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Incidencias Buñuelianas En El Cine De Glauber Rocha

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Incidencias Buñuelianas En El Cine De Glauber Rocha UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II DE LA REALIDAD AL SUEÑO: INCIDENCIAS BUÑUELIANAS EN EL CINE DE GLAUBER ROCHA. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Daniela Stara Bajo la dirección del doctor Antonio Castro Bobillo Madrid, 2010 ISBN: 978-84-693-7818-2 © Daniela Stara, 2010 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II DE LA REALIDAD AL SUEÑO: INCIDENCIAS BUÑUELIANAS EN EL CINE DE GLAUBER ROCHA TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR: Daniela Stara Director de Tesis: Antonio Castro Bobillo Madrid 2009 ¡A Chico, un poco de tu alma está en este trabajo! 2 ÍNDICE Introducción………………………………………………………………………. 7 I. Planteamiento del problema.........................……………………………….. 9 II. Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………… 10 III. Objetivos………………………………………………………………….. 10 IV. Estado de la cuestión……………………………………………………… 11 V. Metodología……………………………………………………………….. 20 1. Biografía de Glauber Rocha……………………………………………………. 25 1.1 Vida del autor……………………………………………………………... 27 1.2 Contexto brasileño: las artes en Brasil y el Cinema Novo………………... 33 1.3 Contexto mundial: Glauber y las corrientes cinematográfica de los 60’…. 37 1.3.1 New American Cinema……………………………………………... 39 1.3.2. El Free Cinema………....................................................................... 40 1.3.3 La Nouvelle Vague………………………………………………….. 41 1.3.4 El Neorrealismo……………………………………………………... 42 1.3.5 Una protesta mundial.……………………………………………..... 43 2. La Poética……………………………………………………………................ 45 2.1 El cine como arte total……………………………………………………. 47 2.2. La alegoría……………………………………………………………….. 51 2.3. Estética del Hambre……………………………………………………… 52 2.4 Lo épico / didáctico…………………………………………………........ 57 2.5 Estética del sueño......................................................................................... 59 3. La Política…………………………………………………………………….... 61 3.1 La polis……………………………………………………………………. 63 3.2 Revolución………………………………………………………............... 64 3.3 Lo épico / didáctico……………………………………………………….. 67 4. La Religión…………………………………………………………………….. 71 4.1 Sincretismo religioso……………………………………………………….. 73 4.2 Mesianismo………………………………………………………………… 75 4.3 Cristianismo………………………………………………………………... 78 5. Rocha y Buñuel: un paralelo................................................................................ 81 5.1 Rocha/Buñuel................................................................................................. 83 5.2 Parafraseando los textos críticos sobre Buñuel.............................................. 84 5.2.1 Los 12 mandamientos de nuestro señor Buñuel.......................................... 84 5.2.2 La moral de un nuevo Cristo....................................................................... 90 5.2.3 Él………………………………………………………………………….. 91 6. Incidencias buñuelianas en la estética de Glauber Rocha…………………….... 93 6.1 Sobre el mito…….......................................................................................... 95 3 6.1.1 El mito......................................................................................................... 95 6.1.2 Pensamiento Cosmogónico......................................................................... 97 6.1.3 La Edad de Oro........................................................................................... 98 6.1.4 La Caída de los Dioses................................................................................ 99 6.1.5 El mito del Origen en el cine: Bazin y la ontología del cine....................... 101 6.2 Corpus mitológico en el cine de Rocha y Buñuel……………...................... 104 6.3 Estetica del Hambre: la violencia en el cine de Buñuel……………............. 111 6.4 Estetica del Sueño: la libertad en el artista Buñuel........................................ 121 7. Incidencias buñuelianas en la concepción política de Glauber Rocha………..... 135 7.1 La revolución: mito de la Modernidad………….......................................... 137 7.2 Contra el orden vigente………………………………………...................... 144 8. Incidencias buñuelianas en la concepción religiosa de Glauber Rocha………... 151 8.1 Religión como compendio de “estética” y “política”………………............ 153 8.1.1 Protestantismo………………………………………………………….... 153 8.1.2 “Alienación” o crítica a la Institución…………………………………..... 156 8.1.3 Cristianismo…………………………………………………................... 160 9. Rasgos buñuelianos en la primera etapa del director: las películas……………. 161 9.1 De Barravento a Terra em Transe………………………………………..... 163 10. Rasgos buñuelianos en la segunda etapa del director: las películas…………. 193 10.1 De Cabezas Cortadas a A Idade da Terra……………………………….. 