Peran Dan Fungsi Tokoh Semar-Bagong Dalam Pergelaran Lakon Wayang Kulit Gaya Jawa Timuran*

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Peran Dan Fungsi Tokoh Semar-Bagong Dalam Pergelaran Lakon Wayang Kulit Gaya Jawa Timuran* HUMANIORA VOLUMEPeran 15 dan Fungsi Tokoh Semar-BagongNo. 3 Oktober dalam 2003 Pergelaran Lakon WayangHalaman Kulit 285 - 301 PERAN DAN FUNGSI TOKOH SEMAR-BAGONG DALAM PERGELARAN LAKON WAYANG KULIT GAYA JAWA TIMURAN* Wisma Nugraha Christianto R.** Pengantar kultural, dan aspek-aspek pragmatik lainnya. Ia tumbuh alami di desa-desa pewaris dan ayang Kulit gaya Jawa Timuran adalah pelestari tradisinya sesuai dengan dinamika sebuah seni pergelaran lakon yang dan tataran pengetahuannya. mempergelarkan lakon-lakon atau Tokoh Semar dalam kehidupan seni cerita dari wiracarita Ramayana dan pergelaran wayang kulit gaya Jawa Timuran Mahabharata, sama halnya dengan seni memiliki kedudukan dan fungsi yang penting pergelaran wayang kulit di daerah lain (Jawa dan agak berbeda dibandingkan perannya Tengah, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan dalam dunia pergelaran wayang Jawa daerah lainnya). Secara geografis, tradisi Tengahan dan Yogyakarta. Melalui tokoh pedalangan Jawa Timuran berada di dalam Semar, kiranya dapat dipahami bagaimana wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur bagian utara di konstruk sebuah lakon dipergelarkan dan sekitar wilayah Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Gresik, bagaimana lakon diberi makna atau Mojokerto, sebagian wilayah Kabupaten dikomunikasikan kepada publik. Sebaliknya, Lamongan, dan sebagian wilayah Kabupaten publik menghayati dan menangkap pesan Pasuruan. Di wilayah Malang, terdapat tradisi lakon melalui peran tokoh Semar. pedalangan yang mirip dengan tradisi yang James T. Siegel (1986), dalam buku ada di Jawa Timuran, tetapi masyarakat berjudul Solo in The New Order, mengamati Malang dan kelompok masyarakat tradisi dunia wayang kulit gaya Surakarta sebagai Jawa Timuran menyebut sebagai tradisi bahan kajian terhadap tatanan sosial, Malangan. budaya, dan politik masyarakat Jawa secara Dunia seni pergelaran wayang kulit gaya dinamik. Sementara itu, Ward Keeler (1987), Jawa Timuran belum banyak menarik minat dalam buku berjudul Javanese Shadow peneliti sastra dan kesenian di Indonesia Plays, Javanese Selves, menampilkan hasil karena dianggap sebagai seni daerah pengamatannya terhadap dunia wayang kulit Pesisiran yang diasumsikan kurang menarik Surakarta dan Yogyakarta untuk meng- dibandingkan dengan dunia kesenian di interpretasi bagaimana bentuk kehidupan lingkup keraton (Yogyakarta dan Surakarta). pergelaran wayang purwa di desa-desa di Seni pedalangan dan pergelaran wayang kulit Jawa. Clara van Groenendael (1987) juga gaya Jawa Timuran merupakan sebuah dunia mengamati kehidupaan seni wayang kulit seni pertunjukan rakyat yang tidak banyak daerah Surakarta secara Antropologis dalam mendapat campur tangan kepentingan rangka untuk memahami peran dalang dalam keraton dari berbagai aspek sosial, politik, pentas wayang kulit dan kehidupan dalang * Hasil Penelitian dengan Dana Masyarakat 2002. ** Doctorandus, Magister Humaniora, Staf Pengajar Jurusan Sastra Daerah, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Humaniora Volume XV, No. 3/2003 285 Wisma Nugraha Christianto R. sehari-hari di