Carbonylation of Nickel and Iron from Reduced Oxides and Laterite Ore
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Developing a Solvent Extraction Process for the Separation of Cobalt and Iron from Nickel Sulfate Solutions
Abstract DEVELOPING A SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR THE SEPARATION OF COBALT AND IRON FROM NICKEL SULFATE SOLUTIONS By Michiel Casparus Olivier Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING (EXTRACTIVE METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING) In the faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University Supervised by Christie Dorfling December 2011 i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DeclarationAbstract DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. …………………………… ………………. Signature Date Copyright © 2011 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract ABSTRACT Crude NiSO4 solutions are often produced as a product of Sherrit based matte leach processes leading to iron and cobalt contaminated solutions of NiSO4. To upgrade the quality of these solutions for either, the production of NiSO4 crystals or cathode/precipitated nickel, the iron and cobalt must be removed. Conventional processes use either pure or saponified Cyanex 272 in solvent extraction to extract iron and cobalt from pregnant nickel leach solutions. These processes require the addition of an alkali like NaOH to neutralise the protons being exchanged for the different metal species since extraction is a strong function of pH. Hence, while removing iron and cobalt from the solution, sodium is added instead. -
Bimetallic Catalyst Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid
materials Article Study on Rh(I)/Ru(III) Bimetallic Catalyst Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid Shasha Zhang 1, Wenxin Ji 1,2,*, Ning Feng 2, Liping Lan 1, Yuanyuan Li 1,2 and Yulong Ma 1,2 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 2 State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-135-1957-9989; Fax: +86-951-206-2323 Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: In this study, a Rh(I)/Ru(III) catalyst with a bimetallic space structure was designed and synthesized. The interaction between the metals of the bimetallic catalyst and the structure of the bridged dimer can effectively reduce the steric hindrance effect and help speed up the reaction rate while ensuring the stability of the catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that rhodium accepts electrons from chlorine, thereby increasing the electron-rich nature of rhodium and improving the catalytic activity. This promotes the nucleophilic reaction of the catalyst with methyl iodide and reduces the reaction energy barrier. The methanol carbonylation performance of the Rh/Ru catalyst was evaluated, and the results show that the conversion rate of methyl acetate and the yield of acetic acid are 96.0% under certain conditions. Furthermore, during the catalysis, no precipitate is formed and the amount of water is greatly reduced. -
Appendix H EPA Hazardous Waste Law
Appendix H EPA Hazardous Waste Law This Appendix is intended to give you background information on hazardous waste laws and how they apply to you. For most U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements that apply to the University, the Safety Department maintains compliance through internal inspections, record keeping and proper disposal. In Wisconsin, the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has adopted the EPA regulations, consequently EPA and DNR regulations are nearly identical. EPA defines This Appendix only deals with "hazardous waste" as defined by the EPA. hazardous waste as Legally, EPA defines hazardous waste as certain hazardous chemical waste. This hazardous chemical Appendix does not address other types of regulated laboratory wastes, such as waste; radioactive, infectious, biological, radioactive or sharps. Chapter 8 descibes disposal procedures infectious and biohazardous waste for animals. Chapter 9 describes disposal procedures for sharps and other waste that are regulated by can puncture tissue. Chapter 11 discusses Radiation and the Radiation Safety for other agencies. Radiation Workers provides guidelines for the disposal of radioactive waste. Procedures for medical waste are written by the UW Hospital Safety Officer. The Office of Biological Safety can provide guidance for the disposal of infectious and biological waste. EPA regulations focus on industrial waste streams. As a result, many laboratory chemical wastes are not regulated by EPA as hazardous chemical waste. However, many unregulated chemical wastes do merit special handling and disposal If a waste can be procedures. Thus, Chapter 7 and Appendix A of this Guide recommend disposal defined as: procedures for many unregulated wastes as if they were EPA hazardous waste. -
Advances in the Carbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Palladium Catalysts
