Notes and References

Abbreviations

AAwW Archiwum Archidiecezjalne we Wroclawiu APMW Archiwum Panstwowe Miasta Wroclawia i Woj. Wroclawskiego we Wroclawiu BA-FA Bundesarchiv-Filmarchiv, Koblenz BAK Bundesarchiv, Koblenz BA-MA Bundesarchiv-Militiirarchiv, Freiburg/Breisgau BDC Berlin Document Center, Berlin-Zehlendorf FRUS Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States series GSPK Geheimes Staatsarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin-Dahlem IfZ Institut fiir Zeitgeschichte- Archiv, Munich MAE Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres-Archive, Paris NA National Archives, Washington, D.C. PRO Public Record Office, Kew Gardens, London UNA United Nations Archives, New York WNRC Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

1 Introduction

1. Refer to Tighe, Carl, 'The Tin Drum in Poland', Journal of European Studies, 19, part 1, 73 (March 1989) p. 3, for an analysis of Gunter Grass's topical novel, The Tin Drum.

2 The Historical Antecedents

1. Ullmann, Klaus (ed.), Schlesien-Lexikon, 3rd edn (Mannheim, 1982) pp. 7-11. More authoritative is Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume I (Oxford, 1981), especially Chapters II and III. 2. For a detailed account of1ife then, refer to Hoffmann, Richard C[harles], Land, liberties, and lordship in a late medieval countryside: Agrarian Structures and change in the Duchy of Wroclaw (Philadelphia, 1989) particularly pp. 64-73. 3. Knoll, Paul W., 'The Stabilization of the Polish western frontier under Casimir the Great, 1330-1370', Polish Review, 12, 4 (Autumn 1967) p. 28 who argues that Kazimierz formally renounced his claim, but disputes that he lost hope of gaining Silesia back. 4. Hu1tsch, Gerhard (ed.), Silesia Sacra: Historisch-statistisches Handbuch iiber das evange/ische Schlesien (Dusseldorf, 1953) p. 11. 5. See Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II (Oxford, 1981) p. 530.

294 Notes and References 295

6. Marschall, Werner, 'Die Entwicklung der. Breslauer Diozesengrenzen', Schlesien, 29, 2 (1984) p. 74. 7. For a persuasive case of the economic weakness, refer to Bessel, Richard, 'Eastern Germany as a structural problem in the Weimar Republic', Social History, 3, 2 (May 1978) p. 199. 8. Refer to Bessel, Richard, 'The SA in the eastern regions of Germany, 1925-1934' (D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1980) p. 11. 9. Jacobs, Margret, 'Die schlesische Industrie vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg', Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wi/he/ms-Universittit zu Bres/au, 10 (1965) p. 354. 10. Nellner, Werner, 'Das Schlesiertum in Heimat und Vertreibung', Sch/e­ sien, 1, 2 (1956) p. 131. See also Bohmann, Alfred, Menschen und Grenzen, Volume I (Cologne, 1969) p. 198. 11. For Lower Silesia, refer to Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', p. 208; German statistics, see Petzina, Dietmar, Die deutsche Wirtschaft in der Zwischenk­ riegszeit (Wiesbaden, 1977) p. 179. 12. Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', p. 207. 13. Refer to recollections of the former Regierungsprtisident of Liegnitz: Bochalli [Alfred], 'Die schlesische Wirtschaft his 1939', Der Schlesier und Breslauer Nachrichten ( Ausgabe B) 8, 20 (Whitsuntide 1956) p. 19. 14. Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', p. 203. 15. Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', p. 210, and Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, p. 204. 16. Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, p. 220. 17. Bessel, 'The SA in the eastern regions of Germany', p. 21. 18. Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', p. 213, makes a further point that eastern Germans in general foisted their regional concerns onto the domestic arena to make them a burning national issue. 19. Bessel, 'Eastern Germany', pp. 216--17. 20. BAK NS 26, 1344, 'Akten des Polizeiprasidiums zu Berlin', Helmut Bruckner file. 21. BDC Helmut Bruckner file. See also GSPK Rep. 77, 77, Prussian state file on the Oberpriisidium ofBreslau, pp. 169-71, and BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 605, for observations made by Breslau City Councillor Giebler, pp. 15-16. 22. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 730, p. 9 for observations of Herbert Dienwiebel, adviser in the Breslau City Archives. When the Gauleiter showed compassion to the Polish POWs in 1939, his humanity probably was not lost on certain ideologues; BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 682, pp. 4-5 for the recollections of Ulrich Grote-Mismahl. 23. BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 605, pp. 15-16 for comments made by Giebler. See also: McKale, Donald M., The Nazi Party Courts (Lawrence, Kansas, 1974) pp. 178-80. 24. BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 586, p. 26 for recollections of Dr Alfred Bochalli, then Regierungsvizepriisident of Breslau. Wagner's execution is confirmed by Wistrich, Robert, Wer war wer im Dritten Reich (Munich, 1983) p. 287. Refer to BDC Josef Wagner file for details of Wagner's indiscretions. 25. Nellner, Werner, 'Das Schlesiertum', p. 125. 26. Reiber, Helmut (ed.), Akten der Partei-Kanzlei der NSDAP, Volume I (Munich, 1983) pp. 516--548. 296 Notes and References

