A Social Identity Model of Riot Diffusion: from Injustice to Empowerment in the 2011 London Riots
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A social identity model of riot diffusion: from injustice to empowerment in the 2011 London riots Article (Supplemental Material) Drury, John, Stott, Clifford, Ball, Roger, Reicher, Stephen, Neville, Fergus, Bell, Linda, Biddlestone, Mikey, Choudhury, Sanjeedah, Lovell, Max and Ryan, Caoimhe (2020) A social identity model of riot diffusion: from injustice to empowerment in the 2011 London riots. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50 (3). pp. 646-661. ISSN 0046-2772 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/89133/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Combined timeline for Brixton, Croydon, and Clapham riots, August 2011 Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 5th August 20:27 Clapham Common "Strong visible police Tube station presence". (20:27) 6th August 21:43 - 23:26 Tweets advocating and discussing the possibility of a riot in Brixton. 6th - 7th 23:20 - 00:07 Morley's, Brixton Tweets reporting Lambeth Scotland Yard introduced August High Street Morley's broken into and special section 60 Brixton riot. powers allowing stop and search without reasonable suspicion. (00:00) 6th - 7th 23:30 - 13:30 Tweets advocating that August H&M, New Look, Footlocker, KFC, JD Sports, Argos, and phone shops such as Carphone Warehouse and T- Mobile should be looted. 7th August Throughout Lambeth Violence and disturbances reported. 7th August 00:22 Tweet suggesting the incidents this evening never turned into a riot. Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 7th August 00:49 Acre Lane Tweet reporting a possible riot on Acre Lane. 7th August 01:02 Brixton Tweets confirming that the reports of a riot in Brixton this evening were fake. 7th August 02:00 SW2 2LA By unknown person stealing unattended bicycle from street. 7th August Morning Brixton News that Brixton is likely to have unrest. 7th - 8th 10:00 - 04:00 Coldharbour Lane Large group of masked August and Moorlands youths with weapons Road, SW9 8QH rampaging through Coldharbour Lane and Moorlands Road, throwing missiles at police, at cars, carrying weapons and missiles, smashing the windows of premises. (36 entries) 7th August From 11:02 Tweets suggesting that Currys will be attacked. 7th - 8th 11:45 - 00:30 SW9 7NJ Victim was pushed off August his delivery bike. Beaten while on the ground and had the pizzas and delivery bike was stolen. 7th August 12:05 - 17:45 Tweet: "Der Gonna Start Ah Riot At Brixton Splash". Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 7th August 16:15 SW9 9QA Suspect has grabbed victim’s wrist and taken his phone from his hand. 7th August 18:00 - 20:00 Brixton Foot Locker Brick thrown through foot locker 7th August After Splash Brixton As Splash crowd walks to street party, police trail behind, trying to “separate out the crowd”. Crowd clashed with police. 7th August Just before Brixton Rioters chasing police, unrest trying to scare them. 7th August After Splash Coldharbour Lane Rioters begin covering up and preparing weapons. Most rioters vandalising first to let police know riot was about to begin. Rioters knock bins over to get bottles to use as weapons. 7th August After Splash + Brixton Youth stabbed by crowd next 3 hours member, youth grabbed by police, stabber runs away and is bottled by the crowd. 7th August 18:08 Tweet reporting possible "mini-riot" in Brixton. 7th August 18:30 Brixton Rioters fight police. Police injured after intervening in an altercation with youths. Missiles were thrown. Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description During the second day the disorder extended to other parts of North London and also erupted in Lambeth. At 1830hrs police were injured in an altercation with youths in Brixton. Disorder escalated in these and other areas and continued into the early hours of the following morning. 7th August 18:47 Tweet: “Bottles thrown and the riot gear is out in #Brixton....” 7th August 18:49 Tweet: “#BrixtonSplash was actually calm! Apart from one small incident." 