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Natura 2000 and Forests – Assessing the State of Implementation and Effectiveness

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Natura 2000 and Forests – Assessing the State of Implementation and Effectiveness What Science Can Tell Us Tell What Science Can What Science Can Tell Us | No 7 | We live in an intricate and changing environment with – Assessing the State of Implementation and Effectiveness Natura 2000 and Forests interrelated feedback between ecosystems, society, economy and the environment. EFI’s ‘What Science Can Tell Us’ series is based on collective scientific ex- pert reviews providing interdisciplinary background information on key and complex forest-related issues for policy and decision makers, citizens and society in general. Natura 2000 and Forests What Science – Assessing the State of Implementation Can Tell Us and Effectiveness Metodi Sotirov (editor) The European Forest Institute (EFI) is an international organisation established by European States. EFI conducts research and provides policy advice on forest related issues. It facilitates and stimulates forest related networking as well as promotes the supply of unbiased and policy relevant information on forests and What Science Can Tell Us 7 Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland forestry. It also advocates for forest research and for scientifically sound infor- 2017 Tel. +358 10 773 4300 mation as a basis for policy-making on forests. www.efi.int What Science Can Tell Us Lauri Hetemäki, Editor-In-Chief Georg Winkel, Associate Editor Pekka Leskinen, Associate Editor Rach Colling, Managing Editor The editorial office can be contacted at [email protected] Layout: Grano Oy / Jouni Halonen Printing: Grano Oy Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute. ISBN 978-952-5980-37-0(printed) ISBN 978-952-5980-38-7 (pdf) Natura 2000 and Forests – Assessing the State of Implementation and Effectiveness What Science Can Tell Us Metodi Sotirov (editor) Contents Authors ............................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................9 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................11 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................15 Metodi Sotirov and Gerhard Weiss 2. The state of biodiversity in Europe’s forest systems .................................................17 Lead authors: Marco Marchetti, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, Jari Parviainen Contributing authors: Giovanni Santopuoli, Matteo Vizzarri, Alistair Jump, Metodi Sotirov 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................17 2.2 Forest biodiversity monitoring under the FOREST EUROPE process ........ 19 2.3 Forest biodiversity monitoring according to the Natura 2000 process ....... 25 2.4 Comparative assessment and overall conclusions .........................................31 3. Implementation of Natura 2000 in forests ..............................................................39 Lead authors: Gerhard Weiss and Metodi Sotirov Contributing author: Zuzana Sarvašová 3.1 Natura 2000 policy formulation and implementation at the EU level ...... 40 3.2 Natura 2000 policy implementation in forests at the national level ...........42 3.3 Issues and challenges for implementing Natura 2000 in forests .............. 49 3.4 Summarising conclusions .............................................................................. 58 4. Best practice in Natura 2000 implementation in forests .........................................65 Lead author: Metodi Sotirov Contributing authors: Mareike Blum, Andreas Schabel, Carol Grossmann, Sebastian Schmack 4.1 Best practice examples of Natura 2000 implementation in forests in EU-28 ...............................................................................................................65 4.2 Case study: Natura 2000 implementation in forests in Baden-Württemberg, Germany ......................................................................72 Authors: Andreas Schabel, Sebastian Schmack, Carol Grossmann 4.3 Summarising conclusions .............................................................................. 77 5 WHAT SCIENCE CAN TELL US 5. Effectiveness of Natura 2000 in forests in EU-28 ..................................................... 81 Lead authors: Sarah Greenwood and Alistair Jump Contributing authors: Metodi Sotirov, Marco Marchetti, Grzgerorz Mikusi´nski, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, Lluís Brotons, Virgilio Hermoso, Jari Parviainen 5.1 Effects of Natura 2000 policy on forest biodiversity and ecosystem services ............................................................................................................. 81 5.2 Effects of Natura 2000 policy on sustainable development and forest management .................................................................................................... 91 5.3 Summarising conclusions .............................................................................95 6. Economic effects and funding of Natura 2000 in forests .......................................101 6.1 Costs and benefits of the implementation of Natura 2000 in forests ........101 Lead authors: Louise Ecochard, Emeline Hily, Serge Garcia 6.2 Funding of Natura 2000 in forests ...............................................................119 Lead Author: Gerhard Weiss Contributing authors: Zuzana Sarvašová, Virgilio Hermoso, Lluís Brotons, Metodi Sotirov 6.3 Summarising conclusions ............................................................................. 133 7. Policy Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................. 135 Lead authors: Metodi Sotirov and Gerhard Weiss Contributing authors: Marco Marchetti, Serge Garcia, Louise Ecochard, Emeline Hily, Sa- rah Greenwood, Alistair Jump 7.1 Forest biodiversity monitoring in Europe .................................................... 135 7.2 Implementation ..............................................................................................138 7.3 Ecological effectiveness .................................................................................140 7.4 Economic effectiveness ................................................................................. 142 6 Authors Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, European Environment Agency (EEA), Denmark Mareike Blum, University of Freiburg, Germany Lluís Brotons, InForest Joint Research Unit (CTFC-CREAF) and CSIC, Spain Louise Ecochard, Laboratoire d’Economie Forestière, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, France Serge Garcia, Laboratoire d’Economie Forestière, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, France Sarah Greenwood, University of Stirling, UK Carol Grossmann, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg Virgilio Hermoso, CTFC Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Spain Emeline Hily, Laboratoire d’Economie Forestière, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, France Alistair Jump, University of Stirling, UK Marco Marchetti, University of Molise, Italy Grzegorz Mikusi ´nski, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden Jari Parviainen, Independent Expert for Sustainable Forest Management, Dr. For., Finland Giovanni Santopuoli, University of Molise, Italy Zuzana Sarvašová, National Forest Centre, Slovakia Andreas Schabel, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Germany Sebastian Schmack, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Germany Metodi Sotirov, University of Freiburg, Germany Matteo Vizzarri, University of Molise, Italy Gerhard Weiss, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria and Central-East and South-East European Regional Office of the European Forest Institute (EFICEEC-EFISEE) 7 Acknowledgements This work and publication has been financed by EFI’s Multi-Donor Trust Fund for poli- cy support, which is supported by the Governments of Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden. The report is based to a large extent on a synthesis of published documents and peer-reviewed studies. The manuscript’s synthesis and implications drawn from these studies, however, received constructive comments and suggestions from the follow- ing external reviewers: Jørgen Bo Larsen, University of Copenhagen, and Peter Meyer, Northwest German Forest Research Institute. We wish to thank them for their valua- ble comments and insights. Dr Georg Winkel has acted as the What Science Can Tell Us –series editor for this volume. 9 Executive Summary Background Natura 2000 is the core pillar in the European Union’s (EU) biodiversity conservation policy. It is an EU-wide ecological network of protected areas that cuts across countries’ borders, administrative levels, policy sectors and socio-economic contexts. The network is established and managed according to the legally-binding provisions of the 1979 EU Birds Directive (79/409/EEC, revised in 2009) and the 1992 EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Natura 2000 aims to achieve biodiversity conservation and to combine it with the sustainable development of land and natural resources. It can allow for continuation of land uses (eg agriculture, forestry) as long as they do not significantly compromise con- servation objectives for habitats and species within and beyond the network. The Natura 2000
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