27. BDC Karl Hanke file, replete with biographical information compiled from the NSDAP archives. See Herbert Dienwiebel's comments in BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 730, p. 8. 28. Orlow, Dietrich, The History of the Nazi Party: 1933-1945 (Pittsburgh, 1974) pp. 27G-1; Meissner, Hans-Otto, Magda Goebbels (New York, 1980) pp. 182--4, 187-8, 205. 29. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 730, p. 9 for comments of Herbert Dienwiebel of Breslau. 30. Rutkiewicz, lgnacy, Wroclaw (Warsaw, 1973) p. 15. 31. BAK R18, 6046, p. 9 for a report from the Reichsinnenministerium (Reich Interior Ministry) on Lower Silesian municipalities. 32. BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 751, pp. 89, 99, 103; Volume I of report by Oswald Putze celebrating the centenary of Linke-Hofmann. Fuchs, Konrad, 'Zur Bedeutung Schlesiens als Wirtschaftsfaktor wiihrend des Zweiten Weltkriegs', Zeitschrift fur Ostforschung, 27, 2 (June 1978) pp. 343--4. 33. Expressed by Walter Hubner, County Councillor of Reichenbach; BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 721, p. 34 and Otto Fiebrantz, County Councillor of Landeshut in Ost-Dok. 8, 731, p. 3. 34. For the wartime Silesian coal industry, refer to report by Jungels; BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 732, pp. 29, 69. 35. The events at Bydgoszcz are disputed, but evidence supports the accusation of a Polish massacre of innocent civilians. Breyer, Richard, 'Die deutsche Volksgruppe in Polen und der Kriegsausbruch 1939', Westpreussen-Jahrbuch, 19 (1969) p. 12; Roos, Hans, A History of modem Poland (London, 1966) p. 167. 36. Becker, Rolf 0., Niederschlesien 1945 (Bad Nauheim, Hesse, 1965) p. 93. 37. APMW R.W. I Series, Nr. 27, 128, p. 38 in file. 38. Schieder, Theodor (ed.), Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa, Volume I, Part 1 (Bonn (1953]) p. 5E. 39. APMW R.W. I Series, Nr. 27, 128, pp. 58-69 for an 8 December 1943 report of the Landesplannungsgemeinschaft Niederschlesien on overall evacuation measures for Breslau. 40. Walk, Joseph (ed.), A/s Jude in Breslau- 1941 (Jerusalem, 1975) p. 66. Probably from the same source, 'Jildisches Leben in der Provinz Schlesien und in Breslau 1940/41', pp. 1-2 in the Wiener Library, P.111.a. No.619 in 02/483. 41. Walk, (ed.), Als Jude, p. 7, citation pp. 77-8. More adversarial is the image presented by Tausk, Walter. Bres/auer Tagebuch, 1933-1940 (Frankfurt/Main, 1977). But the Cohn accounts are the more credible and accurate of daily life in Breslau. Tausk's entries dwell on anti-Semitic events; der Alltag is noticeably omitted. 42. UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.2. Box 5, file 'List of Prisoner of War Camps (Stalags and Oflags) in Germany and Incorporated Countries, 1939-- 1945', p. 17. 43. Monthly Gestapo reports are located in APMW R.W. I Series, Nr. 18, 372, p. 27fT. The numbers of those shipped off to various concentration camps in late 1939 from Lower Silesia are listed, as in November 1939, for instance, when 532 persons were sent to the various camps. In some months of 1941, over 800 were arrested, many of whom were German Notes and References 297