masyarakat. Adapun peng- sehingga irama iringan pergelaran wayang amatan terhadap dunia wayang kulit gaya kulit Jawa Timuran berbeda sekali dengan Jawa Timuran dapat dilihat melalui tulisan irama gamelan gaya Jawa Tengahan dan karya Soenarto Timoer (1988) yang Yogyakarta. membahas aturan tata pergelaran wayang Melihat peran tokoh Semar dan Bagong kulit Jawa Timuran. Sementara itu, Umar yang menonjol jika ditilik melalui fungsi yang Kayam (2001) dalam bukunya yang berjudul mengiringi penanda pembukaan dan penutup Kelir Tanpa Batas menyinggung sedikit pergelaran lakon, terdapat indikasi bahwa bagaimana gambaran umum dunia seni kedua tokoh tersebut secara naratif memiliki wayang kulit Jawa Timur pada umumnya. Di peran dan fungsi yang penting pula. Apakah dalam buku berjudul Wayang Malangan, peran kedua tokoh itu dapat ditilik melalui Suyanto (2002) membahas agak mendalam lakon, kiranya hal itu dapat dikaji lebih jauh, bagaimana secara makro ciri-ciri dinamik baik melalui naratif tentang kedua tokoh atau seni pergelaran wayang kulit kultur daerah pun melalui lakon-lakon lain yang menun- Malang sebagai bagian dari tradisi gaya Jawa jukkan bagaimana peran Semar dan Bagong. Timuran. Dari beberapa pustaka di atas, Masalah penelitian terhadap peran dan tampak bahwa penelitian wayang kulit gaya fungsi Semar dalam pergelaran lakon adalah Jawa Timuran belum dikaji secara serius sebagai berikut. seperti halnya dalam kajian seni pergelaran 1. Bagaimana relasi Semar dengan tokoh wayang kulit tradisi Jawa Tengahan. sesama 'Panakawan'? Pergelaran wayang kulit gaya Jawa 2. Bagaimana relasi Semar dengan tokoh- Timuran yang hidup di kota-kota sekitar tokoh yang disertainya? Surabaya, Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, 3. Bagaimana Semar berperan di dalam Lamongan, dan Pasuruan masih sangat totalitas pergelaran wayang kulit gaya terjaga pewarisannya di dalam praktik siklus Jawa Timuran? hidup sehari-hari sehingga pergelarannya senantiasa berhubungan dengan upacara Secara mitologis, tokoh Semar diyakini hajatan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian terhadap memiliki peran dan kedudukan yang penting pergelaran lakon wayang kulit Jawa Timuran dalam kehidupan masyarakat Jawa pada senantiasa terbuka apabila peneliti sanggup umumnya. Akan tetapi, setiap lokal budaya melacak dan mencatat masa-masa masya- Jawa memiliki bentuk resepsi dan rakat mengadakan hajatan yang sekaligus transformasinya masing-masing tentang menyelenggarakan pergelaran wayang kulit. Semar dan Bagong. Salah satu ciri penanda pergelaran Clara van Groenendael (1987a), di dalam lakon-lakon wayang kulit gaya Jawa Timuran terbitannya mengenai bibliografi beranotasi tampak secara visual pada tata cara tentang pertunjukan wayang di Indonesia simpingan (penataan wayang di layar/geber), tampak menyebutkan pula beberapa hasil yaitu memasang tokoh Batara Guru dan pengamatan para peneliti yang secara Betari Durga di atas tokoh-tokoh wayang spesifik menyorot peran Semar dalam lainnya. Betara Guru berada di sisi kanan pergelaran wayang purwa, antara lain C.P. dan Betari Durga di sisi kiri arah hadap dalang Epskamp (1976); Th. P. Galestin (1959); R.A. ke layar sehingga penonton dari balik layar Kern (1930); Franz Magnis-Suseno (1981); akan melihat posisi berlawanan. Lebih H. Meinhard (1939); dan J.J. Ras (1978). khusus lagi adalah