Developing Countries in International Trade 2007 Trade and Development Index

Home , Supachai Panitchpakdi, Trade and development

The Trade and Development Index (TDI) is a new policy assessment and policymaking tool produced by UNCTAD for member States, particularly for developing countries. TDI provides an analytical framework for enhancing the enabling environment for economic and social development, and promoting a mutually beneficial interplay between trade and development in the context of globalization.

As requested by member States, DCIT-TDI 2007 substantially refines and improves the conceptual framework DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN by the additional composing indicators on the interplay between trade and development, as well as expanded country coverage. Currently, 123 UNCTAD member States are covered by TDI and its framework. INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The TDI thus presents both a quantitative indication and an analytical framework to identify how well trade and Dev development are integrated in an individual country, based not only on its trade and development performance,

eloping Countries in International 2007 but also on key factors affecting this joint performance. These include human capital, physical infrastructure, domestic and international financial resources, institutional quality, macroeconomic stability, environmental sustainability, openness to trade and access to foreign markets. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT INDEX EMBARGO rt must this repoarized ntents of or summ TDI national scores are a composite quantitative indication describing the degree of integration between trade The co be quoted, broadcast, orre and development performance. not int a, befo in the pronic medi hours GMT electr ber 2007 17:00 6 Novem

Comments on the Trade and Development Index

“The Trade and Development Index (TDI) is an outcome of the Secretariat’s analysis to identify the complex interdependence of current economic conditions in both developing and developed nations... The Index

offers a comprehensive review of the global trade and development performance of different countries, Tr

and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of their institutional and policy environment... This framework ade 200 will contribute to understanding why certain countries have made progress towards achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), while others have not. The analytical framework will also allow the UNCTAD secretariat to enhance the overall coherence of its work, ranging from technical assistance to promoting Aid for Trade.” 7 -

Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of UNCTAD Tr ade and Development Inde

“The Trade and Development Index (TDI) has been taken forward in 2007 beyond its inaugural presentation in 2005, and UNCTAD has laid a solid framework in establishing new standards for examining progress in world economic and social development... It also takes up the very important concept of sustainability... The TDI framework indicates that in this era of globalization, one must look at financial interrelationships among nations. Trade flows alone cannot provide an understanding of international economic issues... Methodology, scope, and provision of practical information are all present in improved form in the 2007 edition of this publication.” x Lawrence R. Klein, Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences

Printed at United Nations, Geneva–GE.07-51939–October 2007–UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2007/2–ISSN 1817-1214 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT INDEX

UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2007 NOTE

Theviews expressed inthis report are thoseof theauthors and do not necessarily reﬂectthe views of the United Nations Secretariat. Thedesignations employed and the presentation of the material inthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning thelegal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ndex i

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital leĴers withﬁ gures. Mention of such a symbol indicates areferencetoa United Nations document.

Trade and development Material inthis publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but full acknowledgement is requested. A copy of thepublication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2007/2

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION

ISSN 1817-1214

ii PREFACE by Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General, UNCTAD DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Thelink between trade and development, and the kind of policies required to strengthen the Trade and development contribution of one to theother, have been the subjectof much academic discussion. For UNCTAD, as the United Nations focal point for the integrated treatment of trade and development, this issue has been at the centre of its work for more than 40 years.

Inthis Trade and Development Index (TDI), UNCTAD presents some of its research on the link between trade and development inanew, integrated fashion. The TDI is an outcome of the secretariat’s analysis to identify the complex interdependenceof current economic conditions in both developing and developed nations. i ndex The index oěers a comprehensive review of the global trade and development performance of diěerent countries, and identiﬁes the strengths and weaknesses of their institutional and policy environment. It showcases not only the tremendous progress that many developing countries have achieved inrecent years, butalsoraises several pertinent issues which will require further aĴention in formulating trade and development policies.

The TDI alsoaims to provide policymakers and researchers with anew tool for policy analysis and formulation, by presenting an analytical framework to understand how to enhancethe enabling environment for trade and development. We believe that this framework will contribute to understanding why certain countries have made progress towards achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), while others have not. The analytical framework will also allow the UNCTAD Secretariat to enhancethe overall coherenceof its work, ranging from technical assistance to promoting Aid for Trade.

In order to guide and support our future work on the TDI and related issues, I have constituted an Advisory Board, which will be chaired by Nobel Laureate Professor Lawrence R. Klein. The Board consists of international scholars drawn from academia, international organizations, think tanks and theprivate sector. I am conﬁdent that the pragmatic framework of the TDI and the work of the Advisory Board will help UNCTAD further strengthen its capacity to assist countries in formulating sound trade and development policies.

Supachai Panitchpakdi

iii

FOREWORD by Professor Lawrence R. Klein, Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

The Trade and Development Index (TDI) has been taken forward in 2007 beyond its inaugural Trade and development presentation in 2005, and UNCTAD has laida solid framework inestablishing new standards for examining progress in world economic and social development. The second releaseof TDI measures has expanded country coverage and broadened the scope of quantitative analysis.

Themain index, showing development dynamics across countries, has been enlarged and covers new time periods. Italsotakes upthevery important concept of sustainability. Inthe analysis of key international totals, such as total national income or total production among countries, new aĴention is paidto income distribution within countries. This is of extreme importance among – as

well as within – countries, as it sheds lightontheexistenceof poverty in all too many countries. This i ndex is anecessaryﬁrst step for programmes to reduce poverty.

Theprincipal tool of statistical analysis used remains the method of principal components to deal with latent variables, which are defined in a modern dictionary as something that is “present but not visible or apparent”. The useof the method of principal components in quantitative economic analysis was introduced by Richard Stone in 1947, but he fruitfully explored national results in terms of specifi c economic magnitudes across time periods for the United States. This approach can readily be used for the countries being studied inthe TDI. This extends the statistical analysis to the sustainability, of specifi c growth rates, a feature that all countries want to know, concerning their economic progress in development.

The TDI framework indicates that inthis era of globalization, one must look at financial interrelationships among nations. Trade flows alone cannot provide an understanding of international economic issues. Trade in goods must be extended to goods and services. ThelaĴer concept needs further extension to current account balances for the increasing degree of globalized connections among countries to be appreciated. This can be seen intherecent problems of a bank inthe United Kingdom being caused by a financial disturbance inthe United States mortgage market. For beĴer understanding offinancial linkages and theireěecton international economic stability, one must look beyond merchandise trade flows among nations.

Methodology, scope, and provision of practical information are all present in improved form inthe 2007 edition of this publication. It can be expected that many more such estimates of speciﬁ c concepts or magnitudes will be in future publications.

Lawrence R. Klein

ADVISORY BOARD DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Board Convener and Coordinator

Supachai Panitchpakdi

Secretary-General of UNCTAD Trade and development

Chairperson

Lawrence R. Klein Benjamin Franklin Professor of Economics, Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, United States of America. i Members ndex

Meghnad Desai, Professor of Economics, Emeritus, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Jung Taik Hyun, President, Korean Development Institute (KDI), Seoul, Republic of Korea Lawrence J Lau, President and Ralph and Claire Landau Professor of Economics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in Economic Development, Emeritus, Stanford University, United States of America . Warwick J. McKibbin, Professor and Executive Director of the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Vladimir Mau, Rector of the Academy of the National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Member of the Scientiﬁ c CommiĴee, Moscow, Russian Federation Anirudh Lal Nagar, Honorary Fellow, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, and Visiting Professor of Econometrics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Jim O'Neill, Managing Director and Head of Global Economic Research, Goldman Sachs, London, United Kingdom Peter Pauly, Professor of Economics and Vice-Dean, University of Toronto, and Director, the United Nations Project LINK, Toronto, Canada Eustaquio Reis, Economist, Institute of Applied Economic Research, Riode Janeiro, Brazil Dominique Salvatore, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Fordham University, New York, United States of America CharloĴ e du Toit, Professor of Economics, University of Pretoria, and Special advisor to the Minister of Social Development of the South African Government, South Africa. Craig VanGrasstek, Executive Director of the Program on Trade and Negotiations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America

Board’s Secretariat

Lakshmi Puri, Acting Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, and Director, Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities.

vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Developing Countries in International Trade 2007: Trade and Development Index was prepared by staě of the Trade Analysis Branch (TAB) under the general direction of Lakshmi Puri, Acting ndex

i Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD and Director of the Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities. Khalil Rahman led the team until his reassignment to the Executive OĜ ceof the Secretary-General of the United Nations in New York in April 2007. AĞerwards, Victor Ognivtsev assumed these functions. Sudip Ranjan Basu and Marco Fugazza were the lead authors. Substantive and technical support was provided by Aki Kuwahara, Miho Shirotori, Mark Bloch, Denise Penello Rial, Wojciech Stawowy, Samuel Munyaneza, Richard Chalverat, Fabien Dumesnil and Minako Morita. Some helpful comments were alsoreceived from other staě members of UNCTAD.

The team thankfully acknowledges thevaluable guidance and suggestions by Professor Lawrence R. Klein. Special thanks goto Andrew Cornford, who made valuable comments on the draĞ . Trade and development Remarks received from Professor A.L. Nagar are alsoacknowledged. The team expresses appreciation to Pranab Bardhan, John Cuddy, Meghnad Desai, M. Muqtada, Jim O’Neill and Craig VanGrasstek.

The report beneﬁted from comments and observations by participants of the high-level event DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL “Climbing the trade and development ladder: Trade and Development Index” at the tenth session of the UNCTAD Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities, as well as representa- tives of UNCTAD member States.

Consultations were also carried out with staě members of other international organizations, including the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Aěairs, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paciﬁ c, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization; and academic institutions, including the University of Pennsylvania, the London School of Economics and Graduate Institute of International Studies and the University of Geneva. Comments were alsoreceived from a number of other entities such as Global Economic Research of Goldman Sachs, as well as some non- governmental organizations and research institutions.

Desktop publishing was done by Jenifer Tacardon-Mercado. Diego Oyarzun-Reyes designed the cover, thelast one before his retirement. Paul Stephenson and Michael Gibson edited the report. BrigiĴe Ruby and Jean-Marc Humblot were responsible for processing the report, while Marisa Henderson, Susan Graham and Josie Maximo provided overall logistical, administrative and Web- related support.

viii CONTENTS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

PREFACE ...... iii Trade and development FOREWORD ...... v ADVISORY BOARD ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii ABBREVIATIONS ...... xi

PART I. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT INDEX 2006 i 1. Introduction ...... 1 ndex 2. TDI and benchmarks: concepts, methodology and computation ...... 4 2.1 The conceptual approach to TDI 2006 ...... 4 2.2 Selection of indicators ...... 5 2.2.1 Components of the structural and institutional context dimension ...... 5 2.2.2 Components of the trade policies and processes dimension ...... 8 2.2.3 Components of trade and development performance ...... 9 3. TDI 2006 results...... 10 3.1 TDI 2006 scores and global rankings ...... 10 3.2 TDI scores and rankings: regional paĴerns ...... 10 3.3 Major emerging economies: TDI scores and rankings ...... 14 3.4 Benchmarking: TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI scores ...... 17 3.5 Climbing the TDI ladder: a comparison of results in 2005 and 2006 ...... 20 3.6 TDI components and variability ...... 27

REFERENCES ...... 29

APPENDICES 1. Listof countries inthe TDI 2006 sample ...... 33 2. Computational approach ...... 37 3. Components and indicators: deﬁnition and sources ...... 41 4. Trade and Development Index: global rankings ...... 47 5. TDI, dimensions and input and outcome measures ...... 51

PART II. COUNTRY PROFILES ...... 57

ix List of Figures

1. Conceptual framework of TDI ...... 4 2. Regional paĴern in TDI 2006, InputMI 2006 and OutcomeMI 2006 scores ...... 12 3. Regional paĴern in TDI 2006 components ...... 13 4. TDI scores in E7 and other regions ...... 14 5. TDI scores in emerging economies ...... 15 6. Emerging economies paĴern in TDI 2006 components ...... 16 7. Benchmarking TDI ...... 18 8. Benchmarking TDI components across country groups ...... 19 9. TDI scores in 2005 and 2006 ...... 20

ndex 10. InputMI score in 2005 and 2006 ...... 21 i 11. OutcomeMI score in 2005 and 2006 ...... 21 12. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in developed countries ...... 22 13. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in developing countries ...... 23 14. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in LDCs ...... 23 15. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in energy exporting developing and transition economies ...... 24 16. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in commodity-dependent countries ...... 25 17. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in E7 countries ...... 26 Trade and development 18. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴern in countries with economies in transition ...... 26 19. OutcomeMI scores and input component variability in 2006 ...... 27 A1. Weights for InputMI and OutcomeMI ...... 39 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

List of Tables

1. Trade and Development Index 2006: global rankings ...... 11

x ABBREVIATIONS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

DCIT Developing Countries in International Trade Trade and development E7 seven emerging economies EU European Union EU15 EU Member States before 2004 EU10 EU Member States that acceded in 2004 EVI economic vulnerability index GDP gross domestic product GNI gross national income

GNTB Groupof Eminent Persons on Non-tariě Barriers i ndex ICT information and communication technology InputMI Input Measure Index LDC least developed country MID middle-income developing country NTBs non-tariě barriers OutcomeMI Outcome Measure Index PCA principal component analysis PPP purchasing power parity SIC structural and institutional context TDI Trade and Development Index TDP trade and development performance TPP trade policies and processes TRAINS Trade Analyses and Information System UNDP United Nations Development Programme

TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT INDEX 2006

Part I

Trade and Development Index

1. INTRODUCTION TDI

he Trade and Development Index (TDI) wasintroduced in Developing Coun- tries in International Trade 2005: Trade and Development Index (DCIT-TDI 2005). It Tis a useful policy assessment and policymaking tool for developing countries asit provides a framework for enhancing the enabling environment for economic and social development, and promoting amutually benefi cial interplay between trade and development inthe context of globalization. Analysis through the TDI framework brings DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 country-specifi c constraints to the forefront by simultaneouslyidentifying structural, institutional,financial, trade and development policies that allow developing countries to maximize benefits and minimize costs from trade liberalization and globalization. The analysis helps address the challenges and opportunities of trade-driven globalization. Trade and development (See UNCTAD XII theme and sub-themes.)1

The TDI provides both a quantitative indication and an analytical framework to identify how well trade and development are integrated inanindividual country, based not only on its trade and development performance, butalsoon key factors aěecting this joint performance. The TDI alsooěers an innovative tool for comparative studies among countries and regions of their trade and development performance. Therefore, TDI national scores are a composite quantitative indication describing thedegree ofintegration i between trade and development performance. Sincethe introduction of the TDI as a work ndex in progress in DCIT-TDI 2005, there has been considerable feedback from member States, other international organizations and theacademic community. 2 Inthelightof the comments received, aĴempts have been made to reﬁne the conceptual framework and the TDI through the addition of further factors, as well as expanded country coverage.

TDI 2005 was designed to measure the key forces underlying the complex process of trade and development. Although the role of structures, institutions and policies as preconditions to improving trade performance and achieving a higher level of development was highlighted, no a priori judgment as to their relative importance was made in computing the TDI. The TDI is intended to serve as an innovative diagnostic tool to capture the overall interactions and interdependence among various factorsinthe trade and development process. As aresult of new research by the UNCTAD secretariat and in responseto comments on TDI 2005, it is used to distinguish between input-based measures (such as human capital, physical infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, openness to trade and access to foreign market) on the one hand, and outcome-based measures (such as trade performance and economic and social well-being) on theother in TDI 2006.

Theaimof this more reﬁned approach is to understand more clearly how the input measures (conditioning factors) interact with outcome measures (performance indicators). It is important to stress that there is no straightforward way to identify this interaction. Analysis of the TDI is intended to identify paĴerns at the levels of countries and country groupings. It is hoped that this will indicate missing links between conditioning factors and performance indicators. Two indices, the Input Measure Index (InputMI) and the Outcome Measure Index (OutcomeMI), are ﬁrst measured separately and then aggregated to constructthe overall TDI.

1 UNCTAD XII will be held in Ghana in 2008. Thetheme of the conference, which was adopted at the forty- ﬁrst executive session of the Trade and Development Board in April 2007, is “Addressing the opportunities and challenges of globalization for development”. The four sub-themes are: “(a) Enhancing coherenceat all levels for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction in global policymaking, including the contribution of regional approaches; (b) Key trade and development issues and thenew realitiesin the geography of the world economy; (c) Enhancing the enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacity, trade and investment: mobilizing resources and harnessing knowledge for development; (d) Strengthening UNCTAD: enhancingits development role,impact and institutional eěectiveness.”

2 See UNCTAD (2006a) chairperson’s summary of the high-level event to discuss “Climbing the trade and development ladder: Trade and Development Index”. See also, for example, Beneﬁts to trade require broad reform, UNCTAD’s new Trade and Development Index. Oxford Analytica, 14 November 2005.

11 As inthe 2005 publication, the TDI incorporates three dimensions: (a) structural and institutional context (SIC); (b) trade policies and processes (TPP); and (c) trade and development performance (TDP). Thelast is a renamed and expanded replacement of level of development (LD) dimension of DCIT-TDI 2005 that explicitlyincludes trade performance indicators. In DCIT-TDI 2007, the ﬁrsttwodimensions (SIC and TPP) fall TDI withinthe InputMI, and third (TDP) falls withinthe OutcomeMI.

The TDI 2006 also includes three additional components, namely domestic finance resources, international financeresources and macroeconomic stability. For the TDP dimension, we have introduced a new component, trade performance, which includes the share of merchandise exports as percentageof the world total, a share of service exports as a percentageof the world total, a merchandise export concentration index, and a trade-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio. In TDI 2005, the merchandise export concentration index was part of theeěective market access component of trade policies and processes dimension. Furthermore, we have modified theeconomic development ndex i component by including the Sen Welfare Index (1976),3 which incorporates the income/ consumption distribution aspect intheestimation of GDP. Moreover,in TDI 2006, we puttogether economic development, social development and gender development ina new component called economic and social well-being.

The following newindicators are also included in TDI 2006: (a) gross domestic savings (domestic ﬁnance component); (b) total external debt service and short-term debt (international ﬁnancial resources component); (c) regulatory quality and control of corruption (institutional quality component, which replaces the bureaucratic quality

Trade and development index and corruption index of TDI 2005 in DCIT-TDI 2005); (d) the inﬂation and current account balance (macroeconomic stability component); and (e) female-to-male income share and female labour force participation in total labour force (which replaces the gender development index of TDI 2005). The gross enrolment ratio has been dropped

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL from social development, which nowincludes only theadult literacy ratioas an education indicator.

TDI 2006 covers 123 countries, an increase from 110 in DCIT-TDI 2005. Eighty-twoof these countries are developing countries, including 26 least developed countries (LDCs).4 Also included are 10 countries from South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Scores are also computed for a number of country groups, namely: (a) developing countries; (b) developed countries, including “European Union (EU15)” countries (Member States of the EU before 2004) and six Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries; and (c) nine of the 10 new EU member States that acceded in 2004 (EU10).5 (See appendix 1 for the complete listof countries and country groups.)

The statistical method used to compute TDI 2006 remains unchanged. Themajor diěerence intheactual estimation is that the InputMI and OutcomeMI are separately calculated, and TDI 2006 is arrived at as an averageof thetwo (see appendix 2 for details). TDI 2005 scores and rankings in DCIT-TDI 2005 are not comparable with TDI 2005 and TDI rankings inthe current publication dueto changesin composingindicators, computational approach and country coverage.

3 Sen (1976) proposed a measure of welfare-based national income that incorporates eĜ ciency and equity as well as a conventional measure of national income. The measure is deﬁned as W=ΐ (1-G), where ΐ is the mean income of the society, and G is the Gini coeĜ cient of the income distribution.

4 According to United Nations classiﬁ cation.

5 Thenine countries that are inthe sample include the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Cyprus was not included duetolack of data. In January 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became members of the EU but are included inthe grouping of South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States rather than the EU10 country grouping.

2 2 Trade and Development Index

Yet theobjective remains the same: by systematically capturing thelinkages between its determinants, the TDI indicates how eěectively trade is integrated into the development process across diěerent countries and regions. Thus, the TDI framework aims to contribute TDI to national and international policies designed to keep trade focused on its development multiplier function. As noted in DCIT-TDI 2005, the TDI analytical framework also focuses on issues at the crossroads of trade and development,in particular the ultimate goal of people’s well-being. Conventional mainstream technical analyses of trade performance oĞen overlook the crucial relation between trade and development.

The realization of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, including DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Goal 8 – Develop a global partnership for development – has added to the urgency of examining trade and development linkages. It is therefore necessary to shed lighton how best such strategies can bedesigned to enhance not only trade butalso its contribution to development. Furthermore, trade policies have far-reachingimplications for the rangeof Trade and development choices that people have through theiraccess to goods, services and opportunities. Thus, the quality of policies need to be judged againsttheir contribution to human development. Finally, inrecent years, anumber of developing countries have made signiﬁ cant gainsin both trade and development, while many others, especially LDCs, have been less successful. It is therefore necessary to keep the spotlightonthe constraints faced by countries that have performed poorly, while emphasizing the ways in which trade has served development in more successful countries. The TDI as a policymaking tool is designed to provide an understanding of the relative importance and interaction of various

factors of trade and development ina coherent conceptual framework. i ndex

33 2. TDI AND BENCHMARKS: CONCEPTS, METHODOLOGY AND COMPUTATION TDI 2.1 The conceptual approach to TDI 2006

As noted earlier, TDI 2006 is intended to measure, to the extent possible, theposi- tive interaction between inputs and outcomes: countries with beĴer availability ofinputs have a beĴer chanceof meeting the preconditions for reaping maximum beneﬁts through beneﬁ cial trade integration with therestof the world. TDI 2006 is based on two broad sets of measures: InputMI and OutputMI. Two broad sets of determinants are included in InputMI: they are referred to as dimensions and include structural and institutional

ndex context, and trade policies and processes. Under the trade and development performance i dimension, OutputMI groups a set of performance-related indicators. The relationships among thesedimensions, which themselves are composed of anumber of components, are complex, mutuallyinteracting and multi-directional, sothat each of the components is both a causeof change inothers and an outcome of their inﬂ uences. Each of these componentsisinturn composed of a set ofindicators.

