1.1.1
Wentlooge Farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
www.savills.co.uk
Project: Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Client: Wentlooge Farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd
Job Number: 1773
File Origin: Internal
Document Checking:
Prepared by: Dr Paula Lutescu-Jones Signed:
Checked by: Nick Beddoe Signed:
Verified by: Dr Paula Lutescu-Jones Signed:
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Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
Contents
1.0 Introduction ...... 4
1.1 Project background ...... 4
1.2 The Site and its wider context...... 4
2.0 Methodology and Guidance ...... 6
2.1 Aims, objectives and scope ...... 6
2.2 Assessment Methodology ...... 6
2.3 Historical and Archaeological Baseline ...... 11
3.0 Legislation and Planning Policy ...... 12
3.1 Introduction ...... 12
3.2 Legislation ...... 12
4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 19
4.1 Introduction ...... 19
4.2 Archaeological and Historical Baseline ...... 19
4.3 Site Visit...... 31
5.0 Impact Assessment ...... 42
5.1 Introduction ...... 42
5.2 Proposed development ...... 42
5.3 Assessment of Impact ...... 43
6.0 References ...... 46
Appendix 1: Summary of factors for determining the importance of known and potential historic assets
47
Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Historic Assets ...... 50
Appendix 3: Previous Archaeological Investigations (events) ...... 56
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Tables Table 1: Definitions of heritage significance/importance ...... 9 Table 2: Guidelines for the Assessment of Magnitude of Impact ...... 10
Figures Figure 1: Aerial view of the Site and its wider environs ...... 5 Figure 2: Maerdy HCLA Map (GGAT) ...... 22 Figure 3: Western St. Brides HCLA Map (GGAT) ...... 23 Figure 4: Extract from Archwillio (online HER data) showing the locations non-designated historic assets (red) and events (green) ...... 27 Figure 5: Extracts from the First Edition Ordnance Survey maps of Monmouthshire XXXIII, Published: 1887 and Monmouthshire XXXVIII, Published: 1886 ...... 29 Figure 6: Extracts from the Second Edition Ordnance Survey maps of Glamorgan XXXVIII, Published: 1922 and Glamorgan XLIIIA, Published: 1922 ...... 30 Figure 7: Approximate sight-line from 4km north-west of the Site ...... 32 Figure 8: (above) View towards the railway bridge at the north-eastern corner of the Site, and (below) looking south-west along Hawse Lane ...... 33 Figure 9: (above) View westwards from Hawse Lane via gateway, and (below) eastwards from Hawse Lane across the open landscape...... 34 Figure 10: (above) View west into the Site from Hawse Lane and (below) view south towards Hawse Farm (Hawse Reen in the foreground of both images) ...... 35 Figure 11: (above) View south past Hawse Farm along Hawse Lane and Reen and (below) view north-west across Site from Hawse Lane ...... 36 Figure 12: (above) South-eastern corner of the Site from the junction at Hawse lane and the B4239 and (below) View north across the Site from B4239 ...... 37 Figure 13: (above) View south-west along the B4239 and (below) north-east showing existing vegetative screening of the Site and reed-filled ditches at the boundaries ...... 38 Figure 14: (above) Views northwards along Broadway showing existing level of screening, and (below) immediately east from Broadway showing view of Site through gateway ...... 39 Figure 15: (above) Views towards the Site from Ty Mawr Lane and (below) along Ty Mawr Lane looking east and showing existing level of screening ...... 40 Figure 16: (above) long-distance views south-west towards the levels from Penylan Lane and (below) to the south-east ... 41 Figure 17: Current site layout ...... 42
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Periods referred to in the text
Palaeolithic 900,000 to 10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 to 4000 BC Neolithic 4000 to 2200 BC Bronze Age 2200 to 800 BC Iron Age 800 BC to AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 to 410 Anglo-Saxon 410 to 1066 Medieval 1066 to 1540 Post-medieval 1540 to 1700 18th century 1701 to 1799 19th century 1801 to 1900 20th century/Modern 1901 to present
Assumptions and Limitations This report is compiled using secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some have been directly examined. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Project background
1.1.1 Savills (UK) Ltd was commissioned by Wentlooge Farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd to prepare a Heritage
Statement to inform a forthcoming planning application for a proposed renewable energy hub on land
at Wentlooge, west of Newport (hereafter, ‘the Site’).
1.1.2 The development will be a Renewable Energy Hub comprising ground mounted solar panels and battery
storage units (160 units) with a combined installed generating capacity of up to 125MW.
1.1.3 The proposal includes a ground mounted solar farm with arrays set out in rows and mounted on a
framework system which is either screwed or driven in to the ground. The proposals will be temporary
for a period of 40 years after which the site would be returned to its current condition. Sheep would be
grazed between the panels in order to provide additional income for the landowners and serve to
maintain the grassland.
1.1.4 The proposed development includes supporting infrastructure comprising inverter cabins, transformers,
grid connection hub, stock proof fence, CCTV, underground cabling, temporary vehicle tracks, access
and landscaping.
1.2 The Site and its wider context
1.2.1 The Site comprises 155 hectares of agricultural land between Hawes Lane, Broadway and the B4239,
located to the south west of St Brides on the Gwent levels and to the east of Newport. The site’s northern
boundary is formed by the railway line between Cardiff and Newport. Figure 1 indicates the Site and its
wider environment.
1.2.2 The Site is located on the Wentlooge Levels, in an area of low-lying estuarine alluvial wetland and
intertidal mudflats which adjoin the northern bank of the Severn Estuary.
1.2.3 The site is located on Sedimentary Bedrock (Mercia Mudstone Group) formed approximately 201 to 252
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million years ago in the Triassic Period and indicative of a local environment previously dominated by
hot deserts (BGS Geology of Britain Viewer).
Figure 1: Aerial view of the Site and its wider environs
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2.0 Methodology and Guidance
2.1 Aims, objectives and scope
2.1.1 The purpose of this Heritage Statement is to determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing
records, an understanding of the historic environment resource in order to provide:
1) A heritage baseline assessment to understand the archaeological and historical
background to the Site;
2) Where susceptible to impact an assessment of the importance/sensitivity of the
known or potential historic assets considering their archaeological, historic,
architectural and artistic interests; and,
3) A preliminary assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the
significance of the known historic assets.
2.2 Assessment Methodology
2.2.1 Local planning authorities require an applicant to provide an assessment of the significance of any
heritage assets affected by a proposal, including any contribution made by their setting.
2.2.2 The Conservation Principles for the sustainable management of the historic environment in Wales
(Conservation Principles) were published in 2011 and provide the basis upon which CADW discharges
certain statutory duties on behalf of the Welsh Ministers. Conservation Principles should be used by
others to assess the potential impacts of a development proposal on any historic asset/assets and to
assist in decision making where the historic environment is affected by the planning process. There are
six principles:
1. Historic assets will be managed to sustain their values.
2. Understanding the significance of historic assets is vital.
3. The historic environment is a shared resource.
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4. Everyone will be able to participate in sustaining the historic environment.
5. Decisions about change must be reasonable, transparent
6. Documenting and learning from decisions is essential.
2.2.3 The importance/sensitivity of some historic assets is formally recognised through designation
(Scheduling of a monument, or the Listing of a built structure). The following terminology has been
adopted within this assessment for classifying and discussing the historic environment:
An Historic Asset is a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as meriting consideration in planning decisions because of its heritage interest. In Cadw’s
Conservation Principles (2011) ‘historic assets’ are defined as ‘An identifiable component of
the historic environment. It may consist or be a combination of an archaeological site, an
historic building, or a parcel of historic landscape.’
The Setting of a historic asset is the surroundings in which a historic asset is experienced, its local context, embracing present and past relationships to the adjacent landscape (Cadw’s
Conservation Principles 2011). Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its
surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to
the importance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that importance or may be
neutral.
Importance is used in place of ‘Significance’ (for heritage policy), defined in Cadw’s Conservation Principles as ‘the sum of the cultural heritage values’, to describe the heritage
interest of an asset to this and future generations. This substitution of terms is used to avoid
confusion with established EIA terminology, which uses ‘significance’ to describe the effects
of a scheme (see below).
Value is used in reference to the components of a historic asset that determines its importance (see below).
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Significance is used when referring to the significance of effect resulting from impacts of
the proposed development to the importance of historic assets.
2.2.4 Applicants and other organisations are strongly encouraged to make use of the Conservation Principles
when considering development proposals and other works to historic assets. It is important for those
responsible to understand the heritage values and assess the significance of the historic assets that will
be affected. There are four heritage values which need to be understood before the significance of the
asset can be assessed.
Evidential value
Historical value
Aesthetic value
Communal value
2.2.5 An understanding of these values forms the basis of a statement of significance prepared as part of a
heritage impact assessment.
2.2.6 The final part of Conservation Principles is entitled ‘Conservation Principles in Action’. This part of the
document provides tests against which different aspects of a development proposal can be judged.
2.2.7 Conservation Principles recognises that the whole of the historic environment is a finite and shared
resource. Every place has its own history, which has shaped its character and leaves tangible traces in
its present form and fabric. This historic character makes each place unique and gives it a distinctive
identity. Historic character should be taken into account in the management of change in order to sustain
local distinctiveness and a sense of place. The use of an objective, structured approach to identify the
elements of historic character and creating an evidence base is vital.
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Table 1: Definitions of heritage significance/importance
World Heritage Sites and the individual attributes that convey their Very High Outstanding Universal Value.
Areas associated with intangible historic activities as evidenced by the Of International register and areas with associations with particular innovations, scientific Importance developments, movements or individuals of global importance. Scheduled Monuments Listed Buildings (Grade I, II*) Registered Historic Parks and Gardens (Grade I, II*). Grade II Listed Buildings which can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historic associations Registered Battlefields. High Non-designated sites and monuments of schedulable quality and/or importance discovered through the course of assessment, evaluation or Of National Importance mitigation. Unlisted assets that can be shown to have exceptional qualities or historic association, and may be worthy of listing at Grade II* or above. Designated and undesignated historic landscapes of outstanding interest, or high quality and importance and of demonstrable national value. Well-preserved historic landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time-depth or other critical factors. Conservation Areas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Historic Parks and Gardens Historic townscapes and landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-
depth and other critical factor(s).
Unlisted assets that can be shown to have exceptional qualities or historic
association, and may be worthy of Grade II listing. Medium Designated special historic landscapes.
Of Regional Importance Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation, landscapes of regional value. Averagely well-preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-depth or other critical factors. Archaeological features and deposits of regional importance.
Locally Listed Buildings Historic Assets with importance to local interest groups or that contributes to local research objectives Low Robust undesignated assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual associations. Of Local Importance Robust undesignated historic landscapes. Historic landscapes with importance to local interest groups. Historic landscapes whose value is limited by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations.
Negligible Assets with little or no archaeological, architectural or historical interest
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Table 2: Guidelines for the Assessment of Magnitude of Impact
Major Change to most or all Change to key historic Change to most or all key key archaeological building elements, such historic landscape elements, materials, such that the that the resource is totally parcels or components; resource is totally altered. extreme visual effects; gross altered. change of noise or change to Comprehensive changes sound quality; fundamental Comprehensive changes to to setting and changes to use or access; Setting and consequential consequential impact on resulting in total change to impact on significance. significance. historic landscape character unit.
Moderate Changes to many key Change to many key Changes to many key historic Archaeological materials, historic building elements, landscape elements, parcels such that the resource is such that the resource is or clearly modified. significantly modified. components, visual change to many key aspects of the Considerable changes to Considerable changes to historic landscape, noticeable setting that affect the setting that affect the differences in noise or sound character of the asset and character of the asset and quality, considerable changes impact some aspects of the impact some aspects of to use or access; resulting in assets significance. the assets significance. moderate changes to historic landscape character. Minor Changes to key Change to key historic Changes to few key historic archaeological materials, building elements, such landscape elements, parcels such that the asset is that the asset is slightly or slightly altered but remains different but remains components, slight visual understandable. appreciable. changes to few key aspects of historic landscape, limited Slight changes to setting Change to setting of an changes to noise levels or that are tangible but without historic building, such that sound quality; slight changes clear impact on it is noticeably changed to use or access: resulting in significance. but without clear impact limited changes to historic on significance. landscape character.