Jews or Poles, but also a fair number of non-Jewish Germans as well. 44. Rothfels, Hans. 'Ostdeutsche im Widerstand gegen Hitler', in Schulz, Eberhard G[iinter] (ed.), Leistung und Schicksal (Cologne, 1967) p. 319; the reminiscences of Dr Alfred Bochalli, promoted to Regierungsprlisident of Liegnitz from July 1942 to February 1945 in BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 586, pp. 35-7. 45. Konrad, Joachim, Als letzter Stadtdekan von Breslau (Ulm, 1963) p. 8. Father Paul Peikert of the St Mauritius-Kirche in Breslau also noted a similar development in the Catholic community in his diary on 30 July 1945 in AAwW OA 53, p. 245 in file, and to his sister, Anna, in a 2 January 1945 letter in OA 51, 24, 'Tgb. Nr. 2/1945'. 46. APMW R.W. I Series, Nr. 18, 1293, pp. 64-5 in file; collected by undercover SD agents in Oberabschnitt Siidost (Breslau) for a report to Hanke dated 25 February 1943. 47. APMW R.W.I Series, Nr 18, 1293, p. 63. 48. Reported by County Councillor Heinrich of County Namslau in BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 729, p. 4. The execution of the Ostwallbau saw a similar incompetence according to Detlev von Reinersdorff-Paczenski, County Councillor of GroB-Wartenberg in Ost-Dok. 8, 725, p. 2 in file. 49. Noakes, Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham (eds), Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945 (London, 1974) p. 672; confirmed by Dr Aiired Bochaiii, 'Niederschlesien vor dem Zusammenbruch', Der Sch/esier und Bres/auer Nachrichten ( Ausgabe B), 4, 36 (November 1952) p. 2. 50. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 718, p. 2 in file of a report by County Councillor Hans-Friedrich von Saint-Paul of Militsch. 51. Recalled by County Councillor Heinrich of Namslau; BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 729, p. 3 in file. 52. BAK R55, 602, p. 112 for telegram of 20 October 1944 to Werner Naumann, Hanke's successor at 'Promi', from the Breslau district. 53. Fuchs, Konrad, 'Zur Bedeutung Schlesiens', p. 345. 54. BAK R3, 1633, p. 14 for statistics from the Reichsministerium fur Riistung und Kriegsproduktion (Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production). 55. SchOnfelder, Erich. 'Als Breslaus Glanz erlosch', Der Schlesier ( Ausgabe A), 32, 12 (21 March 1980) p. 8. 56. Kollenda, Kurt, 'Wie die Heimat verloren ging', unpublished manuscript of January 1968 available from the Herder-lnstitut, MarburgfLahn, here p. l; Hartung, Hugo. Schlesien 1944/45 (Munich, 1976) p. 15; and Father Paul Peikert's letter to Father Josef Hoffmann of Sommerfeld, Branden­ burg of28 November 1944 in AAwW OA 51, 24, Tagebuch Nr. 1166/44. 57. Recollections of Herbert Dienwiebel, in BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 730, p. 8.

3 Wartime Allied Negotiations

l. Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn, Poland's Place in Europe (Princeton, New Jersey, 1983) pp. 70--l. 2. Made by Aleksander Bregman as early as 1952 in 'Linia Odry i Nysy, to nie "wymysl Stalina" ', Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Zolnierza (London), 13, 294 (9 December 1952) p. 2; a point re-emphasised by Piotr S. 298 Notes and References