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the TDI. Thethree basic dimensions of DCIT-TDI 2007 are composed of 13 components, which inturn are composed of 34 indicators (see appendix 3 for a full listofindicators). In constructing the TDI, the

Trade and development indicators are aggregated to form therespective components. The methodology used in Nagar-Basu (2002) was selected to compute a composite index based on principal component analysis. By using this methodology, the structural and institutional context and trade policies and processes are aggregated by taking the weighted sumof 11 components

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL to form the InputMI that reﬂects both dimensions. Similarly, the OutputMI is computed by taking the weighted sumof two components under trade and development performancedimension.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of TDI

DIMENSIONS COMPONENTS MEASURES TDI

Human capital

Physical Infrastructure Structural and Financial Intermediation Institutional Domestic Finance Context International Finance

Institutional Quality

Economic Structure

Macroeconomic Stability Input Measure Environmental Sustainability Weighted Average Index Trade Policies Trade and Openness to Trade and Simple Average Development Processes Market Access, Foreign Index Outcome Trade and Trade Performance Measure Weighted Average Development Economic and Social Index Performance Well-Being

4 4 Trade and Development Index

The TDI is then obtained by taking the simple averageof twoaggregated indices, InputMI and OutcomeMI. The choiceofindicators and methodology assumes special signiﬁ cance inthis regard. TDI

The TDI framework can also be used as a benchmarking tool for the countries under study. By benchmarking, we mean that a country or groupof countries may be compared to another country groupor set of groups that have shownmuch improved performance in trade and development. Thus, in addition to the TDI for developing countries, indices have also been prepared for twoother groups of countries: developed countries (including OECD and EU15 countries) and EU10 countries. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Current levels of trade and development integration of most developing countries are far below thoseof developed countries and reﬂected inthe measured gaps between thesetwo groups. Similarly, EU10 countries have achieved a considerably higher level of Trade and development trade and development during thepastdecade. Thus, inthis analysis, developing countries’ performance has been benchmarked againstthe TDI scores of developed countries, and EU10 countries have been benchmarked againstthoseof developing countries. The OECD countries’ TDI scores serve as the long-term trade and development benchmarks for developing countries. The EU10 countries are at an intermediate stage between developed and developing countries and are inthe process ofintegratinginto a highly developed grouping. Their TDI thus serves as the medium-term benchmark for developing countries. The characteristics of transition economies are crucial in comparing their performance

on TDI with the benchmarked countries. i ndex

2.2 Selection of indicators

In choosing the indicators for TDI’s three dimensions, special aĴention was paidto data coverage in terms of both thenumber of countries and time periods. Cross-country signiﬁ cance and widespread acceptability were alsotaken into account. Lack of availability of data has restricted coverageof countriesinour analysis.

Aliterature survey and a preliminary quantitative analysis were conducted to select possible candidates for inclusion inthe TDI framework. Since it was possible that a number ofindicators eligible for inclusion inthe components were highly correlated, a bivariate analysis was carried outtoreduce redundancy. Indicators were constructed on three-year averages between 2000 and 2002 for TDI 2005, and between 2003 and 2005 for TDI 2006. This helps to capture possible lags inthe interaction among thevarious dimensions and their components as well as possible cyclical variations. Thesemulti-year averages may be only partially successful for this purpose. Some of the components of the structural and institutional context dimension may take longer for theireěects to be properly felt. Thediscussion that follows on dimensions and indicators also indicates any changesin TDI 2006 (see appendix 3 for a summary listofindicators, deﬁnition and sources).

2.2.1 Components of the structural and institutional context dimension

Human capital: As in TDI 2005, the following two indicators were chosen to reﬂect the importanceof a proactive government role in providing public goods: public health expenditure and public education expenditure.6 It has long been argued that higher levels of health and education expenditure are necessary conditions for the improvement of human capital, computed as combined expenditure on health and education to GDP.7

6 See Bloom et al (2001), and Krueger and Lindahl (2001).

7 As data coverage for expenditure of these set ofindicators tends to be relatively poor,included information may not perfectly correspond for all countries’ situations.

55 Physical infrastructure: As in TDI 2005, three indicators are chosen to represent transportation and information and communication technology (ICT): (a) total percentage of roads that are paved; (b) airfreight inmillions of tons per kilometre; and (c) telephone mainlines per 1,000 population.8 Both the quantity and quality of physical infrastructure are of vital importance for the productive capacity of an economy and for facilitating TDI trade and enhancingits development impact. EĜ cient transportation facilities encourage growth prospects and contribute to a country’s export performance by providing faster and cheaper access to national and international markets.9 It is well knownthat many developing countries cannot achieve their full potential for trade expansion becauseof inadequate physical infrastructure.10 ICT can foster innovation and contribute to the improvement of factor productivity. EĜ cient ICT infrastructure also helps to reduce transaction costs and can bringimportant gainsin employment in developing countries, especiallyifmade available to small and medium-sized enterprises.11

Financial intermediation: The ratioof domestic credittotheprivate sector to GDP ndex i was selected to capture the capacity offinancial institutions. Not only is creditrequired in order to finance working capital and investment in fixed capital required for both trade and development;it can also smooth consumption. Credit shortages can have negative eěects both on economic activities and social and human development.12 Empirical work shows that countries with beĴer-developed financial intermediaries experience faster declines in measures of both poverty and income inequality. 13 This indicator, however, does not capture financial activitiesinthe informal sector, which may beanimportant sourceof finance. Informal financial activities could also bethe consequenceof credit shortages, which would bereflected inlow values of the indicator selected. Moreover, this indicator 14

Trade and development should ideally be subjecttoa ceiling. However, choiceof an appropriate ceiling was not practicable for the large sample of countriesincluded in TDI 2006.

Domestic ﬁ nance resources: Gross domestic savings as a percentageof GDP was

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL chosen as anewindicator for TDI 2006. Theavailability of resources to ﬁnance investment aěects both trade performance and development. Higher savings accompany the channelling of domestic ﬁnancial resourcesinto investment opportunities.

International ﬁ nance resources: External debt serviceas a percentageof Gross National Income (GNI) and short-term debtas a percentageof total external debt were selected as newindicators under this heading. Policymakers have long cautioned that the burden of external debt is an obstacle to productive investment and trade expansion. Moreover, high external debt provides anegative signal to international capital markets.

8 Indicators such as the expenditure on transport infrastructure or docks, containers, harbours and other parts of the shippinginfrastructure could be more appropriate but were not used becauseofinadequate data availability and country coverage. ICT expenditure was not used for the same reason. An indicator reﬂecting the percentageof Internet users would be highly correlated with telephone mainlines. Furthermore, thephysical infrastructure component could not incorporate availability of mobile phone coverage and railway routes duetolack of comparable data.

9 See Limão and Venables (2001), Nagar and Basu (2004a), Fan and Zhang (2004).

10 World Bank (1994), World Development Report and Krugman (1998).

11 See UNCTAD (2004a) for more information on ICT measurement.

12 The role of domestic ﬁnancial resources for development was given a key role inachieving economic growth and poverty reduction at the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conferenceon Financing for Development (United Nations, 2002).

13 See Levine (1997) and Beck, Demirgu and Levine (2004) for empirical evidence.

14 Growth of lending above a certain ceiling – which may be higher than that of GDP at current prices but not that much higher – is generally considered to bea harbinger of serious problems such as asset bubblesinthe financial sectors of emerging-market economies. However, a good alternative is not easily at hand. Ideally, the indicator or indicators here should reflecttheavailability not only of credittofirms and individuals but alsoof other basic financial services such as good facilities for the storageof theirassets and for payments and transfers. One possibility would bethe ratioof thevalue added of the financial sector to GDP, butthis solution faces thediĜ culty that the data for such value added are sometimes poor or non-existent.

6 6 Trade and Development Index

A high share of short-term in total external debt is treated as anegative signal by lenders and investors. TDI

Institutional quality: World Bankindicators of regulatory quality and control of corruption are chosen to represent institutional quality as newindicatorsin TDI 2006 as againstthe International Country Risk Guide indicators ofinstitutional quality used in DCIT-TDI 2005.15 According to the World Bank Governance MaĴers database, theregulatory qualityindicator represents “theability of the Government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development”. The control of corruption indicator represents “the extent to which DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 public power is exercised for private gain,including both peĴ y and grand forms of corruption, as well as ‘capture’ of the State by elites and private interests”.16 Policymakers and international institutions, including the United Nations (UNCTAD 2006b; United Nations 2006), have recently given increasing emphasis to the importanceof the good Trade and development governanceagenda worldwide. Good governance depends on good institutions, which inturn are key to beĴer trade and development outcomes. A burgeoning literature has shownthat trade in general – in particular trade liberalization episodes – is positively related to economic growth and to social and economic development only withina good institutional environment.17

Economic structure: As in TDI 2005, the indicator chosen is value added inagri- culture as a percentageof GDP. Theeconomic structure of a country reﬂectsits level of

economic development. This relationship is clearly established inthe Rostow-Kuznets i ndex theory of stages of growth, although it does not appear in neoclassical growth and endog- enous growth models. All developed countries appear to be characterized by low shares of agriculture in GDP relative to that of manufactures and services, while most developing countries have increasing sharesin export of diversiﬁed commodities, mostly from primary commodities to manufacturing products. However, theagriculture sector still contributes themost in GDP. The relationship between trade and development is likely to be conditional upon the structure of theeconomy. Inturn, trade and trade liberalization can also be expected to aěecttheeconomic structure.

Macroeconomic stability: Thenewindicators chosen for this component in TDI 2006 are the rate ofinﬂation of consumer prices and the share of the current account balance in GDP. These are generally related to a favourable macroeconomic environment and theavoidanceof disruptive shiĞ s in ﬁ scal and monetary policies that are generally considered conducive to long-term productive investment.

Environmental sustainability: As in TDI 2005, the following three indicators have been selected: (a) access to an improved water sourceasindicated by the percentageof the population with reasonable access to water; (b) access to improved sanitation facilities asindicated by the percentageof the population with adequate access to excreta disposal facilities; and (c) the GDP (inpurchasing power parity terms) per unitof energy use.18

There is now growing consensus that trade expansion and growth and development prospects should be undertaken withinthe framework of an environmental strategy. Theaccess to water and sanitation, along with availability of energy services, are key

15 DCIT-TDI 2005 included two International Country Risk Guide indicators to represent institutional quality: bureaucratic quality and corruption. These indicators are not as broad as the World Bankindicators on governance database. The World Bankindicators have actuallyincluded both these International Country Risk Guide indicators, along with anumber of other variables from diěerent sources, in computation of governancemaĴers database, which has sixdiěerent dimensions of governance.

16 See Kaufmann et al. (2007), and World Bank (various years).

17 See also Sachs (2003), Rodrik et al. (2004) and Basu (2007a).

18 The “Energy Poverty Issues” were taken up for discussion by the G8 summit held in St Petersburg, Russian Federation on 16 July 2006. For more information see: hĴp:/eng.g8russia/docs/11.htm. Thelack of access of energy services may hinder achieving Millennium Development Goalsin many of the developing countries.

77 components of environmental sustainability. Recent empirical studies have shownthat energy and environmental degradation can posearisk to development.19 Thedegrada- tion of the environment may lead to the deterioration of health conditions and thus aěect social and human development. Lack of access to aěordable and reliable energy aěects social well-being on the one hand and economic, and trade competitiveness on theother. TDI Universal access to public services such as drinking water and energy is thus critical for human development.20

2.2.2 Components of the trade policies and processes dimension

Openness to trade: As in TDI 2005, tariě barriers and non-tariě barriers (NTBs) are taken into account, and thethree same indicators selected to reﬂect tariě barriersin DCIT-TDI 2005 are used onceagain, namely: (a) the applied trade-weighted average tariě ; (b) the share of tariě lines with national peaks; and (c) the share of lines withinterna- ndex i tional peaks. Applied trade-weighted average tariě s account for the preferences granted to trade partners. The shares of tariě lines with national and international peaks can be seen asindicators ofindustrial policy, inthe sensethat they show, although imperfectly, the extent to which Governmentsintervene in international trade policymaking to protect speciﬁ c activity sectors.

The indicator for NTBs, also unchanged from DCIT-TDI 2005, is the share of lines with speciﬁ c tariě s drawn from a more comprehensive tariě database. This is an imperfect indicator of non-tariě barriers, but is the only available and quantitative data that can be

Trade and development tracked on speciﬁ c NTBs. A speciﬁ c tariě rate, as opposed to an ad valorem rate, has a built-ineěectof restricting less costlyimports by applying, de facto, higher ad valorem rates to them.21

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL NTBs are increasingly becoming a critical and perhaps more important determinant of market entry and access as they are becoming more frequent and stringent than traditional tariě s. At present, NTBs are diĜ cult to identify, collect, classify and provide quantitative measure across countries. UNCTAD – in collaboration with various international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Trade Centre (ITC), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) – has launched a new project on non-tariě measures or barriers.22 This project would beable to bring NTBs-related activities to the forefront

19 See United Nations Environment Programme, Annual Report, various years.

20 See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2003). Water (e.g. emissions of organic water pollutants) and air (e.g. emissions of the sulfurdioxide or nitrogen dioxide) pollution indicators might be more appropriate to reﬂectthedegradation of environment and its possible impacton health conditions but could not be used owing to lack of data.

21 In September 2005, UNCTAD hosted an expert meeting on non-tariě barriers, where issues concerning collection, classifi cation and quantifi cation of NTBs were discussed. As aresult,it was agreed that UNCTAD would reinforce its eěorts to improve the quality and data coverageofits NTBs database and establish a methodology for its quantifi cation (Report of the Expert Meeting on Methodologies, Classifi cations, Quantifi cation and Development Impacts of Non-Tariě Barriers. hĴp://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c1em27d3_en.pdf.

22 Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of UNCTAD, has set upa Groupof Eminent Persons on NTBs (GNTBs), which aims to contribute to the understanding of new barriers to international trade and thereby enhancethe participation of developing countriesin international trade. The members of the group are: Ms. Anne O. Kruger, First Deputy Managing Director, IMF; Mr. Rufus H. Yerxa, Deputy Director-General, WTO; Mr. L. Alan Winters, Director, Development Research Group, World Bank; Prof. Alan Deardorf, Professor of Economics, University of Michigan; Mr. Amit Mitra, Secretary-General of India’s Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry; Dr. Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, Senior Expert in Integration and Trade, Inter-American Development Bank; H.E. Mr. Alan Kyerematen, Minister of Trade and Industry, Ghana. (Positions cited indicate thoseatthetime that the GNTBs were set up.) A multi-agency support team (MAST) was established to provide technical advicetothe group. This is composed ofinternational

8 8 Trade and Development Index ofinternational trade policy discussions, to capture more fully the “openness quotient” of both exporting countries and theirreceiving members. 23 TDI

With regard to tariě s, a specifi c as opposed to an ad valorem tariě rate has the built-ineěectof restricting less costlyimports by applying de facto higher ad valorem rates to them.24 These tariě rates are intended to reflectdiěerent dimensions and impera- tives of trade and industrial policies. Protection may also be motivated by thedesire to promote productive capacity and the need to promote other positive externalities. Inthis context, the UNCTAD Least Developed Countries Report 2006 argues that the “development of domestic productive capacities and concomitant expansion of productive employment DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 opportunitiesisthe key to sustained economic growth and poverty reduction inthe… LDCs”. However, the appropriate weight for such considerations generally depends on the characteristics and capacity to absorb for countries at diěerent levels of development. Trade and development Access to foreign markets: As in TDI 2005, this consists of the same indicators for thereceiving country as those specified under openness to trade above. For obvious reasons, access to foreign marketsisan important determinant of export performance.25 However, low tariě barriersindestination markets may not bea fully adequate guide to the openness of the markets of receiving countries. The indicators are an aĴempt to provide as full a measure as possible of access to foreign markets, especiallyin relation to NTBs. i ndex 2.2.3 Components of trade and development performance

Toreﬂectthe trade and development performance under OutcomeMI as explained above, the present analysis includes two components, namely trade performance and economic and social well-being.

Trade performance: This component is composed of four indicators: (a) the share of the country’s merchandise exportsinthe total world merchandise exports; (b) the share of the country’s service exportsinthe total world service exports; (c) the market concentration index for the country’s merchandise exports; and (d) the country’s ratioof total trade (exports plus imports) to GDP.

Economic and social well-being: This component includesﬁve indicators: (a) the Sen Welfare Index, which takes account ofincome distribution as well GDP per capita (in United States dollars); (b) theadult literacy rate; (c) life expectancy at birth; (d) the female-to-male income ratio; and (5) the female labour force participation to represent gender development.26

experts from theabove-mentioned institutions. This team met three times: once in Washington, D.C. in October 2006; in Rome in April 2007; and in Vienna in September 2007.

23 See Fugazza and Robert-Nicoud (2006) and Fugazza and VanzeĴi (2007) for a further discussion on trade liberalization and the potential for trade growth.

24 See Bora et al. (2002), Kee et al. (2005), and Fugazza and Maur (2006).

25 See Redding and Venables (2003) for a theoretical discussion and Fugazza (2004) for empirical evidence.

26 See Anand and Sen (1993, 1995) and UNDP’s Human Development Report (various issues) for a detailed description ofindicators of gender equality and inequality.

99 3. TDI 2006 RESULTS

TDI 3.1 TDI 2006 scores and global rankings

TDI 2006 provides scores and rankings for 123 countries. Table 1 shows individual country scores and rankings for TDI 2006, InputMI 2006 and OutcomeMI 2006. Appendix 4 compares scores for reﬁned TDI 2005 (i.e. thenew version of the index incorporating thenewindicators and the expanded sample of countries) with TDI 2006.

The United States holds the top position in TDI 2006, followed by Germany, Den- mark and the United Kingdom. Developed economies hold the top positions, with the exception of Singapore, which holdsﬁĞ h place. The following pairs of countries have ndex i equal TDI scores and ranks: Japan and Sweden, France and Norway, and Canada and Switzerland. Southern European countries are at the boĴom of the top 30. Five developing countries are inthe top 30 performers. Besides Singapore, these include the Republic of Korea (No. 21), China (No. 25), Malaysia (No. 27) and Thailand (No. 29).

Attheother extreme, all the boĴom 20 countries are either LDCs (14 countries) or sub-Saharan African countries or both, except for the Syrian Arab Republic (No. 105) and Yemen (No. 117) inthe Middle East and North African region. More speciﬁ cally, nine of the boĴom 10 are sub-Saharan African countries, seven of which are LDCs. Indeed, only

Trade and development two African countries – South Africa (No. 47) and Mauritius (No. 50) – are among the top 50. This indicates the severity of problems confronting LDCs and sub-Saharan African countriesin integrating trade and development.

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL China and India have become important playersinthe world economy following twodecades ofimpressive growthintheirrespective economies and trade levels. China now holds 25th place inthe TDI ranking.27 India, on theother hand, started its economic reformsinthe early 1990s and has a long way to goto catch up with China in TDI. Its relatively lower rank of 86 reﬂects both the problems which itmust still confront and its still unrealized potential. An in-depth analysis of TDI components reveals theassociated problems and potential that countries face.

3.2 TDI scores and rankings: regional paĴ erns

TDI 2006, InputMI2006 and OutcomeMI2006 are grouped according to eightre- gional groupings to account for the inter-country diěerences as follows: East Asia and the Paciﬁ c (13 countries), Europe and Central Asia (19 countries), Latin America and the Caribbean (20 countries), Middle East and North Africa (18 countries), North America (two countries), South Asia (4 countries), sub-Saharan Africa (33 countries) and Western Europe (14 countries).28

Figure 2 shows the TDI2006, InputMI2006 and OutcomeMI2006 scores and rankings for theeight country groups. Among developing country groupings, East Asia and Paciﬁ c countries are leading, followed by Middle East and North Africa countries, and Latin America and Caribbean countries. The scores of sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are comparable and lag substantially behind other regions. Western Europe and North America, not surprisingly, lead thepack by a substantial margin.

27 China’s improved rank of 27 inthereﬁned version of TDI 2005 compared with the rank of 51 recorded in DCIT-TDI 2005 reﬂects the changesinthe system ofindicators sincethe earlier version.

28 The country and regional classiﬁ cations used inthis publication are based on the World Bank’s country classiﬁ cation system (World Bank, 2005).