Negligible Very minor changes to Slight changes to historic Very minor changes to key archaeological buildings elements or historic landscape elements, materials, or setting without setting without any parcels or components, any consequential effect on consequential effect on virtually unchanged visual significance. significance. effects, very slight changes in noise levels or sound quality; very slight changes to use or access; resulting in a very small change to historic landscape character.
No change No change No Change No change to elements, parcels or components; no visual or audible changes; no changes arising from in amenity or community factors.
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2.3 Historical and Archaeological Baseline
2.3.1 Baseline conditions were established through consideration of all recorded historic assets within a 1km
study area buffered from the Site and a desk-based review of existing sources of publicly accessible
primary and synthesised information, comprising:
1) National heritage datasets including CADW and Archwillio,
2) The Glamorgan-Gwent Historic Environment Record (HER); and
3) Historic manuscripts and maps available online.
2.3.2 As designated assets are considered more sensitive to change, the potential effects, particularly
complex or cumulative changes resulting from the development of the Site, have been considered.
2.3.3 It is recognised that the 1km study area creates an arbitrary line within which to consider effects and so
the topography, elevation and landform around the Site was also considered in order to adjust/augment
this study boundary as and where deemed necessary. The LVIA and associated ZTV were not available
at the time of this assessment, however it is considered likely that a number of sites beyond the 500m
buffer will require re-assessment following their production.
2.3.4 A site visit was undertaken in February 2019, in order to assess the general character of the Site, identify
visible historic features and assess possible factors which may affect the survival or condition of known
or potential assets within and/or around the Site.
2.3.5 A bibliography of documentary, archive, and cartographic sources consulted is included in the
References section of this report.
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3.0 Legislation and Planning Policy
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and development on, or near,
important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the
provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for
the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.
3.2 Legislation
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
3.2.1 Scheduled Monuments and Areas of Archaeological Interest are afforded statutory protection under the
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (as amended) and the consent of the Secretary
of State, as advised by Cadw, is required for any works affecting a scheduled monuments.
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990
3.2.2 Works affecting Listed Buildings or structures and Conservation Areas are subject to additional planning
controls administered by LPAs under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.
In considering development which affects a Listed Building or its setting, the LPA shall have special
regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural
or historic interest which it possesses (Section 66).
3.2.3 The statutory criteria for listing are the special architectural or historic interest of a building. Buildings on
the list are graded to reflect their relative architectural and historic interest (DCMS, 2010a, para 7, page
4):
Grade I: Buildings of exceptional interest;
Grade II*: Particularly important buildings of more than special interest;
Grade II: Buildings of special interest which warrant every effort being made to preserve them.
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3.2.4 Cadw is a statutory consultee in relation to works affecting Grade I/II* Listed Buildings.
Hedgerows Regulations 1997
3.2.5 Under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, hedgerows are deemed to be historically Important in Wales if
they are over 30 years old and either: mark a parish or township boundary; incorporate, or are associated
with, a Scheduled archaeological feature or site recorded in the Sites and Monuments Record at the
relevant date; marks a pre-1600 estate or manor boundary, or related to a building of such a manor or
estate; is part of a pre-1845 field system that is substantially complete; or forms an integral part of a pre-
1845 field system where the pattern was identified in 1997 as a key landscape characteristic.
Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016
3.2.6 The Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 received Royal Assent and became law on 21st March
2016.
3.2.7 The Act makes important changes to the two main UK laws that provide the legislative framework for
the protection and management of the historic environment: the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological
Areas Act 1979 and the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. It also
incorporates three stand-alone provisions.
3.2.8 The Act will:
give more effective protection to listed buildings and scheduled ancient monuments;
improve the sustainable management of the historic environment; and
introduce greater transparency and accountability into decisions taken on the historic
environment.
3.2.9 The Act also forms the core of an integrated suite of legislation, policy, advice and guidance. Together,
these give Wales flexible and effective systems for the sustainable management of the Welsh historic
environment, reflecting current conservation principles and practice.
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3.2.10 Chapter 6 of Planning Policy Wales, ‘The Historic Environment’, has been revised to reflect the changes
made by the new legislation.
National Planning Policy
Planning Policy Wales, Edition 10, December 2018
3.2.11 Planning Policy Wales (PPW) set outs the land use planning policies of the Welsh Government and is
supplemented by a series of Technical Advice Notes (TANS). PPW provides national planning policy
supporting the protection of the historic environment through the planning system.
3.2.12 Chapter 6, Section 6.1: The Historic Environment outlines the preservation or enhancement of the
historic environment, encompassing archaeology and ancient monuments, listed buildings, conservation
areas and historic parks, gardens and landscapes.
3.2.13 The planning policy regarding the Historic Environment contained within PPW has not substantially
changed since the first version was published in 2002.
Technical Advice Note (TAN) 24: The Historic Environment
3.2.14 The aim of the document is to provide planning guidance that will reflect Welsh Government objectives
for a well-protected and accessible historic environment and meet the need to consider how changes
affecting the historic environment are managed through the planning system.
3.2.15 TAN 24 states that heritage impact assessments should be proportionate both to the significance of the
historic asset and to the degree of change proposed, and should include sufficient information to enable
both the significance of the asset and the impact of change to be understood.
3.2.16 TAN 24, page 6 gives guidance on The Historic Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate
Change.
3.2.17 Para 1.6 states that “The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 places duties on public
bodies requiring them to act in accordance with the ‘sustainable development principle’ (i.e. requiring
the body to act in a manner which seeks to ensure that the needs of the present are met without
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compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs). That Act also establishes well-
being goals which include achieving ‘a Wales of vibrant culture and Welsh language’, described as ‘a
society that promotes and protects culture, heritage and the Welsh language’. A properly protected,
conserved and enhanced historic environment can improve the quality of life and well-being for
everyone.”
3.2.18 In policy terms, stated at para 1.7, the historic environment is defined as “All aspects of the environment
resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical
remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and deliberately planted or
managed.”
3.2.19 Para 1.9 of TAN 24 also states that “The multiple impacts of climate change on historic assets are a
particular challenge. Some of these will be outside the planning process such as sea-level rise, flooding,
changes in vegetation and agricultural land use. However, measures that need to be taken in response
to the impact of climate change, such as sea and flood defences, and renewable energy projects can
fall under the planning system and need to be assessed for their impacts on the historic environment.
Ensuring the optimum use of resources when managing historic assets may in turn help to mitigate
these multiple impacts.”
3.2.20 Para 1.25 of the TAN 24 also expands the definition of the Setting of Historic Assets provided in Cadw’s
Conservation Principles and states that “The setting of an historic asset includes the surroundings in
which it’s understood, experienced, and appreciated both in the past and in the present. Its extent is not
fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a
positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that
significance or may be neutral.”
3.2.21 Para 1.26 of TAN 24 states that for any development within the setting of a historic asset, some of the
factors to consider and weigh in the assessment include:
• The significance of the asset and the contribution the setting makes to that significance
• the prominence of the historic asset
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• the expected lifespan of the proposed development
• the extent of tree cover and its likely longevity
• non-visual factors affecting the setting of the historic asset such as noise.
3.2.22 Other factors which may affect the setting of a historic asset include; inter-visibility with other historic or
natural features, tranquillity, noise or other potentially polluting development though it may have little
visual impact (para 1.27).
3.2.23 Para 1.28 of TAN 24 states that there will be cases where a proposed development will enhance the
setting of a historic asset and this will be treated as a benefit resulting from the development. Mitigation
of damaging effects could be achieved through good design and in some cases screening or
landscaping.
3.2.24 Section 4 of TAN 24 sets of guidance relating to archaeological remains, which are noted as a finite and
non-renewable resource. Para 4.4 states that Applicants should show how they have modified their
development proposals to mitigate any negative impact on archaeological remains, and how they intend
to mitigate or offset any remaining negative impacts.
The Register of Historic Landscapes in Wales
3.2.25 The Register of Historic Landscapes in Wales is non-statutory and advisory only. Its purpose is two-fold.
Firstly, when major change might be contemplated, it is intended to inform policy making and decision
making at a strategic level about the historic importance of the areas identified. Secondly, information
on the register should be taken into account when determining planning applications where the
development meets the criteria for Environmental Impact Assessment or, if on call in, in the opinion of
Welsh Ministers, is of a sufficient scale to have more than a local impact on the historic landscape. The
register should ensure that necessary change is accommodated without sacrificing the essential
integrity and coherence of historic landscape areas.
3.2.26 Para 7.7 of TAN 24 states that any developments that require EIA and affect an area on the Register of
Historic Landscapes will have to take the register entry into account in the production of the ES.
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Local Planning Policy
Current Planning Policy
3.2.27 The Scheme falls within the boundary of Newport City Council. For this area, local planning guidance is
provided by the Newport Local Development Plan, 2011-2026 (adopted January 2015). The Plan
includes Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) and recognises the Gwent Levels as a Landscape of
Outstanding Historic Interest. As such, the impact of proposals that fall within these designated areas
will be assessed against Policy SP8 – Special Landscape Areas and Policy CE4 – Historic Landscapes,
Parks, Gardens and Battlefields.
3.2.28 Objective 5 – Conservation of the Built Environment seeks to ensure that all development or use of land
does not adversely affect, and seeks to preserve or enhance, the quality of the historic and built
environment.
3.2.29 Policy SP8 – Special Landscape Areas states that within SLAs, priority will be given to landscape
conservation and enhancement. The designation of an SLA does not preclude development but any
proposals must demonstrate that they have been designed to respect the valued characteristics of the
recognised landscape as well as being in accordance with other polices of the Newport Local
Development Plan.
3.2.30 Policy SP9 – Conservation of the Natural, Historic and Built Environment states the emphasis to be
placed on the protection, retention, safeguarding, conservation and enhancement of historic assets
within the natural, historic and built environment.
3.2.31 Policy CE4 – Historic Landscapes, Parks, Gardens and Battlefields states that sites that are identified
within the register of landscapes, parks and gardens of special historic interest and historic battlefields
should be protected, conserved, enhanced and where appropriate, restored. In addition the context and
setting of the sites should be considered.
3.2.32 Policy CE6 – Archaeology outlines that development proposals will normally be required to undertake
an archaeological impact assessment prior to proposals being determined;
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Where groundworks and/or the installation of services are proposed within the archaeologically sensitive areas
of Caerleon, The Levels, Lower Machen and the City Centre; or
Within areas of recognised archaeological interest.
3.2.33 Welsh Office Circulars 60/96 and 61/96 place an onus on developers to consider the impact of their
proposals on archaeology. The Newport LDP states that “Where heritage assets with archaeological
interest are, or potentially are, affected by a development proposal, sufficient information will be required
on the assets affected, their significance, and the extent of the development impact on them, in order to
enable the application to be determined.“
3.2.34 The LDP also designates four non-statutory Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs). These are
Caerleon, The Levels, Lower Machen and the Medieval town of Newport. This designation highlights
their archaeological significance and informs potential developers of the need to seek professional
archaeological advice to establish the archaeological constraints of the site. Proposed development
within the ASA will require developers to submit credible archaeological impact assessment in support
of their proposals.
3.2.35 Within the Newport LDP it is also stated that “There will be a presumption in favour of the retention,
safeguarding, conservation and enhancement of sites recognised as being of archaeological or historic
interest, including Listed Buildings, scheduled ancient monuments, Conservation Areas, locally Listed
Buildings, historic parks & gardens, historic landscapes and the setting of such sites, buildings and areas
(para 4.18).