Wandycz in his book The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) pp. 249-50. That this is not a commonly accepted fact is probably due to post-war political developments. The communists claimed par­ entage for the Oder-Neisse because it boosted their stature within Poland (see Chapter 8), while the London Poles downplayed their role in its inception as this border was too much associated with the Curzon line and the Joss of a third of pre-war Poland. It was perceived that recognition of the Oder-Neisse logically entailed acknowledging the Soviet claims to the Curzon lands for which the Oder-Neisse had acted as compensation. This was an impossibility to most in the Exile community, hence their ambivalence over the Oder-Neisse until well into the 1950s. See Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn, 'The Oder-Neisse Line revisited', East Central Europe, 5, 1 (1978) p. 46 for further arguments. 3. Sarah Meiklejohn Terry in her book, Poland's place in Europe, pp. 94-5, has speculated that this draft advocated the complete annexation of the 'Silesian wedge' by Poland, as the draft stated that the mere cession of the Upper Silesian third of that 'wedge' would be insufficient for the strategic needs of Poland and Czechoslovakia. 4. Vierheller, Viktoria, Polen und die Deutschland-Frage, 1939-1949 (Co­ logne, 1970) pp. 25--6. 5. The exact text or parts thereof are to be found in PRO FO 371/31091, Cl2169/464/55, pp. 78-97 in file, here p. 79, or in Terry, 'The Oder­ Neisse Line', pp. 39-40. See also: Sharp, Tony, 'The Origins of the "Teheran Formula" on Polish frontiers', Journal of Contemporary History, 12, 2 (April 1977) p. 385. The memorandum given to the British Foreign Office, dated 1 December, was slightly different from the one submitted to Washington, dated 4 December 1942, in that Washington's edition specifically mentioned the Oder-Lusatian (wes­ tern) Neisse as the envisioned frontier, whereas the British text contains no such specific reference. 6. PRO FO 371/31091, C12169/464/55, p. 90 in file. 7. Ibid., pp. 95--6 in file. 8. Terry's elaborate argument that the annexation to the Oder-Neisse was an inherently practical proposal designed to bolster the nascent Czecho­ slovakian-Polish federation and facilitate a rapprochement with the Soviet Union by pushing the German menace to the west is thought­ provoking, but ultimately unconvincing. Sikorski may have viewed this frontier as a vehicle which could increase Poland's security, elevating it into a regional power which could combine with the other middling states to thwart the hegemonical ambitions of either juggernaut (Soviet Union or Germany) and thereby deflect Soviet territorial demands to the Curzon territories. But Terry has read too much into Sikorski's dis­ parate post-war plans, weaving a web of concepts together that probably never existed as a whole in the General's mind. Sikorski was foremost a military man whose ideas were conditioned by the First World War. He viewed a strategic frontier not as exclusive territory, but as the French viewed the Rhineland - a de-militarised zone, occupied by France but inhabited by Germans and remaining under German sovereignty. That such a realist ultimately failed because of the complicated interlocking Notes and References 299

and often contradictory nature of his ambitions, Western perfidiousness over recognition of Polish but not Soviet territorial claims, and his own untimely death on 4 July 1943 robbing the Exile community of its charismatic leader who could have influenced politics towards these objectives should in retrospect have surprised no one, least of all Sikorski himself. Terry, Polands place in Europe, pp. 6-7, and 'The Oder-Neisse Line', p. 68. 9. Geoffrey Harrison, minute of 12 December 1942, PRO FO 371/31091, Cl2169/464/55, p. 70A in file. 10. Minute of Frank K. Roberts of 16 December 1942 in ibid., pp. 70A-7l in file. 11. Allen's minute of 25 January 1943 in PRO FO 371/34560, C849/231/55, p. ll in file. That the claim to the Oder was viewed much like those to the Rhine was echoed directly by Permanent Under-Secretary Alexander Cadogan to Churchill in a memorandum of 24 March 1943, 'We have not interpreted this as a serious Polish claim to receiving all German territory up to the Oder', PRO PREM 3/355/4, '1943 Poland (Polish­ Soviet Relations II)', pp. 163--5 in file. 12. In a 20 February 1942 memorandum, the semi-official Foreign Research and Press Service headed by Arnold Toynbee in Oxford outlined several options and recommendations over a revised German-Polish border. It accepted the need for a more strategically secure frontier, even if this conflicted with ethnic considerations, but only if the numbers to be evicted were kept within the 3.o-6.8 million range. However desirous Lower Silesia may have been from a strategic objective, adding an estimated 3.2 million more Germans to the envisioned total precluded it falling to Poland. A possible cession of the right bank of the Oder in Lower Silesia was not excluded, but only in exchange for parts of the voivadeship of Poznan. Memorandum in PRO FO 371/30930, C2167/ 241/18, pp. 56-148 and particularly pp. 71 and 80--1 in file. 13. Woodward, Llewellyn and M. E. Lambert, British foreign Policy in the Second World War, Volume V (London, 1976) pp. 25--9. 14. Query posed by Deputy Under-Secretary of State Orme Sargent to Eden on 15 April 1943. See Foschepoth, Josef, 'GroBbritannien, die Sowjetu­ nion und die Westverschiebung Polens', Militiirgeschichtliche Mitteilun­ gen, 34, 2 (1983) p. 70. 15. PRO FO 371/34560, C7553/23l/55, pp. 179-95, here pp. 179-80 in file. 16. Ibid., p. 193. 17. PRO FO 371/34561, Cll492/23l/55, p. 174-8 in file. Also Allen's comments of 13 December 1943 in FO 371/34562, Cl4985/23l/55, pp. 168-9 in file. 18. PRO CAB 66/41, 'W.P. (43) 438. War Cabinet: Western frontiers of the U.S.S.R.- Memorandum by Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs', of 5 October 1943, pp. 147-9. In same file, 'W.P. (43) 421. Germany: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs' of 27 September 1943, pp. 85--6, also in Woodward and Lambert, British foreign Policy, p. 201. 19. Full report in FRUS: The Conference at Quebec 1944 (Washington, D.C., 1972) pp. 56-7. 300 Notes and References

