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Dupont™ Tedlar® Backsheet Introduction – Jinko Solar Modules

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Dupont™ Tedlar® Backsheet Introduction – Jinko Solar Modules Power Your Business DuPont™ Tedlar® Backsheet Introduction ‘ July 2017 For over 40 years our material innovations have led the photovoltaics industry forward, and helped our clients transform the power of the Sun into power for us all. Today we offer a portfolio of solutions that deliver proven power and lasting value over the long term. Whatever your material needs, you can count on quality DuPont Photovoltaic Solutions to deliver the performance, efficiency and value you require, day after day after day… Our Evolution Over Two Centuries SCIENCE & ENGINEERING CHEMICALS & MATERIALS EXPLOSIVES 1999 – PIONEER 1966 – TYVEK ® Hi-BRED INTERNATIONAL 1968 – RISTON ® 1972 – CROMALIN ® 2003 – SOLAE 1976 – SILVERSTONE ® 2007 – BIO-PDO ® PLANT 1938 – TEFLON ® 1941 – ORLON ® 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1986 – CORIAN ® & 2012 – PLENISH ® 1802 – 1923 – CELLOPHANE 1857 – FIRST STAINMASTER ® 2013 – HOWARU ® PROTECT COMPANY PRODUCT PATENT 1924 – RAYON FOUNDED ® 2014 – LUMIGEN ® SODA POWDER 1930 – NEOPRENE 1995 – COZAAR & 1880 – 1952 – MYLAR ® HYZAAR ® 2015 – CELLULOSIC ETHANOL DYNAMITE 1935 – NYLON 1953 – DACRON ® 2000 – SORONA ® 2016 – ZORVEC™ 1804 – FIRST SALE OF BLACK 1936 – LUCITE® POWDER 1956 – DELRIN ® 1903 – EXPERIMENTAL 1961 – TEDLAR ® ® STATION FOUNDED 2009 – RYNAXYPYR 1962 – LYCRA ® ® 1915 – PYRALIN PLASTICS 2010 – ZYTEL PLUS 1965 – KEVLAR ® ® ® 1917 – DYES 2011 – OPTIMUM ACREMAX 1966 – TYVEK ® ® 1923 – DUCO ® LACQUER 2011 – DANISCO 1967 – NOMEX ® 2 Our Areas of Focus •As the global population climbs up to 9 billion people in 2050, DuPont uses its science-powered innovation to help solve the challenges facing the world, with a focus on: FOOD ENERGY PROTECTION 7/12/2017 3 4 DuPont Photovoltaic Materials Portfolio DuPont ™ Solamet ® DuPont ™ Tedlar ® Metallization Pastes PVF Films for Backsheet Driving higher energy Protecting PV conversion efficiency modules 5 Our Goal is to Lowre Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) • Modules Initial Cost • BoS System • Installation Revenue • Financing System Cost ($) Return Operating • O&M Cost • Interest PV LCOE ÷ • System Efficiency • System Life Lifetime Power • Insolation Output (kWh) • Annual Degradation • Shading / Dusting • Low-light Performance • Component Failures Reducing system lifetime by 5 years can increase the LCOE by ~30% This is equivalent to an increase in system costs of ~ 35% 6 6 Module Quality is Critical to Financial Return of PV System Lifetime and power degradation have significant impact to financial return Module quality will impact both lifetime and power degradation IRR vs Lifetime IRR vs Annual Power Degradation Annual Power Degradation = 0.8% Lifetime = 25 years 20MW Solar Farm in West China Annual Full Utilization Time: 1650 hours Loan Ratio ：70% FIT ：0.90 RMB/kWh （Class 1 Region ） Interest Rate ：7% System Cost ：9 RMB/kWh Discount Rate ：8% 7 Is Module a Module? JKM270PP-60 LR6 -60 JAM6(K)-60/4BB How to choose PV module? • Efficieny • Price • Brand • What else? 8 Is Module still Module after 10 Years? Backsheet Type: PET Backsheet Type: PVDF Backsheet Type: PET Backsheet Type: • 5 years old installation • 4 years old • 9 years old Polyamide (PA) in Spain installation in North installation in West • 5 years old • Yellowing and Cracking America China installation in Italy • 32% power loss over 5 • Severe cracking and • Severe cracking, • Severe cracking and years (6.4%/year) delamination of PVDF chalking, peeling and delamination of PA • Some modules failed film yellowing film wet leakage test – • 57% of the installed • Inverter tripped due Safety Risks modules impacted to current leakage 9 More Field Failures in Recent Years TUV Rheinland 2015 Data PV Magazine 2017 Quality Survey PV module defects increased from 19% in 2013 to 48% Backsheet is among top 3 quality issues Which of the following quality issues would you consider the most dangerous for long-term reliability in plants which you install in 2017? 1 TUV Rheinland Intersolar 2015, Roundtable Solarpraxis 1 PV Magazine Intersolar 2017, Quality Forum 10 GW Level Field Module Failure due to Backsheet Cracking Europe 3 years in field • Installed in 2012, inspected in 2015 • Backsheet cracking and delamination and corrosion as water ingression West China • Solar farm installed in 2012 • Micro-cracks on backsheet found in 2013 • Cracks of backsheet found in 2016 East China • 100MW fishpond application, installed in 2013 1 year in field 4 years in field • Around 10% less power generation than expected in 2 nd year in field • 49.4% power degradation of sample module as PID Crack • Backsheet cracking The quality issue were not discovered by IEC qualification tests and extended IEC tests DUPONT CONFIDENTIAL - This is a working document for internal purposes. It is updated frequently as new information becomes available. 