10 10 Trade and Development Index TDI DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development te d’Ivoire 387 76 119 ô i ndex Table 1. Trade and Development Index 2006: global rankings 1. Trade Table TDI scores have been rounded to the nearest whole number but ranking corresponds values including decimals. Note: TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI. The higher score indicates improvement in 12 United States 3 Germany 4 Denmark 6915 United Kingdom 6 Singapore 6756 2 Japan 6688 743 Sweden 8503 3 France Rica 10 682 Norway 664 696 1 6 42 11 5 7 4 5 1 53 44 668 Costa 4 46 8 2 664 47 Albania 12 42493 85 495 Mexico 10 Latvia Botswana 434 44 50 43 51490 55 3 Nam Viet Azerbaijan Bahrain 39 6 57 50 47 47 115 Africa South 49 49 517 89 Bolivia 86 503 511432 Lesotho Lebanon 59 91 433 70 24 89 Senegal 429 493 110 33 38 69 89 35 85 491 62 83 86 46 93 84 Algeria 83 India Tanzania United Rep. of 60 89 436 Papua New Guinea 92 89 436 Bolivarian Rep. Venezuela, 432 432 433 78 49 104 96 60 98 72 80 94 1010 Canada 65012 Switzerland 65012 Belgium 14 14 Iceland 64215 9 Finland 63616 Ireland 63017 8 Australia 628 104838618 16 Austria 627 1219 6 New Zealand 20 16 Spain 619 642 1521 19 Israel 610 50 13Federation 21490 Italy 599 Mauritius 52 2223 15478 Republic of Korea 15 21 4124 18 Colombia Portugal 593 14Lanka 54 488 623 4025 26 Slovenia 583 54 48 Brazil 486 China 577 19 486 Romania 56 9 22 57 23392113 599 61485404 13 99 29 Armenia 68 58 17 Belarus 93 30 Mozambique 70 484 72 Russian 20 106 80 60 29 48 18Republic 54478 60 20 101 Jordan 37 92 62 20475397 Argentina Sri 45 102 95 92 27 Rwanda 42 Georgia Bangladesh 42 425 63 34474 93 58 73 98 65 Philippines 96 Guatemala Uruguay 66468 Moldova 95473 98 423 80 63 71 Ghana 97 Indonesia Morocco 420 412 101 51Arab 97 Peru Egypt 73 103 486 86 Malawi 83 115 54 65 101 407 78 103 Mali 40395 56 90 Pakistan 398 483 110 75 101 105 86 43 Syrian 105 67 107 81 88 Chad 474 C 407 109 392 93 117 44 54 61 Iran, Islamic Republic of 83 66 100 423 112 Togo 113 63 103 Zimbabwe 99 401 395 97 123 96 82 2627 Czech Republic 28 Malaysia 55629 Greece 55529 Malta 55131 25 Thailand 46432 33 560 Hungary 53933 23Salvador Poland 53734 67 Estonia 536 46 3435 44 Slovakia 527 3437 41 Lithuania 526 5537 47 Chile 522 6337 50 28 Panama 68 25 5513944395 53 Ukraine 522 68 31464 Honduras 39 32 United Arab 70 24Emirates El 46141 36 Kuwait 521 29 110 Ecuador 45 58 67 Bulgaria 520386 72 25 Benin Republic Faso 521 73 59 82 Guyana Tunisia 384 27 455 73 36 Oman 55 453 66 91 75 39 74 522 Turkey 453 28452449 76 94 Cambodia 57 52 76 77 38 Jamaica 449 37 116 32 75 71 Madagascar 90 120 88 109 76 79 114 Niger Saudi Arabia 86 Burkina 111 84 Dominican 107 465 81 362382 51 Burundi Rep.370 73 61 68 82 Kenya 441440 79 77 Paraguay 112 112 71 119 114 Nicaragua Zambia 100 Ethiopia 78 101 115 379 459 116 381 118373 Cameroon 118 57 Uganda Guinea 364 Angola 91 117 372 106 63 31 114 66 Yemen, 117 121 116 107 67339 110 443 103 111 Mauritania 122 97 123 104 Guinea-Bissau 105 121 Sudan 64 123 446 326 112 Central African Republic 120 78 87 118 381 387 80 122 121 108 110 Nigeria 118 108 101 Congo, Democratic Rep. 364 120 350 105 105 121 TDI TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI TDI InputMI OutcomeMI rank score rank rank rank score rank rank rank score rank rank 2006 Country 2006 2006 2006 2006 Country 2006 2006 2006 2006 Country 2006 2006 2006

1111 Figure 2. Regional paĴ ern in TDI 2006, InputMI 2006 and OutcomeMI 2006 scores TDI

1000 TDI 2006 TDI 2006 Developed Countries (average) InputMI 2006 ..... InputMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 OutcomeMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 802 800 769 ...... 700 697 663 651 633 le)

a 591 600 573 584 560 554 531 521 510

ndex 500 i 472 477 445 426 435 400 400 370 321 300 279 291 Index score (0-1000 sc

200

100

0 Sub-Saharan South Asia Latin America Middle East Europe and East Asia Western North Trade and development Africa and the and Central Asia and Pacific Europe America Caribbean North Africa (excl. Western Europe) DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

An overall analysis of the TDI components reveals that the relatively high score of East Asia and Pacifi c countries reflects high average scores for components of both InputMI (especiallyin human capital, physical infrastructure,financial intermediation, domestic finance,institutional quality and macroeconomic stability) and of OutcomeMI (especially trade performance). Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries lag behind other developing countries on almost all components, a rare exception being trade performance for South Asia (fi gure 3).

Latin American countries have a relatively lower indicator for physical infrastructure, but have other InputMI and OutcomeMI components that do not divergeespecially sharply from those for all developing countries. For Middle Eastern and North African countries, the scores for the human capital and economic structure components are relatively high, while the scores for macroeconomic stability, openness to trade and foreign market access are similar to the scores those for all developing countries.

Another look at theregional paĴerns among the five regional groupings reveal some interesting features: (a) Middle Eastern and North African countries have performed beĴer than other regionsin human capital, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, East Asia and the Pacifi c, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia; (b) East Asia and the Pacifi c outperforms other regionsin several components, including physical infrastructure, domestic finance component,international finance, economic structure, macroeconomic stability, openness to trade, market access, trade performance and economic and social well-being; (c) the Middle East and North Africa scores highest in financial intermediation; (d) South Asia leadsin institutional quality, followed by sub-Saharan Africa; and (e) Latin America and the Caribbean scores second in financial intermediation, environmental sustainability, openness to trade, and economic and social well-being. However,final

12 12 Trade and Development Index

Figure 3. Regional paĴ ern in TDI 2006 components TDI

400 400

350 350 331 Developing Countries East Asia and Pacific Region 300 300 263

250 250 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 ore ore c 200 c 200 Index s 150 Index s 150 125 120 115 Trade and development 84 88 100 76 75 79 100 77 81 65 54 54 57 62 58 33 35 50 50 23 21 16 15 19 14

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 400

350 350 Latin America and Caribbean Region Middle East and North Africa Region 286 300 300 i

246 ndex 250 250 ore ore c c 200 200

Index s 150 Index s 150 129 115

100 76 76 81 84 100 78 75 80 75 58 62 56 61 56 48 50 28 27 50 25 21 16 9 14 14

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 400

350 350 South Asia Region Sub-Saharan Africa Region 300 300

250 250 218 205 ore ore c 200 c 200

135

Index s 150 Index s 150 130

87 86 100 100 65 69 74 70 73 50 52 60 46 45 40 45 50 50 12 18 13 14 20 4 12 8 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

InputMI: HC = Human capital MS = Macroeconomic stability PI = Physical infrastructure ES = Environmental sustainability FI = Financial intermediation OT = Openness to trade DF = Domestic ﬁ nance MA = Access to foreign market IF = International ﬁ nance OutcomeMI: IQ = Institutional quality TP = Trade performance ET = Economic structure EW = Economic and social well-being

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

1313 results vary depending on the weights of components that make upthe TDI (see fi gure A1). Among InputMI components, international finance gets themost weight, followed by financial intermediation, and then institutional quality, macroeconomic sustainability, physical infrastructure, domestic finance, openness to trade, foreign market access, human capital, economic structure and environmental sustainability. In OutcomeMI components, TDI economic and social well-being gets about 1.6 times higher weight (see appendix 5 for disaggregated scores on dimensions, components and input and outcome measures).

3.3 Major emerging economies: TDI scores and rankings

An UNCTAD (2007a) study shows that developing countries’ participation in world trade has dramaticallyincreased inthelasttwodecades. Several developing countries and countries with economiesin transition have become major playersin international ndex

i economic relations, and have achieved sustainable economic growth over thepast several years. Seven major emerging economies (E7) have been selected for special study here: Brazil, China, India, Republic of Korea, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa.29 In 2004, the E7 countries constituted about 45 per cent of the world’s population, contrib- uted about 26.50 per cent of world’s exports of goods and services, and their combined GDP growth has been higher than the world averageduring thepastdecade.

Trade and development Figure 4. TDI scores in E7 and other regions

1000 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TDI 2006 900 InputMI 2006 Gap with Developed Countries OutcomeMI 2006 800 ..... 762 le)

a 700 640 621 631 580 600 559 542 517 518 509 495 500 467 434 452 397 395 400 342 Index scores (0-1000 sc 300 273

200

100

0 Emerging Least Developed Developing South-Eastern European Developed Economies 7 Countries Countries Europe and Union 10 Countries Commonwealth of Independent States

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

29 A further discussion on this can be found inthe Report of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to UNCTAD XII (UNCTAD, 2007a), available at: hĴp://www.unctad.org/en/docs//td413_en.pdf. See also UNCTAD (2007b) and Basu (2007b).

14 14 Trade and Development Index

In comparing E7 countries to developed countries, the EU10, South-Eastern Eu- rope and the Commonwealth of Independent States, developing countries as a whole and LDCs, some interesting facts are revealed aboutthe convergenceof these countries. TDI Figure 4 presents the TDI 2006, InputMI2006 and OutcomeMI2006 scores for six country groups. On average, E7 countries have beĴer TDI 2006 scores than other developing countries. Moreover, their score has already surpassed that of South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the gap between their score and that of EU10 countriesisnot large. A similar paĴern can beobtained from the InputMI scores, though not for the OutputMI scores. This suggests that, even when E7 countries have done well on input measures, further sustained improvement of socio-economic policies DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 is still required. Trade and development Figure 5. TDI scores in emerging economies

1000 TDI 2006 TDI 2006 Developed Countries (average) InputMI 2006 ..... InputMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 OutcomeMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) i

800 ndex ...... 7 .....38 ......

700 676 659 le) a 599 593 600 564 577 576 541 486 493 483 493 500 477 460 433 425 408 393 400 326 290 Index score (0-1000 sc 300

200

100

0 Brazil China India Republic of Mexico Russian South Africa Korea Federation

Withinthe E7 group, there are signiﬁ cant variations (ﬁ gure 5). An overall analysis of the TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI places the Republic of Korea at the top of thelist, followed by China, Mexico, South Africa, Brazil, the Russian Federation and India. The Republic of Korea leads dueto high average scores for InputMI. China lags behind the Republic of Korea in TDI and InputMI, but has the highest score for OutcomeMI. India’s scores still lag behind thoseof therestof the E7 countries for TDI and OutcomeMI, though for InputMI its score is above thoseof Brazil and the Russian Federation. The gaps between InputMI and OutputMI are especially large for Mexico and South Africa.

A comparative analysis can also be carried out for the components of TDI 2006 for the E7 countries (ﬁ gure 6). For human capital, South Africa scores highest, followed by Brazil, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, India and China.

For physical infrastructure, the Republic of Korea, China and India score relatively high, while South Africalags behind. For financial intermediation, South Africa leads, while Mexico scores lowest. China obtained the highest score and South Africathelowest score on the domestic finance measure. Interestingly, for international finance, the score

1515 Figure 6. Emerging economies paĴ ern in TDI 2006 components

400 400

TDI 350 350 322 Brazil307 China 300 300

250 ore ore 250 c c

200 200

Index s 155 150 150 109 102 100 96 100 73 77 100 77 78 82 57 60 60 60 58 53 55 50 50 26 50 13 16 15 15 13 ndex

i 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 400

338 350 350 Republic of Korea India 300 300 ore Index s 250 ore 250 c c 187 200 200 145 Index s

Trade and development 134 150 122 150 95 102 84 78 82 100 68 69 100 63 64 61 65 45 53 49 52 50 22 17 50 22 17 15 12 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 400

350 350 332 Mexico Russian Federation 300 281 300 ore Index s 250 ore 250 c c

200 200 Index s

150 122 150 119 112 94 84 100 79 100 76 79 64 69 68 63 51 59 34 33 50 26 50 16 16 22 18 19 7 10 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 InputMI: HC = Human capital 350 South Africa PI = Physical infrastructure 300 FI = Financial intermediation DF = Domestic ﬁ nance 250 228

ore Index s IF = International ﬁ nance c IQ = Institutional quality 200 ET = Economic structure Index s MS = Macroeconomic stability 150 115 ES = Environmental sustainability 92 98 100 76 80 OT = Openness to trade 62 65 64 49 MA = Access to foreign market 50 28 12 16 OutcomeMI: 0 TP = Trade performance HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW EW = Economic and social well-being

16 16 Trade and Development Index of India, which has tightly controlled inward capital movements, is beĴered only by that of the Republic of Korea. For institutional quality, the Republic of Korea scores highly, while the scores of China, India and the Russian Federation lag; a similar paĴern can be TDI seen for economic structure, reﬂecting the continuingimportance for thelaĴer countries’ agricultural sectors. China and Indiaoutperformed other E7 countries for macroeconomic stability, but for environmental sustainability, their scores are thelowest. The scores for openness to trade point to the extent to which the Republic of Korea and China have opened uptheireconomies, while that for India and its score for market access are con- sistent with the still-cautious openness ofits economy. Among the OutcomeMI, China has the highest score for trade performance components, and the Russian Federation the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 lowest. The Republic of Korea has the top score for economic and social well-being, and Indiathelowest.

Although there are some variations among diěerent componentsin E7 countries, Trade and development theabove resultsindicate that they have an overall balance inmostof the areas of InputMI and OutcomeMI components, which have provided strongimpetus for their growingim- portance inthe world economy. Similar types of analysis of diěerent regions and groups of countries show that,in general, countries with balanced performance among diěerent components tend to obtain beĴer resultsin InputMI and OutcomeMI.

3.4 Benchmarking: TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI scores i ndex One of theobjectives of the TDI exercise is to identify gaps among country groups that point to policy options to overcome boĴlenecks to trade and development. To enable benchmarking, countries are aggregated into three groups: (a) developing countries (according to the United Nations definition); (b) South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States; and (c) developed countries (EU10, EU15 plus other OECD countries). Withinthe first group, two sub-groups are identified middle-income developing countries (MIDs) and LDCs.

The global overview of the TDI 2006 in ﬁ gure 7 shows that there is still a considerable gap between developing countries (with average TDI 2006 of 467) and developed countries (with average TDI 2006 of 640). A similar paĴern can beobserved for InputMI 2006 and OutcomeMI 2006 scores. Furthermore, EU10 and South-Eastern Europe and Com- monwealth of Independent States countries have beĴer scores than developing countries for TDI 2006. Inthe caseof South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States countries, thediěerencereﬂects the scores for OutcomeMI 2006, since InputMI 2006 is higher for developing countries.

However, there is still a large gap between the OutcomeMI 2006 of EU10 and developed countries, on the one hand, and that of developing countries, on theother. The scores of MID countries for TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI are closetothoseof developing countries as a whole. Finally, TDI 2006, InputMI 2006 and OutcomeMI 2006 of LDCs are all substantially below those for theother country groupings in ﬁ gure 7.

1717 Figure 7. Benchmarking TDI

TDI 1000 TDI 2006 TDI 2006 Developed Countries (average) InputMI 2006 ..... InputMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 OutcomeMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 800 ...... 762

700 631 640

le) 584 586 a 600 556 542 517 518 495 500 462 467 452 433 395 400 339 347 ndex

i 273 300

Index score (0-1000 sc 200

100

0 Least Developed Middle Income Developing South-Eastern European Developed Countries Developing Countries Europe and Union 10 Countries Countries Commonwealth of Independent States Trade and development

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL The average scores for these groups and sub-groups are displayed in fi gure 8. Disaggregated scores for InputMI and OutcomeMI components (fi gure 8) show that developing countries have achieved scores not far from thoseof developed countries inanumber of areas, such as domestic finance, economic structure, macroeconomic stability, environmental sustainability and openness to trade. However, there is still a substantial gap between thetwo groupsinmostother areas, especially human capital, physical infrastructure,financial intermediation,institutional quality, trade performance and economic and social well-being.

Figure 8 also indicates that the scores of developing countries surpass or are close to thoseof EU10 countries for domestic finance,international finance, environmental sustainability, financial intermediation, economic structure, macroeconomic stability, openness to trade and market access. Nevertheless, there are still signifi cant gaps between thetwo groups for human capital, physical infrastructure,institutional quality, trade performance and economic and social well-being.

Thedisaggregated analysis also shows that thediěerent groups of countries are relatively closer to one another inrespectof openness to trade, ranging from the LDCs’ score of 70 to that of developed and EU10 countries of 79. Inother words, mosteconomies are now relatively comparable with respect to openness. Yet thediěerencesinother com- ponentsindicate thelimits to what openness alone can achieve intheabsenceof other key determinants of trade development evolution. This is especially evident inthe large gaps between the scores of thediěerent groups of developing countries and thoseof South- Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, EU10 and developed countries for trade performance and economic and social well-being.

The scores for access to foreign markets of developed countries and EU10 (86) are above thoseof the developing country group (79). This could bedue in part to tar- iě escalation, existenceof tariě peaks and speciﬁ c tariě s in developed countries’ tariě schedules applied to developing countries. However, thelowest scores for developing countries are dueto some extent to the persistenceof relatively high tariě barriers applied

18 18 Trade and Development Index

Figure 8. Benchmarking TDI components across country groups TDI

400 400

350 350 Least Developed Countries Middle Income Developing Countries 300 300 257 250 250 216 ore ore DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 c c 200 200

Index s 134 150 150 115

82 100 78 70 73 100 77 73 78 57 56 59

53 Trade and development 36 44 44 50 50 24 20 11 15 20 15 2 5 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

400 400

350 350 332 South-Eastern Europe and Developing Countries Commonwealth of Independent States 300 300 263

250 250 i ndex ore Index s ore c c 200 200 Index s 150 120 150 110 101 84 100 76 75 79 100 76 82 54 54 57 57 63 45 42 50 50 26 29 21 16 19 15 17 8

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

395 400 400 344 350 350 European Union 10 Developed Countries 300 300

250 250 ore ore Index s c 200 c 200 145 150 Index s Index s 150 123 108 95 81 79 86 92 89 86 100 72 100 79 64 65 52 51 54 36 32 42 45 50 20 50 15 14

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW HC PI FI DF IF IQ ES MS ES OT MA TP EW

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

1919 to products of export interesttoother developing countries, which are inthe process of being reduced in South-South regional trade agreements and Global System of Trade Preferences negotiations.30

Developed countries’ scores for OutcomeMI 2007 indicate important gaps between TDI developed countries and therestof world. The score of developed countries for economic and social well-being (395) exceeds that of EU10 countries by 51 points and that of developing countries by 132 points. The gap persists for the trade performance component, where the scores for EU10 and developed countries, 108 and 123, are both well above that of developing countries (84).

Thediscussion of benchmarking concept also brings into question the issueof tariě and non-tariě barriers for those developing countriesin exporting commodities. The developed countries discriminate against developing countries’ products through tariě escalation and other forms to protectthe interests of their domestic industry. ndex i 3.5 Climbing the TDI ladder: a comparison of results in 200531 and 2006

The path through time of TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI can show the extent of improvements and help to identify their causes. Here too, the scores of developed countries serve as useful benchmarks. As noted before, TDI 2005 and TDI 2006 were constructed on three-year averages between 2000-2002 and 2003-2005 respectively.

Trade and development Figure 9 shows that TDI scores have improved in all theregions, with theexception of a marginal decline for North America. TDI scores have risen themost (12 points each) in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa. Nevertheless, this improvement still leaves a huge gap between sub-Saharan Africa and North America. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

Figure 9. TDI scores in 2005 and 2006

1000 TDI 2005 TDI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 TDI 2006

800

701 697 700 645 651 le) a 600 548 554 505 510 500 461 472 465 477 418 426 388 400 400

300 Index score (0-1000 sc

200

100

0 Sub-Saharan South Latin America Middle East Europe and East Asia Western North Africa Asia and Caribbean and North Central Asia and Pacific Europe America Africa (excl. Western Europe)

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

30 See Cernat et al. (2003) and Cordobaetal. (2004) for quantitative evidence. 31 TDI 2005 scores and rankings in DCIT-TDI 2005 are not comparable with TDI 2005 and TDI rankings in the current publication dueto changesin composingindicators, computational approach and country coverage.

20 20 Trade and Development Index

The improvement in TDI scores has been accompanied by improvementsin InputMI for all regions and improvementsin OutcomeMI for all regions, with theexception of a slightdecline for North America (ﬁ gures 10 and 11). TDI

Figure 10. InputMI score in 2005 and 2006

1000 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 InputMI 2005 ..... InputMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 InputMI 2006 796 802 800 ...... 766 .....769 ..... Trade and development 700 658 663 627 633 le) a 573 576 584 600 549 560 567 509 521 500

400

300 Index score (0-1000 sc 200 i ndex 100

0 Sub-Saharan South Latin America Middle East Europe and East Asia Western North Africa Asia and Caribbean and North Central Asia and Pacific Europe America Africa (excl. Western Europe)

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings.

Figure 11. OutcomeMI score in 2005 and 2006

1000

OutcomeMI 2005 OutcomeMI 2006 Developed Countries (average) 900 OutcomeMI 2006

800

700

le) 606 a 591 600 524 531 500 432 435 437 445

400 355 370 321 291 302 300 267 279 286 Index score (0-1000 sc

200

100

0 Sub-Saharan South Latin America Middle East Europe and East Asia Western North Africa Asia and Caribbean and North Central Asia and Pacific Europe America Africa (excl. Western Europe)

Note: See appendix 1 for regional groupings. 2121 The reductionsinthe range between thelowest scores (sub-Saharan Africa) and the highest (North America) suggestthat there has been at least some climbing upthe ladder of trade and development during the early years of thenew millennium. A country-level analysis of TDI scores over thetwo yearsﬂeshes outthis picture further. TDI Among developed countries (OECD and EU15), Switzerland has shownthe largest fall in TDI score from TDI 2005 scores, followed by the United States, Japan and Norway (Figure 12). This decline in TDI can beaĴributed to lower scores for OutcomeMI inthese countries, except in Norway. Japan has experienced a decline bothin input and outcome measures, while Switzerland and the United States have shownarise in InputMI.

Figure 12. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in developed countries ndex i 2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI

Ireland

Sweden

Greece

Spain Trade and development

Germany

Norway DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

Japan

United States

Switzerland

-40 -30 -20-100 10 2030

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005.

All the EU15 countries have registered an overall improvement over the years, with Ireland leading thepack, followed by Sweden, Greece, Spain and Germany. More interestingly, all ﬁve of these EU15 countries scored higher bothin InputMI and OutcomeMI score, except Germany, whose InputMI score slightly declined.