Emerging Planning Policy
3.2.36 New Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) is currently being prepared for Archaeology and
Development, Special Landscape Areas and the Gwent Levels by Newport City Council. The expected
delivery of these emerging SDPs is 2016-2020. A Draft of the Archaeology and Development SPD has
been prepared for consultation; the remainder are yet to be produced.
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4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The following section provides a baseline summary of the archaeological background and historical
development of the Site and its immediate environs, and is compiled from the sources listed in the
methodology described above (Section 2).
4.1.2 The aim of this section of the report is to establish the nature and extent of any known historic assets
within and immediately surrounding the Site that could be affected by the development to provide the
baseline conditions upon which any potential impact is assessed. Should any historic assets be
considered susceptible to impact a further assessment of their significance (and the contribution made
by their settings) will follow.
4.2 Archaeological and Historical Baseline
4.2.1 A full assessment of the data held within the Historic Environment Record (HER) has been undertaken.
A gazetteer of all historic assets and previous archaeological investigations within a 1km radius of the
Site’s boundary have been tabulated and are included as Appendices 2 and 3.
Historic Landscape: Gwent Levels
4.2.2 The Gwent Levels are low-lying, mostly being less than 7.5m above OD. They are generally at their
lowest near their boundary with the solid geology further inland. The southern boundaries of the Levels
are protected by seawalls and banks. Without the sea defences the Levels would be subjected to
frequent flooding. The area is criss-crossed by drainage channels known locally as ‘reens’.
4.2.3 The area in which the Scheme sits is level throughout and divided by reens of various sizes; some are
open although the majority are flanked on one side by a mature hedgerow. The Site comprises a number
of agricultural fields, which have been opened up from earlier strip fields during the later 1900s.
4.2.4 The majority of the landscape is under pasture with a smaller area of other agricultural practices such
as orchards. Interspersing this rural landscape is a series of small nucleated and ribbon villages that
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have their origins in at least the medieval period: the majority of settlement is confined to the sides of
the largely sinuous minor roads that weave across the area.
4.2.5 The northern boundary of the Levels has seen significant modernisation, particularly around the
Steelworks and M4/south Wales rail line corridor, which are clearly visible in views to the north.
Uskmouth power station provides a similar industrial backdrop to western views across the landscape,
whilst the numerous power lines and pylons crossing the levels segment the majority of views from the
Scheme in any direction.
4.2.6 The Levels have accumulated during the post-glacial period (Holocene) and are largely composed of
estuarine alluvium deposited through sea-level rise. These soils are of the ‘Wentlooge Series’ and
generally consist of brown-grey, moderately friable, silty clays, becoming more grey in colour and
heavier in texture with depth. The Wentlooge Series can be divided into Upper, Middle (a peat layer)
and Lower Formations.
4.2.7 Artefacts and structures dating to the Bronze Age are associated with the Middle Formation. The Upper
Formation was laid down from the Iron Age through to the post-medieval period. The present landscape
represents human efforts to drain the saltmarshes and to hold back later rises in sea-level.
4.2.8 The historic landscape character of the study area around the Scheme comprises the following features:
major reens resulting from natural watercourses;
major reens which are wholly artificial (dating to the medieval period);
grips;
inland abandoned sea banks whose origins are obscure;
sea walls probably originating in the 16th century;
gouts where reens meet and coffer gouts where they cross;
pills where the major reens discharge either into tidal channels or into the estuary itself;
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bridges across the reens;
roadways built upon embankments;
green lanes, sinuous with roadside waste in the east and straight without waste to the east; and
the distinctive and characteristic field patterns belonging to different phases of enclosure,
represented by a patchwork of small fields, sinuous in the west and rectilinear in the east, and
largely marked by hedgerow vegetation which includes well-cut hedges, scrubby hedges, mature
trees and pollards.
4.2.9 The Site lies wholly within the Gwent Levels Outstanding Landscape of Historic Interest, as noted on
the non-statutory Register of Historic Landscapes in Wales which has also been designated as a non-
statutory Archaeologically Sensitive Area by Newport City Council.
4.2.10 The GGAT HER describes the Gwent Levels Historic Landscape as follows:
“The Outstanding Historic Landscape of Gwent Levels comprises three discrete and extensive areas of
alluvial wetlands and intertidal mudflats situated on the north side of the Severn Estuary represent the
largest and most significant example in Wales of a 'hand-crafted' landscape. They are entirely the work
of man, having been recurrently inundated and reclaimed from the sea from the Roman period onwards.
The areas have distinctive patterns of settlement, enclosure and drainage systems belonging to
successive periods of use, and a proven and possibly quite vast potential for extensive, well-preserved,
buried, waterlogged, archaeological and palaeoenvironmental deposits surviving from earlier
landscapes.”
4.2.11 Within the Gwent Levels, the landscape is further divided into Historic Landscape Character Areas
(HLCAs), which provide further information regarding the specific historical values of the landscape at a
more local level. The Site is located across two HLCAs, Western St. Brides (HCLA16) and Maerdy
(HCLA21).
4.2.12 The historic characteristics of Maerdy are presented in a detailed description by GGAT as follows:
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“Former open moor: regular unified fieldscape of long narrow fields (ie single operation), drainage features mainly reens, dispersed settlement (includes Maerdy - medieval Reeve's house). This area is intermediate in elevation between the higher coastal lands to the south, and the lowest-lying back-fen to the north. The distinct and well defined block of landscape is bounded by Drenewydd and Percoed Reen to the north (area 20), Broadway Reen (area 17) to the west, and the former fen-banks of St. Brides to the south and east (areas 15 and 16). This large area can be divided into four blocks of long narrow fields (divided by Horsecroft and Summerway Reens, and Hawse Lane). They represent large areas of open land, enclosed and drained as a single operation. There are two farms; Maerdy was probably founded when the area east of Hawse Lane was enclosed, while Hawse Farm, which lies beside one of St. Brides' fen-banks, may have been responsible for the enclosure of the whole block of landscape to the north. The place-name Maerdy (medieval Reeve's house) is interesting, the location of Maerdy farm is indicative of the formal control of grazing on the formerly open back-fen Moor during the medieval period. These long narrow fields are characteristic of Wentlooge. The landscape here was created through the enclosure and drainage of a large block of open moor, beyond the old enclosed lands of St. Brides. Two discrete landscapes can be identified, associated with Maerdy and Hawse Farms. This is a very open landscape, and the reed-filled ditches give a strong wetland feel, typical of the lower-lying back-fen areas. Overall, the integrity and coherence of this area are extremely high. The two landscapes represent discrete examples of landscape creation. The completeness of these landscapes makes them of great importance. Walking north down Hawse Lane gives the impression of the back-fen being lower than the coastal areas to the south. The area has suffered from agricultural improvement, but remains remote from visually intrusive development; there are fine views of the relatively unspoilt uplands.”
Figure 2: Maerdy HCLA Map (GGAT)
4.2.13 The Maerdy HCLA makes up the northern half of the Site, and immediately adjoins the Western
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St.Brides HCLA, described in detail by GGAT as follows:
“Regular field pattern of long narrow fields, significant boundaries of probable Roman origin, drainage features include Peterstone Gout, the old sea wall, and a number of fen-banks (some ridgeing/surface drainage also survives), limited linear roadside settlement. This landscape area occupies the higher coastal zone east of Peterstone Gout. It merges with area 15 to the east and Maerdy (area 21) to the north.The principal elements are two NE-SW oriented boundaries which form continuations of elements in the Roman landscape to the west. However, the small blocks of long narrow fields between these boundaries are of medieval not Roman origin. To the north of the main road there are a number of sinuous boundaries that represent individual episodes of enclosure in the open back-fen moor; these "fen-banks" were designed to keep freshwater from the low-lying back-fen, from flooding the old enclosed lands towards the coast. Settlements are restricted to the main road. The old sea wall and stone gout structure at Peterstone Gout are well preserved. This is an interesting landscape, at the edge of the area flooded in the post-Roman period. It is characteristic of the general Wentlooge landscape of long narrow fields and the process of reclamation of lower- lying areas through a sequence of intakes from the open moor. The western half of this area has been affected by agricultural improvement and the construction of a golf course. Most hedges that survive are scrubby, especially to the south of St. Brides village. Further west the landscape has been extensively remodelled by a golf course and trout farm. Though not visually intrusive, they have destroyed the historic fabric of the landscape by removing many reens and grips. Overall, the integrity and coherence of the landscape are high to the north/east, but lower to the south/west of this area. The area has suffered from agricultural improvement and the development of a golf course/trout farm complex. These developments are not visually intrusive, and the sea wall still affords fine views of an open landscape. The framework of Roman elements survives intact.”
Figure 3: Western St. Brides HCLA Map (GGAT)
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Archaeological Background: Gwent Levels
4.2.14 Humans have exploited the Gwent Levels for at least 6000 years, and the landscape is considered to
have been ‘hand-crafted’, having been reclaimed from the sea repeatedly throughout the historic
periods. Detailed studies of the evolution of the Gwent Levels have been carried out by numerous
researchers, and have recorded evidence of a complex history of land reclamation from the Roman
period onward.
4.2.15 Archaeological remains within the Levels include evidence of drainage, agriculture, settlement and
wetland exploitation. The area is also noted for its exceptional preservation of both archaeological and
palaeoenvironmental remains, facilitated by the waterlogged conditions.
4.2.16 Since the 1980s - 90s the area has consistently produced an important and diverse range of
archaeological sites and data, amounting to historic assets of national and international importance.
Investigations into the buried archaeological landscapes of the Gwent Levels have revealed human
activity from the Palaeolithic period onwards. Estuarine clays have preserved Mesolithic site at Goldcliff,
including late Mesolithic footprints near Uskmouth in the Wentlooge Formation. According to the Historic
Landscape Register and studies by Rippon (1995) the data to date may be indicative that further
evidence of Mesolithic activity may also be found preserved further inland, perhaps most particularly at
the interface between the levels and solid geology to the north.
4.2.17 It is not until the later Bronze Age that quantities of material from the prehistoric periods are identified,
including cattle hoofprints, roundhouses and post-settings, flint, bone, discreet pottery scatters, timber
fish traps and temporary shelters have been recorded within the intertidal zone.
4.2.18 Settlement continued on the Levels in the Iron Age: two settlements on the foreshore at Goldcliff and
Redwick have both been investigated archaeologically, which comprised a number of rectangular
wooden buildings. Networks of no fewer than twelve Iron Age brushwood trackways enabling the mud
to be crossed were also found at Goldcliff.
4.2.19 Within the wider study area, any horizons dating to the Romano-British period lie below a significant
depth of post-Roman Wentlooge flooding, and are associated with local drainage systems (i.e. natural
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palaeochannels) of long duration. This suggests that the Caldicot Level in the Romano-British period
was dissected by tidal creeks, such as that occupied by the Barland’s Farm boat, found 3km inland of
the present shore, and therefore that there was little active draining of the present landscape during this
time. Rather, it is widely agreed that the width of the River Severn in the Roman period was considerably
smaller than at present, and thus any sea defences would lie to seaward of the present sea wall.
4.2.20 The majority of the extant drainage ditches and channels visible in the landscape today are thought to
date to the medieval and post-medieval periods.
4.2.21 The Norman Conquest heralded a period of political and social upheaval in southeast Wales, leading to
the establishment of the Norman manorial system into the Newport area. New places of worship
replaced any existing Celtic churches, which had been founded between the 7th to 9th centuries, and
although these new buildings normally retained their existing churchyards, the replacement churches
were themselves re-dedicated to Latin Saints. New churches were also built for the new settlements
founded during the 11th and 12th centuries, and these were always dedicated to Latin Saints. The
Norman Lords gave a considerable amount of their newly conquered lands to the church. The medieval
landscape was dominated by use as pasture, much of it common, although there were extensive
ecclesiastical estates, particularly on the Caldicot Level.