11 4 Years in North America PVDF Backsheet Severe Cracking and Delamination (57%) 12 Spain 2.3MW Polyester-Based Backsheets-Severe Cracking After 4 Years ° 4 years old, 2.3 MW field located in Spain with two module types ° Based on sample observation, all polyester-based backsheets in this field showed cracking along the busbar ribbons ° Some modules failed wet leakage testing ° Owner could not obtain replacement panels Cracking can lead to module failure and a safety hazard 13 Field Failure Case Study: PET Heavily Yellowing and Delamination • Inn Mongolia ，4 years outdoor • Backsheet heavily yellowing (b*=8~10) • Backsheet bubble and delamination PET Yellowing Yellowing meaning Material already degradation PET Delimation DUPONT CONFIDENTIAL - This is a working document for internal purposes. It is updated frequently as new information becomes available. 14 Root Cause 1: Current IEC Testing Method- Single Aging Stress Tests 1000 200 15kWh hours cycles Damp Heat UVA Thermal Cycling MODULE #1 MODULE #2 MODULE #3 Current lab testing standards are not rigorous enough to predict the durability of protective materials. DUPONT CONFIDENTIAL - This is a working document for internal purposes. It is updated frequently as new information becomes available. 15 Root Cause 2: Insufficient UV doses and Thermal Cycles DESERT TROPICAL TEMPERATE Annual UV (kWh/m2) 92 79 57 (source: Atlas) 25 Year UV Exposure to Back of 275 235 171 Module @12% albedo (kWh/m 2) IEC 15kWh/m2 pre-conditioning, can lead to no exposure on backsheet UVA Exposure Level to Simulate 25 4230 3630 2630 Years (hrs) Source: Wisconsin University 16 The Solution: Module Accelerated Sequential Testing (MAST) Thermal Thermal Thermal Cycling Cycling Cycling 1000 1000 200X 200X 200X hours hours 1000 1000 1000 hours hours hours Damp Heat UVA UVA UVA UVA 1000 Hours 600 Thermal Stress 4000 Hours in a Humidity Chamber Cycles in a UVA Chamber Amounts to > 25+ years Mimics thermal stresses Amounts to 24 years worth of stress seen in the field worth of UV stress Repeated sequential stress mimics field degradation not detected by single tests and current industry standards DUPONT CONFIDENTIAL - This is a working document for internal purposes. It is updated frequently as new information becomes available. 17 Typical backsheets types and materials Tedlar® backsheet PVDF (“K”) backsheet Fluoro coating backsheet Polyester backsheet TPT Backsheet KPK / 2-sided PVDF Backsheet 2-sided Coating Backsheet PET Backsheet Tedlar ® PVF film PVDF film FEVE Coating HPET PET PET PET HPET Tedlar ® PVF film PVDF film FEVE Coating Tie layer TPX Backsheet KPX / 1-sided PVDF Backsheet 1-sided Coating Backsheet PET Backsheet Tedlar ® PVF film PVDF film FEVE Coating HPET PET PET PET Tie layer Tie Layer Tie layer Tie layer DUPONT CONFIDENTIAL - This is a working document for internal purposes. It is updated frequently as new information becomes available. 18 DuPont Fluoropolymers Development History Teflon® PFA Low Permeation HP Plus(2003) Teflon® PFA HP Plus(2000) Perfluorinated 全 氟 化塑料 Process G (1999) Partially Fluorinated 部 分 氟化 塑料 Teflon® AF (1989) Teflon® PFA Tefzel ® ETFE (1973 ) 乙烯和四氟乙烯共聚物 Nafion® (1962) (1972) Teflon® FEP ECTFE 聚全氟乙丙烯乙烯和三氟氯乙烯共聚物 (1960) (1970) Tedlar® PVF Teflon® PTFE 聚 四聚四四 聚 氟 乙 烯 氟 乙 烯 PVDF (1949) (1938) 聚偏氟乙烯 (1948) DuPont Pioneered Fluoropolymer Technology 19 DuPont ™ Tedlar ® PVF Film Has 30+ Years of Proven Field Performance Tedlar ® film-based backsheets have been protecting solar panels since 1978 25 years solar panel warranty requirement PET PVDF THV Nylon Specialty PET Coated Flouro Source: DuPont, various 20 Powering Reliably Since 1982 First grid-connected system in Europe Switzerland 10 kW DuPont ™ Tedlar ® film-based backsheet 0.4% annualized power degradation 21 Summary of Tedlar® vs. PVDF-Based Backsheets Tedlar ® PVF Film PVDF Films • Consistent, excellent • Variable formulations and performance from DuPont performance • No plasticizer • 30% to 50% acrylic, results in plasticizer migration • Tough film • Film degradation due to acrylic • High surface tension aging • Durable adhesion • Poor tear resistance • Good weatherability • Low and variable surface • No reaction to any major tension solvent • Poor resistance to damp heat • Poor resistance to ammonia and strong solvents Tedlar ® PVF films outperform PVDF films, offering consistent stability under various tests 22 PVDF film suppliers have different constructions and additives • 5u PVDF Supplier A 30um • 20u PVDF+Acrylic +TiO2 • 5u PVDF •PVDF Supplier A •PVDF+Acrylic +TiO2 25um Supplier A 30um •PVDF Supplier B PVDF+Acrylic +TiO2 24um • Supplier B 18um •PVDF+Acrylic +TiO2 Supplier B 18um Supplier C 25um •PVDF+Acrylic +TiO2 Supplier C 25um Additives and different constructions result in inconsistent
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