The five developing countries with the largest fallsin TDI between 2005 and 2006 are Botswana, Jamaica, Uruguay, Cameroon and the Syrian Arab Republic (fi gure 13). In all five of these countries, InputMI has declined signifi cantly, with the largestdecline in the Syrian Arab Republic. In Uruguay, Cameroon and the Syrian Arab Republic, these declines were partly oě set by increasesin OutcomeMI.

The four developing countries with the largest improvementsin TDI scores are Ecuador, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman and Honduras. Their climbing upthe TDI ladder can again beaĴributed to improvementsin both InputMI and OutcomeMI. Of course, as noted, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Oman are key playersin international trade of energy exports, and could contribute to the performanceof these countries.

22 22 Trade and Development Index

Figure 13. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in developing countries TDI

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI

Ecuador

Iran, Islamic Rep. of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Oman

Honduras Trade and development Syrian Arab Rep.

Cameroon

Uruguay

Jamaica

Botswana i ndex -60 -40 -200 204060

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005.

Although the 26 LDCs inthe report occupy mostof the places at the boĴom of the TDI rankings, there were some success stories (ﬁ gure 14).

Figure 14. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in LDCs

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI

Chad

Lesotho

Malawi

Mali

Madagascar

Senegal

Central African Republic

Zambia

Bangladesh

Mauritania

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 2030405060

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005.

2323 Only three LDCs – Mauritania, Bangladesh, and Zambia – have experienced a fall in TDI scores, duemainly to lower InputMI scoresin 2006. The remaining LDCs inthe 2006 sample registered higher scores. The top climbers among LDCs are (inascending order): Chad, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Madagascar, Senegal and the Central African Republic. All seven countries have shown improvement in both InputMI and OutputMI, pointing to the TDI beneﬁts of a balanced approach in policies towards trade and development. In classifying criteria for LDCs, UNCTAD includes theeconomic vulnerabilityindex (EVI), based on indicators of: (a) the instability of agricultural production; (b) the instability of exports of goods and services; (c) theeconomic importanceof non-traditional activities (share of manufacturing and modern servicesin GDP); (d) merchandise export concentration; and (e) the handicap of economic smallness (as measured through the population in logarithmic form). It can therefore be readily seen that some of the concepts of EVI are alreadyincluded inthe TDI framework. Therefore, a comprehensive LDCs story should be analysed not justthrough EVI and other criteria; the climbing up in TDI framework may be used for the LDCs’ graduation debate.32 ndex i Another groupof developing and transition economies whose TDI is of special interest are exporters of energy.33 Among these countries, all except Malaysia have TDI scores higher for 2006 than for 2005 (ﬁ gure 15).

Figure 15. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in energy exporting developing and transition economies Trade and development

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL Iran, Islamic Rep. of (3)

Oman (10)

Algeria (7)

Saudi Arabia (1)

Mexico (5)

United Arab Emirates (6)

Indonesia (8)

Korea, Rep. of (11)

Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of (4)

Russian Federation (2)

Malaysia (9)

-20 -10 0 10 20304050

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005. The numbers in parentheses following the country indicate the ranking in terms of value of energy products.

32 For further information see hĴp://r0.unctad.org/ldcs/LDCs/index.html.

33 The 11 countries are included onlyiftheirvalueof energy exports (The Standard International Trade Classiﬁ cation Revision 3), Chapter 3 for Mineral fuel/lubricants which includes coal, petroleum, gas, and electric current) is $10 billion or more on an average for the period 2003–2005. There are 24 countriesin thelist,including (indescending order of valueof energy exports) Saudi Arabia, the Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Mexico, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the United States, Australia, Algeria, Belgium, Indonesia, Qatar, Germany, Malaysia, China, Kazakhstan, France, Oman and the Republic of Korea.

24 24 Trade and Development Index

Seven countries withimproved TDI scores had larger increasesin OutcomeMI than in InputMI; theexceptions were Mexico, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. TDI

Figure 16. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in commodity-dependent countries

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Malawi

Central African Republic Trade and development Iceland

Rwanda

Burundi

Guinea-Bissau

Uganda i Ethiopia ndex

Paraguay

Jamaica

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20304050

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005.

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela registered a decline in InputMI and the Rus- sian Federation a small drop in OutcomeMI. Thedecline inthe TDI for Malaysia, which nonetheless enjoys the highest rank among developing countries, is dueto fallsin both InputMI and OutcomeMI. It should be noted that three E7 countries are included among the energy exporters.

The TDI is also computed for commodity-dependent economies of the world.34 Here again, among the top 10 commodity-dependent countries, with theexception of Jamaica, TDI scores are higher for 2006 than for 2005 (ﬁ gure 16).

All seven emerging economies (E7) have shownarise in TDI scores between 2005 and 2006 (ﬁ gure 17). Improvements are alsoevident in both their InputMI and Out- comeMI, except for Russian Federation and South Africa. Among E7 countries, China has achieved the highest increase in its TDI, followed by India, butthe increases are also substantial for theother members of this group, except for the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea.

There are 10 countriesin South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Inde- pendent States groupings, including the Russian Federation, but not discussed below as wasincluded in E7 countries. These countries are also classiﬁed as the countries with economiesin transition. Seven countriesinthis group have achieved positive improvementsin TDI scores as compared to 2005. Romania has the highest increase, followed by Azerbaħan and Albania, among others (see Figure 18). However, Armenia and Georgia

34 Commodity dependence is deﬁned as the share of top 3 exports of countries during the period of 1998-2000. For further information, see UNCTAD 2004b.

2525 Figure 17. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in E7 countries

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI TDI China

India

Brazil

South Africa ndex i Mexico

Korea, Rep. of

Russian Federation

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25303540 Trade and development

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005.

have registered a decline in TDI score compared to TDI 2005. Romania and Ukraine have DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL shownthe highest improvementsin InputMI scores, while Azerbaħan and Romania climb up in OutcomeMI score. Belarus showed a decline in InputMI, while OutcomeMI scores improved since 2005.

Figure 18. Climbing the TDI ladder: paĴ ern in countries with economies in transition

2005-2006 TDI 2005-2006 OutcomeMI 2005-2006 InputMI

Romania

Azerbaijan

Albania

Ukraine

Moldova

Bulgaria

Belarus

Armenia

Georgia

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 253035

Note: 2005–2006: change in indices scores from 2005. The Russian Federation is not included, as it has already been discussed in E7 country groupings. 26 26 Trade and Development Index

Therefore, theabove analysis of TDI intwo periods helps us to identify the improvements of national scores, as well as InputMI and OutcomeMI. Inthis way, TDI provides an in-depth look at the national level strength and weakness of structural,institutional TDI and policy aspects of countries, and their impact on trade and development.

3.6 TDI components and variability

A key result of the TDI 2006 analysis is that the countries with the best OutcomeMI DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 also tend to score uniformly highly at the level ofindividual componentsin InputMI. Countries with the best scoresin OutcomeMI display alow variability of scores among the 11 components of InputMI. Inother words, theobserved tendency is that thevariability

inthe components of InputMI decreases with higher OutcomeMI scores. The highest Trade and development variability is found among countries with the boĴom ten OutcomeMI. This relationship is shown in ﬁ gure 19. Therefore, the beĴer-performing countriesindicate consistency of input and outcome performances across all indicators.

Figure 19. OutcomeMI scores and input component variability in 2006

Variability in input components 2006 OutcomeMI i ndex 1. 2 1000

900

1. 0 800

700 0.8 ore tion c a

ri 600 a eMI S m

0.6 500 o c ient of V c Out 400 Coeffi 0.4 300

200 0.2

100

0.0 0

Note: See appendix 5.

A policy implication of this relationship is that disproportionate emphasis on a limited number of objectives such as trade liberalization is likely to yield only marginal results. At a national level, countries need to follow an eěective and coherent framework that allows designing successful strategies for trade and development. Moreover, a country could emphasize simultaneously thediěerent individual input components of TDI with theaimof reducing variation among them. Inother words, for trade and development success, countries need to address multiple development goals withina coherent overall national trade and development strategy.

2727

Trade and Development Index

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3131

Appendix 1. List of countries in the TDI 2006 sample

TDI rank Country Country Region Group 2006 code 1 United States USA North America Developed Countries 2 Germany DEU Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15)

3 Denmark DNK Western Europe European Union Countries APPENDIX (EU15) 4 United Kingdom GBR Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15)

5 Singapore SGP East Asia and Paciﬁ c Developing Countries 1 6 Japan JPN East Asia and Paciﬁ c Developed Countries 6 Sweden SWE Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 8 France FRA Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 8 Norway NOR Western Europe European Union Countries DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 (EU15) 10 Canada CAN North America Developed Countries 10 Switzerland CHE Western Europe Developed Countries

12 Belgium BEL Western Europe European Union Countries Trade and development (EU15) 12 Iceland ISL Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 14 Finland FIN Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 15 Ireland IRL Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 16 Australia AUS East Asia and Pacifi c Developed Countries 17 Austria AUT Western Europe European Union Countries i (EU15) ndex 18 New Zealand NZL East Asia and Pacifi c Developed Countries 19 Spain ESP Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 20 Israel ISR Middle East and North Africa Developed Countries 21 Italy ITA Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 21 Republic of Korea KOR East Asia and Pacifi c Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 23 Portugal PRT Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 24 Slovenia SVN Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) 25 China CHN East Asia and Pacifi c Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 26 Czech Republic CZE Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) 27 Malaysia MYS East Asia and Pacifi c Developing Countries 28 Greece GRC Western Europe European Union Countries (EU15) 29 Thailand THA East Asia and Pacifi c Developing Countries 29 Malta MLT Middle East and North Africa European Union Countries (EU10) 31 Hungary HUN Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) .../...

33 Appendix 1. List of countries in the TDI 2006 sample (continued)

TDI rank Country Country Region Group 2006 code 32 Poland POL Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) 33 Estonia EST Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) 34 Slovakia SVK Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) 35 Lithuania LTU Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10)

1 37 Chile CHL Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 37 Panama PAN Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 37 Ukraine UKR Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent APPENDIX States 39 Kuwait KWT Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 39 United Arab Emirates ARE Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 41 Bulgaria BGR Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States* 42 Latvia LVA Europe and Central Asia European Union Countries (EU10) ndex i 43 Bahrain BHR Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 44 Costa Rica CRI Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 44 Viet Nam VNM East Asia and Paciﬁ c Developing Countries 46 Albania ALB Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States 47 Mexico MEX Latin America and Caribbean Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 47 South Africa ZAF Sub-Saharan Africa Seven Emerging Economies

Trade and development (E7) 49 Bolivia BOL Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 50 Mauritius MUS Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 50 Azerbaijan AZE Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL Commonwealth of Independent States 52 Colombia COL Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 54 Argentina ARG Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 54 Brazil BRA Latin America and Caribbean Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 54 Romania ROM Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States* 56 Armenia ARM Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States 57 Belarus BLR Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States 58 Uruguay URY Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 58 Russian Federation RUS Europe and Central Asia Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 60 Jordan JOR Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries

.../...

34 Appendix 1. List of countries in the TDI 2006 sample (continued)

TDI rank Country Country Region Group 2006 code 60 Sri Lanka LKA South Asia Developing Countries 62 Georgia GEO Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States APPENDIX 63 Peru PER Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 63 Philippines PHL East Asia and Paciﬁ c Developing Countries 65 Moldova MDA Europe and Central Asia South-Eastern Europe and

Commonwealth of Independent 1 States 66 Indonesia IDN East Asia and Paciﬁ c Developing Countries 67 Guyana GUY Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 68 El Salvador SLV Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 68 Honduras HND Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries

70 Ecuador ECU Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 71 Saudi Arabia SAU Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 72 Tunisia TUN Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 73 Oman OMN Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries Trade and development 73 Turkey TUR Europe and Central Asia Developing Countries 75 Cambodia KHM East Asia and Paciﬁ c Least Developed Countries 76 Jamaica JAM Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 76 Madagascar MDG Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 78 Uganda UGA Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 79 Dominican Republic DOM Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 79 Nicaragua NIC Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 81 Kenya KEN Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries i 82 Paraguay PRY Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries ndex 83 Algeria DZA Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 83 United Republic of Tanzania TZA Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 85 Botswana BWA Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 86 Lebanon LBN Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 86 India IND South Asia Seven Emerging Economies (E7) 89 Lesotho LSO Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 89 Bolivarian Republic of VEN Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries Venezuela 89 Papua New Guinea PNG East Asia and Paciﬁ c Least Developed Countries 91 Senegal SEN Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 92 Rwanda RWA Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 93 Guatemala GTM Latin America and Caribbean Developing Countries 93 Islamic Republic of Iran IRN Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 95 Morocco MAR Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 96 Chad GHA Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 97 Egypt EGY Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 97 Malawi MWI Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 99 Mozambique MOZ Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 100 Togo TGO Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 101 Mali MLI Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries

.../...

35 Appendix 1. List of countries in the TDI 2006 sample (concluded)

TDI rank Country Country Region Group 2006 code 102 Bangladesh BGD South Asia Least Developed Countries 103 Pakistan PAK South Asia Developing Countries 103 Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 105 Syrian Arab Republic SYR Middle East and North Africa Developing Countries 105 Chad TCD Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 107 Côte d’Ivoire CIV Sub-Saharan Africa Developing Countries 107 Mauritania MRT Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 1 109 Burkina Faso BFA Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 110 Benin BEN Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 111 Burundi BDI Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries

APPENDIX 112 Central African Republic CAF Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 112 Zambia ZMB Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 114 Ethiopia ETH Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 115 Cameroon CMR Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 116 Guinea GIN Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 117 Yemen YEM Middle East and North Africa Least Developed Countries 118 Angola AGO Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries ndex i 118 Democratic Republic of the ZAR Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries Congo 120 Niger NER Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 121 Nigeria NGA Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Countries 122 Guinea-Bissau GNB Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries 123 Sudan SDN Sub-Saharan Africa Least Developed Countries

Note: Regions are based on World Bank classiﬁ cation, and groups (Developing Countries, South-Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States, Least Developed Countries) follow United Nations classiﬁ cation. - European Union Member States before 2004 are referred to as EU15. Trade and development - European Union Member States that acceded in 2004 are referred to as EU10. - Seven Emerging Economies are referred to as E7.

* EU member since January 2007. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

36 Appendix 2. Computational approach

A. Rationale

As discussed in DCIT-TDI 2005, a computational approach that could account for interactions among the constituent components of TDI was adopted. For this purpose, the methodology used in Nagar-Basu (2002) was selected to compute a composite index based on principal component analysis.35

The TDI is the sumof two indices, which are inturn weighted sums of components, whoserespective APPENDIX weights are estimated by themultivariate statistical techniqueof principal components analysis (PCA). Components are estimated through a PCA of normalized versions of thevariables or indicators assumed to determine them. 2 The rationale for useof the PCA technique is that interactions and interdependence between the set ofindicators selected as determinants of TDI can betaken into account. These indicators are chosen based on thorough theoretical and empirical scrutiny designed to capture thediěerent processes underlying the TDI. Useof PCA also permitsidentiﬁ cation of thedrivers of TDI.36

The method of principal components was originated by Karl Pearson and Harold Hotelling to rep- DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 resent the correlation structure of a set of variables, and was pioneered by Richard Stone as atechnique for measuring relationships amonginterdependent economic variables. The ﬁrst step of the method is to assume that the index which is theobjectof the exercise,inthis case TDI, is a conceptual/latent variable

linearly dependent on a set of observable indicators or regressors, Xj, plus adisturbance term capturing Trade and development error, e. Thus:

Index = ΅ + Ά1X1 + ...... + ΆK XK + e (1)

where X1,X2,...... XK is a set ofindicators that are assumed to determine index.

The problem with estimating the coeĜ cients of theseequations through conventional regression analysis is that the Άj may not be properly deﬁned or may be unstable as estimates of the inﬂ uenceof the

Xj on Index owing to interdependence inthe form of signiﬁ cant mutual correlations. Theprincipal com- i ndex ponents, Pj , are estimated as anew set of variables through linear transformations of the Xj , derived in such a way as to get around this problem. The Pj so generated are orthogonal and thus uncorrelated. The linear transformation is also chosen in such a way that, subjecttoa constraint on the coeĜ cients determining the relationshiptothe Xj, P1 accounts for the maximum variance inthe Xj. P2 is derived similarly, i.e.in such a way as to account for the maximum remaining varianceof the Xj subjecttothe condition that it is also orthogonal to and thus uncorrelated with P1, And soon for the remaining Pj.

B. Normalization, reference values and estimation

An important element inthe adopted methodology is the useof absolute referencevaluesinthe normalization procedure for components. This procedure uses maximum and minimumvalues of each indicator as referencevalues. Changes across periodsin such indicators would otherwisemake comparison of TDI scores somewhat hazardous. As one objective of TDI is to monitor theevolution the TDI and components of each countryinthe sample, thereferencevalues were fixed. Some were fixed using reasonable values. For instance,inthe case where shares are considered reasonable values, theminimum value is taken to be zero and the maximum 100 per cent. In some cases, shares go beyond 100 per cent, as, for example,inthe caseof the share of trade in GDP for small open economies. Inthat case and in any other case where extreme values could not be given any reasonable value, referencevalues were set proportionally to values observed inthe first period. A proportionality coeĜ cient equal to 1.5 was

35 See also Basu (2003) for further discussion.

36 An alternative computational approach might have been factor analysis. However, this is less ﬂexible for analysing the roles of thediěerent variables determining relations between trade and development. This is becauseofits dependenceonthepositing of dependent and independent variables and the importanceaĴributed to interlinkagesinthe choiceof determinants rather than to prior conceptual considerations and empirical analysis.

37 adopted. Sensitivity analysis shows that TDI results obtained with diěerent proportionality coeĜ cients are strongly correlated, sothat the choiceof a speciﬁ c coeĜ cient has anegligible inﬂ uenceonestimates.

The Pj themselves are normalized by subtracting theminimumvalueof the particular value from its actual value and dividingit by the range, which is thediěerence between the maximum and minimum valueof the selected indicators. So, for component i for a country j:

Cħ=(actual valueħ –minimumvalueik)/(maximumvalueik-minimumvalueik) (2) where j and k are indices referring to countries j and k.

When necessary, theraw data have been transformed in such a way that normalized values equal to unity correspond to the best situation inthe sample. 2 Thevariances of the Pj are equal to thevariances of the Xk for which they are estimated to account,

with theresult that the Pj partition the total varianceof the Xk. Thesevariances can be shownto beequal to theeigenvalues of the correlation matrixof theoriginal regressors. If theseeigenvalues are denoted Ώ , the weightsinthe expression for TDI are the shares of thevariances of the P inthe total varianceof

APPENDIX k j

X1, X2...XK. . Thus:

Indexi = (Ώ1P1 + Ώ2P2 ...... + ΏKPk )/( Ώ1 + Ώ2 + ...... ΏK ), where i refers to country i (3).

From thepoint of view of analysis of thedrivers of TDI, thetechniqueof PCA has the advantage that the process generating theprincipal components can be reversed. Thus, thelinear transformation

inthe form of the matrix consisting of the coeĜ cients of the Pj with respecttothe Xk can be inverted to generate thevalues of theoriginal indicators or regressors corresponding to thevalues of theprincipal ndex i components. Itthus becomes possible to conduct an analysis of the inﬂ uenceof these indicators or regressors on the TDI.

C. Comparability of samples and estimates

The weights are aĴributed to thetwo indices of TDI components, InputMI and OutcomeMI, based on the statistical procedure used to estimate them. Sincethe weights are obtained from cross-section data, they may vary from year to year for the same sample of countries or from sample to sample for the same period. Increased country coverage is by definition an improvement. Marginal increases are unlikely Trade and development to create any major problem for comparability. However, substantial increases would necessitate a re- computation of weights and of the whole index series. Country coverage hasincreased dramatically since the firstversion of TDI 2005 in DCIT-TDI 2005, from 110 countries to 123 countries. It is unlikely, consider- ing current data availability, that the sample size could be further increased inthe immediate future by DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL a similar proportion, though the fi gure of 150 countries may beaĴainable over a longer period.

Themost important sourceofincomparabilityisthe systemic statistical properties of TDI components that aěectthe weighting. Toavoid such incomparability, weights obtained inthe ﬁrst period – i.e. for InputMI 2005 and OutputMI 2005 – are assumed to bethereference weights and are applied to all successive periods. Adoption of such arestrictive assumption is motivated by thepossibility of comparing TDI scores across years. Thus, TDI 2006 is computed using weights computed for TDI 2005. Wealso computed TDI 2006 using 2006 weights. Weobserve that thetworesults for TDI 2006 are strongly correlated, the coeĜ cient of correlation being 0.987, which implies stabilityin statistical properties of the set of components. Nevertheless, in order to check the statistical coherenceof weights, similar sensitivity analysis will be repeated for every future exercise.

The average weight is 9 per cent. The largest weight is obtained for the international ﬁnance component and is slightly more than 15 per cent. The smallest weight, obtained for environmental sustainability, is slightly more than 2 per cent. Weights reﬂectthe systemic statistical properties of TDI components, higher weights being observed for components that are themost related to other components.37

37 See Nagar and Basu (2004b) for discussion of the statistical properties of a composite index as estimate of a single latent variable.