4.2.22 The only monastery to be built in the area was the Benedictine priory at Goldcliff. The land was donated
by William de Chandos to the Monastery of Bec in France. They established the priory in AD 1113 as a
subordinate house to Bec, and it appears that de Chandos gave the priory a mixture of moorland and
marsh on the Caldicot Level, suggesting that the Levels were partly free-draining at this time. The monks
then started a major reclamation scheme by excavating the major reens on the Level, the largest being
Monks Ditch taking water from the Llanwern area to the sea. Their work appears to have been very
successful and by AD 1271 it was the richest Benedictine priory in Wales. Much of the landscape pattern
surrounding the Scheme on the Caldicot Level can therefore be attributed to the very active drainage
works undertaken by the monks of the Goldcliff Priory.
4.2.23 A combination of wars with France and changes in sea level drastically affected the monastery at
Goldcliff. In AD 1295 there were 25 monks in the Priory; by 1297 this had fallen to fifteen due to great
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poverty. Eventually the Priory was taken into the hands of the King, who appears to have extracted
considerable revenue from its lands. At the same time land appears to have been being lost to a rise in
sea level. In 1324 it is recorded that the sea had submerged a large part of the monastic lands, and it is
assumed that the sea banks, which are still extant on the Levels, date from this period, as attempts were
made to stabilise the situation.
4.2.24 The present seawall, without which the sea would submerge the present landscape, is probably a late
medieval feature, constructed to deal with a rise in the Sea-Level at that period. In 1607, the worst flood
recorded in the British Isles devastated both sides of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, from
Gloucestershire to Carmarthenshire. The height the floodwater rose to is marked on the tower of
Redwick church, and stands nearly to the height of the door. Similarly, there is a plaque on the side of
Goldcliff church marking the rise of the waters.
4.2.25 The towns of Newport and Caerleon continued in their roles as market centres and trade slowly began
to expand especially in shipping; although they remained minor ports, chiefly used for the transhipment
of goods across the Severn to and from the major port at Bristol. Both towns remained very small and
in AD 1791, Newport only had a population of 750. The opening of the Monmouthshire Canal in 1798
saw the rapid expansion of Newport as a port. The Canal enabled heavy goods such as coal and iron
to be moved easily, and at Newport to be loaded onto sea going vessels. The Levels however, remained
largely un-touched by the industrialisation and expansion of South Wales.
The Site: Historic Assets
Designated Historic Assets
4.2.26 The only designation applicable to the Site is the Historic Landscape designation of the Gwent Levels
(discussed above).
4.2.27 There are no designated historic assets including Listed Buildings or Scheduled Monuments within or
immediately surrounding the Site. There are no Conservation Areas covering or adjacent to the Site.
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Figure 4: Extract from Archwillio (online HER data) showing the locations non-designated historic assets (red) and events (green)
Non-designated Historic Assets
4.2.28 There are three non-designated historic assets recorded within the Site itself, and one archaeological
event. The historic assets comprise a medieval enclosure (PRN 05256g) to the west of Hawse Lane, a
field boundary (hedge and ditch) adjacent to Fair Orchard Farm (PRN 08461g), and a timber structure
of unknown date to the north of Peterstone Gout (PRN 05211g). The only archaeological event recorded
is a desk-based assessment conducted by GGAT in 2000 as part of the St Mellons Link Road application
(PRN E002980).
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4.2.29 To the south of the Site boundary adjacent to Bryn Glas Farm, a trial-pit survey by GGAT in 1999 (PRN
E004450) revealed significant palaeoenvironmental deposits (PRN 10896g). The results of the survey
are summarised on the HER as follows:
“…the existence of potentially interesting archaeological deposits at six of the trial pit locations (trial pits 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13). These include a black organic horizon with an associated gleyed layer, and a dark brown fibrous peat. The organic horizon and associated gley was found to underlie an upper grey brown alluvial clay and has possible parallels elsewhere on the levels; similar deposits elsewhere have been dated to the Iron Age/Romano- British period and are currently interpreted as having formed under stabilised marsh conditions. The organic deposit was encountered within three trial pits (trial pits 6, 8, and 11) at depths of between 1.1m and 1.6m below current ground surfaces (ie. 9.16m to 9.54m) and from the results would appear to be intermittent across the area. Further analysis of the material, ie. the organic horizon, will be required to understand its full archaeological significance, this should include sampling for environmental analysis and dating purposes. The other archaeologically interesting horizon encountered during this survey was a dark brown fibrous peat with birch wood inclusions; this was encountered within trial pits 10, 12, and 13, at depths of between 2.7m and 3.3m below current ground surfaces (ie. 7.38m to 7.51m) and would appear to have a range across the mid to south eastern portion of the site. Again, further analysis of this horizon would be advisable. On the results of the survey, ground disturbance deeper than 1m below current ground levels or 10m, might have archaeological implications; however, given the implementation of adequate mitigation measures, it is considered that this should not prove an insurmountable problem” (Roberts 1999).
4.2.30 An archaeological desk-based assessment undertaken by GGAT in 2004, immediately south of the Site
boundary (PRN E005050) ahead of a sewerage scheme identified a significant number of archaeological
interests within the broader study area, and a smaller number within the more precise development
area. Further south, Old Peterstone Gout is recorded as a non-designated historic asset (PRN 05255g)
and a field visit to the site by GGAT is recorded as an event (PRN E001272).
4.2.31 To the south west of the Site boundary a medieval post (PRN 04909g) was dredged from Broadway
Reen. To the east of the Site boundary Sealand Reen is recorded as a non-designated historic asset
(PRN 05200g) as an important northeast-southwest boundary which may be a reflection of the surviving
Roman landscape. Further to the south-east Cogans Warth is recorded as a medieval sea defence
(PRN 00018g).
4.2.32 North of the Site boundary and the railway line, an archaeological watching brief as part of the Marshfield
to Uskmouth Gas pipeline was undertaken by Cambrian Archaeological Projects in 2009, and is
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recorded as an event on the HER (PRN E003152). No archaeological features or finds were recorded.
Historic Mapping
4.2.33 The first edition Ordnance Survey maps of 1886-1887 show the Wentloog area and the Gwent Levels
to be a very rural landscape dominated by long, thin strip fields that are the remnants of medieval farming
systems and interspersed by farmsteads, small villages and orchards.
Figure 5: Extracts from the First Edition Ordnance Survey maps of Monmouthshire XXXIII, Published: 1887 and Monmouthshire XXXVIII, Published: 1886
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Figure 6: Extracts from the Second Edition Ordnance Survey maps of Glamorgan XXXVIII, Published: 1922 and Glamorgan XLIIIA, Published: 1922
4.2.34 The Second Edition Ordnance Survey in 1922 shows remarkably little change to the landscape of the
Wentloog Levels. The Site itself remains characterised by the earlier strip fields, and the surrounding
farms of Gout Farm, Hause Farm, and Walnut Tree Farm are all indicated around its periphery.
4.2.35 Throughout the 20th century historic map regression shows very little change across the broader Gwent
Levels landscape, which highlights the ingrained nature of the agricultural identity of the area, although
by the time of the 3rd Edition OS map published in 1920 there had been a decline in the number of
orchards.
4.2.36 Aerial photographic evidence dating from the 1940s also shows little change. Aerial photographs taken
during the 1950s and 1960s show the gradual industrialisation of the Gwent Levels, as evidenced by
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the development of the steelworks further east at Llanwern, and associated electrical infrastructure
(substations and power-lines), coupled with the urban sprawl of the burgeoning town of Newport.
4.3 Site Visit
4.3.1 A Site visit was undertaken in February 2019 in order to ascertain whether any visible archaeological
remains, surface finds or features were present and to assess the potential impact of development on
the settings of designated historic assets.
4.3.2 Weather at the time of the visit was sunny and dry and visibility was good. A full walkover survey was
not permitted (private land) and no previously unidentified or unrecorded archaeological finds, features
or upstanding remains were identified during the Site visit.
4.3.3 The Site covers an area of level ground with intermittent hedges, reeds and trees obscuring internal
views along the B4329 (southern boundary) and Broadway (south-western boundary). Views into the
Site are permissible along Hawse Lane (north-eastern boundary) which is largely open and level after
the railway crossing and towards the junction with the B4329. Views into the Site would be permissible
from the railway line, and glimpsed views are possible from Ty Mawr Lane further north-west.
4.3.4 The Site is also visible from further afield, at c. 4km distant views are permissible from Penylan Road,
north of the A48 and M4 corridor (map indicating approximate sight-line below).
4.3.5 Given the local topography, the Site is therefore likely to feature in a number of views from higher
ground, and is exposed along its north-western and north-eastern boundaries. The historic character
of the Site is appreciable from these views, with visible reens and reed filled ditches characteristic of
the wetland landscape.
4.3.6 Site layout plans, LVIA and ZTV has not been conducted at the time of this assessment and therefore
no additional settings assessments of historic assets beyond the Site itself have been conducted. The
photographs below document the visual permeability of the current Site boundaries and provide an
indication of the likely visibility of any future development.
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Figure 7: Approximate sight-line from 4km north-west of the Site
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Figure 8: (above) View towards the railway bridge at the north-eastern corner of the Site, and (below) looking south-west along Hawse Lane
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Figure 9: (above) View westwards from Hawse Lane via gateway, and (below) eastwards from Hawse Lane across the open landscape
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Figure 10: (above) View west into the Site from Hawse Lane and (below) view south towards Hawse Farm (Hawse Reen in the foreground of both images)
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Figure 11: (above) View south past Hawse Farm along Hawse Lane and Reen and (below) view north-west across Site from Hawse Lane
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Figure 12: (above) South-eastern corner of the Site from the junction at Hawse lane and the B4239 and (below) View north across the Site from B4239
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Figure 13: (above) View south-west along the B4239 and (below) north-east showing existing vegetative screening of the Site and reed-filled ditches at the boundaries
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Figure 14: (above) Views northwards along Broadway showing existing level of screening, and (below) immediately east from Broadway showing view of Site through gateway
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Figure 15: (above) Views towards the Site from Ty Mawr Lane and (below) along Ty Mawr Lane looking east and showing existing level of screening
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Figure 16: (above) long-distance views south-west towards the levels from Penylan Lane and (below) to the south-east
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5.0 Impact Assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Impacts to the historic environment and its associated historic assets arise where changes are made to
their physical environment by means of the loss and/or degradation of their physical fabric or setting,
which in turn leads to a reduction in the significance of the historic environment record and its associated
historic assets.
5.1.2 The following section outlines the proposed development and whether this would affect the significance
of the designated and non-designated historic assets outlined in the previous sections.
Figure 17: Current site layout
5.2 Proposed development
5.2.1 Final designs and layouts have not been presented at the time of the assessment and will be informed
by the sensitivity of the historic environment. Figure 17 (above) shows the current site plan upon which
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the following impact assessment has been based.
5.2.2 Given the nature of the scheme the following impact assessment focuses on the archaeological potential
of the Site and likely scope of groundworks associated with the development, as well as the potential
settings impact of this type of development proposal in proximity of the designated historic assets
(principally the historic landscape character).
5.3 Assessment of Impact
Archaeological potential
5.3.1 The Site lies within an area of moderate – high archaeological potential; and also has the potential to
yield significant and well-preserved waterlogged deposits. This potential has been established across
the Gwent Levels and is acknowledged as a potential constraint development which requires further
mitigation.
5.3.2 There are two recorded non-designated historic assets within the Site itself, the remains of a timber
structure and a possible medieval enclosure, which may be directly impacted by the scheme.
5.3.3 Given the potentially intrusive nature of any groundworks associated with the construction phase of
development, particularly through the insertion of piles and cable runs, there is the potential to disturb
previously unrecorded (buried) archaeological deposits of significance, should they be present.
Further Investigation
5.3.4 Due to the potential posed within both the immediate and broader landscapes of the Site it is considered
that a further programme of archaeological investigation will be required in order to mitigate any the
harm posed, however, the scope of any required programme of archaeological works should be agreed
in advance through an approved Written Scheme of Investigation in consultation with the Local
Authorities County Archaeologist.
