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Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Indonesia

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Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Indonesia MIMBAR, Vol. 32, No. 2nd (December, 2016), pp.243-253 Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Indonesia BEVAOLA KUSUMASARI Departemen Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Gadjah Mada email: [email protected] Abstract. This research strives to provide answers regarding adaptation patterns of farmers in confronting climate change in Indonesia. The method utilized for this research is a mixed methods. Qualitative data was acquired through a series of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with farmers and agricultural stakeholders in Gunung Kidul and Sleman, Indonesia. Additionally, the survey was carried out to 220 farmers in both research locations. The two research locations were chosen based on the difference in agricultural land. The findingsof this research show that farmers understand climate change is occurring in their region and it influences their cultivation method. Farmers utilize their personal experiences as well as local practices in adapting to climate change. The impact most felt by farmers is crop failure and a decrease in quality and quantity of agricultural crops. The ensuing implication is that farmer’s income declines more and more. This research found that agricultural product cost increased by almost as much as 50%, whilst farmer’s income merely increased half of that, which is 25% since climate change has affected their farming. Responding to the matter, the strategy farmers employ is by changing the planting pattern, using soil cultivation technique, plant pest management technique, and watering/ irrigation technique. Keywords: adaptation, climate change, agriculture Introduction for the agricultural sector. The changes in temperature and rainfall could significantly Increased intensity and frequency affect production of agricultural farms, of storms, drought, and flooding altered management of crop and livestock such as hydrological cycles, and precipitation variance seedling dates, crop variety choices, pests and have implications for future food availability. diseases and water (Murad, Molla, Mokhtar The potential impacts on rainfed agriculture & Raquib, 2010). and irrigated systems are still not well understood. The developing world already A study conducted by Manne, contends with chronic food problems. Climate Mendelsohn, & Richels (1995) classified change presents yet another significant damages to vary between market and challenge to be met. While overall food nonmarket damages. Market damages production may not be threatened, those includes the primary sector, another sector, least able to cope will likely bear additional loss of property and natural disaster, while adverse impacts. Future climate change is nonmarket damages (ecological) covers one of the defining challenges today along bio-diversity, human wellbeing and natural with poverty alleviation, environmental disaster (Figure1). The impact of climate degradation, and food security. It is widely change is especially affecting farming com known that an increasing variation in climate munities in both developing and developed change has significant impacts on agriculture countries in which farm in ecologically fragile and the environment. Scientists assume zones and which rely directly on their that the enhanced greenhouse effect could immediate environments for subsistence intensify climate variability, particularly and livelihood (UNFCCC, 2004). The Received: May 5, 2016, Revision: September 3, 2016, Accepted: December 30, 2016 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. Copyright@2016. Published by Pusat Penerbitan Universitas (P2U) LPPM Unisba Accredited by DIKTI. SK Kemendikbud, No.040/P/2014, valid 18-02-2014 until 18-02-2019 ‘Accredited by RistekDikti, No.040/P/2014, Valid 18-02-2014 Until 18-02-2019 243 BEVAOLA KUSUMASARI, Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Indonesia habitats could be lost, affecting both food and non-food crops. Habitat change is already underway in some areas, leading to species range shifts, changes in plant diversity which include indigenous foods and plant- based medicines (McClean, Colin et al., 2005). In developing countries, 11 percent of arable land could be affected by climate change, including a reduction of cereal production in up to 65 countries, about 16 percent of agricultural GDP (FAO Committee on Food Security, Report of 31st Session, Figure 1. Overview of Global Warming 2005). Agriculture in developing countries Damages contributes as the main source of food, Source: (Manne et al., 1995) creates livelihoods, and generates income. However, on the other hand agriculture productivity of agriculture can be affected by also instigate vulnerability and marginalized climate change in two ways; first, changes communities (Jafry, 2012). The current in temperature, precipitation and CO2 impact of climate change and shifting of levels. The latter affecting crop productivity. the global economy are bringing about Second, through changes in soil quality, significant changes in agricultural production distribution and frequency of infestation by and system. Climate change and variability pests, diseases, insects, and weeds (Sarina is predicted to have the potential to impose and Bhupendra, 2009). pressures on availability, accessibility and demand of water for agriculture. Al Gamal, According to FAO (2007) climate Sokona & Abdel-Kader (2009) studied that change impacts can be roughly divided into climate change is likely to have an impact on biophysical impacts and socio-economics groundwater resources affecting groundwater impacts. Biophysical impacts vary from quantity and quality. Rapid climate change physiological effects on crops, pasture, could harm agriculture, especially those that forests and livestock (quantity and quality); are already suffering from poor soil and changes in land, soil and water resources climate conditions. Therefore, it will affect the (quantity and quality); increased weed and life of farmers to be more impoverished and pest challenges; shifts in spatial and temporal vulnerable than the previous years. distribution of impacts; sea level rise, changes in ocean salinity; sea temperature rise The increase of Surface Air Temperature causing fish to inhabit different ranges. At the (SAT) is seen as the main climate change same time socio-economic impacts can be issue caused by the anthropogenically driven seen from decline in yields and production; increase of CO2 and other greenhouse gas reduced marginal GDP from agriculture; emissions. Results of observed monthly SAT fluctuations in world market prices; changes in Indonesia over a period of 100 years show in geographical distribution of trade regimes; that a certain degree of climate change has increased number of people at risk of hunger occurred in Indonesia. The data that have and food insecurity; and migration and civil been collected from the limited number of unrest. stations suggest that a temperature increase of around 0.5ºC has occurred during the FAO conducted studies from many 20th century. This magnitude of temperature countries in the world about the impact of increase is in agreement with the rate of climate change in the agricultural sector. The averaged global temperature increase as studies showed that the impact may differ estimated in IPCC AR-4, which is about from one country to others. For Europe, the 0.7ºC ± 0.2 per century (Suroso, Hadi, & Former Soviet Union and Centrally Planned Salim, 2009). Indonesia’s agricultural sector China for instance, impacts could be mostly has succeeded in increasing rice production positive. Concerning the adaptation scenario, during the last three years, with a rate of Tol et al. comment that former studies often about 5.2% per year. However, impacts of assumed “limited capacities of farmers to climate change should be considered seriously adapt to changing circumstances” (Tol 2002, because climate change is foreseen to p. 52). Another place such as in Africa, the directly or indirectly reduce agricultural food estimate is that 25–42 percent of species production. The climate change impact on 244 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 32, No. 2nd (December, 2016), pp.243-253 agriculture is highly dependent on the locally regions possess differing characteristic. specific context and hence its vulnerability. Most of the agriculture lands in Sleman Global warming will potentially alter water are technical irrigation land with flatlands vapor flux and may increase humidity, geographical feature. As for Gunungkidul hence more intensive rainfall in one area. Regency, its agriculture land is dominated by However, projected rainfall change shows rain fed farmlands with the geographic feature that precipitation will be more concentrated of a hilly dry rain fed karst ecosystem. The during the wet season, while the dry season differing characteristic of the two regions was tends to be dryer. The decrease in food able to provide a varied adaptation pattern of production due to rainfall change in 2050 farmers in confronting climate change. The compared to current condition is predicted to characteristic of farmers in this research is be as follows: rice (-4.6%), maize (-20%), presented in Table 1. In this research, the soy (-65.2%), sugar (-17.1%) and palm oil status of farmers’ land ownership is that most (-21.4%) (Suroso et al., 2009). farmers own the land and cultivate their own lands, only a few farmers in Gunungkidul are Based on existing research, the impacts farmers who are not workers (2.8%)
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