38 Fixing referencevaluesinthe normalization of components (described earlier) and the components’ weights allows full comparability of TDI scores for the same sample of countries across periods. As weights are normalized to obtain unity when summing them up, the maximumabsolute InputMI, OutputMI and TDI score is 1,000, and theminimum score is zero. Maximumvalues could also be interpreted as weights. Indeed, as the unweighted component maximumvalue is 1,000, the weighted maximumvalue is simply equal to the weights aĴributed to each component timesits unweighted maximumvalue. The weights of each of the InputMI and OutputMI components are the following: APPENDIX Figure A1. Weights for InputMI and OutcomeMI

16 70 2 14 60 12 50 10

hts hts 40 g g

Wei 8 Wei

30 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 6

20 4

10 2 Trade and development

0 0 Human Physical Financial Domestic International Institutional Economic Macroeconomic Environmental Openness Market access, Trade Economic and capital infrastructure intermediation finance finance quality structure stability sustainability to trade foreign performance social well-being

Themajor advantageof comparabilityisthat itmakesitpossible to disentangle the relative from theabsolute increases or decreasesin scores for a speciﬁ c country or groupof countries. Changesin TDI scores across periodsindicate theabsolute evolution in performance, and changesin TDI rank across i periodsindicate relative evolution. The same type of analysis can be applied to InputMI and OutputMI ndex scores. It is then straightforward to identify the components that are driving changesinthe index for each country or groupof countries. A higher valueof the TDI reﬂects an improvement inthe relationship between structural,institutional and trade policies with trade and development performance; lower value indicates a deterioration of the relationship and thus in ranking. Moreover, an increase (decrease) in TDI score through time indicates an improvement (decline)in trade and development performances compared with the base year of 2005.

Appendix 3. Components and indicators: deﬁ nition and sources

Dimension Component Indicators Deﬁ nition and sources Structural Human capital x Health expenditure Health expenditure per capita (% of GDP): and (% of GDP) Total health expenditure is the sumof public Institutional and private health expenditure. It covers the Context provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition (SIC)

activities and emergency aiddesignated for APPENDIX health, but does not include provision of water and sanitation. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

x Education Education expenditure, public (% of GDP): 3 expenditure (% of Expenditure includes both capital expenditures GDP) (spending on construction, renovation, major repairs and heavy equipment or vehicles) and current expenditures (spending on goods and services that are consumed within the current year and would need to be

renewed the following year). It covers such DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 expenditures as staě salaries and benefits, contracted or purchased services, books and teaching materials, welfare services, furniture and equipment, minor repairs, Trade and development fuel,insurance, rents, telecommunications and travel. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). Physical x Paved roads (% of Roads, paved (% of total roads): Paved infrastructure total roads) roads are those surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete or with cobblestones, as a percentageof all the country’s roads, measured in length. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). i ndex x Air transport Air transport, freight (million tons per km): freight (million Air freight is the sumof the metric tons of tons per km) freight, express and diplomatic bags carried on each flight stage (the operation of an aircraĞ from takeoě to its next landing) multiplied by the stagedistance, by air carriers registered inthe country. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). x Telephone Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people): mainlines (per Telephone lines connecting customer’s 1,000 population) equipment to thepublic switched telephone network. Data are presented per 1,000 people for the entire country. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). Financial x Domestic creditto Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP): intermediation private sector (% of Domestic credittotheprivate sector refers to GDP) financial resources provided to theprivate sector in such forms as loans, purchases of non-equity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims cannot be separated from creditto public enterprises. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

.../...

41 Appendix 3. Components and indicators: deﬁ nition and sources (continued)

Dimension Component Indicators Defi nition and sources Domestic fi nance x Gross domestic Gross domestic savings (% of GDP): Gross savings (% of GDP) domestic savings are calculated as GDP less final consumption expenditure (total consumption). The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). International x Total external debt Total external debt service (% of GNI): fi nance service (% of GNI) Total debt service is the sumof principal repayments and interestactually paid in foreign currency, goods or services on long-

3 term debt,interestpaidon short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

APPENDIX x Short-term debt Short-term debt (% of total external debt): (% of total external Short-term debt includes all debt having debt) an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). Institutional x Regulatory quality Regulatory quality (-2.5 to 2.5 scale, with quality higher score for beĴ er outcomes): Regulatory quality reflects government policies aěecting ndex i business environment,including measures of the presenceof market-unfriendly policies such as price controls or financial repression, as well as perceptions of the burdensimposed by excessive regulation in areas such as foreign trade and business development. The World Bank, The Governance MaĴers Index 2006. x Control of Control of corruption (-2.5 to 2.5 scale, with corruption higher score for beĴ er outcomes): Control of corruption is an aggregate measure of the Trade and development extent of corruption, conventionally defined as the exerciseof public power for private gain. This indicator, likethe preceding rule of law indicator, is based on perceptions of corruption

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL recorded in polls and surveys. The World Bank, The Governance MaĴers Index 2006. Economic x Agricultural value Agricultural value added (% of GDP): structure added (% of GDP) Agriculture corresponds to International Standard Industrial Classifi cation divisions 1to 5 and includes forestry, hunting and fi shing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector aĞer adding up all outputs and subtractingintermediate inputs. It is calculated withoutmaking deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. Theoriginof value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classifi cation, revision 3. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

.../...

42 Appendix 3. Components and indicators: deﬁ nition and sources (continued)

Dimension Component Indicators Defi nition and sources Macroeconomic x Consumer price Consumer price index (annual %): Inflation as stability index (annual %) measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change inthe costtothe average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. APPENDIX The Laspeyres formula is generally used. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). 3 x Current account Current account balance (% of GDP): This is balance (% of GDP) the sumof net exports of goods and services, net income (dueto compensation of employees and investment), and net current transfers. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). Environmental x Access to Water source (% of population with access): DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 sustainability improved water (% Access to an improved water sourcerefersto the of total population percentageof the population with reasonable with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from access to water) an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, Trade and development protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sourcesinclude vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as theavailability of at least 20 litres per person per day from a source within one kilometre of thedwelling. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). x Access to Sanitation facilities (% of population with i improved access): This refers to the percentageof the ndex sanitation (% of population with at least adequate excreta total population disposal facilities (private or shared, but not with adequate public) that can eěectively prevent human, access to excreta animal and insect contact with excreta. disposal facilities) Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to fl ush toilets with a sewerage connection. To beeěective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). x GDP in PPP- terms Energy use: GDP per unitof energy use per unitof energy is the PPP GDP per kilogram of theoil use equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 1995 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a dollar hasinthe United States. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006). Trade Openness to trade x Applied trade- Weighted mean tariě : Averageof eěectively policies and weighted average applied rates weighted by the total imports processes tariě (%) from trading partner countries. UNCTAD, (TPP) Trade Analyses and Information System (TRAINS) database.

.../...

43 Appendix 3. Components and indicators: deﬁ nition and sources (continued)

Dimension Component Indicators Deﬁ nition and sources x Share of lines with Share of lines with international peaks: Share national peaks (%) of linesinthe tariě schedule with tariě rates that exceed 15 per cent. UNCTAD, TRAINS database. x Share of lines Share of lines with national peaks: Share withinternational of linesinthe tariě schedule with tariě rates peaks(%) that exceed three times the average tariff. UNCTAD, TRAINS database. x Share of lines with Share of lines with speciﬁ c rates: Share of

3 speciﬁ c tariě s (%) linesinthe tariě schedule that are set on a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem and per unit rates. UNCTAD, TRAINS database. Access to foreign x Trade-weighted Weighted mean tariě : Averageof eěectively APPENDIX market average tariě applied rates by trading partners weighted by applied on the total imports of trading partner countries. exportsin partner UNCTAD, TRAINS database. countries(%) x Share of lines Share of lines with international peaks: with national Share of linesinthe tariě schedule of trading peaks applied on partners with tariě rates that exceed 15 per exportsin partner cent. UNCTAD, TRAINS database. ndex

i countries(%) x Share of lines Share of lines with national peaks: Share of withinternational linesinthe tariě schedule of trading partners peaks applied on with tariě rates that exceed three times the exportsin partner average tariě . UNCTAD, TRAINS database. countries(%) x Share of lines Share of lines with speciﬁ c rates: Share of with speciﬁ c linesinthe tariě schedule of trading partners tariě s applied on that are set on a per unit basis or that combine exportsin partner ad valorem and per unit rates. UNCTAD, Trade and development countries (%) TRAINS database. Trade and development performance DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL (TDP) Trade Performance x Merchandise Merchandise exports (% of world): Total exports (% of merchandise exports as a share of total world world merchandise merchandise exports. UNCTAD Handbook exports) of Statistics. x Services exports (% Service exports (% of world): Total service of world services exports as a share of total world service exports) exports. UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics. x Market Merchandise export concentration index concentration (0 to 1 scale): For thedegree of market index for concentration,index valueof 1 implies merchandise maximum concentration. UNCTAD Handbook exports of Statistics. x Total trade (exports Trade (% of GDP): Trade is the sumof exports and imports) (% of and imports of goods and services measured as GDP) a share of gross domestic product. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

.../...

44 Appendix 3. Components and indicators: deﬁ nition and sources (concluded)

Dimension Component Indicators Deﬁ nition and sources Economic and x Sen Welfare Index Sen Welfare Index: This index is deﬁned as social well-being (GDP per capita GDP per capita multiplied by (1-Giniindex). (1-Giniindex)) The GDP per capita figure is based on a constant $2,000. The Giniindex takes avalue of 0 to represent perfectequality, and a value of 100 to represent perfect inequality. The APPENDIX index is measured either based on income or expenditure depending on diěerent countries’ methods of data collection. The World Bank,

The World Development Indicators (2006) 3 for GDP per capita data, and UNDP, Human Development Report for Giniindex. x Adult literacy rate Adult literacy rate (%): The percentage (%) of people aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement related to their everyday life. The World Bank, The World DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Development Indicators (2006) and UNDP, Human Development Report. x Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth (years): Thenumber (years) of years anewborn infant would live if Trade and development prevailing paĴerns of age-speciﬁ c mortality rates at thetime of birth were to stay the same throughoutthe child’s life. The World Development Indicators (2006) and UNDP, Human Development Report. x Female-to-male Female to male income share (%): This income ratio (%) indicator is computed by taking the ratio of female-to-male estimated earned income (PPP). UNDP, Human Development Report. i x Female labour Female Labor force (% of total labor force): ndex force (% of total Female labour forceas a percentageof the total labour force) shows the extent to which women are active inthelabour force. Labour force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization’s deﬁnition of theeconomically active population. The World Bank, The World Development Indicators (2006).

Appendix 4. Trade and Development Index: global rankings

TDI score TDI score TDI rank 2006 Country 2006 2005 TDI rank 2005 1United States 743 751 1 2Germany 696 689 2 3Denmark 691 687 3 4United Kingdom 682 678 4

5Singapore 675 665 7 APPENDIX 6Japan 668 673 5 6Sweden 668 651 10 8France 664 663 9 8Norway 664 665 7 4 10 Canada 650 650 11 10 Switzerland 650 668 6 12 Belgium 642 638 12 12 Iceland 642 624 15 14 Finland 636 633 13

15 Ireland 630 609 18 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 16 Australia 628 624 15 17 Austria 627 627 14 18 New Zealand 623 622 17 Trade and development 19 Spain 619 606 19 20 Israel 610 595 21 21 Italy 599 595 21 21 Republic of Korea 599 596 20 23 Portugal 593 589 23 24 Slovenia 583 574 24 25 China 577 550 27 26 Czech Republic 560 562 25 27 Malaysia 556 562 25 i ndex 28 Greece 555 541 29 29 Malta 551 550 27 29 Thailand 551 537 31 31 Hungary 539 527 34 32 Poland 537 532 33 33 Estonia 536 539 30 34 Slovakia 527 522 36 35 Lithuania 526 537 31 37 Chile 522 515 38 37 Panama 522 523 35 37 Ukraine 522 508 41 39 United Arab Emirates 521 511 40 39 Kuwait 521 501 43 41 Bulgaria 520 515 38 42 Latvia 517 515 38 43 Bahrain 511 504 42 44 Costa Rica 503 493 45 44 Viet Nam 503 496 44 46 Albania 495 480 52 47 Mexico 493 481 50 47 South Africa 493 481 50 49 Bolivia 491 466 62 50 Azerbaħan 490 475 56 50 Mauritius 490 473 58 .../...

47 Appendix 4. Trade and Development Index: global rankings (continued)

TDI score TDI score TDI rank 2006 Country 2006 2005 TDI rank 2005 52 Colombia 488 478 53 54 Argentina 486 471 59 54 Brazil 486 469 60 54 Romania 486 464 65 56 Armenia 485 487 47 57 Belarus 484 483 48 58 Russian Federation 483 481 50 58 Uruguay 483 493 45 60 Jordan 478 469 60 4 60 Sri Lanka 478 477 55 62 Georgia 475 478 53 63 Peru 474 455 69 APPENDIX 63 Philippines 474 475 56 65 Moldova 473 466 62 66 Indonesia 468 463 66 67 Guyana 465 457 67 68 Honduras 464 438 75 68 El Salvador 464 456 68 70 Ecuador 461 424 85

ndex 71 Saudi Arabia 459 442 73 i 72 Tunisia 455 436 78 73 Oman 453 426 84 73 Turkey 453 445 72 75 Cambodia 452 438 75 76 Jamaica 449 465 64 76 Madagascar 449 428 83 78 Uganda 446 435 79 79 Dominican Republic 443 433 81

Trade and development 79 Nicaragua 443 434 80 81 Kenya 441 449 71 82 Paraguay 440 438 75 83 Algeria 436 411 90

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 83 United Republic of Tanzania 436 421 86 85 Botswana 434 451 70 86 India 433 413 88 86 Lebanon 433 437 77 89 Lesotho 432 403 95 89 Papua New Guinea 432 418 87 89 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 432 430 82 91 Senegal 429 409 92 92 Rwanda 425 409 92 93 Guatemala 423 409 92 93 Islamic Republic of Iran 423 386 102 95 Morocco 420 406 94 96 Ghana 412 412 89 97 Egypt 407 399 98 97 Malawi 407 380 107 99 Mozambique 404 392 100 100 Togo 401 387 101 101 Mali 398 376 110 102 Bangladesh 397 400 96 .../...

48 Appendix 4. Trade and Development Index: global rankings (concluded)

TDI score TDI score TDI rank 2006 Country 2006 2005 TDI rank 2005 103 Pakistan 395 381 106 103 Zimbabwe 395 380 107 105 Syrian Arab Republic 392 400 96 105 Chad 392 354 118

107 Côte d’Ivoire 387 371 112 APPENDIX 107 Mauritania 387 394 99 109 Burkina Faso 386 386 102 110 Benin 384 377 109 111 Burundi 382 367 113 4 112 Central African Republic 381 362 115 112 Zambia 381 383 104 114 Ethiopia 379 373 111 115 Cameroon 373 382 105 116 Guinea 372 365 114 117 Yemen 370 362 115 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 118 Angola 364 356 117 118 Democratic Republic of the Congo 364 324 122 120 Niger 362 349 119 Trade and development 121 Nigeria 350 334 120 122 Guinea-Bissau 339 327 121 123 Sudan 326 319 123

Note: TDI 2005 scores and rankings in DCIT-TDI 2005 are not comparable with TDI 2005 and TDI 2005 rankin DCIT-TDI 2007 of this appendixdueto changesin composingindicators, computational approach and country coverage. i ndex

.../... APPENDIX 5 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development nance quality structure stability sustainability nance ﬁ i ndex 619610 34 47 46 48 53 41 58 42 145 145 90 80 64 65 94 93 9 17 627 36 46 47 59 145 97 65 68 17 623 44 36 53 55 145 101 60 91 13 599 22 63 45 68 145 69 64 84 17 521 35 11 34 68 145 69 66 84 18 522 29 37 11 59 121 35 58 75 20 628 38 34 45 54 145 97 64 89 18 650 42 40 71 61 145 100 66 85 16 642642636 53 42 40 31 40 34 70 33 30 47 56 58 145 145 145 100 87 107 60 66 64 90 90 88 19 13 19 630 34 46 57 77 145 94 65 95 6 526522522 36 23 31 16 16 6 10 28 41 47 62 54 80 102 118 69 90 61 62 64 61 90 99 100 14 17 14 668 52650 42 34 38 47 37 56 57 145 145 102 99 65 65 82 91 18 19 551537 42536 33 32 43 31 18 49 13 17 45 48 57 145 98 79 71 69 81 64 64 64 87 84 77 15 13 15 664 46 64 40 52 145 84 65 98 11 668 34 64 45 59 145 81 66 94 17 556 30 36 60 80 104 65 60 97 17 555551 30 20 23 38 34 45 48 66 145 102 77 59 62 60 68 101 9 17 675 17 65 49 86 145 108 66 86 14 682 40 65 68 44 145 100 66 95 9 583577 43 15 43 53 20 55 59 77 145 100 76 50 65 58 62 96 12 13 593 42 21 67 47 145 87 64 83 9 Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures s 521 14 48 23 74 145 76 65 62 20 rate i m ic 560 38 41 15 59 91 71 65 101 14 orea l s 743 42 74 108 44 145 94 66 85 18 dom b E g f K ub n o ra tate a 527 32 33 14 57 72 66 64 75 19 ep k 691 53 51 70 59 145 101 65 100 15 a y 696 46 74 51 54 145 94 66 88 16 a i y 539 38 25 20 53 79 77 64 76 17 i a a ic y 664 53 46 22 67 145 94 66 101 15 A Ki S ealand al i t l m a a i a ar e i ne i e erland an ki ysi i a c c g land z apore n ug tr tral w ub i ch R ted ted ted t i le na y 599 38 29 39 52 145 77 65 83 7 n g giu i i i eden ra w Z hu e a ton alta ala t nland e or n eland n n n enmar ree erman rael anada ep el ort anama oland ran pa lova loven tal reland apan 8N 8F 6Sw 6J 5Si 2G 3D 4U 1U 2021 Is R 18 N 19 S 2123 I P 39 Kuw 39 U 17 Aus 12 Ic 121415 B Fi I 16 Aus 373737 Chi P Uk 10 Swi 313233 Hu 34 P 35 Es S Li 10 C 28 G 2929 Th M 27 M 2526 Chi Cz 24 S TDI TDI Structural and institutional context 2006 Country 2006 capital infrastructure intermediation ﬁ rank score Human Physical Financial Domestic International Institutional Economic Macroeconomic Environmental

51 .../... 5 APPENDIX nance quality structure stability sustainability ndex i Structural and institutional context nance ﬁ Trade and development DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 446 24 7 3 36 140 47 45 80 10 486 30 12 5 59 106 48 59 77 9 486 26 13 16 57 109 60 60 60 15 486 24 21 4 47 117 51 57 47 12 478478475 31 12 11 34 26 16 32 14 4 21 47 41 117 133 133 62 58 38 65 54 54 93 86 84 18 14 16 465464 32461459 22 11 18 6 6 9 17 21 18 9 25 42 26 57 82 120 113 108 145 49 59 40 60 46 60 62 64 78 86 81 89 16 13 15 17 455453 31 23 24 6 29 16 53 68 117 102 65 75 58 65 80 108 14 17 452 14 5 4 46 139 44 44 91 10 449449 26 16 9 0 8 4 43 39 103 141 57 50 63 47 70 80 18 8 488 39 13 10 48 110 51 59 79 14 483 22 18 10 68 119 34 63 33 19 473468 29 8 32 20 9 10 17 59 98 109 39 38 52 56 61 81 17 14 503495493 19 19 26 4 14 16 24 4 7 62 29 51 133 140 122 41 46 59 52 50 64 82 102 84 12 16 16 491490 35 13 4 18 20 3 45 64 130 133 51 36 56 58 87 77 13 15 485 14 9 3 34 137 47 51 78 16 443 23 5 11 27 128 48 54 92 14 441 27 4 11 43 127 40 48 60 13 520517 26 29 39 39 14 18 43 47 106 63 59 65 59 64 71 79 19 12 511503 21 36 33 16 27 14 76 50 145 107 75 77 66 61 84 70 18 15 493 28 12 62 49 115 65 64 92 16 Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures (continued) ic 443 14 10 15 53 119 54 59 36 13 l on i ub ep a a R s 474 15 5 16 47 106 53 58 83 14 ar bi ic ederat a a a s 464 30 5 18 42 125 48 58 73 15 r a a an i an a sc ne ra F a y 483 18 14 17 46 107 74 59 44 15 a na i a ħ i ra k si i i a ic ius 490 22 39 26 57 78 70 62 92 21 a a bi gu i a a n am t a a i o od a i y 453 31 21 8 51 100 55 58 54 16 u g Ric n i an a i l a us 484 35 40 6 55 71 27 59 51 19 i A ic i gi b e b an ar pp r i h Af ic ana N y i v ent isi ra ta alvador t ador d an ara k zi g l i u 474 17 7 9 52 128 59 60 89 11 u anda er s l g ugu n r h u b u et ada ex a oldova i L S ond man r l rmen r om eor en am olom o oman ra l elar atv a ol er r a o ndone ama ordan 79 D 79 Nic 54 B 54 R 606263 S G P 686870 H 71 E 72 Ecu S Tu 737375 O Tu C 76 J 7678 M Ug 52 C 54 A 60 J 63 Phi 6667 I Guy 464747 A M S 5050 Az M 56 A 58 Russi 5758 B U 65 M 81 K 414243 Bu L B 4444 C Vi 49 B TDI TDI 2006 Country 2006 capital infrastructure intermediation ﬁ rank score Human Physical Financial Domestic International Institutional Economic Macroeconomic Environmental