5.3.5 Preliminary discussions with the Local Authorities County Archaeologist regarding the scheme, and the
results of previous archaeological investigations in the area, have highlighted the potentially problematic
nature of conducting geophysical survey as a means to assisting the understanding of archaeological
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potential pre-determination. Geophysical survey has yielded poor results within the landscape of the
Gwent Levels and has failed to clearly identify, confirm or deny the presence of archaeological remains.
5.3.6 Alternative methodologies such as augering have been considered during this assessment phase,
however given their inherently intrusive nature and potential to cause damage to buried archaeological
remains of significance, and the limitations in their results, these studies have not been undertaken at
this stage. It is noted that auguring may provide an indication of the depth of archaeological deposits
(should they be present), but would not facilitate mitigation through design by providing a clear
understanding of the whereabouts and extent of any buried deposits. Furthermore, auguring
investigations would not provide any additional information regarding the significance of buried
archaeology across the site.
Settings
5.3.7 The proposed development Site is situated in a highly sensitive (and multiply-designated) historic
landscape. The Site visit confirmed that the landscape character of the Site remains as described within
the Maerdy and St. Brides HCLA descriptions. The Site is situated in a largely open landscape, and
although topographically level, affords penetrating internal views from Hawse Lane, the railway line,
glimpses from the B4239 and Broadway, and from high points within the broader landscape (such as
Penylan Lane to the north).
5.3.8 The level of screening afforded by the existing vegetation along the boundaries of the B4239 and
Broadway does effectively shield the Site from view, however the creation of additional screening would
severely impact the open character of the designated landscape, and it is therefore concluded that
certain areas of the Site would not be able to absorb the level of visual change posed without a
consequential impact on the broader landscapes’ significance as a historic asset.
5.3.9 The final designs and the extent of the development will require assessment within this historic
environment context in order to ensure that any impacts to the setting(s) of the historic landscapes and
to the designated historic assets therein are minimised and fully outweighed by the benefits of the
scheme.
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5.3.10 It is noted that the potential impact on the settings of the HCLAs and the Gwent Levels Landscape of
Outstanding Historic Value would be reversible in nature, however pending completion of the ASIDHOL2
(forthcoming) and the LVIA any conclusion presented here remains preliminary.
Summary
5.3.11 The site is located in an area with high archaeological potential and amidst highly sensitive areas of
historic landscape. The potential to adversely impact both below ground archaeological deposits and
the settings of designated historic landscapes has been identified.
5.3.12 It is noted that any impact on the settings of designated historic assets will be for a period of c. 40 years
and will be reversible.
5.3.13 Para 1.9 of TAN 24 notes the requirement for renewable energy projects as a means to prevent further
impact on the historic environment posed by climate change. The scheme therefore presents an
opportunity to consider the potential benefits of a large scale renewable energy hub which does not
cause permanent harm to the historic environment (that is, it is reversible), and which through its
archaeological mitigation during the construction phase (for example, the results of any monitoring) may
serve to generate further information regarding the archaeology of the Gwent Levels.
5.3.14 Pending consultation responses, LVIA and the results of the ASIDHOL2 assessment, this Heritage
Statement concludes that mitigating measures such as screening will be required in order to minimise
the impact on the setting of nearby assets as well as the broader historic landscape.
5.3.15 Mitigating the impact on any buried archaeological remains within the site, if and where present, will
require further establishment of the nature and location of any such remains, and therefore the
conclusions reached here are based solely on desk-based assessment and the site walkover survey.
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6.0 References
CADW, 2017 Setting of Historic Assets in Wales
CADW, 2011, Conservation Principles
CCW, Cadw & ICOMOS UK, 1998, Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, December 2014. Standards and guidance for historic environment desk- based assessment, s.l.: CIfA.
National Planning Policy Wales, available at: https://beta.gov.wales/planning-policy-wales
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Appendix 1: Summary of factors for determining the importance of known and potential historic assets
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Land at Wentlooge, Newport Heritage Statement
Summary of factors for determining the importance of known and potential historic assets Value Importance Factors determining the relative importance There is a high potential for the historic assets to provide evidence about past human activity and to contribute to our understanding of the past. This potential relates to archaeological sites that are likely to survive (both below and above ground) and, in the absence of written High records, provide the only source of evidence about the past, resulting in enhanced understanding of the development of the area. It also relates to other physical remains of past human activity, such as historic fabric within buildings and surviving elements in the historic landscape which contribute to its historic character. The potential for historic assets to yield physical evidence contributing to the understanding of the development of the area is recognised, but there may be fewer opportunities for new insights to be deduced due to the nature of the historic assets in question, Evidential our knowledge of the past of the area or subsequent changes to the development of the area throughout history. Medium The potential for archaeological deposits to contribute to an understanding of the development of area may not be fully recognised due to the current level of understanding of the local and regional history. The potential may also be impacted, in a limited way, by later development. The physical remains are preserved in a limited way – limited assets survive, very few are recorded or assets are known to have been partially or significantly damaged. Low Low evidential value of archaeological deposits may be affected by the current lack of research within the area, but this does not preclude for further remains of higher value to be discovered. There are no surviving physical remains from which evidence about past human activity could be derived (assets are known to None have been removed or destroyed by later activity) The legible historic assets are clearly perceptible in the landscape/townscape and the links between the assets and the history or prehistory of the area (illustrative value) or to historical events or figures associated with the area (associative value) are easily High visible and understandable. The high value is not precluded by some degree of the 20th/21st century alterations to the historic buildings and landscapes. The legible historic assets are present in the area, but their legibility may have been compromised by some form of alteration to the asset or its surroundings (i.e. rural parish church now situated within a suburban residential development). Even in their present Historical form, such assets enable the local community to visualise the development of the area over time as there are potential associations Medium between assets. The presence of these assets may contribute to an understanding of the development of the area. Further research, including archaeological investigations, may clarify these associations and elucidate the contribution of these assets to the history of the wider area. Low The historical associations of the asset are not clearly understood, as a result of severe changes to the asset or its surroundings
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Land at Wentlooge, Newport Heritage Statement
Value Importance Factors determining the relative importance
None There are no legible historic assets and their associations are not understood. The aesthetic values of the historic assets are visually perceptible within sympathetic surroundings, developed through conscious High design or fortuitously, throughout prehistory and history. The completeness or integrity of the historic assets within the landscape is clear and their contribution to the aesthetics of the surrounding area is significant. The aesthetic qualities of the individual assets or landscapes are legible, but there may have been considerably impacted upon Medium Aesthetic by the modern, unsympathetic development. The aesthetic qualities of the individual assets or landscapes have been significantly impacted upon by the modern development Low as a result of which the aesthetic value is not clear, however, there may be a possibility for improvement. Assets have no aesthetic values as they have been removed by inconsiderate modern development. Buried archaeological None remains are not ascribed aesthetic values as, whilst buried, they are not visible/perceptible in their context. Historic assets which provide a sense of togetherness for those who experience it. Assets that hold the ability for people to feel a sense of collective experience or memory, and in which a collective identity can be understood. They may provide a feeling of High reverence, remembrance or commemoration. The asset represents something which may be larger than the asset itself, and may represent an event or being despite any loss of fabric or character of the asset. The sense of a collective identity or collective commemoration may be limited by the lack of understanding of the event or asset. Communal Medium The process of time has lessened the meaning of the event or asset for the community or that meaning may be limited to specific groups or at a regional or local level. The ability of the asset to create or reinforce a sense of togetherness for a community may be limited by later development which Low has encroached upon the asset or its setting. The ability of the asset to elicit a shared reaction or understanding has been severely impacted by the loss of, or major change to, the setting of the asset. None Historic assets that do not bring people together by providing a shared experience, memory or place of commemoration.
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Heritage Statement
Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Historic Assets
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GGAT Ref Name Designation Summary NGR Period Type Status (PRN) Ref GGAT00010 St Mary's Church listed building There is a possible mention of ecclesiastical property at Marshfield in the early 12th ST2616825 Medieval Church 2932 g at Marshfield century, but the first definite mention of the church is in 1254 (Brook 1988, 82). 7 The church consists of nave, separate chancel, W tower, S porch set more or less centrally against the nave, vestry against the N side of the chancel with a boiler house underneath, and rood stair against the N side of the nave. A new church hall/choir vestry has been built immediately to the N of the church, Most of the church is in Perpendicular style, and as it now exists the result of Victorian and Edwardian restoration, possibly 1867 and 1909. The doors however are all medieval, the earliest being the main S door, which is late Norman. GGAT00011 Marshfield Scheduled An octagonal socket stone and shaft, both medieval and probably dating to 15th century, ST2616825 Medieval Churchya MM311 g Churchyard Monument sumounted by a modern cross erected as a war memorial. 7 rd cross Cross GGAT00014 ALL SAINTS - The church was built 1853, on site of earlier church, and probably on site of church ST2761834 Post- Church - g CHURCH AT mentioned c1102. The only relic from the earlier church is a font, now at the W end of the 9 Medieval COEDKERNEW building. It was converted to a dwelling in 1991. GGAT00016 St Brides - Churchyard cross, the base is square and of one step. Sides are 3.9m long and 0.3m ST2924822 Medieval Churchya - g Churchyard high. Socket stone is square with sides of 0.8m and is 0.3m high. 8 rd cross Cross GGAT00017 St Bridget's listed building The church of St Brides Wentloog is first mentioned in 1230-40 (Brook 1988, 83). The ST2923823 Medieval Church 2941 g Church at St church consists of a nave with a short length of N aisle at the E end; separate, weeping 0 Brides Wentloog chancel; W tower with projecting stair turret; and S porch. The church is almost entirely of 15th/16th century date, the only datable earlier feature being a lancet window with a semi- circular head, possibly of 12th century date, reset in the porch. GGAT00018 COGAN'S - Sea wall referred to in ministers account. Farm of one warth colled Cogan's Warth means ST2880814 Medieval Sea - g WARTH the sea wall of Cogan. Extant in 14th century (Maynard 1995). 5 defences
GGAT00021 MONASTERY - Marked on Rees's map as the site of a monastery extant in 14th century. ST2684802 Medieval Monaster - g OF ST PETER 0 y ON THE MOOR (?) GGAT03104 ST ARTHAN'S - Llanarthan Chapel, dedicated to St Arthan was assigned to the parish of Marshfield by ST2682 Medieval Chapel - g CHAPEL Thomas Wakeman, but apparently without any information as to its location (Wakeman MSS; OS card ST 28 SE 8). Not in Brook 1988. Based on the placename given on the tithe map, it could be an antiquarian structure. GGAT04260 Stone figure - Stone figure (poss of a lady) without head and badly mutilated c 1400AD ST267803 Medieval Findspot - g