7th August 18:53 Tweet: “Police have just got the riot gear out. Rioters lobbing rubbish from our recycling bin...#brixton” 7th August 19:00 Brixton Brixton Splash event and Domino Club party end in the evening, lots of young people still on streets. “Police told me that they had been a larger than normal police presence in the area Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description because the Splash Festival had been taking place in Brixton earlier in the day but had finished at 7pm.” 7th August 19:00 - 19:59 SW9 8UB Group of youths threw empty glass bottles at Police minibus as it drove past smashing rear nearside window and injuring officers 7th August 19:03 Tweet: "Its goin down just off my rd. Brixton…" 7th August 19:04 - 20:15 Tweets reassuring the Brixton riot hasn't started yet, likely confusion with the Splash crowd, involving a "minor incident lasting a couple of minutes..." and people getting chased by police. 7th August 19:38 Tweet: "What the hell is going on in Brixton tonight? Riot vans, hundreds of police cars!" 7th August 19:48 SW9 8UR The victim claimed he was stood in the street and was punched from behind for apparent reason causing his eye to swell. 7th August 20:00 Brixton Town People packing away Centre equipment from Splash Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 7th August 20:00 Brixton BBM Broadcasts planning riots in Brixton at 00:00. (About 20:00) 7th August 20:13 Croydon BBM messages intercepted by MPS suggesting riots in Croydon. 7th August 20:18 London Rd, Norbury First reported incident of and Purley Way, robbery/looting in West Croydon Croydon borough 7th August Just after The Retreat, Officers have stones 20:18 Thornton Heath thrown at them. 7th August 20:20 Lambeth Further reports of disorder in Lambeth due to the Brixton splash event - further PSUs deployed. 7th August 20:22 Tweet: “The Riot Has Started In Brixton, 5 Minutes Away From My House -_- Thanks.” 7th August 20:28 Tweet claiming their friend at the riot helped raid Foot Locker. 7th August 20:30 Brixton "getting dark but Croydon A further message nothing was really circulates via social going on, just people networking stating running around. “meeting Croydon 10pm; People trying to break, let’s burn it down”. you could hear people trying to break stuff but you don’t really see anything being broken." (About 20:30) Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 7th August 23:00 SW9 8QH VIW reporting criminal Borough of Croydon Duty Inspector damage to van outside authorised use of home address and tools Section 60 CJPOA search stolen from rear or VEH. powers for Croydon Witnessed by VIW Borough. (Just after during rioting. 23:00) 7th August 23:00 - 23:15 SW9 8QH Offenders entered store Overton's Yard, The police are stopping as owner attempted to Croydon town small groups under close and prevented him centre Section 60; 2 youths from closing. Suspects arrested in Overton’s jumped over counter Yard. (Just after 23:00) into staff area and stole property. (5 entries) 7th August 23:00 - 01:00 SW9 8PA (Likely Unknown suspects have Gamemaster) tried to smash through front door using a large metal pole. 7th August 23:05 - 23:07 SW2 4QY (Tesco suspects smashed way in Express) store, threatened staff and stole cash and alcohol before leaving 7th August 23:09 Tweet: “Been on duty now 16hrs straight in full riot gear.,Reports of looting and trouble in Brixton…”. 7th August 23:16 Tweet: “I don't think the riot in Brixton has started there trying to start it is just youth running up an down so FAR? ??” 7th August 23:18 "gangs...now [in] Brixton!" Date Time Brixton location Brixton description Croydon location Croydon description Clapham location Clapham description 7th August Around 23:20 "Police are out in force…" This wasn't until around 40 minutes after looting had started though. 7th August 23:22 "Unconfirmed reports are circulating that a police van’s just been smashed in Brixton…" 7th August 23:23 JD Sports Tweet: “Brixton didn't riot, they broke into jd I swear -.-“ 7th August 23:28 Gresham Road, Fire engine Brixton, SW9 Windscreen damaged by rioters as engine en route to fire.