52 .../... APPENDIX 5 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development nance quality structure stability sustainability nance ﬁ i ndex 425423 14 16 0 8 5 9 28 34 142 113 47 51 39 52 86 76 12 14 429 20 9 9 38 135 51 55 92 13 395395 8 25 20 7 12 14 49 34 133 127 38 25 51 55 78 18 15 16 326 14 2 3 46 111 33 39 71 12 432432 15 45 6 7 4 3 70 10 113 136 41 54 64 55 48 78 16 12 401 16 1 7 33 135 43 39 100 11 392 19 0 2 66 141 41 36 98 4 434433 19 17 13 22 8 15 75 53 140 134 76 49 65 52 73 95 14 12 433432 19 22 10 1 35 5 28 51 80 112 50 41 62 47 42 73 19 9 423 26 27 16 78 119 36 59 59 17 420 25 18 25 51 122 60 56 83 11 404 21 0 1 41 136 47 52 55 10 387387386 17384 23 19 17 1 1 0 0 6 12 6 6 52 5 32 37 131 131 143 142 44 52 52 51 51 54 46 43 97 73 90 85 13 10 7 12 350 9 0 7 72 127 33 52 56 13 436 24 4 5 84 128 41 60 93 16 436 18 3 4 38 132 43 37 98 15 412 11 6 6 39 126 51 42 44 14 407 16 7 26 46 128 50 56 80 16 370 38 2 3 40 138 42 57 71 12 381379373 19372 31 16364364 9362 7 17 4 17 2 16 3 3 3 3 11 0 4 2 50 1 29 2 48 3 37 117 143 33 56 131 34 131 45 138 45 107 40 143 45 52 37 15 23 37 40 50 26 37 61 61 40 49 52 77 18 13 81 8 12 11 11 11 6 ela zu a i o ene an g ic 381 13 1 3 44 136 35 29 103 14 z l f V on an ran o ub ic 392 18 10 5 57 118 41 51 39 16 l Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures (continued) f I f C f T ic ep l o o o ub . nea R ic ub ic l l ep ep u 339 19 1 1 27 115 39 25 89 10 an ep e a o ub ub ic re s b R i r R a ic R a w Gui e i sh 397 11 4 13 50 140 40 52 88 10 ep ep e ra y 440 23 2 7 43 114 36 48 81 15 F vo an i 382 18 3 11 26 120 31 33 69 15 biqu o Af a -Biss i a rat R o i ’I bw a A a a N tan ana c al i i na i ic R cc a h tan a lade wi 407 30 0 4 13 138 47 40 73 12 nd g bi r am gu n ola b a op an var i 398 20 0 9 43 141 52 42 108 10 pt g er er u i nea nea ted o anon er ki u i ot z sw i anda i u atemala i g ana ad te d r r dan s b g r kis g m al oro o a ala hi n n l emo lam entral ameroon am an e e ol en ot t emen a ap ara o ene nd 9393 Gu Is 92 Rw 8991 L S 8686 I L 8989 P B 95 M 96 Gh 99 M 83 U 85 B 97 Egy 97 M 83 A 82 P 102103 B 103 P 105 Zi Sy 123 Su 101 M 105 Ch 107 Cô 100 T 107109 M 110 Bu 111 B Bu 122 Gui 112 C 118 D 114115 E 116 C 117 Gui Y 118120 A 121 Nig Nig 112 Z TDI TDI Structural and institutional context 2006 Country 2006 capital infrastructure intermediation ﬁ rank score Human Physical Financial Domestic International Institutional Economic Macroeconomic Environmental

53 .../... 5 APPENDIX ndex i Trade and development DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL Trade policiesTrade and development Trade 8179 85 86 146 117 419 452 771 767 10 12 564 568 5 3 7987 86 90 159 180 407 356 797 814 5 3 566 536 4 11 75 80 133 271 707 25 404 46 75787972 8879 82 86 77 83 110 155 103 124 367 82 322 344 321 689 676 298 662 29 657 30 722 33 36 477 477 23 447 445 20 20 380 34 36 55 798069 86 86 82 151 131 112 405 408 411 771 760 777 10 14 9 556 539 523 6 10 12 79 85 111 343 619 41 454 31 83 87 55 287 699 27 342 77 80 83 74 430 779 8 504 15 797983 85 86 88 118 103 82 352 359 291 603 590 671 47 53 32 469 462 373 24 25 59 80 86 109 324 610 45 434 39 79 86 152 394 737 21 546 9 81 85 83 307 653 37 390 51 7979 86 86 96 122 425 354 751 784 16 6 521 476 13 22 81 84 98 406 751 16 504 15 79 86 126 381 746 19 507 14 8079 84 86 94 125 390 354 763 759 13 15 483 478 18 19 82 89 85 385 749 18 471 23 78 82 122 338 738 20 460 27 79 86 105 351 730 22 456 29 s 83 87 112 231 698 28 343 76 Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures (continued) rate i m ic 81 85 121 337 661 34 458 28 orea l s 80 85 224 419 843 1 643 1 dom b E g f K ub n o ra tate a 79 86 115 341 597 50 456 29 ep k 79 86 117 440 825 2 556 6 a y 79 86 195 397 799 4 592 2 a i y 79 86 114 348 615 44 462 25 i a a ic y 82 88 79 469 780 7 548 8 Ki S A ealand al i t l m a a i a ar e i ne i e erland an ki ysi i a c c g land z apore n ug tral tr w ub i ch R ted ted ted t i na le y 79 86 142 354 700 26 497 17 n g giu i i i eden ra w Z hu e a ton ala alta t nland or e n eland n n n enmar ree erman rael anada ep el oland anama ort ran loven lova pa reland tal apan 6Sw 8N 3D 4U 5Si 6J 8F 2G 1U 28 G 27 M 24 S 2526 Chi Cz 292931 Th 32 M Hu P 39 Kuw 101012 C Swi Ic 33 Es 12 B 343537 S 37 Li Chi P 39 U 14 Fi 37 Uk 1516 I Aus 17 Aus 18 N 1920 S Is 21 R 21 I 23 P TDI and processes performance 2006 Country to trade foreign performance social well-being InputMI InputMI OutcomeMI OutcomeMI rank Openness Market access, Trade Economic and Rank of Rank of

54 .../... APPENDIX 5 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development i ndex Trade policiesTrade and development Trade 82 87 88 225 572 64 313 87 67 72 104 335 566 70 439 38 83 87 90 299 617 42 389 53 737983 77 86 87 112 99 58 341 354 248 586 581 715 55 59 24 453 452 306 32 33 89 70 75 106 232 617 42 338 80 72 76 81 278 522 100 359 63 82 857471 79 77 84 320 84 91 586 318 327 55 574 553 403 61 78 47 402 418 48 43 7779 80 82 89 90 267 299 600 559 48 73 356 390 70 51 698182 7973 8766 85 77 112 83 80 54 281 102 103 292 341 593 307 609 338 585 51 564 46 531 57 393 72 372 93 394 50 408 60 441 49 45 37 76 80 98 228 659 35 326 84 79 80 49 193 675 31 242 111 7980717975 84 84 73 85 79 96 104 105 98 66 331 274 270 261 308 518 559 555 569 103 547 73 77 67 427 82 377 374 359 40 374 56 57 63 57 578369 65 88 73 98 51 66 219 204 299 592 651 538 52 38 90 318 255 365 86 107 61 72 74 54 301 542 84 355 71 7578 78 83 76 76 281 262 540 553 88 78 357 338 68 80 7976 83 79 77 94 342 332 551 541 80 86 419 425 42 41 ic 75 78 96 262 527 95 358 66 l Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures (continued) on i ub ep a a R s 82 87 78 305 565 71 383 54 ar bi ic ederat a a a s 82 86 91 255 582 58 346 74 r a a an i an a sc ne ra F a y 74 81 85 332 548 81 417 44 a na i a ħ i ra k si i i a ic ius 76 78 91 267 623 40 357 68 a a bi gu i a a n am t a a i o od a i y 78 87 107 240 558 75 348 73 u g Ric n i an a i l a us 77 81 106 340 521 101 447 34 i A ic i gi b e b an ar pp r i h Af ic ana N y i v ent isi ra ta alvador t ador d an ara k zi g l i u 77 82 78 280 589 54 358 66 u anda er s l g ugu n r h u b u et ex a oldova ada i L S ond man l r rmen r om eor en o olom am oman atv a ra ol l elar er r o a ndone ordan ama 81 K 46 A 44 Vi 424344 L B C 60 S 52 C 47 M 5454 A B 41 Bu 6263 G P 4750 S 50 Az M 5456 R A 63 Phi 49 B 72 Tu 68 E 656667 M 68 I Guy 70 H 71 Ecu S 737375 O 76 Tu C J 76 M 7879 Ug D 79 Nic 57 B 60 J 5858 U Russi TDI and processes performance 2006 Country to trade foreign performance social well-being InputMI InputMI OutcomeMI OutcomeMI rank Openness Market access, Trade Economic and Rank of Rank of

55 5 APPENDIX ndex i Trade and development DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL Trade policiesTrade and development Trade 82 86 90 214 541 86 304 90 71 78 63 264 523 98 327 83 70 72 77 267 480 115 344 75 72 72 87 204 567 69 291 93 56 62 95 175 570 65 270 101 7268 77 72 31 93 308 231 526 539 96 89 338 324 80 85 80696965 83 70 73 70 31 49 23 27 235 173 165 158 461 502 511 466 121 112 105 118 267 222 188 185 104 118 121 122 64 70 30 242 573 63 273 99 7069 71 69 43 58 192 180 537 530 91 94 235 238 116 114 75 77 86 265 513 104 351 72 70 72 50 215 462 120 265 105 73 77 55 213 493 114 269 103 6765 70 67 80 94 169 243 541 453 86 123 248 337 109 82 677171 71 73 72 49 74 64 190 143 207 545 556 503 83 76 110 239 217 270 113 119 101 6179 65 81 102 115 187 248 576 503 60 110 290 363 94 62 6980 68 85 50 26 215 144 478 569 116 67 265 170 105 123 7270 75 70 56 82 241 195 510 525 106 97 297 277 92 96 7072 74 76 51 29 223 208 598 630 49 39 274 237 98 115 64 67 61 214 471 117 275 97 72 76 77 163 574 61 240 112 72 76 70 269 533 92 339 78 69 72 66 181 510 106 247 110 ela zu a i ene an ic 64 66 49 205 508 108 254 108 z l f V an ran o ub ic 67 74 49 238 495 113 288 95 l o f I f T ic Appendix 5. TDI, dimensions, components and input outcome measures (concluded) g ep l o o ub nea R on ic ub ic l l ep u 68 68 37 179 461 121 216 120 an ep f C e a o ub ub ic re o s b R i r R a . a w Gui e i sh 56 60 72 198 523 98 270 101 ep ep e ra y 73 80 69 288 521 101 358 66 F vo an i 64 73 37 263 464 119 300 91 biqu o ep Af a -Biss i a R o i ’I a bw A a a N tan ana al i i na i ic R cc a h tan a lade wi 71 74 60 251 503 110 311 88 nd . R g bi r am gu n ola b a op an var i 71 73 36 191 569 67 227 117 pt g er er u i nea nea ted o anon er u ki i ot z sw i anda i u atemala g i ana ad te d r r dan s b g r kis g m oro a o al ala hi n n l em lam entral ameroon am e en ol t an e ot emen a ap ara o ene nd 93 Is 93 Gu 97 Egy 92 Rw 96 Gh 8991 L S 95 M 89 B 8689 L P 99 M 8386 U I 97 M 8283 P A 85 B 123 Su 120121122 Nig Nig Gui 110111112 B Bu C 118 A 114 E 112 Z 102103 B P 103105 Zi Sy 107107109 Cô M Bu 117118 Y D 100101 T M 105 Ch 116 Gui 115 C TDI and processes performance 2006 Country to trade foreign performance social well-being InputMI InputMI OutcomeMI OutcomeMI rank Openness Market access, Trade Economic and Rank of Rank of

56 COUNTRY PROFILES

Part II

Readers reference to country proﬁ les of TDI

The trade and development country proﬁles provides a comprehensive presentation of TDI, two sub-indices and selected information for each of the 123 individual countriesincluded in Developing Countries in International Trade 2007: Trade and Development Index (DCIT-TDI 2007).

The country profile presents three sets ofinformation. The first shows selected indicators for 2005 or the latestavailable year. The second presents arecomputed version of comparison of TDI and its two sub-indices for 2005 and 2006. TDI 2006 is computed based on thethree-year average between 2003 and 2005 and TDI 2005 for the years 2000 and 2002. The final set offi guresindicates not only the countries’ performanceacross InputMI and OutcomeMI, butalso change in TDI and comparison withits ownregional performance and groups.

The TDI uses data sources from several international organizations. Thelistof all indicators and data COUNTRY sourcesispresented inthetable in appendix 3. Themissing data on some indicators were imputed PROFILES based on previous data and/or estimates.

The TDI 2005 score and rankingin DCIT-TDI 2005 are not comparable with the TDI 2005 score and ranking as presented in DCIT-TDI 2007 dueto changesin composingindicators, computational approach and country coverage. However, the TDI 2005 and TDI 2006 inthe present report are comparable, and an increase in score in TDI indicates beĴer performanceof a country.

Selected indicators DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

The data on the selected indicators are for the year 2005 and/or the latestavailable year:

1. Population inmillions: The sources are the United Nations Population Division’s World Trade and development Population Prospects and national statistical oĜ ces. 2. Area (km2): The source is the Production Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and data ﬁles. 3. GDP (constant 2000 United States dollars): The source is the World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007. 4. GDP per capita (constant 2000 United States dollars): The source is the World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007. 5. Merchandise and Service Exports (percentageof world): The source is UNCTAD GlobStat. 6. Applied trade-weighted average tariě (percentage): The source is the UNCTAD Trade Analysis i and Information System (TRAINS) database. ndex

TDI and sub-indices

1. TDI 2005 and TDI 2006: The TDI is a simple averageof InputMI and OutcomeMI. The increase inthe TDI score indicatesimprovement in TDI, which is a composite quantitative indication describing thedegree ofintegration between development and trade performance. 2. InputMI 2005 and InputMI 2006: The InputMI has two broad sets of determinants, which are referred to as dimensions: structural and institutional context and trade policies and processes. InputMI is a weighed sumof 11 components. These are human capital (HC), physical infrastructure (PI), financial intermediation (FI), domestic finance (DF), international finance (IF), institutional quality (IQ), economic structure (ET), macroeconomic stability (MS) and environmental sustainability (ES), which are part of the structural and institutional context; while openness to trade (OT) and access to foreign market (MA) are part of trade policies and processes (TPP) dimension. The higher score of InputMI indicatesimprovementsin input indicators. 3. OutcomeMI 2005 and OutcomeMI 2006: OutcomeMI is computed by taking the weighted sumof two components under the trade and development performancedimension, which

59 are trade performance (TP) and economic and social well-being (EW). The higher score of OutcomeMI indicatesimprovementsinoutcome indicators.

TDI ladder and benchmarking

1. InputMI 2006: This presents the performanceof thenine components, which are based on several indicators, in 2006, derived based on coverageover 2003, 2004 and 2005. It provides a clear indication of a country-level performance and clue for important policymaking 2. OutcomeMI 2006: This presents the performanceof two components, which are based on several indicators, in 2006. It shows theoutcome in trade and development at the country level. 3. Climbing the TDI ladder: The TDI, InputMI and OutcomeMI in 2005 and 2006 provide a comprehensive view of a country-level improvement or decline. The higher value in 2006 compared to 2005 indicates overall improvement inthe indices. 4. Benchmarking TDI: This helps a country to compare the TDI performancetoits ownregion and other groups of countries. Theregions and country groups are the following: East Asia and Paciﬁ c (EAP), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), North America (NA), South Asia (SA), South Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (SEECIS), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Western Europe (WE), Least Developed Countries (LDC), Developing Countries (DVG), European Union (EU) Countries, 10 new EU members (EU10), Developed Countries (DEV) and the Seven Emerging Economies (E7). PROFILES COUNTRY ndex i Trade and development DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL

60 Albania

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 3.13 Area (km2) 27,400 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 4.80 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,532 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.05 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 7.36

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006

Score 480 495 567 586 392 403 Rank 52 46 60 55 46 47 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development

160 350 320 140 140 300 120 102 250 100 85 82 200 80 150 60 46 50 84 100 40 29 19 16 14 50 20 4 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

700 700 640 567 586 600 600 542 510 509 480 495 495 500 500 467 392 403 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6161 Algeria

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 32.85 Area (km2) 2,381,740 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 69.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 2,121 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.46 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 11.99

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 411 436 577 598 245 274 Rank 90 83 54 49 105 98 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

140 128 250 223

ndex 120 i 200 100 93 84 74 80 70 150 60 60 41 100 40 51 24 16 50 20 4 5 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 700 640 577 598 600 600 542 509 477 467 500 436 500 436 411 395 400 400 274 300 245 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6262 Angola

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 15.94 Area (km2) 1,246,700 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 14.90 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 937 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.18 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 6.46

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 356 364 439 461 272 267 Rank 117 118 121 121 94 104 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 235 120 107 250

100 200 80 83 80 61 150 56 60 100 40 23 17 18 50 31 20 11 3 2 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

500 461 700 640 439 450 600 542 400 356 364 509 467 350 500 400 272 267 395 300 400 364 250 200 300 150 200 100 100 50 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6363 Argentina

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 38.75 Area (km2) 2,736,690 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 313.60 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 8,094 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.63 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 11.74

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 471 486 552 553 390 418 Rank 59 54 73 78 47 43 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 350 327 106

ndex 300 i 100 77 77 250 80 71 59 59 200 60 48 150 40 30 91 100

20 12 9 5 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 552 553 700 640 486 471 600 542 500 509 418 486 472 390 500 467 400 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6464 Armenia

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 3.02 Area (km2) 28,200 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 3.40 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,129 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.02 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.42

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 487 485 551 551 422 419 Rank 47 56 74 80 42 42 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 160 400 137 342 140 350 120 300 100 250 78 79 83 80 200 60 47 51 150 34 40 100 77 16 14 9 20 3 50 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

600 551 551 700 640 487 485 600 542 500 510 509 422 419 485 500 467 400 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6565 Australia

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 20.33 Area (km2) 7,682,300 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 468.40 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 23,039 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 2.12 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 3.18

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 624 628 741 751 506 504 Rank 15 16 19 16 14 15 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 145 450 406

ndex 140 400 i 120 350 97 300 100 89 84 81 250 80 64 54 200 60 45 150 38 34 98 40 18 100 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 751 800 741 700 628 640 700 624 628 600 554 542 509 600 467 506 504 500 500 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6666 Austria

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 8.23 Area (km2) 82,450 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 208.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 25,346 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 3.45 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 627 627 765 746 489 507 Rank 14 17 10 19 17 14 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development

160 145 450 381 140 400 120 350 97 300 100 86 79 250 80 65 68 59 200 60 46 47 126 36 150 40 100 17 20 50 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

651 900 700 627 640 765 800 746 600 542 700 627 627 509 500 467 600 489 507 395 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6767 Azerbaijan

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 8.39 Area (km2) 82,660 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 9.90 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,182 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.06 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 5.82

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 475 490 578 585 371 394 Rank 56 50 53 57 55 49 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

140 133 400 341

ndex 120 350 i 300 100 82 85 77 250 80 64 58 200 60 150 36 40 100 18 15 54 20 13 3 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 700 640 578 585 600 600 542 510 509 475 490 490 500 500 467 395 371 394 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6868 Bahrain

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 0.73 Area (km2) 710 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 10.60 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 14,588 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.16 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 5.55

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 504 511 706 715 302 306 Rank 42 43 25 24 86 89 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development

160 145 300 140 248 250 120 200 100 84 83 87 76 75 80 66 150 60 100 33 40 27 58 21 18 50 20 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

800 700 640 706 715 700 600 542 511 509 600 477 467 504 511 500 500 395 400 400 306 302 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

6969 Bangladesh

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 141.82 Area (km2) 130,170 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 61.40 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 433 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.14 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 63.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 400 397 528 523 271 270 Rank 96 102 94 98 96 101 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 250 140

ndex 140 198 i 200 120

100 88 150 80 60 52 56 100 60 50 72 40 40 50 11 13 10 20 4 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 700 640 528 523 600 542 500 509 400 397 467 500 426 400 397 395 400 300 271 270 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7070 Belarus

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 9.78 Area (km2) 207,480 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 18.30 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,868 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.23 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 8.86

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 483 484 517 521 448 447 Rank 48 57 97 101 31 34 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development

90 81 400 77 340 80 71 350 70 59 300 60 55 51 250 50 40 200 40 35 27 150 30 106 19 20 100 6 10 50 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

540 700 640 517 521 520 600 542 510 509 484 500 500 467 484 483 395 480 400

460 448 447 300

440 200

420 100

400 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7171 Belgium

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 10.48 Area (km2) 30,230 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 249.40 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 23,796 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 5.70 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 638 642 744 737 531 546 Rank 12 12 18 21 11 9 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 450 145 394

ndex 140 400 i 120 350 300 100 87 90 86 79 250 80 66 56 200 152 60 42 40 150 33 40 100 13 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 800 744 737 700 642 651 640

700 638 642 600 542 509 546 600 531 500 467 500 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7272 Benin

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 8.44 Area (km2) 110,620 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 2.80 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 326 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.02 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 12.28

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 377 384 513 530 241 238 Rank 109 110 99 94 107 114 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development

160 142 200 180 140 180 160 120 140 100 85 120 80 69 69 100 51 80 60 43 58 37 60 40 40 17 12 20 6 0 20 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

600 700 640 513 530 600 542 500 509 467 377 384 500 400 384 400 395 400 300 241 238 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7373 Bolivia

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 9.18 Area (km2) 1,084,380 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 9.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,061 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.04 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 8.67

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 466 491 586 609 345 372 Rank 62 49 49 46 69 60 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

140 130 350 292 ndex 120 300 i

100 87 87 250 81 80 200 56 51 60 45 150 35 40 100 80 20 20 13 50 4 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 700 640 609 586 600 600 542 509 491 491 472 500 466 500 467 372 395 400 345 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7474 Botswana

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 1.76 Area (km2) 566,730 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 8.20 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 4,649 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.06 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 10.78

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 451 434 637 630 265 237 Rank 70 85 37 39 99 115 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 160 250 140 208 140 200 120

100 150 75 76 73 72 76 80 65 60 100 40 19 50 29 13 14 20 8 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

700 637 630 700 640 600 600 542 509 467 500 451 434 500 434 400 395 400 400 265 300 237 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7575 Brazil

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 186.40 Area (km2) 8,459,420 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 670.40 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 3,597 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 1.66 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 8.45

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 469 486 562 564 376 408 Rank 60 54 65 72 52 45 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 350 109 307

ndex 300 i 100 77 250 80 73 57 60 60 60 200 60 150 102 40 26 100 13 16 15 20 50

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 562 564 700 640 486 469 600 542 500 509 408 486 472 467 376 500 400 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7676 Bulgaria