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GGAT Ref Name Designation Summary NGR Period Type Status (PRN) Ref GGAT04909 MEDIEVAL - Dredged from Broadway reen. Splinter from one of three baulks, 16-18in sq and 13, 17 ST274811 Medieval Findspot - g POST, and 18ft long. May have formed part of timber wharfing for a medieval anchorage. PETERSTONE WENTLOOGE GGAT05199 WHEEL LANE - Wheel Lane formed an important NE-SW communication route along the fen edge during ST280820 ROMAN,P Trackway - .0g (RR GGAT 001) the medieval period, and may be Roman in origin as to the south part of the original OST ,road Roman drainage system is preserved in its major NE-SW land divisions. MEDIEVAL ,MODERN, MEDIEVAL GGAT05200 SEALAND - Sealand Reen is an important NE-SW boundary, and may be a reflection of the Roman ST2863817 Roman Drainage - g REEN landscape as to the south of nearby Wheel Lane part of the original Roman drainage 0 ditch system is preserved in its major NE-SW land divisions. GGAT05209 Site of gout - Site of gout, west of Peterstone Wentlooge (NGR ST 263800), possibly medieval (Site ST263800 Unknown Sluice - g visit 1988) (Maynerd 1995). gate
GGAT05211 Timber structure - Timber structure recorded to the north of Peterstone Gout(NGR ST 2738 8110), ST2738811 Unknown Structure - g possibly medieval (Note on SMR map ST 28 SE). 0
GGAT05212 Ruins 300' (90m) - Ruins 300' (90m) northwest of St Peter's Church. ST267803 Unknown Monaster - g northwest of St y Peter's Church. GGAT05214 CTW 10 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT CARDIFF WASTE WATER ST276807 Unknown Sluice - g TREATMENT WORKS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT A291 REPORT NO. 95/077 gate
GGAT05255 OLD - Gout in old sea wall ST2750808 Post- Sluice - g PETERSTONE 5 Medieval gate GOUT GGAT05256 St Brides Infield - Rippon, Gwent Levels, fig. 17 ST282821 Medieval Enclosur - g e GGAT05667 GREAT - A large stone surface of Roman date identified in evaluation excavations below Great ST2810836 Roman Building - g PENCARN Pencarn Farm. The southern part of the surface is probably an external yard, and the 0 FARM northern part may lie within a building. Finds indicate late 2nd-4th century use. GGAT05684 GREAT - A building of Roman date, associated with a series of cobbled surfaces situated next to a ST2814835 Roman,IR POST,Fa - g PENCARN road, was identified during further investigation of the area in 1997 and interpreted as a 8 ON rm,BURI FARM farm. AGE,BRO ED SOIL NZE AGE HORIZO N
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GGAT Ref Name Designation Summary NGR Period Type Status (PRN) Ref GGAT06141 POSSIBLE - A possible findspot of Roman material. ST278805 Roman Findspot - g ROMAN FINDS FROM PETERSTONE GOUT GGAT08203 COEDKERNEW - This is a largely curved fully earth banked enclosure (Broork 1988, 78). Shown on tithe ST2761834 Medieval Churchya - g CHURCHYARD map and 1st edn 6" OS as circular with what looks like the remains of the south and east 9 rd sides of an outer concentric curvilinear enclosure. GGAT08224 MARSHFIELD - The churchyard is basically quadrangular, with a curved NE corne; at the time of the tithe ST2616825 Medieval Churchya - g CHURCHYARD map (1844) it could be seen to lie in a partly curvilinear enclosure which does not comply 7 rd with the rest of the field pattern. GGAT08254 St Brides - The churchyard is quadrangular, shown on the tithe map of 1842 with one rounded ST2923823 Medieval Churchya - g Wentloog corner; it is flat. 0 rd Churchyard GGAT08461 FAIR ORCHARD SSSI Field boundary consisting of hedge and field ditch. The hedge contains a number of ST2714812 Unknown Field - g FARM, mature trees. This boundary runs along the edge of a plot a couple of miles south west of 6 boundary NEWPORT 9 the block of territory adjacent to Fair Orchard Farm house and buildings. GGAT08614 COEDKERNEW - Coedkernew church is shown on the tithe map with what looks like the remains of the ST2761834 Early Enclosur - g CHURCH, south and east sides of an outer concentric curvilinear enclosure. Although it seems that 9 Medieval e POSSIBLE the churchyard is Early Medieval, the putative outer enclosure is much less certain and OUTER may be merely an accident of topography, particularly at the south side where it is best ENCLOSURE marked. GGAT08893 Stakes - A set of two rows of parallel wooden stakes. Around 0.75m of each stake is visible above ST2783580 Post- wooden - g the ground and each averages 0.15m in diameter. The structure is not depicted on any 602 Medieval structure OS map. GGAT08894 New Quay Gout - New Quay Gout, depicted on the 1st edition OS map (1883). ST2788880 Post- sluice - g 622 Medieval gate GGAT09357 Field boundary - Field boundary ST2774082 Post- boundary - g 690 Medieval GGAT09900 Bronze Age - The earliest evidence for human activity on the site was the presence of a driven upright ST2814083 Bronze post - g Post, Great pile radiocarbon dated to the Bronze Age (1100-800 cal BC, Beta 110826). This survived 580 Age Pencarn Farm to a height of 4.81m OD, was driven to a depth of 3.17m OD, and was found in isolation with no other indications for Bronze Age activity on the site. GGAT09922 Peat Deposit, - ST2814083 Iron Age peat - g Great Pencarn 580 deposit Farm
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GGAT Ref Name Designation Summary NGR Period Type Status (PRN) Ref GGAT09945 Gully / Ditch, - ST2814083 Iron Age ditch - g Great Pencarn 580 Farm GGAT09946 Roman Ditches, - ST2814083 Roman ditch - g Great Pencarn 580 Farm GGAT09957 Roman Road, - A Roman road running northwest-southeast; the main body of its construction was of river ST2814083 Roman road - g Great Pencarn cobbles, and the surface was extremely disturbed. The flanking ditch on the south side 580 Farm was excavated, but the northern edge of the road lay outside the excavation area. GGAT10267 Church - Church is Medieval in origin. ST2616825 Medieval church - g 7 GGAT10896 Palaeoenvironm - An excavation undertaken in 1999 revealed the existence of potentially interesting ST2819781 UNKNOW NATURA - g ental Deposits archaeological deposits at six of the trial pit locations (trial pits 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13). 320 N L These include a black organic horizon with an associated gleyed layer, and a dark brown FEATUR fibrous peat. The organic horizon and associated gley was found to underlie an upper E grey brown alluvial clay and has possible parallels elsewhere on the levels; similar deposits elsewhere have been dated to the Iron Age/Romano-British period and are currently interpreted as having formed under stabilised marsh conditions. The organic deposit was encountered within three trial pits (trial pits 6, 8, and 11) at depths of between 1.1m and 1.6m below current ground surfaces (ie. 9.16m to 9.54m) and from the results would appear to be intermittent across the area. Further analysis of the material, ie. the organic horizon, will be required to understand its full archaeological significance, this should include sampling for environmental analysis and dating purposes. The other archaeologically interesting horizon encountered during this survey was a dark brown fibrous peat with birch wood inclusions; this was encountered within trial pits 10, 12, and 13, at depths of between 2.7m and 3.3m below current ground surfaces (ie. 7.38m to 7.51m) and would appear to have a range across the mid to south eastern portion of the site. Again, further analysis of this horizon would be advisable. On the results of the survey, ground disturbance deeper than 1m below current ground levels or 10m, might have archaeological implications; however, given the implementation of adequate mitigation measures, it is considered that this should not prove an insurmountable problem (Roberts 1999). GGAT10968 Peat deposit, St - A Peat deposit, thought to date to the Iron Age or Romano-British Age, was uncovered ST2855830 UNKNOW Peat - g Brides during trial pits of an evaluation for the Western Valley Trunk Sewer (E004578 & 6 N deposit E004579). The presence of the gleyed and organic peaty layers represent periods of localised stabilisation with regards to sea levels, when the deposition of alluvial clay ceases and the surface stabilises allowing for the growth of vegetation in a freshwater waterlogged environment. It is noted that the site occurred on higher ground (represented
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Heritage Statement
GGAT Ref Name Designation Summary NGR Period Type Status (PRN) Ref by gleyed clay) and therefore was probably present as a dry spot within the landscape allowing for the formation of a reasonably stabilised soil horizon. The proximity of the wetter ground represented by the pat would have allows for the exploitation of this environment, perhaps on a seasonal basis. Possible activities undertaken may include salt making, pottery manufacture, fishing and hunting (Yates, 2000). GGAT10990 Ridge & Furrow - Area of ridge and furrow earthworks recorded during evaluation and subsequent watching ST2611481 MEDIEVAL RIDGE - g at Blacktown brief at Blacktown Farm. 737 AND Farm FURRO W GGAT11032 Medieval ditch at - A ditch, believed to be of medieval date, revealed by excavation at a site in the south east ST2929822 MEDIEVAL DITCH - g Church Farm, St corner of the garden at Church Farm, St. Brides Wentloog. 5 Brides Wentloog GGAT11033 Medieval - Stonework believed to be of medieval origin, revealed by excavation at a site in the south ST2929822 MEDIEVAL Stonewor - g stonework at east corner of the garden at Church Farm, St. Brides Wentloog. 5 k Church Farm, St Brides Wentloog
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Appendix 3: Previous Archaeological Investigations (events)
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PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE003923 Archaeological Desk-top This is the preliminary archaeological assessment undertaken in Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST4566287647 Study: The M4 Relief preparation for technical appraisals and environmental impact Assessment Archaeological Trust Road surveys on the route of a proposed M4 relief road to the south of (GGAT) Newport. GGATE003923 Archaeological Desk-top This is the preliminary archaeological assessment undertaken in Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST2288283077 Study: The M4 Relief preparation for technical appraisals and environmental impact Assessment Archaeological Trust Road surveys on the route of a proposed M4 relief road to the south of (GGAT) Newport. GGATE003924 M4 Relief Road Field visit associated with desk top survey (EPRN003923) Field Visit Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST4566287647 Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE003924 M4 Relief Road Field visit associated with desk top survey (EPRN003923) Field Visit Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST2288283077 Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE002369 LG Semicon - Roman The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, was commissioned Evaluation Glamorgan-Gwent 1997 ST281839 Road Stage 3 EVAL by The Welsh Development Agency, on behalf of LG Electronics Archaeological Trust and LG Semicon Inc, and through its agents Wyn Thomas PLC, (GGAT) to conduct an Archaeological Field Evaluation. The work was carried out at a site in the Imperial Park, Newport. The reason for the work was to construct an integral television components plant and water fabrication and assembly plant. The only find was a single small sherd of Roman black-burnished ware (Williams 1997). GGATE002393 LG Electronics Site, A geophysical survey was undertaken by Geophysical Surveys Geophysical Survey GSB Prospection 1996 ST2884 Newport, Geophysical of Bradford in order to see the archaeological potential of the (Geophysical Surveys Survey area surrounding and encompassing the LG Electronics Site. of Bradford) This survey is part of a larger study by Countryside Planning and Management and the Welsh Development Agency. 17 fields were surveyed, either in whole or part, covering 70 hectares. The variations of volume magnetic susceptibility (VMS) were measured all over the fields and any areas of archaeological potential of the VMS were then put under a detailed gradiometry. Fields 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 11 were surveyed subsequently by gradiometer. There is no definite evidence for any archaeological site. Geophysical Surveys of Bradford, 1996
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PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE002420 Duffryn Link EVAL Stage A field evaluation was undertaken as stage 1 of archaeological Evaluation Glamorgan-Gwent 1996 ST2884 1 mitigation at the construction site of the Duffryn Link (Newport Archaeological Trust Southern Distributor Road) between A48 to Percoed Lane (GGAT) between Duffryn and Coedkernew by GGAT on behalf of the Duffryn Link Partnership (Newport County Borough Council, Costain Civil Engineering Ltd and Gwent Consultancy). The project comprised of a preliminary study of surface features and an extensive programme of evaluation trenching on the solid geology (39 trenches) and the alluvium (10 trenches). The area to the west should be evaluated prior to commencement of any work as the area hasn't been evaluated. The roman structure will need further work to expose and record its main feature, followed by excavation to establish its full sequence. Locock, 1996 GGATE001411 The Roman fortress of The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust undertook a Desk based Glamorgan-Gwent 2004 ST33909060 Caerleon and its research frame for the Roman fortress of Caerleon and its assessment Archaeological Trust environs: A framework environs. (GGAT) for research GGATE003705 Archaeological Desk- National Rivers Authority planned to improve the sea defences Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST2194977468 Top Study Cardiff- between Cardiff, South Glamorgan and Sudbrook, Gwent. The assessment Archaeological Trust Sudbrook Sea Defences work involved enhancement of the existing sea wall and the (GGAT) cutting of a new back-ditch inland of the present line. A landscape survey and evaluation were recommended in advance of work, whilst a watching brief should be carried out during any subsequent work. GGATE003705 Archaeological Desk- National Rivers Authority planned to improve the sea defences Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1993 ST2165177657 Top Study Cardiff- between Cardiff, South Glamorgan and Sudbrook, Gwent. The assessment Archaeological Trust Sudbrook Sea Defences work involved enhancement of the existing sea wall and the (GGAT) cutting of a new back-ditch inland of the present line. A landscape survey and evaluation were recommended in advance of work, whilst a watching brief should be carried out during any subsequent work.