FIRST SOLVIAS SCIENCE DAY 684 CHIMIA 2001,55, No.9 Chimia 55 (2001) 684--687 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft ISSN 0009-4293 Advances in the Carbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Palladium Catalysts Matthias Bellera* and Adriano F. Indoleseb Abstract: The palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl halides is shown to be a versatile tool for the synthesis of various benzoic and heteroaromatic acid derivatives. Recent developments from our laboratories in this area are presented. Keywords: Benzoic acid derivatives· Carbonylation . Homogeneous catalysis· Palladium Introduction From a general point of view the leav- Elegant work by researchers from ing group of the aryl-X derivative is for- Hoffmann-La Roche also demonstrated Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reac- mally replaced by a nucleophile with in- the industrial applicability of such a reac- tions of aryl-X compounds leading to corporation of one or two molecules of tion in the commercial process for carboxylic acid derivatives were estab- CO (Scheme I). In addition to aryl-, hete- Lazabemide, a monamine oxidase B in- lished in the mid-seventies by the pio- ro-aryl-, vinyl-, allyl- und benzyl-X com- hibitor. In this process the aminocar- neering work of Heck and co-workers pounds can also serve as starting materi- bonylation of the commercially available [1]. Since that time these reactions have als in these carbonylations [2]. Two ex- 2,5-dichloropyridine with ethylenedi- found a number of applications in organ- amples for carbonylation reactions of ben- amine is performed with a Pd/dppp cata- ic synthesis, and even some industrial zyl-X applied on an industrial scale for lyst with comparably high catalyst pro- processes (see below) have been realized. -
Sudibyo S, Et Al. Optimization of Electrometal-Elektrowinning Cobalt Process from the Slag Copyright© Sudibyo S, Et Al
Physical Science & Biophysics Journal MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2641-9165 Committed to Create Value for Researchers Optimization of Electrometal-Elektrowinning Cobalt Process from the Slag of Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) Hermida L1, Sudibyo S2*, Supriyatna YI2, Herlina U2, Handoko AS2, Prasetyo E2, Almutaqii M2 and Reswari PA1 Research Article Volume 4 Issue 2 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Lampung University, Indonesia Received Date: October 09, 2020 2Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia Published Date: October 27, 2020 *Corresponding author: Sudibyo Sudibyo, Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Ir. Sutami street Km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, Tel: +6285881020870; Email: [email protected] Abstract Slag from the manufacturing of nickel pig iron (NPI) from laterite soil is still containing 823.7 ppm of cobalt. In this research, the separation process is carried out from slag NPI by using the Response Surface Method (RSM). This method is to determine the optimum conditional process of Electrometal Electrowinning (EMEW) and get an equation model to see the correlation isbetween leach the a variable slag using and acetic know acid,the most and significantthen extracted interfactor in two interaction.steps by versatic This research acid 10 andwas thenconducted with cyanex using three 272. parameters,The organic phaseconsists from of duration this extraction of operation, then stripped potential using voltage, 6 M and sulphuric variable acid of boric so obtained acid. The aqueous first step phase in electro-metal at pH 5.5 with electrowinning the highest cobalt content. The best condition of electro-metal electrowinning is obtained at 4.5 V, 2 hours, and 0.5 M of boric acid with 45.8273% of cobalt recovery. -
39 Transition Metal Ketenes Laura M. Babcock Literature Seminar March 19, 1985 the Mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch Catalysis Is
39 Transition Metal Ketenes Laura M. Babcock Literature Seminar March 19, 1985 The mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch catalysis is presently believed to pro ceed via reactions involving methylene species on metal surfaces [1]. Muetterties, Herrmann, and Katzer [2] have suggested that carbonyl carbene coupling to form an intermediate ketene complex is one reaction path which could lead to oxygen-containing products. Support for these ketene inter mediates arises from the ever increasing number of isolable, transition metal ketene complexes and their subsequent reactivity. Transition metal ketenes have been observed in several different bonding arrangements. C ,0 and C ,C 'TT-bonding to one or two metal centers have been reported. Terminal, MRC~C=O, and µ cluster bridged ketene complexes are 3 also known. There are three primary methods for synthesizing transition metal ketenes. Substitution reactions bind a ketene to the metal center by displacement of a weakly Mund ligand [ 3]. Dehydrohalogena tion, a general synthetic route to ketene complexes of zr ·and Ti, involves proton abstraction from the acyl~halo complex followed by displacement of the halogen by the ketene oxygen [4]. Insertion of a carbonyl into the metal carbon bond of a methylene ligand is, however, the most common method for preparing metal ketenes [5]. CO insertion into other alkylidenes and alkylidynes has been observed as well, Fig. 1. L3bellng and reactivity studies on several systems 0s(C0)4 a . /~ . (CO).,ps 0s(C014 \ c-cI H2 'o Fig. 1 2 PMe3 _ e"'-t,,,_h=-=e_,__r__ b. 40°C indicate that both internal c~rbene-carbonyl coupling [5b,c,6] and insertion of external carbon monoxide [7] are possible pathways for the formation of metal ketenes. -