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 7.74 Area (km2) 108,640 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 16.00 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 2,071 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.34 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 8.89

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 515 520 579 586 451 453 Rank 38 41 52 55 29 32 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 120 400 106 341 350 100 77 300 80 71 73 250 59 59 60 200 43 39 150 40 112 26 19 100 20 14 50 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

700 700 640 579 586 600 600 542 515 520 520 510 509 500 451 453 500 467 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7777 Burkina Faso

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 13.23 Area (km2) 273,600 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 3.30 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 252 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.00 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 11.73

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 386 386 529 537 242 235 Rank 102 109 93 91 106 116 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 143 250

ndex 140

i 192 200 120 90 100 150 80 70 71 52 100 60 46 40 32 43 19 50 20 6 7 0 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 700 640 529 537 600 542 500 509 386 386 500 467 400 386 400 395 400 300 242 235 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7878 Burundi

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 7.55 Area (km2) 25,680 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 0.80 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 105 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.00 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 13.48

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 367 382 470 464 264 300 Rank 113 111 117 119 100 91 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 140 300 120 263 120 250 100 200 80 69 73 64 150 60 31 33 100 40 26 18 15 37 20 11 50 3 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

500 470 464 700 640 450 382 600 542 400 367 509 500 467 350 300 400 395 264 382 300 400 250 200 300 150 200 100 100 50 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

7979 Cambodia

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 14.07 Area (km2) 176,520 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 5.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 402 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.06 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 16.47

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 438 452 524 538 351 365 Rank 75 75 96 90 64 61 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 350 139 299

ndex 140 300 i 120 250 100 91 200 73 80 69 150 60 46 44 44 100 40 66 14 10 50 20 5 4 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 700 640 524 538 600 554 542 500 438 452 509 452 467 365 500 400 351 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8080 Cameroon

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 16.32 Area (km2) 465,400 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 12.10 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 739 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.06 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 14.45

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 382 373 506 471 258 275 Rank 105 115 104 117 102 97 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 140 131 250 214 120 200 100

80 150 64 67

60 48 49 100 40 37 61 40 16 50 20 12 2 4 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

600 700 640 506 471 600 542 500 509 467 382 373 500 400 400 373 395 400 275 300 258 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8181 Canada

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 32.30 Area (km2) 9,093,510 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 809.50 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 25,064 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 5.71 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.77

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 650 650 757 760 543 539 Rank 11 10 13 14 9 10 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 145 450 408

ndex 140 400 i 120 350 99 300 100 91 86 80 250 80 65 57 200 60 131 42 38 37 150 40 19 100 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 800 757 760 800 697 700 650 650 700 650 640 543 539 600 542 600 509 467 500 500 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI NA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8282 Central African Republic

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 4.04 Area (km2) 622,980 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 0.90 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 227 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.00 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 17.26

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 362 381 491 508 233 254 Rank 115 112 111 108 109 108 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 160 250 136 140 205 200 120 103 100 150 80 64 66 100 60 44 35 40 29 49 50 13 14 20 1 3 0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

600 700 640 491 508 600 542 500 509 381 500 467 400 362 381 400 395 400 300 254 233 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8383 Chad

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 9.75 Area (km2) 1,259,200 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 2.60 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 267 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.02 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 13.27

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 354 392 490 545 218 239 Rank 118 105 112 83 116 113 PROFILES COUNTRY PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 200 190 141 180 ndex 140 i 160 120 98 140 100 120 80 66 67 71 100 60 80 41 36 60 49 40 19 40 20 0 2 4 20 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 545 700 640 490 600 542 500 509 392 500 467 400 354 392 400 395 400 300 239 218 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8484 Chile

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 16.30 Area (km2) 748,800 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 93.20 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 5,721 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.61 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 5.99

TDI proﬁ le COUNTRY PROFILES

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 515 522 660 671 369 373 Rank 38 37 31 32 57 59 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Trade and development 120 350 102 99 291 300 100 90 88 83 250 80 64 62 200 60 150 40 28 82 23 100 16 17 20 50

0 0

HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW i ndex

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

800 700 640 660 671 700 600 542 522 509 600 472 515 522 500 467 500 395 369 373 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8585 China

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 1,304.50 Area (km2) 9,326,410 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 1,889.90 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,449 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 9.34 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 4.90

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 550 577 658 676 442 477 Rank 27 25 32 30 33 20 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 350 322 100 ndex 96 300 i 100 82 77 78 250 80 200 55 58 60 53 50 155 150 40 100 15 13 20 50

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 800 700 640 658 676 577 700 600 554 542 577 509 600 550 500 467 477 500 442 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8686 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 87 PROFILES 509 640 542 1,109,500 318 467 395 472 84 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 488 0 0 50 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 402 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 74 380 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Colombia 478 488 576 574 53 52 380 402 61 55 50 48 14 79 574 59 Score Rank 51 576 110 ) 2 48 488 10 13 Population in millions Area (km 45.60 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.28 99.10 2,174 11.42 478 39 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Costa Rica

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 4.33 Area (km2) 51,060 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 19.50 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 4,499 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.17 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 4.14

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 493 503 613 617 372 389 Rank 45 44 42 42 54 53 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 107 350 299

ndex 300 i 100 87 83 77 250 80 70 61 200 60 50 150 36 40 90 100 16 14 15 20 50

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 700 640 613 617 600 600 542 503 503 509 493 472 500 500 467 372 389 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

8888 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 89 PROFILES 509 640 542 318,000 143 467 395 400 74 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 387 0 0 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 217 73 te d’Ivoire TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 71 ô 209 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 C 371 387 532 556 217 209 112 107 87 76 118 119 13 97 556 51 Score Rank 44 532 131 ) 2 52 387 6 1 Population in millions Area (km 18.15 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.11 10.50 7.38 577 371 17 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Czech Republic

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 10.23 Area (km2) 77,260 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 67.80 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 6,628 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 1.15 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 562 560 653 661 470 458 Rank 25 26 35 34 20 28 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 400 101 337

ndex 350 i 100 91 85 81 300 80 71 65 250 59 60 200 41 38 150 121 40 100 15 20 14 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 653 661 700 640

600 562 560 600 560 542 510 509 470 500 458 500 467 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

9090 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 91 PROFILES 509 640 542 2,267,050 215 467 395 400 50 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 364 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 265 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 70 231 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic Democratic 324 364 417 462 122 118 265 231 123 120 105 110 11 77 462 26 Score Rank 15 417 138 ) 2 33 364 1 3 Population in millions Area (km 57.55 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 5.20 12.73 91 324 17 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 50 160 140 120 100 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Denmark

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 5.42 Area (km2) 42,430 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 171.20 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 31,612 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 2.55 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 687 691 820 825 554 556 Rank 33 2 2 6 6 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 500 145 440 450

ndex 140 i 400 120 101 100 350 100 86 79 300 80 70 65 250 59 53 60 51 200 150 117 40 15 100 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 900 820 825 800 691 800 700 651 640 687 691 700 600 542 509 600 554 556 467 500 500 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

9292 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 93 PROFILES 509 640 48,380 542 262 467 395 472 96 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 443 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 358 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 75 334 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Dominican Republic Dominican 433 443 531 527 81 79 358 334 95 89 72 66 13 36 527 59 Score Rank 54 531 119 ) 2 53 443 15 10 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.18 23.40 2,630 8.89 Population in millions Area (km 8.89 433 14 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Ecuador

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 13.23 Area (km2) 276,840 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 20.50 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 1,549 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.13 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 9.53

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 424 461 511 547 337 374 Rank 85 70 100 82 70 57 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 350 108 308

ndex 300 i 100 81 79 75 250 80 62 57 200 60 40 150 40 100 66 15 20 11 99 50

0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 547 700 640 511 500 461 600 542 424 509 461 472 467 374 500 400 337 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

9494 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 95 PROFILES 509 640 542 995,450 163 467 395 477 77 TP EW TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 407 0 0 80 60 40 20 180 160 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 240 76 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 72 234 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Egypt 399 407 564 574 234 240 98 97 62 61 108 112 16 80 574 56 Score Rank 50 564 128 ) 2 46 407 26 7 Population in millions Area (km 74.03 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.70 120.20 1,624 13.70 399 16 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 El Salvador

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 6.88 Area (km2) 20,720 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 14.60 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 2,127 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.07 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 6.69

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 456 464 560 569 351 359 Rank 68 68 67 67 64 63 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

120 113 300 261 ndex

i 100 250 86 85 79 80 200 59 60 60 150 98 40 100 26 22 18 20 13 50 6 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 569 600 560 700 640

464 600 542 500 456 509 472 500 464 467 359 400 351 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

9696 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 97 PROFILES 509 640 42,390 542 352 467 395 510 TP EW 118 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 536 0 0 50 le 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 469 85 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 465 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Estonia 539 536 612 603 30 33 469 465 47 43 21 24 15 77 603 64 Score Rank 81 612 79 ) 2 57 536 17 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.19 7.90 5,862 0.89 Population in millions Area (km 1.35 18 539 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 32 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Ethiopia

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 71.26 Area (km2) 1,000,000 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 10.00 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 141 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.05 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 10.67

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 373 379 516 510 230 247 Rank 111 114 98 106 112 110 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 143 200 181 180 ndex 140 i 160 120 140 100 120 80 69 72 100 61 80 66 60 45 37 60 40 31 29 40 11 20 4 8 20 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 700 640 516 510 600 542 500 509 467 373 379 500 400 379 400 395 400 300 230 247 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

9898 COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007

Trade and development index 99 PROFILES 509 640 542 304,590 425 467 395 651 96 TP EW TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 636 0 0 50 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 521 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 515 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Finland 633 636 751 751 13 14 515 521 16 16 13 13 19 88 64 Score Rank 107 751 751 145 ) 2 58 636 30 34 Population in millions Area (km 5.25 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 1.11 134.90 25,713 2.72 633 40 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 France

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 60.87 Area (km2) 550,100 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 1,430.10 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 23,494 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 9.74 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 663 664 773 771 552 556 Rank 98 9107 6 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 145 450 405

ndex 140 400 i 120 350 98 300 100 84 86 79 250 80 64 65 200 52 151 60 46 40 150 40 100 11 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 664 900 700 651 640 773 771 800 600 542 663 664 509 700 467 552 556 500 600 395 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

100100 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 101 509 640 69,490 542 299 467 395 510 90 TP EW TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 475 0 0 50 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 390 82 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 397 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Georgia 478 475 559 559 53 62 390 397 73 69 45 51 16 84 54 Score Rank 38 559 559 133 ) 2 41 475 4 16 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 4.30 971 9.78 Population in millions Area (km 4.47 478 11 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Germany

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 82.47 Area (km2) 348,770 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 1,971.50 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 23,906 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 16.26 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 689 696 800 799 577 592 Rank 22 44 2 2 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 450 145 397 400

ndex 140 i 120 350 94 300 100 88 86 74 79 250 80 66 195 54 200 60 46 51 150 40 100 16 20 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 900 800 800 799 696 800 700 651 640 689 696 700 600 542 577 592 509 600 467 500 500 395 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

102102 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 103 509 640 542 227,540 267 467 395 400 77 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 412 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 344 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 70 353 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Ghana 412 412 471 480 353 344 89 96 116 115 63 75 14 44 480 42 Score Rank 51 471 126 ) 2 39 66 Population in millions Area (km 22.11 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.06 6.40 10.95 287 412 412 11 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Greece

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 11.10 Area (km2) 128,900 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 142.10 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 12,799 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 1.60 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 541 555 654 662 428 447 Rank 29 28 34 33 37 34 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

160 145 400 344

ndex 140 350 i 120 300

100 86 250 77 79 80 68 200 62 60 48 150 103 30 34 40 23 100 20 9 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 654 662 700 651 640

600 541 555 600 555 542 509 467 500 428 447 500 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

104104 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 105 509 640 542 108,430 214 467 395 472 90 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 423 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 304 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 82 288 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Guatemala 409 423 530 541 92 93 304 288 86 91 88 90 14 76 541 52 Score Rank 51 530 113 ) 2 34 423 9 8 Population in millions Area (km 12.60 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.08 21.90 1,734 5.82 409 16 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Guinea

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 9.40 Area (km2) 245,720 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 3.60 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 385 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.01 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 12.66

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 365 372 467 478 263 265 Rank 114 116 118 116 101 105 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

140 131 250 215

ndex 120 i 200 100 150 80 69 68 50 52 60 45 100 37 40 50 50 20 9 11 3 2 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 700 640

467 478 600 542 500 509 467 365 372 500 400 400 372 395 400 300 263 265 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

106106 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 107 509 640 28,120 542 179 467 395 400 37 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 339 0 0 80 60 40 20 200 180 160 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 216 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 68 68 219 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Guinea-Bissau 327 339 434 461 121 122 216 219 122 121 120 114 10 89 461 25 Score Rank 39 434 115 ) 2 27 339 11 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.00 0.20 11.65 135 Population in millions Area (km 1.59 327 19 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 50 80 60 40 20 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Guyana

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 0.75 Area (km2) 196,850 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 0.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 980 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 0.02 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 11.50

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 457 465 545 555 369 374 Rank 67 67 77 77 57 57 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

140 300 270 120

ndex 120 i 250 100 78 200 80 71 73 150 60 49 105 42 46 100 40 32 21 16 50 20 6 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 600 545 555 700 640

457 465 600 542 500 509 465 472 467 369 374 500 400 395 400 300 300 200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

108108 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 109 509 640 542 111,890 255 467 395 472 91 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 464 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI proﬁ 346 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 82 312 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Honduras 438 464 563 582 75 68 346 312 58 63 81 74 15 73 582 58 Score Rank 48 563 125 ) 2 42 464 18 5 Population in millions Area (km 7.20 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.05 7.10 985 6.02 438 30 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder TDI Benchmarking InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 Hungary

Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year)

Population in millions 10.09 Area (km2) 89,610 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) 57.70 GDP per capita (constant 2000 $) 5,720 Merchandise and service export (% of World) 1.06 Applied trade-weighted average tariff (%) 2.72

TDI proﬁ le

TDI InputMI OutcomeMI

2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Score 527 539 593 615 460 462 Rank 34 31 46 44 24 25 PROFILES COUNTRY

InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

100 400 86 348 90 ndex 79 79 350 i 77 76 80 300 70 64 60 53 250 50 200 38 40 150 114 30 25 20 17 100 20 10 50 0 0 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA TP EW Trade and development

Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL 700 700 640 593 615 600 539 600 539 542 527 510 509 500 460 462 500 467 395 400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7