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Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE002401 Newport Landscapes - TACP, Environmental Consultants were commissioned by a Management Plan TACP, Environmental 1998 ST3122287958 Landscape Strategy client team, made up of Newport County Borough Council, the Landscape Consultants DBA/SUR Welsh Development Agency and the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), to do a landscape assessment, develop a landscape strategy and design guidelines for using CCW's LANDMAP. The aim of the report is to provide a landscape framework including sustainable preferences for the area, its economic regeneration and environmental improvement. There are many things that are needed to make sure the landscape strategy is implemented successfully. * All the different groups have to work together as each has a role in the strategy. * Building upon initiatives that have already begun. * The commercial investment in the landscape to complement other initiatives and strategies. (TACP 1998).
GGATE005431 The Rural Settlement of The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain project was undertaken PROJECT University of Reading 2015 SS5858587907 Roman Britain by Reading University and Cotswold Archaeology, on behalf of Historic England and the Leverhulme Trust, with the aim of creating a resource that brings together the excavated evidence for the rural settlement of Roman Britain with the over-arching aim to inform a comprehensive reassessment of the countryside of Roman Britain. GGATE005431 The Rural Settlement of The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain project was undertaken PROJECT University of Reading 2015 ST0336769850 Roman Britain by Reading University and Cotswold Archaeology, on behalf of Historic England and the Leverhulme Trust, with the aim of creating a resource that brings together the excavated evidence for the rural settlement of Roman Britain with the over-arching aim to inform a comprehensive reassessment of the countryside of Roman Britain. GGATE005431 The Rural Settlement of The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain project was undertaken PROJECT University of Reading 2015 ST4627287763 Roman Britain by Reading University and Cotswold Archaeology, on behalf of Historic England and the Leverhulme Trust, with the aim of creating a resource that brings together the excavated evidence
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PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR for the rural settlement of Roman Britain with the over-arching aim to inform a comprehensive reassessment of the countryside of Roman Britain. GGATE005431 The Rural Settlement of The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain project was undertaken PROJECT University of Reading 2015 SO3038114970 Roman Britain by Reading University and Cotswold Archaeology, on behalf of Historic England and the Leverhulme Trust, with the aim of creating a resource that brings together the excavated evidence for the rural settlement of Roman Britain with the over-arching aim to inform a comprehensive reassessment of the countryside of Roman Britain. GGATE006100 GGAT150: Rapid A series of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessments were undertaken PROJECT Glamorgan-Gwent SS5711599529 Coastline Zone by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts in the 1990s around the Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Assessment whole of the coast of Wales. They have since been used to inform our input into coastline management plans and other conservation measures, but with the advances made elsewhere in methodology and techniques, they are no longer fit for this purpose in the 21st century. The purpose of this project is to bring the existing Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment, carried out in the 1990s, into line with recent assessments in England, where a rolling programme of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment is still ongoing. GGATE006100 GGAT150: Rapid A series of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessments were undertaken PROJECT Glamorgan-Gwent SS4812885241 Coastline Zone by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts in the 1990s around the Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Assessment whole of the coast of Wales. They have since been used to inform our input into coastline management plans and other conservation measures, but with the advances made elsewhere in methodology and techniques, they are no longer fit for this purpose in the 21st century. The purpose of this project is to bring the existing Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment, carried out in the 1990s, into line with recent assessments in England, where a rolling programme of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment is still ongoing. GGATE006100 GGAT150: Rapid A series of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessments were undertaken PROJECT Glamorgan-Gwent SS6683491638 Coastline Zone by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts in the 1990s around the Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Assessment whole of the coast of Wales. They have since been used to inform our input into coastline management plans and other conservation measures, but with the advances made elsewhere in methodology and techniques, they are no longer fit for this
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PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR purpose in the 21st century. The purpose of this project is to bring the existing Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment, carried out in the 1990s, into line with recent assessments in England, where a rolling programme of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment is still ongoing. GGATE006100 GGAT150: Rapid A series of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessments were undertaken PROJECT Glamorgan-Gwent SS8538776101 Coastline Zone by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts in the 1990s around the Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Assessment whole of the coast of Wales. They have since been used to inform our input into coastline management plans and other conservation measures, but with the advances made elsewhere in methodology and techniques, they are no longer fit for this purpose in the 21st century. The purpose of this project is to bring the existing Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment, carried out in the 1990s, into line with recent assessments in England, where a rolling programme of Rapid Coastline Zone Assessment is still ongoing. GGATE000952 Evaluation at Pentwyn Cardiff Archaeological Unit Ltd was commissioned to undertake Evaluation Cardiff Archaeological 2008 ST26308197 Nursing Home an archaeological watching brief at pentwyn Nursing Home, Unit Marshfield, Newport. The evaluation comprised of three trenches 7x2m. No archaeological deposits or features were found. GGATE001272 Field visit to old Field visit to old Peterstone gout undertaken as part of GGAT 76 Field visit Glamorgan-Gwent 2005 ST27508085 Peterstone gout Waterfronts in Southeast Wales Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE001297 Field visit wooden Field visit to wooden stakes (08893g) undertaken as part of Field visit Glamorgan-Gwent 2005 ST2783580602 stakes GGAT 76 Waterfronts in Southeast Wales Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE001298 Field visit New Quay Field visit to New Quay Gout (08894g) undertaken as part of Field visit Glamorgan-Gwent 2005 ST2788880622 Gout GGAT 76 Waterfronts in Southeast Wales Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE001432 Field visit to Field visit to Coedkernew (00014g, 00019g, 08203g, 08614g) Field visit Glamorgan-Gwent 2004 ST27618349 Coedkernew undertaken as part of GGAT 73 Early Medieval ecclesiastical Archaeological Trust sites in Southeast Wales. (GGAT) GGATE001439 Field visit to Marshfield Field visit to Marshfield (03104g, 08392g) undertaken as part of Field visit Glamorgan-Gwent 2004 ST2682 GGAT 73 Early Medieval ecclesiastical sites in Southeast Wales. Archaeological Trust (GGAT) GGATE001627 Ty Mawr Lane, A watching brief was undertaken at a green-field site south of Ty Watching Brief Cambrian 2009 ST2670982433 Marshfield, Gwent WB Mawr Lane, Marshfield by Cambrian Archaeological Projects Ltd Archaeological (CAP) for RSK Environment Ltd (Collins, 2009). Projects (CAP)
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PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE002002 Blacktown Farm, Monmouth archaeology were commissioned by Mr Watkins Watching brief Monmouth 2008 ST26118176 Marshfield through his agent George Brown Consultancy, to carry out a Archaeology watching brief during groundworks associated with the construction of two dwellings at Blacktown Farm, Marshfield. GGATE002188 Western Valley Sewer A desk-based assessment of the route of the proposed Western Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1996 ST28548308 DBA Valley Sewer was undertaken by the Gwent-Glamorgan Assessment Archaeological Trust Archaeological Trust on behalf of Welsh Water. The study (GGAT) determined that archaeological interests would be affected by the development and a program of works comprising a limited survey and a watching brief should be undertaken to mitigate this (Yates 1996). GGATE002200 Great Pencarn Farm, Between January and February 1997, the Glamorgan Gwent Excavation Glamorgan-Gwent 1997 ST28148358 Newport Archaeological Trust was commissioned by The Duffryn Link Archaeological Trust Partnership to undertake an Excavation at Great Pencarn Farm, (GGAT) Newport, in advance of a road construction. GGATE002415 Cardiff WWTW: The Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, were Field Observation Glamorgan-Gwent 1998- ST290815 Investigations Along The commissioned by Dwr Cymru, to carry out Archaeological Archaeological Trust 2000 Wentloog Sewers 1998- Investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and (GGAT) 2000 Newport. The Investigations were undertaken in the wake of the fieldwork on the two sewers. A number of finds, consisting of pottery, animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work (Yates, Roberts & Walker 2001). GGATE002415 Cardiff WWTW: The Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, were Field Observation Glamorgan-Gwent 1998- ST2281777621 Investigations Along The commissioned by Dwr Cymru, to carry out Archaeological Archaeological Trust 2000 Wentloog Sewers 1998- Investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and (GGAT) 2000 Newport. The Investigations were undertaken in the wake of the fieldwork on the two sewers. A number of finds, consisting of pottery, animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work (Yates, Roberts & Walker 2001). GGATE002415 Cardiff WWTW: The Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, were Field Observation Glamorgan-Gwent 1998- ST2749580849 Investigations Along The commissioned by Dwr Cymru, to carry out Archaeological Archaeological Trust 2000 Wentloog Sewers 1998- Investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and (GGAT) 2000 Newport. The Investigations were undertaken in the wake of the fieldwork on the two sewers. A number of finds, consisting of pottery, animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work (Yates, Roberts & Walker 2001).
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Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE002415 Cardiff WWTW: The Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, were Field Observation Glamorgan-Gwent 1998- ST2898681511 Investigations Along The commissioned by Dwr Cymru, to carry out Archaeological Archaeological Trust 2000 Wentloog Sewers 1998- Investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and (GGAT) 2000 Newport. The Investigations were undertaken in the wake of the fieldwork on the two sewers. A number of finds, consisting of pottery, animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work (Yates, Roberts & Walker 2001). GGATE002415 Cardiff WWTW: The Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, were Field Observation Glamorgan-Gwent 1998- ST2868083116 Investigations Along The commissioned by Dwr Cymru, to carry out Archaeological Archaeological Trust 2000 Wentloog Sewers 1998- Investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and (GGAT) 2000 Newport. The Investigations were undertaken in the wake of the fieldwork on the two sewers. A number of finds, consisting of pottery, animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work (Yates, Roberts & Walker 2001). GGATE005082 Land at Fletcher's Cotswold Archaeology was commissioned by White Young EVALUATION Cotswold Archaeology 2005 ST26258189 Garden Centre, Green Planning on behalf of Persimmon Homes (Wales) Ltd to Marshfield, Newport conduct an archaeological evaluation at Fletcher's Garden County Borough Centre, Marshfield, Newport County Borough. Five trenches were excavated during the evaluation. There were no significant archaeological features or finds. GGATE005116 Blacktown Farm, Archaeological Investigation carried out at Blacktown Farm, WATCHING BRIEF Monmouth 2004 ST2609381754 Marshfield, Newport Marshfield, Newport in June 2004. Carried out by Monmouth Archaeology Archaeology this was during the construction of a stable block and garage, and recorded a reen. GGATE005215 The Green, Wellfield An evaluation at the Green, Wellfield Road, Marshfield, Newport, EVALUATION Glamorgan-Gwent 2005 ST26128185 Road, Marshfield, found a single post medieval ditch. Archaeological Trust Newport (GGAT) GGATE005293 Land off Catherine Drive Cotsworld Archaeology undertook an archaeological evaluation EVALUATION Cotswold Archaeology 2004 ST2625481746 Marshfield, Newport for Derek Prosser associates of land off Catherine Drive, Gwent Marshfield, Newport Gwent. As a result of two trenches being dug in the area no evidence of previous habitation was uncovered. There was some evidence that deforestation may have taken place on the site in the past. GGATE005505 Dunvegan Cottage, During February 2013, Cardiff Archaeological Unit were WATCHING BRIEF Cardiff Archaeological 2013 ST2623781769 Wellfield Rd, Marshfield commissioned to undertake a watching brief during groundworks Unit for a new extension at Dunvegan Cottage, Marshfield. No archaeological finds or features were recorded during the watching brief.