Nickel Carbonyl Final AEGL Document
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 6 Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-11214-1, 318 pages, 6 x 9, (2007) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12018.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This free book plus thousands more books are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 6 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12018.html Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Committee on Toxicology Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. -
Safety Data Sheet According to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) As Amended Material Name: Carbon Dioxide (DX) Gas Purifier Media SDS ID: 0048 (EU)
Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) as amended Material Name: Carbon Dioxide (DX) Gas Purifier Media SDS ID: 0048 (EU) SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Material Name Carbon Dioxide (DX) Gas Purifier Media Product Code 8008786 Product Description The media contained in this product, when used as designed, under normal operating conditions, and installed and maintained according to product literature, is not expected to be hazardous. Classifications and hazards represented on this Safety Data Sheet are only applicable in the unlikely event that the purifier media is liberated from the purifier housing. The purifier has sieves internal to the housing to prevent the media from escaping during intended use. Caution: Some units are provided with a fill port, which is factory sealed with a VCR® fitting and plug, covered with red shrink wrap. This port must never be opened by the end user, since it will potentially result in a release of the media. Registration status REACH compliance status of the substance is currently under investigation. 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses For removal of volatile acids and bases, refractory compounds, condensable organics, non-condensable organics and moisture from carbon dioxide gas Uses advised against Use only with gases listed in Identified Uses. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Entegris GmbH Hugo-Junkers-Ring 5, Gebäude 107/W, 01109 Dresden, Germany Telephone Number: +49 (0) 351 795 97 0 Fax Number: +49 (0) 351 795 97 499 Only Representative Tetra Tech International, Inc. -
Chemical Intercalation of Zerovalent Metals Into 2D Layered Bi2se3 Nanoribbons † † ‡ † † † § Kristie J
Article pubs.acs.org/JACS Chemical Intercalation of Zerovalent Metals into 2D Layered Bi2Se3 Nanoribbons † † ‡ † † † § Kristie J. Koski, Colin D. Wessells, Bryan W. Reed, Judy J. Cha, Desheng Kong, and Yi Cui*, , † Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States ‡ Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States § SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: We have developed a chemical method to intercalate a variety of zerovalent metal atoms into two-dimen- sional (2D) layered Bi2Se3 chalcogenide nanoribbons. We use a chemical reaction, such as a disproportionation redox reaction, to generate dilute zerovalent metal atoms in a refluxing solution, which intercalate into the layered Bi2Se3 structure. The zerovalent nature of the intercalant allows superstoichiometric intercalation of metal atoms such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Ni, and Sn. We foresee the impact of this methodology in establishing novel fundamental physical behaviors and in possible energy applications. 1. INTRODUCTION Ni, and Sn. Some interesting effects that could arise with − 7−10 intercalation are superconductivity, such as in Cu Bi2Se3, Intercalation is the insertion of a guest species into a host 6 lattice. Intercalation into layered materials is essential to battery enhanced conductivity, or possibly opening a surface state gap electrodes, electrochromics, detergents, and solid lubricants and in topological insulator Bi2Se3. This method of zerovalent metal is important in exotic fundamental two-dimensional (2D) intercalation may also be extended to other layered materials. -
Bond Distances and Bond Orders in Binuclear Metal Complexes of the First Row Transition Metals Titanium Through Zinc
