Dr. Patricia Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2010 An Abstract of Implementation of Switching Fabric using virtual circuits in a Virtual Modularized Network by Siddhartha Bolla As partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering. The University of Toledo May 2010 Virtual Modularized Network (VIMNet) is a dynamic modularized protocol framework architecture which is based on the principles of object oriented environments which allows applications to utilize protocol modules or choose customized modules. VIMNet is designed to overcome the problems with the current Internet due to its underlying core design which uses the TCP/IP model by providing facilities to enable improved quality of service, reliability and robustness. An important part of this architecture is the connections between the components within the networks to facilitate data transfer. This thesis focuses on the development of virtual circuit based system architecture similar to the one used in ATM. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Lawrence Miller, for his supervision and support to accomplish this work. I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Ezzatollah Salari and Dr. Henry Ledgard for serving as my thesis committee members. I would like to thank Jonathan Guernsey, the originator of VIMNet, for providing me with his papers and publications. -
Technical Aspects of Interconnection in IP-Based Networks with Particular Focus on Voip
UC / wik-Consult • Final Report Study for the Federal Network Agency Technical aspects of interconnection in IP-based networks with particular focus on VoIP (Extended Executive Summary) Authors Klaus-D. Hackbarth Gabriele Kulenkampff Santander/Bad Honnef, July 26, 2006 2 Introduction This research paper is a contribution to support the working group on "Framework Conditions for Interconnecting IP-Based Networks" set up by the Federal Network Agency. It focuses on the technical foundations for realizing Voice over IP (VoIP) in integrated voice and data networks and is intended to provide a basis for answering the economic questions the working group is dealing with. Topics such as network architecture, network structure (number of locations in the core network), "Quality of Service" (QoS) and the implementation of PSTN/ISDN features by means of VoIP have been analyzed in this expert report. The study deals with a complex array of topics under various aspects such as network architecture, network dimensioning, QoS and network interconnection and aims to ascertain the resulting economic and regulatory consequences. In addition to a wide range of literature, the report is also based upon independent analyses carried out during the work to explain special questions. The report focuses primarily on the examination of the network hierarchy of a future broadband core network (IPCoN, IP core network) and several mechanisms to ensure QoS parameters in various classes of service. In order to make the report accessible to various readers, the results of the study have been set out in the following three sections: i. An "extended executive summary" presented in a separate document that summarizes all the main results of the study, the conclusions drawn from these and the methods used.