20. Wartime American policy formulation on the German-Polish border is assessed by Charles Gill Sadler, 'The expendable Frontier' (Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, 1971) especially pp. 197-8. 21. Terry, Polands place in Europe, p. 260. Eden informed Sikorski of the talks with Molotov on 8 June 1942, outlining the gains that were proposed if Poland would agree to an amended Curzon line. Eden urged that these proposals be seriously considered; if a guarantee from the West was required to secure these gains, this would be provided. Report of meeting in PRO FO 371/33017, N3074/3059/38, pp. 37-41 in file. The British acted as intermediaries as the Exile Poles were never directly informed because the Kremlin sought to pressure the Poles into recognising the annexations made in September 1939 before committing itself on their behalf. As early as 5 January 1942, the PPR (Polish Workers' Party) was founded and agitated for the pre-1941 Nazi-Soviet frontiers in the east. Pressure was constantly exerted with the PPR acting as Moscow's lever prying the London Poles into making concessions. See Polonsky, Antony and Boleslaw Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of communist rule in Poland (London, 1980) p. 6. An even more reliable proxy for the Kremlin was created on 1 March 1943 in Moscow: the ZPP (Union of Polish Patriots), headed by Wanda Wasilewska and communist ideologue Alfred Lampe. The ZPP was originally a political melange but quickly became a communist-domi­ nated body and, as such, served as a not-so-subtle reminder that within it was contained the seeds of a potential surrogate Polish government. This was all the more probable after diplomatic relations were severed by the Kremlin on 23 April 1943 following the Katyn disclosure. To increase the popularity of this group, Stalin encouraged it to adopt a strident nationalist platform. In the 16 April 1943 edition of the new ZPP broadsheet, Wo/na Po/ska (Free Poland), 'Andrzej Marek' (pseudonym for Alfred Lampe) attacked the German colonisation of the erstwhile Piast west and spoke of Poland regaining all lands up to the Oder and 'Polish Silesia'. By this he included 'Sl4Sk Dolny' (Lower Silesia). Lower Silesia was under discussion in the Moscow Polish community by mid-1943, as it had been in the London Exile government the previous year. Marek, Andrzej. 'Miejsce Polski w Europie', Wolna Polska (Moscow), 7 (16 April 1943) p. 2; translated copy in Rhode, Gotthold and Wolfgang Wagner (eds), The Genesis ofthe Oder-Neisse line (Stuttgart, 1959) pp. 36--8 and see pp. 41-2. Other references in Vierheller, Polen und die Deutschland-Frage, p. 72, and Ito's, Takayuki, 'The Genesis of the Cold War,' in Nagai, Yonosuke, and Akira lriye (eds), The Origins ofthe Cold War in Asia (New York, 1977) p. 169. 22. Minor divergences between British and American minutes of this plenary session exist. After Eden's query to Stalin, the British minutes report that Stalin gave an evasive answer, whereas the American records state Stalin as declaring himself strongly in favour of the Oder line. FRUS: The Conferences of Cairo and Tehran 1943 (Washington, D.C., 1961) pp. 509- 12; PRO FO 371/39456, C140/140/55, pp. 2-7. 23. Woodward, Llewellyn, British foreign Policy in the Second World War, Volume II (London, 1971) p.651; Mastny, Vojtech, 'Soviet war aims at Notes and References 301