195 11. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………….. 217 11.1 Verificación de la hipótesis……………………………………………….. 219 Anexos…………………………………………………………………………….. 225 Apéndice 1………………………………………………………....................... 227 Estética del Hambre.................................................................................... 229 Eztétyka del Sueño...................................................................................... 235 Apéndice 2........................................................................................................... 241 Nota a la traducción................................................................................... 243 Los 12 mandamientos de nuestro señor Buñuel…………………………... 245 La moral de un nuevo Cristo........................................................................ 259 Él................................................................................................................... 265 Apéndice 3............................................................................................................ 273 I A idade da terra: Análisis del filme........................................................... 275 1. Presentación de la película…………………………………………….. 277 II A idade da terra y la estética................................................................... 281 1. A idade da terra: un montaje nuclear para una atmósfera postatómica.. 283 2. El montaje nuclear…………………………………………………….. 285 3. Lo épico/didáctico……………………………………………………... 288 III A idade da terra y el discurso político..................................................... 291 1. A idade da terra: el tercer mundo declara la guerra al capitalismo……. 293 2. Documentalismo: historia de Brasil…………………………………… 294 3. Brahms: representación del poder…………………………………….. 299 4 4. Brahms: conquistador………………………………………………….. 303 IV A idade da terra en el marco de la religión............................................. 307 1. A idade da terra: la resurrección de Cristo en el Apocalipsis. El Cristo Indio................................................…………. 309 2. El Cristo Negro………………………………………………………… 316 3. El Cristo Militar………………………………………………………... 323 4. El Cristo Guerrillero…………………………………………………… 329 V A idade da terra: el rol de la mujer en la película.................................... 333 1. Sobre los personajes femeninos………………………………………... 335 VI A idade da terra: el profeta de una nueva revolución............................. 343 1. El monólogo final del director…………………………………………. 345 VII A idade da terra: film para la TV........................................................... 351 1. A idade da terra: filme para la TV……………………………………... 353 VIII A idade da Terra: traducción del guión................................................ 357 Apéndice 4............................................................................................................ 391 Entrevistas.................................................................................................... 393 Ismail Xavier……………………………………………………………… 395 Dona Lucia Rocha………………………………………………………… 405 Bibliografía citada.………………...………………………………........................ 411 Textos consultados................................................................................................... 414 Filmografía citada..................................................................................................... 414 Filmografía de Glauber Rocha................................................................................. 415 Bibliografía existente sobre Glauber Rocha............................................................ 419 5 6 INTRODUCCIÓN 7 8 I PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA: LA INFLUENCIA DE LUIS BUÑUEL EN LA FILMOGRAFÍA DE GLAUBER ROCHA De Glauber Rocha, autor en vigor entre los años sesenta y setenta, se ha dicho muy poco, respecto a la fama de la que gozó en su tiempo. El estudio sobre su poética y su obra fílmica ha sido esporádico por mucho tiempo, y se ha revelado en muchas ocasiones poco provechoso para definir claramente las intenciones estéticas del director. Se distinguen algunos trabajos realizados poco después de su muerte, los cuales ponen en claro las relaciones con las problemáticas de Brasil y el uso de la alegoría como fórmula constante1. Pero una visión de conjunto de la obra nos revela la falta de investigaciones profundas, por ejemplo, sobre la influencia recibida de otros directores. De ahí a sostener que Glauber estuvo influenciado por directores como Buñuel o Eisenstein (u otros nombres del mismo calibre) es una tarea tan fácil como decir que el mar es azul. Pero dar cuenta de estas referencias en su filmografía es una tarea que pocos se han tomado el tiempo de hacer. Los estudios sobre el director se han dirigido hacia otros matices
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