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Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE005609 Land adjacent Post An archaeological evaluation was carried out by Cardiff EVALUATION Cardiff Archaeological 2007 ST25878187 Gwynne Farm, St. Archaeology Unit on land adjacent to Post Gwynne Farm, St. Unit Mellons Road, Newport Mellons, Newport. A trench cut produced a single post-medieval linear feature. A small quantity of post-medieval pottery and animal bone was found. GGATE005765 St. Albans, 92 St Watching brief undertaken at St. Albans, 92 St Mellons Rd, WATCHING BRIEF Archaeological 2016 ST2572581762 Mellons Rd, Marshfield Marshfield by Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy Perspectives Analysis Ltd. on behalf of the client in relation to installation of a new Consultancy (APAC) sewage system. No features of archaeological significance were Ltd. uncovered. GGATE004450 Bryn-glas Farm, The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, was commissioned Excavation Glamorgan-Gwent 1999 ST2819781320 Wentloog, by Hyder Consulting to undertake a Trial Pit Survey. The work Archaeological Trust Monmouthshire EX was conducted at Bryn-glas farm, Wentloog. During the survey, (GGAT) 13 trial pits, measuring 2m by 4m were dug, to an average depth of 2.5m, to check for the existence of archaeologically sensitive horizons. Nothing of any archaeological significance was found at the site apart from peat deposits (Roberts 1999). GGATE004374 Cardiff Waste Water GGAT were commissioned by Acer Environmental on behalf of Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1995 ST290815 Treatment Works Dwr Cymru to carry out a desk-based assessment because Dwr Assessment Archaeological Trust Enviromental Cymru intends to construct a waste water treatment works on (GGAT) Assessment DBA land at Tremorfa, Cardiff. GGATE004374 Cardiff Waste Water GGAT were commissioned by Acer Environmental on behalf of Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1995 ST244790 Treatment Works Dwr Cymru to carry out a desk-based assessment because Dwr Assessment Archaeological Trust Enviromental Cymru intends to construct a waste water treatment works on (GGAT) Assessment DBA land at Tremorfa, Cardiff. GGATE004374 Cardiff Waste Water GGAT were commissioned by Acer Environmental on behalf of Desk Based Glamorgan-Gwent 1995 ST215760 Treatment Works Dwr Cymru to carry out a desk-based assessment because Dwr Assessment Archaeological Trust Enviromental Cymru intends to construct a waste water treatment works on (GGAT) Assessment DBA land at Tremorfa, Cardiff. GGATE003364 Excavation of a Roman During evaluation work prior to road construction a Roman site Excavation Glamorgan-Gwent 1997 ST2814083581 building south of Great was identified and then excavated by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust Penacarn Farm, 1997 Archaeological Trust in 1997. (GGAT) GGATE003152 The Marshfield to Cambrian Archaeological Projects were commissioned to Watching brief Cambrian 2009 ST2692582723 Uskmouth Pipeline undertake an archaeological watching brief to observe Archaeological groundworks associated with the Marshfield to Uskmouth Gas Projects (CAP) pipeline.
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 64
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE003152 The Marshfield to Cambrian Archaeological Projects were commissioned to Watching brief Cambrian 2009 ST2805682704 Uskmouth Pipeline undertake an archaeological watching brief to observe Archaeological groundworks associated with the Marshfield to Uskmouth Gas Projects (CAP) pipeline. GGATE003152 The Marshfield to Cambrian Archaeological Projects were commissioned to Watching brief Cambrian 2009 ST2995083419 Uskmouth Pipeline undertake an archaeological watching brief to observe Archaeological groundworks associated with the Marshfield to Uskmouth Gas Projects (CAP) pipeline. GGATE003152 The Marshfield to Cambrian Archaeological Projects were commissioned to Watching brief Cambrian 2009 ST3099783371 Uskmouth Pipeline undertake an archaeological watching brief to observe Archaeological groundworks associated with the Marshfield to Uskmouth Gas Projects (CAP) pipeline. GGATE003152 The Marshfield to Cambrian Archaeological Projects were commissioned to Watching brief Cambrian 2009 ST2680182049 Uskmouth Pipeline undertake an archaeological watching brief to observe Archaeological groundworks associated with the Marshfield to Uskmouth Gas Projects (CAP) pipeline. GGATE002980 St Mellons Link Road, GGAT were commissioned by Cardiff County Council to DESK BASED Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST283820 Cardiff highway options undertake a desk based assessment of the potential effect of the ASSESSMENT Archaeological Trust 1&2. DBA proposed highway options 1 ans 2 link road at St Mellons, (GGAT) Cardiff. There is no direct effect on any identified sites other than the stretch of the South Wales main railway line which passes through the study area. The two suggested routes will affect part of the registered historic landscape of the Gwent Levels. It is concluded that option 2 will have a marginally greater effect on the landscape than option 1. Therefore option 1 is preferred. Programs of geophysical survey and evaluation, plus record by survey, are deemed necessary mitigatory measures for both routes (Mackintosh 2000). GGATE002980 St Mellons Link Road, GGAT were commissioned by Cardiff County Council to DESK BASED Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST244797 Cardiff highway options undertake a desk based assessment of the potential effect of the ASSESSMENT Archaeological Trust 1&2. DBA proposed highway options 1 ans 2 link road at St Mellons, (GGAT) Cardiff. There is no direct effect on any identified sites other than the stretch of the South Wales main railway line which passes through the study area. The two suggested routes will affect part of the registered historic landscape of the Gwent Levels. It is concluded that option 2 will have a marginally greater effect on the landscape than option 1. Therefore option 1 is preferred. Programs of geophysical survey and evaluation, plus record by
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 65
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR survey, are deemed necessary mitigatory measures for both routes (Mackintosh 2000). GGATE004510 Church House Inn, Cardiff Archaeological Consultants were commissioned to carry EVALUATION Cardiff Archaeological 2012 ST2935082240 Church Road, St Brides out an archaeological evaluation on the former car park of Consultants EVAL Church House Inn, Church Road, St. Brides Wentlooge. There were some modern domestic artefacts found but no archaeological features uncovered.
GGATE004525 3 Catherine Drive, Monmouth Archaeology was commissioned to carry out a WATCHING BRIEF Monmouth 2012 ST2620581717 Marshfield WB watching brief at 3 Catherine Drive for the construction of a Archaeology scree wall. No significant archaeological features or structures were found. There were some finds of 19/20th century (Clarke & Bray, 2012).
GGATE004578 Western Valley Trunk The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was commissioned WATCHING BRIEF Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST28558306 Sewer, St Brides WB by David Lewis Civil Engineering Ltd to undertake an Archaeological Trust programme of archaeological field work along the route of the (GGAT) Western Valley trunk Sewer which included an archaeological watching brief on the stripping of topsoil and the excavation of 17 trial pits. Recommendations include an assessment of the paleoenvironmental potential of the column samples recovered, to be followed by full analysis including pollen, plant macrofossil, and diatoms analysis. It is also recommended that an assessment and analysis of the bulk samples recovered from the occupation layer is carried out. Radiometric dating and ar5tefactual analysis should also be carried out (Yates, 2000).
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 66
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE004578 Western Valley Trunk The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was commissioned WATCHING BRIEF Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST28958153 Sewer, St Brides WB by David Lewis Civil Engineering Ltd to undertake an Archaeological Trust programme of archaeological field work along the route of the (GGAT) Western Valley trunk Sewer which included an archaeological watching brief on the stripping of topsoil and the excavation of 17 trial pits. Recommendations include an assessment of the paleoenvironmental potential of the column samples recovered, to be followed by full analysis including pollen, plant macrofossil, and diatoms analysis. It is also recommended that an assessment and analysis of the bulk samples recovered from the occupation layer is carried out. Radiometric dating and ar5tefactual analysis should also be carried out (Yates, 2000). GGATE005050 Sewerage Scheme Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust was commissioned on DESK BASED AMEC Earth & 2004 ST275810 Wentlooge behalf of AMEC, acting for Dwr Cymru Welsh Water to ASSESSMENT Environmental undertake a desktop appraisal as part of the Environmental Investigation for the first Time Sewerage Scheme proposed for Peterstone Wentlooge. While no direct impact was identified, the potential for the presence of archaeological remains was highlighted, and a watching brief and related contingency plan for dealing with archaeological remains was recommended. GGATE004669 Evaluation of Land at A trial trench evaluation of land at Blacktown Farm, Marshfield, EVALUATION Foundations 2003 ST26118176 Blacktown Farm, recorded evidence of medieval and post medieval activity. Archaeology Marshfield, Newport
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 67
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE004668 Watching Brief at During August and September 2003, Monmouth Archaeology WATCHING BRIEF Monmouth 2003 ST2612581713 Blacktown Farm, undertook a programme of archaeological investigation at Archaeology Marshfield Blacktown Farm, Marshfield, Newport, during groundworks for the construction of two detached houses on the site. The watching brief followed on from an earlier evaluation on the site (E004669).
The shallow nature of the excavations for the proposed development meant that a full examination of the historical uses of the site was not possible. Traces of ridge and furrow earthworks detected during the previous work on the site were visible during the watching brief, but were too ephemeral to record in detail. Notable in the north east corner of the site was an area of exposed natural with right angled sides that was undisturbed by the ridge and furrow. A significant assemblage of unstratified 13th-14th century and post medieval pottery was also recovered during the fieldwork. GGATE004640 Evaluation of 8 Church An evaluation took place at 8 Church Road, St Bride's, Wentloog EVALUATION Monmouth 2002 ST2936082300 Road, St Brides in September 2002 by Monmouth Archaeology in order to look Archaeology out for potential archaeology in the area prior to building development on the site. If Archaeology was located, it would be used to help advice the Local Planning Authority. 3 trial trenches were dug. No major archaeological features were discovered. A number of pottery sherds had been discovered in the topsoil of all 3 trial trenches. These pottery sherds vary in date, mainly Medieval and post-medieval in character. However their provenance is unknown. Therefore development in the area would not be a problem.
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 68
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR GGATE004579 Western Valley Trunk The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was commissioned EVALUATION Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST28558306 Sewer, St Brides EVAL by David Lewis Civil Engineering Ltd to undertake an Archaeological Trust programme of archaeological field work along the route of the (GGAT) Western Valley trunk Sewer which included an archaeological watching brief on the stripping of topsoil and the excavation of 17 trial pits in order to investigate the sedimentary sequence and to identify any buried archaeological remains.
Recommendations include an assessment of the paleoenvironmental potential of the column samples recovered, to be followed by full analysis including pollen, plant macrofossil, and diatoms analysis. It is also recommended that an assessment and analysis of the bulk samples recovered from the occupation layer is carried out. Radiometric dating and ar5tefactual analysis should also be carried out (Yates, 2000).
GGATE004579 Western Valley Trunk The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was commissioned EVALUATION Glamorgan-Gwent 2000 ST28958153 Sewer, St Brides EVAL by David Lewis Civil Engineering Ltd to undertake an Archaeological Trust programme of archaeological field work along the route of the (GGAT) Western Valley trunk Sewer which included an archaeological watching brief on the stripping of topsoil and the excavation of 17 trial pits in order to investigate the sedimentary sequence and to identify any buried archaeological remains.
Recommendations include an assessment of the paleoenvironmental potential of the column samples recovered, to be followed by full analysis including pollen, plant macrofossil, and diatoms analysis. It is also recommended that an assessment and analysis of the bulk samples recovered from the occupation layer is carried out. Radiometric dating and ar5tefactual analysis should also be carried out (Yates, 2000).
GGATE004754 Evaluation at Church Monmouth Archaeology was commissioned to carry out an EVALUATION Monmouth 2002 ST2928082249 Farm, St. Bride's, archaeological evaluation at Church Farm, St. Bride's, Wentloog. Archaeology Wentloog A medieval horizon was found on the site with a undated ditch running across the area. The evaluation has found a interesting
Wentlooge farmer’s Solar Scheme Ltd March 2020 69
Land at Wentlooge, Newport
Heritage Statement
PRN Name Summary Event Type Organisation Year NGR archaeological resource under a substantial layer of estuarine alluvium.
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