Metal-Metal (MM) Bond Distances and Bond Orders in Binuclear Metal Complexes of the First Row Transition Metals Titanium Through Zinc Richard H. Duncan Lyngdoh*,a, Henry F. Schaefer III*,b and R. Bruce King*,b a Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India B Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 ABSTRACT: This survey of metal-metal (MM) bond distances in binuclear complexes of the first row 3d-block elements reviews experimental and computational research on a wide range of such systems. The metals surveyed are titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc, representing the only comprehensive presentation of such results to date. Factors impacting MM bond lengths that are discussed here include (a) n+ the formal MM bond order, (b) size of the metal ion present in the bimetallic core (M2) , (c) the metal oxidation state, (d) effects of ligand basicity, coordination mode and number, and (e) steric effects of bulky ligands. Correlations between experimental and computational findings are examined wherever possible, often yielding good agreement for MM bond lengths. The formal bond order provides a key basis for assessing experimental and computationally derived MM bond lengths. The effects of change in the metal upon MM bond length ranges in binuclear complexes suggest trends for single, double, triple, and quadruple MM bonds which are related to the available information on metal atomic radii. It emerges that while specific factors for a limited range of complexes are found to have their expected impact in many cases, the assessment of the net effect of these factors is challenging. -
A Pilgrimage Into the Archives of Nickel Toxicology
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE, Vol. 19, No. 1 Copyright © 1989, Institute for Clinical Science, Inc. A Pilgrimage into the Archives of Nickel Toxicology F. WILLIAM SUNDERMAN, M.D., Ph .D. Institute for Clinical Science, Pennsylvania Hospital,. Philadelphia, PA 19107 Introduction the contributors to this and the three previous symposia, with special com It is my great pleasure to address this mendation to my beloved son, Bill Jr. assembly of learned scientists on the My memory with respect to nickel tox occasion of the Fourth International icology goes back to 1943 when I Conference on Nickel Metabolism and attended my first nickel meeting at Los Toxicology. Alamos, New Mexico. This initial meet When I seriously sat down to prepare ing was arranged out of necessity. It was remarks for this evening’s program, I held for the purpose of devising methods became aghast as I pondered upon the to protect workers in nuclear energy title that I had submitted. How could I from the hazards of acute and chronic presume to cover such a colossal subject exposure to nickel tetracarbonyl in the course of a brief address? It is true Ni(CO)4. It was recognized then that that the hazards of exposure to nickel nickel carbonyl was one of the most toxic and nickel compounds have been recog of all gases. At our first meeting, those in nized only within recent decades; how attendance set three goals: (1 ) to obtain ever, the number of research contribu accurate toxicity data on nickel carbonyl; tions and publications on nickel (2 ) to establish programs for the protec toxicology that have appeared during the tion and treatment of workers who might past three decades has been substantial. -
ACETIC ACID and ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (November 1994)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 37B ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (November 1994) This Report presents preliminary process designs and estimated economics for the manufacture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride by carbonylation technology. The three processes evaluated in this report include Monsanto’s low pressure carbonylation of methanol process (BP Chemical acquired licensing rights to this process in 1985), Eastman’s process for carbonylation of methyl acetate to produce acetic anhydride (methanol added to the reaction mixture results in the coproduction of acetic acid in this process), and a process based on BP Chemical patents that coproduces acetic acid and acetic anhydride via carbonylation of methyl acetate in the presence of water. Both the Eastman and BP Chemical processes are back– integrated into the manufacture of the methyl acetate feedstock from methanol and acetic acid. We have included a discussion of other commercialized acetic acid and acetic anhydride processes as well as potential new processes. A list of the world’s acetic acid and acetic anhydride producers along with their estimated plant capacities and a description of the major acetic acid and acetic anhydride markets are also included in this Report. This Report will be useful to producers of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, as well as to producers of methanol and downstream products such as vinyl acetate monomer. PEP’93 MKG CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2 SUMMARY 2-1 GENERAL ASPECTS 2-1 ECONOMIC ASPECTS 2-1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2-3 Low Pressure Carbonylation