110110 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 111 509 640 542 100,250 430 467 395 TDI g 651 74 TP EW TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 642 0 0 50 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 504 83 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 80 495 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Iceland 624 642 753 779 504 495 15 12 15 8 15 15 19 90 779 60 Score Rank 100 753 145 ) 2 47 642 70 31 Population in millions Area (km 0.30 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.10 10.40 35,136 2.26 the TDI ladder Benchmarkin g 624 53 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 utMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 p Climbin In 112 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 17 413 D e aia(osat20 ) 588 14.76 644.10 2.34 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 1,094.58 Area (km Population inmillions 22 15 433 53 2 ) 134 549 49 Rank Score 52 576 95 12 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 8 8 7 0 9194 7560 277290 86 88 549576 433 413 India 277 61 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 65 290 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 0 433 D ALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SA TDI 102 PEW TP 426 395 467 187 2,973,190 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 113 509 640 542 1,811,570 274 467 395 554 TP EW 104 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 468 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 377 84 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 80 370 463 468 556 559 66 66 377 370 73 71 56 56 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Indonesia 14 81 559 56 Score Rank 38 556 109 ) 2 59 468 10 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 1.45 207.70 942 6.07 Population in millions Area (km 220.56 20 463 8 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 114 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 26 386 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 13.84 1,943 132.60 0.77 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 68.25 Area (km Population inmillions 27 16 423 78 2 ) 119 542 36 Rank Score 959 59 573 17 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 1 2 3 16 112 99 230273 8163 93 542573 102 423 386 Iran (IslamicRepublicof) 230 64 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 70 273 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 423 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 30 477 395 467 242 1,636,200 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 115 509 640 68,890 542 354 467 395 651 TP EW 122 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 630 0 0 50 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 476 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 452 609 630 765 784 476 452 18 15 10 6 27 22 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Ireland 6 95 784 65 Score Rank 94 765 145 ) 2 77 630 57 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 3.43 124.70 29,991 2.72 Population in millions Area (km 4.16 46 609 34 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 116 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 47 595 ouaini ilos 6.92 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.61 18,367 127.20 1.09 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 48 41 610 42 2 ) 145 739 80 Rank Score 65 749 93 17 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 2 2 2 8 2923 2018 451471 20 21 739749 610 595 Israel 451 82 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 89 471 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 0 610 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 85 477 395 467 385 542 21,640 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 117 509 640 542 294,110 354 467 395 651 TP EW 142 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 599 0 0 50 le 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 497 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 492 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 595 599 698 700 21 21 497 492 26 26 16 17 Italy 7 83 700 65 Score Rank 77 698 145 ) 2 52 599 39 29 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 1,132.80 7.59 19,329 2.72 Population in millions Area (km 58.61 595 38 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 118 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 26 465 ouaini ilos 2.65 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 10.08 3,291 8.70 0.13 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 9 8 449 43 2 ) 103 556 57 Rank Score 63 542 70 18 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 6 7 7 4 5371 7184 374355 76 64 556542 449 465 Jamaica 374 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 74 355 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 449 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC LAC TDI PEW TP 54 472 395 467 301 542 10,830 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 119 509 640 364,500 542 419 467 395 554 TP EW 146 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 668 0 0 50 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 564 85 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 81 56 71035 569 673 668 776 771 569 564 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Japan 17 94 771 66 Score Rank 81 776 145 ) 2 59 668 45 Population in millions Area (km 127.77 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 10.45 4,992.80 39,075 1.75 64 673 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 34 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 120 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES InputMI 2006 InputMI Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ladder ClimbingtheTDI 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 31 469 ouaini ilos 5.47 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 12.05 2,086 11.40 0.13 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 34 32 478 21 2 ) 117 615 62 Rank Score 65 617 93 18 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 6 6 4 2 7980 4142 323338 60 60 615617 478 469 Jordan 323 70 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 75 338 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) OutcomeMI 2006 OutcomeMI le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 478 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI 106 PEW TP 477 395 467 232 542 88,240 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 121 509 640 569,140 542 278 467 395 400 81 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 441 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 359 76 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 72 363 449 441 534 522 359 363 71 81 86 100 61 63 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Kenya 13 60 522 48 Score Rank 40 534 127 ) 2 43 441 11 Population in millions Area (km 34.26 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.10 15.20 442 7.40 4 449 27 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 122 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 35 501 ouaini ilos 2.54 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 4.58 20,578 52.20 0.51 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 11 34 521 68 2 ) 145 692 69 Rank Score 66 699 84 18 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 4 3 2 7 8377 2827 309342 39 43 692699 521 501 Kuwait 309 83 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 87 342 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 521 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 55 477 395 467 287 542 17,820 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 123 509 640 62,290 542 354 467 395 510 99 TP EW TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 517 0 0 50 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 452 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 440 515 517 590 581 38 42 452 440 59 47 34 33 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Latvia 12 79 581 64 Score Rank 65 590 63 ) 2 47 517 18 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.12 11.60 5,029 2.72 Population in millions Area (km 2.30 39 515 29 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 124 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC 19 D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 437 10 ouaini ilos 3.58 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 5.55 5,672 20.30 0.02 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 35 433 28 2 ) 80 510 50 Rank Score 62 503 42 19 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 7 8 11 1 6 62 61 110 101 86 77 363 510503 433 437 Lebanon 6 363 363 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 81 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 433 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI 115 PEW TP 477 395 467 248 542 10,230 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 125 509 640 30,350 542 231 467 395 400 93 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 432 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 324 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 68 302 403 432 503 539 95 89 107 89 324 302 85 86 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Lesotho 12 78 539 55 Score Rank 54 503 136 ) 2 10 432 3 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.01 1.00 16.61 550 Population in millions Area (km 1.79 7 403 45 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 126 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 36 537 ouaini ilos 3.41 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.72 4,846 16.50 0.21 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 16 10 526 47 2 ) 80 618 69 Rank Score 62 590 90 14 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 3 3 4 3 2625 4053 456462 35 31 618590 526 537 Lithuania 456 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 86 462 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 526 D C D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC ECA TDI 103 PEW TP 510 395 467 359 542 62,680 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 127 509 640 581,540 542 281 467 395 400 76 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 449 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 357 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 75 327 428 449 528 540 83 76 327 357 88 94 76 68 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Madagascar 8 80 540 47 Score Rank 50 528 141 ) 2 39 449 4 Population in millions Area (km 18.61 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 4.30 233 9.17 0 428 16 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 128 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 30 380 ouaini ilos 12.88 Area (km Population inmillions D e aia(osat20 ) 154 11.55 2.00 0.01 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 0 4 407 13 2 ) 138 482 47 Rank Score 40 503 73 12 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 17 7 1 10 1 88 91 311 277 110 115 503 482 97 407 107 380 Malawi 277 71 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 74 311 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 407 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 60 400 395 467 251 542 94,080 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 129 509 640 328,550 542 271 467 395 554 TP EW 133 TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 556 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 404 80 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 75 407 562 556 716 707 25 27 407 404 25 24 44 46 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Malaysia 17 97 707 60 Score Rank 65 716 104 ) 2 80 556 60 Population in millions Area (km 25.35 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 2.11 112.50 4,437 4.29 36 562 30 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 130 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 20 376 D e aia(osat20 ) 244 10.99 3.30 0.02 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 13.52 Area (km Population inmillions 0 9 398 43 2 ) 141 538 52 Rank Score 42 569 108 10 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 10 0 8 6 17 117 117 67 82 101 110 213227 538569 398 376 Mali 213 71 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 73 227 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 398 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 36 400 395 467 191 1,220,190 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 131 509 640 320 542 298 467 395 477 82 TP EW TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 551 0 0 50 le 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 380 83 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 366 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Malta 550 551 733 722 27 29 366 380 23 22 59 55 15 87 722 64 Score Rank 71 733 145 ) 2 45 551 49 43 Population in millions Area (km 0.40 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.10 3.90 9,618 2.72 550 42 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 132 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 23 394 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 7.15 429 1.30 0.00 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 3.07 Area (km Population inmillions 1 12 387 5 2 ) 131 535 52 Rank Score 54 503 73 10 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 9 17 4 1 14 101 104 110 84 107 99 252270 535503 387 394 Mauritania 252 71 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 72 270 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 387 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 64 400 395 467 207 1,025,220 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 133 509 640 2,030 542 267 467 395 400 91 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 490 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 357 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 76 347 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Mauritius 473 490 598 623 58 50 357 347 40 45 66 68 21 92 623 62 Score Rank 70 598 78 ) 2 57 490 26 39 Population in millions Area (km 1.24 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.09 5.50 4,403 1.93 473 22 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 134 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ladder ClimbingtheTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 26 481 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 12.75 6,172 636.30 2.79 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 103.09 Area (km Population inmillions 16 7 493 51 2 ) 122 573 59 Rank Score 64 593 84 16 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 5 4 5 1 4950 5751 388393 47 50 573593 493 481 Me 388 69 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI x ico 79 393 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 493 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC LAC TDI 112 PEW TP 472 395 467 281 1,908,690 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 135 509 640 32,870 542 331 467 395 510 96 TP EW TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 473 0 0 50 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 427 84 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 426 466 473 506 518 427 426 62 65 104 103 40 40 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Moldova 17 61 518 52 Score Rank 39 506 98 ) 2 17 473 9 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 1.80 430 3.06 Population in millions Area (km 4.21 32 466 29 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 136 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 25 406 18 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 18.39 1,356 40.90 0.41 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 30.17 Area (km Population inmillions 25 420 51 2 ) 122 546 60 Rank Score 56 570 83 11 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 9 9 7 6 9 101 98 65 76 95 94 266270 546570 420 406 266 56 Morocco TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 62 270 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 0 420 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 95 477 395 467 175 542 446,300 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 137 509 640 542 784,090 241 467 395 400 56 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 404 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 297 75 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 72 280 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Mozambique 392 404 503 510 297 280 100 99 107 106 90 92 10 55 510 52 Score Rank 47 503 136 ) 2 41 404 1 0 Population in millions Area (km 19.79 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 5.80 292 9.09 392 21 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 138 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 44 622 36 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 3.61 15,298 62.70 0.57 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 4.10 Area (km Population inmillions 53 623 55 2 ) 145 6 763 764 101 Rank Score 60 91 13 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 New Zealand 1 1 1 3 18 1213 479483 18 17 764763 623 622 479 80 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 84 483 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 0 623 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI PEW TP 94 554 395 467 390 542 267,990 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 139 509 640 542 121,400 225 467 395 472 88 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 443 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 313 87 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 82 307 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Nicaragua 434 443 560 572 80 79 313 307 64 67 84 87 14 92 572 54 Score Rank 48 560 128 ) 2 27 443 11 5 Population in millions Area (km 5.15 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.02 4.60 889 5.42 434 23 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 140 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES InputMI 2006 InputMI Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 16 349 0 D e aia(osat20 ) 156 11.93 2.20 0.00 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 13.96 Area (km Population inmillions 3 362 34 2 ) 143 490 040 40 Rank Score 502 81 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 6 Niger 1 9 2 1212 120118 112 112 207222 120 119 490502 362 349 207 69 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 70 222 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) OutcomeMI2006 le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 0 362 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 49 400 395 467 173 1,266,700 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 141 509 640 542 910,770 165 467 395 400 23 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 350 0 0 80 60 40 20 180 160 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 188 73 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 69 185 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Nigeria 120 334 121 105 114 350 121 121 483 511 185 188 13 56 511 52 Score Rank 33 483 127 ) 2 72 350 7 0 Population in millions Area (km 131.53 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.51 60.40 11.58 459 334 9 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 142 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC 53 D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 665 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 0.74 39,969 184.80 2.11 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 4.62 Area (km Population inmillions 46 22 664 67 2 ) 145 788 94 Rank Score 66 780 101 15 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Norway 6 6 8 8 4 548 541 780 788 664 665 541 08 10 7 6 8 7 82 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 88 548 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 0 0 664 D ELCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC WE TDI PEW TP 79 651 395 467 469 304,280 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 143 509 640 542 309,500 204 467 395 477 51 TP EW TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 453 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 255 88 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 83 209 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Oman 426 453 642 651 209 255 84 73 36 38 118 107 17 108 651 65 Score Rank 75 642 102 ) 2 68 453 16 6 Population in millions Area (km 2.57 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.20 22.70 8,961 4.75 426 23 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 144 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 8 381 20 D e aia(osat20 ) 596 12.12 92.80 0.28 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 155.77 Area (km Population inmillions 12 395 49 2 ) 133 532 38 Rank Score 51 541 78 15 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Pakistan 16 0 8 8 12 109 112 86 87 103 106 230248 532541 395 381 230 67 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 70 248 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 120 140 160 180 20 40 60 80 0 0 395 D ALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SA TDI PEW TP 80 426 395 467 169 542 770,880 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 145 509 640 74,430 542 307 467 395 472 83 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 522 0 0 50 le 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 390 85 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 81 389 523 522 657 653 35 37 389 390 37 33 48 51 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Panama 14 100 653 Score Rank 61 61 657 118 ) 2 54 522 41 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.14 14.20 4,408 7.16 Population in millions Area (km 3.23 6 523 31 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 146 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 22 418 1 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.18 643 3.80 0.04 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 5.89 Area (km Population inmillions 5 432 51 2 ) 112 510 41 Rank Score 47 513 73 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 9 Papua NewGuinea 8 8 11 0 7 72 78 104 101 89 87 326351 510513 432 418 326 75 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 77 351 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 432 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI PEW TP 86 554 395 467 265 542 452,860 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 147 509 640 542 397,300 288 467 395 472 69 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 440 0 0 50 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 358 80 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 73 346 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Paraguay 438 440 530 521 358 346 75 82 91 101 67 66 15 81 521 48 Score Rank 36 530 114 ) 2 43 440 7 2 Population in millions Area (km 5.90 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.05 8.00 1,361 8.96 438 23 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 148 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 120 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 15 475 5 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 9.12 2,337 65.40 0.23 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 27.97 Area (km Population inmillions 16 474 47 2 ) 106 570 53 Rank Score 58 565 83 14 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Peru 6 6 5 4 7266 5654 334358 63 69 575589 474 455 380 82 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 87 383 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 474 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC LAC TDI PEW TP 78 472 395 467 305 1,280,000 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 149 509 640 542 298,170 280 467 395 554 78 TP EW TDI EAP LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 474 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 358 82 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 77 334 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Philippines 475 474 570 565 56 63 383 380 71 59 50 54 11 89 589 60 Score Rank 59 575 128 ) 2 52 474 9 7 Population in millions Area (km 83.05 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.62 93.70 1,129 3.75 455 17 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 150 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 33 532 31 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.72 5,203 198.60 1.43 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 38.17 Area (km Population inmillions 13 537 48 2 ) 98 611 69 Rank Score 64 619 84 13 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Poland 3 3 4 1 2731 4441 452454 32 33 611 619 537 532 452 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 85 454 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 537 D C D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC ECA TDI 111 PEW TP 510 395 467 343 542 306,330 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 151 509 640 91,500 542 351 467 395 651 TP EW 105 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 593 0 0 50 le 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 456 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 448 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 589 593 730 730 23 23 456 448 22 23 31 29 Portugal 9 83 64 Score Rank 87 730 730 145 ) 2 47 593 67 21 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 1.02 116.30 11,023 2.72 Population in millions Area (km 10.55 589 42 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 152 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 22 596 63 ouaini ilos 48.29 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 9.22 13,210 637.90 4.55 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 45 599 68 2 ) 145 734 69 Rank Score 64 738 84 17 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Republic ofKorea 2 2 2 0 2527 2120 457460 21 20 734738 599 596 457 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 82 460 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 599 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI 122 PEW TP 554 395 467 338 542 98,730 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 153 509 640 229,980 542 338 467 395 510 TP EW 103 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 486 0 0 50 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 441 83 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 66 426 464 486 502 531 65 54 109 93 441 426 37 40 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Romania 12 47 531 57 Score Rank 51 502 117 ) 2 47 486 4 Population in millions Area (km 21.63 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.44 48.90 2,259 13.16 21 464 24 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 154 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 22 481 18 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 9.57 2,445 349.90 2.98 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 143.11 Area (km Population inmillions 10 483 68 2 ) 119 536 34 Rank Score 63 541 33 19 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Russian Federation 5 5 8 6 4041 8386 426425 58 50 536541 483 481 426 76 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 79 425 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 483 D C D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC ECA TDI PEW TP 94 510 395 467 332 16,381,390 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 155 509 640 24,670 542 264 467 395 400 63 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 425 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 327 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 71 282 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Rwanda 409 425 535 523 92 92 327 282 98 84 89 83 12 86 523 39 Score Rank 47 535 142 ) 2 28 425 5 0 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.00 2.40 16.73 260 Population in millions Area (km 9.04 409 14 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 156 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 18 442 17 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 4.34 9,910 229.10 1.69 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 23.12 Area (km Population inmillions 25 459 82 2 ) 145 664 60 Rank Score 64 675 89 17 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Saudi Arabia 7 7 3 3 14 111 114 31 30 71 73 219242 664675 459 442 219 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 80 242 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 459 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 49 477 395 467 193 2,000,000 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 157 509 640 542 192,530 204 467 395 400 87 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 429 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 291 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 72 72 274 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Senegal 409 429 543 567 92 91 291 274 69 79 93 93 13 92 567 55 Score Rank 51 543 135 ) 2 38 429 99 Population in millions Area (km 11.66 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.05 5.50 474 9.70 409 20 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 158 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC 17 D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 665 65 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 0.04 25,845 112.20 3.93 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 4.34 Area (km Population inmillions 49 675 86 2 ) 145 808 108 Rank Score 66 814 86 14 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Singapore 6 7 0 1 2 536 522 814 808 675 665 522 53 1211 33 75 87 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 90 536 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 675 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI 180 PEW TP 554 395 467 356 542 689 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 159 509 640 48,100 542 341 467 395 510 TP EW 115 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 527 0 0 50 le 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 456 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 462 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Slovakia 522 527 581 597 36 34 456 462 50 51 23 29 19 75 597 64 Score Rank 66 581 72 ) 2 57 527 14 33 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.47 25.70 4,762 2.72 Population in millions Area (km 5.39 522 32 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 160 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 343 43 574 ouaini ilos 2.00 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.72 11,432 22.90 0.32 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 20 583 59 2 ) 145 672 76 Rank Score 65 689 62 12 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Slovenia 2 2 2 9 1920 29 476477 24 24 672689 583 574 476 75 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 88 477 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 583 D C D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC ECA TDI 110 PEW TP 510 395 467 367 542 20,140 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 161 509 640 542 1,214,470 228 467 395 400 98 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 493 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 326 80 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 76 327 481 493 635 659 50 47 327 326 35 38 76 84 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 South Africa South 16 92 659 64 Score Rank 65 635 115 ) 2 49 493 62 Population in millions Area (km 46.89 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.90 159.70 3,406 5.75 12 481 28 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 162 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES In Climbin 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 p utMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 utMI CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 34 606 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 2.72 15,623 678.00 5.82 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 43.40 Area (km Population inmillions 46 g teTIlde Benchmarkin ladder theTDI 53 619 58 2 ) 145 747 90 Rank Score 64 759 94 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 9 1 1 1 5 2219 1715 464478 19 19 747759 619 606 Spain 464 79 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 86 478 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 619 D ELCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC WE TDI 125 PEW TP 651 g TDI 395 467 354 499,190 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 163 509 640 64,630 542 267 467 395 426 89 TP EW TDI SA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 478 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 356 80 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 77 366 477 478 587 600 55 60 366 356 48 48 59 70 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Sri Lanka 14 86 600 54 Score Rank 58 587 133 ) 2 47 478 14 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.14 19.70 1,002 7.26 Population in millions Area (km 19.63 26 477 12 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 164 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 20 40 60 80 50 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 14 319 D e aia(osat20 ) 462 15.90 16.70 0.04 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 36.23 Area (km Population inmillions 2 3 326 46 2 ) 111 454 33 Rank Score 39 466 71 12 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 13 2 19 1 12 122 122 118 119 123 123 183185 454466 326 319 Sudan 183 65 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 70 185 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 120 140 160 180 20 40 60 80 0 0 326 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 27 400 395 467 158 2,376,000 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 165 509 640 542 410,330 452 467 395 651 TP EW 117 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 668 0 0 50 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 568 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 10 6 14 12 8 3 547 651 668 755 767 547 568 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Sweden 18 82 767 65 Score Rank 102 755 145 ) 2 56 668 47 34 Population in millions Area (km 9.02 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 3.04 270.30 29,954 2.72 651 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 52 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Climbing the TDI ladder TDI Benchmarking InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 166 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC 42 D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 668 ouaini ilos 7.44 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 0.00 34,778 258.60 3.18 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 40 71 650 61 2 ) 145 776 100 Rank Score 66 777 85 16 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Switzerland 6 5 7 7 5 523 559 777 776 650 668 559 1 12 5 610 9 7 69 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 82 523 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 0 650 D ELCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC WE TDI 112 PEW TP 651 395 467 411 542 40,000 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 167 509 640 183,780 542 238 467 395 477 49 TP EW TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 392 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 288 74 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 67 257 400 392 543 495 288 257 96 105 79 113 103 95 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Syrian Arab Syrian Republic 16 39 495 51 Score Rank 41 543 118 ) 2 57 392 5 Population in millions Area (km 19.04 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.17 22.40 1,175 15.50 10 400 18 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 168 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 20 537 38 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 5.44 2,441 156.80 1.92 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 64.23 Area (km Population inmillions 45 551 66 2 ) 102 635 59 Rank Score 60 657 101 17 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Thailand 3 2 3 6 3536 3836 439445 29 31 635657 551 537 439 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 77 445 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 551 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI 124 PEW TP 554 395 467 321 542 510,890 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 169 509 640 54,390 542 195 467 395 400 82 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 401 0 0 50 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 277 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 70 70 268 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Togo 387 401 100 101 505 525 106 97 277 268 97 96 11 100 525 39 Score Rank 43 505 135 ) 2 33 401 7 1 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.02 1.50 10.44 244 Population in millions Area (km 6.15 387 16 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 170 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 31 436 24 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 19.65 2,412 24.20 0.27 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 10.03 Area (km Population inmillions 29 455 53 2 ) 117 567 65 Rank Score 58 592 80 14 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Tunisia 7 7 6 2 8586 6052 304318 72 78 567592 455 436 304 57 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 65 318 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 455 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI PEW TP 98 477 395 467 219 542 155,360 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 171 509 640 542 769,630 240 467 395 510 TP EW 107 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 453 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 348 87 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 78 346 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Turkey 445 453 544 558 72 73 348 346 75 78 67 73 16 54 558 58 Score Rank 55 544 100 ) 2 51 453 8 21 Population in millions Area (km 72.07 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 1.73 246.20 3,417 3.84 445 31 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 120 100 600 500 400 300 200 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 172 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 24 435 7 D e aia(osat20 ) 270 10.41 7.80 0.03 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 28.82 Area (km Population inmillions 3 446 36 2 ) 140 558 47 Rank Score 45 553 80 10 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Uganda 7 7 7 8 8180 7078 312338 78 79 558553 446 435 312 78 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 83 338 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 446 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 76 400 395 467 262 542 197,100 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 173 509 640 579,380 542 324 467 395 510 TP EW 109 TDI ECA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 522 0 0 50 le 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 434 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 80 431 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 508 522 584 610 41 37 431 434 45 50 36 39 Ukraine 20 75 610 58 Score Rank 35 584 121 ) 2 59 522 11 Population in millions Area (km 47.08 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.61 45.20 960 4.01 37 508 29 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 174 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES lmigteTIlde Benchmarking TDI ladder Climbing theTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 160 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 14 511 ouaini ilos 4.53 Area (km Population inmillions ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 4.64 22,975 104.20 0.89 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) 48 23 521 74 2 ) 145 695 76 Rank Score 65 698 62 20 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 4 3 2 8 76 2728 327343 39 40 695698 521 511 United Arab Emirates United Arab 327 83 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 87 343 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 521 D EALCDGE1 E E7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC MENA TDI 112 PEW TP 477 395 467 231 542 83,600 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 175 509 640 542 241,930 407 467 395 TDI g 651 TP EW 159 TDI WE LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 682 0 0 50 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 566 86 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 79 44 55 44 561 678 682 794 797 561 566 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 United Kingdom United 9 95 797 66 Score Rank 100 794 145 44 682 68 65 the TDI ladder Benchmarkin Population in millions Area (km2) 60.23 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 11.92 1,619.50 26,891 2.72 g 678 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 40 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 utMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 p Climbin In 176 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 18 421 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 8.69 330 12.60 0.06 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 38.33 Area (km Population inmillions 3 4 436 38 2 ) 132 508 43 Rank Score 37 533 98 15 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 8 8 139 7278 334339 10392 83 86 508533 436 421 United RepublicofTanzania 334 72 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 76 339 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 0 436 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 70 400 395 467 269 883,590 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 177 509 640 542 9,161,920 419 467 395 TDI g 697 TP EW 224 TDI NA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 743 0 0 50 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 643 85 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 11 1 1 11 80 751 743 834 843 668 643 668 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 United States United 18 85 843 66 Score Rank 94 834 145 ) 2 44 743 108 Population in millions Area (km 296.41 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 24.89 11,046.40 37,267 2.78 74 the TDI ladder Benchmarkin g 751 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 42 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 utMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 80 60 40 20 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 p Climbin In 178 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ladder ClimbingtheTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 18 493 14 ple rd-egtdaeaetrf % 8.00 6,246 21.60 0.08 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 3.46 Area (km Population inmillions 17 483 46 2 ) 107 572 74 Rank Score 59 548 44 15 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Uruguay 4 5 5 1 4344 5881 413417 58 45 572548 483 493 413 74 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 81 417 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 0 483 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC LAC TDI PEW TP 85 472 395 467 332 542 175,020 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 179 509 640 882,050 542 308 467 395 472 31 TP EW TDI LAC LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 432 0 0 50 350 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 338 77 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 72 329 430 432 530 526 82 89 329 338 96 91 74 80 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Republic (Bolivarian Venezuela 16 48 526 64 Score Rank 41 530 113 ) 2 70 432 4 Population in millions Area (km 26.58 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.47 131.30 4,939 13.60 6 430 15 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 180 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ladder ClimbingtheTDI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 InputMI 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 19 496 4 D e aia(osat20 ) 538 14.70 44.70 0.45 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 83.12 Area (km Population inmillions 24 503 62 2 ) 133 563 41 Rank Score 52 566 82 12 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 Viet Nam 4 4 6 0 3738 6370 428439 44 44 563566 503 496 428 67 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 72 439 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 0 503 D A D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC EAP TDI 104 PEW TP 554 395 467 335 542 310,070 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 181 509 640 527,970 542 144 467 395 477 26 TP EW TDI MENA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 370 0 0 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 170 85 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 80 163 362 370 561 569 170 163 115 117 66 67 123 123 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Yemen 12 71 569 57 Score Rank 42 561 138 ) 2 40 370 3 Population in millions Area (km 20.97 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.08 11.10 530 6.93 2 362 38 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 80 60 40 20 600 500 400 300 200 100 160 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006 182 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and development index COUNTRY PROFILES Cibn h D adrBenchmarkingTDI ClimbingtheTDIladder OutcomeMI2006 InputMI2006 100 120 140 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 40 60 80 0 0 CP ID FI TM SO MA OT ES MS ET IQ IF DF FI PI HC D20 D20 M20 M20 M20 OMI2006 OMI2005 IMI2006 IMI2005 TDI2006 TDI2005 19 383 D e aia(osat20 ) 350 10.60 4.10 0.03 Applied trade-weightedaveragetariff (%) Merchandise andserviceexport(%ofWorld) GDP percapita(constant2000$) GDP (constant2000$inbillions) ouaini ilos 11.67 Area (km Population inmillions 7 3 381 50 2 ) 117 9 493 493 45 Rank Score 52 37 13 0520 20 06 20052006 20052006 2005 2006 14 1 10 1 9 103 94 114 110 112 104 272269 493 381 383 Zambia 272 73 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI 77 269 TDI profi Selected indicators(2005orlatestreportingyear) le 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 381 D S D V U0DVE7 DEV EU10 DVG LDC SSA TDI PEW TP 55 400 395 467 213 743,390 542 640 509 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 COUNTRY Trade and development index PROFILES 183 509 640 386,850 542 243 467 395 400 94 TP EW TDI SSA LDC DVG EU10 DEV E7 395 0 0 50 300 250 200 150 100 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 le Selected indicators (2005 or latest reporting year) Selected indicators (2005 TDI profi 337 67 TDI InputMI OutcomeMI TDI InputMI 65 313 380 395 447 453 337 313 107 103 120 123 80 82 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 Zimbabwe 16 18 453 55 Score Rank 25 447 127 ) 2 34 395 14 Population in millions Area (km 13.01 GDP (constant 2000 $ in billions) (constant GDP (constant 2000 $) per capita GDP export (% of World) Merchandise and service (%) average tariff Applied trade-weighted 0.03 5.50 17.33 426 7 380 25 TDI2005 TDI2006 IMI2005 IMI2006 OMI2005 OMI2006 HC PI FI DF IF IQ ET MS ES OT MA 0 0 50 80 60 40 20 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 140 120 100 Climbing the TDI ladder Benchmarking TDI InputMI 2006 OutcomeMI 2006

QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2007 Trade and Development Index

Readership Survey

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