penyertaan tokoh Semar Epskamp (dalam Groenendael, 1987a), dan Bagong di antara tiga gunungan di tengah menjelaskan bahwa Semar memiliki peran layar sebagai penanda awal dan akhir ambigu dalam pergelaran wayang purwa, pergelaran lakon. Adapun ciri penanda yakni sebagai orang kebanyakan dan pergelaran lakon wayang Jawa Timuran yang sekaligus sebagai bagian dari kelompok lain terdapat pada komposisi gending dewa-dewa senior pada tataran mistik. karawitan yang menggunakan gamelan Sementar itu, dalam tataran sosial, Semar slendro. Irama kecrek, dhodhog, dan sebanding dengan posisi dalang sebagai kendang sangat menonjol serta dinamik tokoh perantara antara penguasa dan rakyat. 286 Humaniora Volume XV, No. 3/2003 Peran dan Fungsi Tokoh Semar-Bagong dalam Pergelaran Lakon Wayang Kulit Galestin, dalam pidato pengukuhan Profesor yang sejenis peran dan fungsinya pada Arkeologi dan Sejarah Kuna Asia Utara dan beberapa jenis pergelaran wayang di Jawa Asia Tenggara di Universitas Leiden, menje- (wayang Gedog, Beber, dsb.), wayang India, laskan figur Semar dari data relief candi dan relief candi yang menunjukkan peran dan sebagai panakawan wayang, sedangkan fungsi Semar sebagai tokoh pendamping Kern hanya mempersoalkan siapa lebih tokoh-tokoh ksatria. dominan dalam pengusaaan dunia, apakah Semar atau Togog. Magnis-Suseno mende- Landasan Teori kati Semar dalam rangka pembahasan soal kebijaksanaan dan etika Jawa; bahwa Semar Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode penelitian lapangan sehingga diperlukan berperan sentral dalam etika Jawa karena perangkat alat-alat untuk mengumpulkan tampak melalui perilaku dan wujudnya yang data dan mengolah data lapangan. berelasi dengan konsep alus dan kasakten Selebihnya, data lapangan dan hasil olah atau relasi antara priyayi dan orang keba- data akan dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan nyakan. Di sisi ritual, Semar dipandang dasar kajian struktural naratif untuk melihat sebagai simbol kesuburan yang setara kedudukan dan fungsi tokoh di dalam sebuah dengan simbol-simbol phallic dalam wayang koherensi pergelaran lakon-lakon wayang India (Meinhard, 1939: 'The Javanese Wajang kulit gaya Jawa Timuran. Analisis struktur and Its Indian Prototype' dalam Ras, 1978). lakon dan bagaimana unsur fakta cerita Hampir sejalan dengan Meinhard adalah hasil berupa tokoh yang menduduki beberapa la- pembahasan J.J. Ras (1978) yang menjelas- pis peristiwa dan dimensi ruang-waktu kan bahwa Semar adalah dewa pelindung merupakan sebuah upaya memahami jalinan dan guru, sekaligus berkedudukan sebagai antarunsur lakon dan relasinya dengan kode- dewa kesuburan. Kesimpulan Ras ini dida- kode budaya referensial di Jawa Timur. sarkan atas hasil pembandingan antara Untuk memahami naratif, dalam studi Semar dalam relasi-relasinya antara: Semar, ini adalah lakon, sebaiknya dipahami melalui Nalagareng, dan Petruk dengan Semar dan penerima atau penikmat lakon (Martin, 1986: Bagong; relasi Semar dalam kedudukannya 29). Selanjutnya dijelaskan bahwa sisi sebagai Semar yang bersifat dewa; relasi penikmat lakon dalam proses menikmati se- Semar dengan Panakawan Wayang Gedog: buah lakon cerita sudah barang tentu Prasanta/Jati-Pitutur dan Sadulurmu/Pitutur melibatkan bekal pemahamannya masing- Jati; relasi Semar dengan Gatholoco;
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