Etruscan Calligraphy Blackletter Upright Type Carved Letters Caronline Miniscule Gutenberg Bible Baskerville

The 11th century manuscript shows the form Greek letters An example of the calligraphy font A page from the Gutenberg Bible which shows an example of An example of the alphabet om upprt case, lower took in manuscripts written on parchment. The text is used in the document script, the blackletter font. case, italic, and numbers in the baskerville font. written in miniscule letters, all lower case, although the Caroline Miniscule. title is in majuscules, capital letters. Only later were the upper and lower case letters mixed on a page. ABC Type 100 BC 900 AD 1400 AD 1700 AD

Etruscan (and then Roman) carvers working in marble Caroline miniscule, the dominant script during the The first mass produced printed book was the Bible, a version based on John Baskerville (1706-1775) was one of the founders who took painted letterforms before inscribing them. Certain eighth and ninth centuries, was a lower case script that the Latin edition from about 380 AD.. The Bible was printed at Mainz, Philippe Grandjean’s idea of type to a successful level. John was a Specimen qualities of their strokes-a change in weight from was easy to write and easy to read. The letters were Germany by Johannes Gutenberg from 1452 -1455.. Although German self-taught type founder, papermaker, and printer in Birmingham. His vertical to horizontal, a broadening of stroke at start rounded and carefully formed and attention was paid to bibliographers claim that it was may also have been finished and perfected type featured pronounced think and thin strokes, a clear vertical stress to finish-carried into the carved forms. the spacing of the words. The Renaissance humanists by Johann Fust, a wealthy financier who gained Gutenberg's share of the and a slightly higher contrast than old style typeface, combined with assumed that Caroline manuscript copies of ancient business in a lawsuit; and Peter Schöffer, Gutenberg's assistant. horizontal serifs. John developed several ancillary technologies to The Etruscan letters are quite similar to the Greek, but texts had originated in Rome and called the script Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script maintain the delicacy of his transitional type. they were written from right to left rather than left to Roman type. Caroline miniscule formed the basic of used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 to 1500. It right. Though the characters are familiar to linguists many modern type faces. continued to be used for the German language until the twentieth century. the Etruscan language is still undeciphered except for Fraktur is a notable script of this type, and sometimes the entire group of some individual words. faces is known as Fraktur.

Blackletter is not to be confused with Old English, despite the popular, and untrue, tradition that Blackletter was used to write that language. Old English pre-dates Blackletter by many centuries. 1 2 3 Oldstyle Script Blackletter Transitional Garamound Mistral Goudy Century Type History ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz aabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!@#$%^&*( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZA a abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzA Timeline abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Originally an attempt to replicate engraved calligraphic A refinement of Oldstyle forms, this style was achieved forms, this class of type is not entirely appropriate in 1234567890!@#$%^&*( in part because of advances in casting and printing. 1234567890!@#$%^&*( lengthy text settings. In shorter applications, however it has Think-to-thing relationships were exaggerated, and always enjoyed wide acceptance. Forms now range from The earliest printing type, its forms were based Based upon the lowercase forms used by Italian humanist scholars for book brackets were lightened. Examples of Transitional font the formal and traditional to the casual and contemporary. upon the handcopying styles then used for books copying (themselves based upon the ninth0century Caroline miniscule) are Baskerville font are Baskerville, Bulmer, Century, Examples of Script font are Mistral, Kuenstler Script, etc. in northern Europe. Examples of Blackletter font and the uppercase letterforms found inscribed on Roman ruins, the forms etc. are Cloister Black, Goudy, etc. evolved away from their calligraphic origins over 200 years, as they mi- grated across Europe, from Italy to England. Examples of Oldsytle font are Bembo, Caslon, Garamond, Jenson, etc.