the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943', Journal of Modern History, 41, 3 (September 1975) pp. 501-2; and Sharp, Tony, 'The Origins of the "Teheran Formula" on Polish frontiers', Journal of Contemporary History, 12, 2 (April 1977) p. 381. 24. Minutes of meeting in FRUS: The Conferences of Cairo and Tehran 1943, pp. 594-6. Roosevelt's, videlicet American, views of Polish issue percep­ tively assessed in Garrett, Stephen A, 'Images and foreign policy', World Affairs 138, 4 (Spring 1976) p. 290. 25. Conveniently, President Eduard Benes of the Czech Exile government paid Moscow a visit following the Tehran Conference. In his talks with Stalin in mid-December 1943, Benes eyed a map in Stalin's study in which the Oder River in its entirety was pencilled in (apparently by Stalin) as the future German-Polish frontier. Benes drew Stalin's attention to the London Poles' claims to all of Upper Silesia to the eastern Neisse. Stalin, in an ebullient mood, pencilled the remainder of this territory in for Poland. When asked what territories Czechoslovakia was demanding, Benes pointed to the Glatz salient, which was then promptly pencilled in for Czechoslovakia. Aside from this, Lower Silesia west of the Oder was at this point probably to remain German. In a subsequent meeting, Benes noted that he had been informed by the British in September 1942 and by Roosevelt personally the following May that they supported the removal of all Germans from areas designated to Poland and from Czechoslovakia. Benes enquired whether the Kremlin also agreed with this solution and would accept the eviction of the Sudeten Germans. Moscow had informed Benes on 9 June 1943 that it would not impede such a transfer. Molotov now reassured his Czech guest, saying that 3.5 million Germans from Czechoslovakia was a quibble; 'That's nothing, that's easy', was his dismissive reply. Benes had his wishes crowned. When asked for his advice on the Polish-Soviet dispute (Stalin evidently realising the shortcomings of the ZPP and its unacceptability to the Western powers), Benes proposed that the Soviet Union occupy the country and impose a pro-Soviet government to eradicate Polish 'feudalism'. This outspoken position was probably a more radical solution than the Kremlin leaders themselves then advo­ cated. They would heed his advice in due course and not be satisfied with Poland. Taborsky, Eduard, 'Benes and Stalin', Journal of Central European Affairs, 13, 2 (July 1953) p. 167; Mastny, Vojtech, 'The Benes-Stalin­ Molotov Conversations in December 1943', Jahrblicher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 20, 3 (September 1972) pp. 371 and 399; Taborsky, Edward. 'The Triumph and Disaster of Eduard Benes', Foreign Affairs, 36, 4 (July 1958) p. 677; Mastny, Vojtech, Russia's road to the Cold War (New York, 1979) pp. 142-3; [Bieganski, Stanislaw] (ed.), Documents on Polish-Soviet relations, Volume II (London, 1967) pp. 156-7 for a conversation Benes had with Acting Polish Exile Foreign Minister, Edward Raczynski. A curious anomaly, but in the minutes of the Raczynski-Benes talks on 21 January 1944 (in Bieganski), Stalin's pencil etchings are described as being in green, whereas in Taborsky (pp. 167 and 677 respectively) they were reportedly in red. 302 Notes and References

26. British minutes in PRO CAB 66/45 in 'W.P. (44) 48. Poland: Memor­ andum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs', dated 23 January 1944, pp. 208-209A in file; Exile government's minutes in [Bieganski] (ed.), Documents, pp. 144-7. 27. Churchill's letter to Stalin of 1 February 1944 reprinted complete in USSR, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Correspondence between the Chair­ man of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R. and the Presidents of the U.S.A. and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain, Volume I (Moscow, 1957) pp. 192-5. 28. Outline of talks in PRO FO 371/39389, C1748/8/55, pp. 67-9. 29. Dispatch in USSR, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Correspondence, Volume I, pp. 201-4. 30. United Kingdom, House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates (Han­ sard), 397 H.C. Deb., 5th series (22 February 1944) columns 698-9. 31. Final report in PRO CAB 81/42, pp. 45-58 in file, or FO 371/39507, either in C6538/1871/55 or C4134/1871/55. The wording hardly changed between drafts. 32. See folder entitled 'Germany's Eastern Frontiers', of 20 November 1944 in PRO FO 371/39139, C9093/2750/l8, pp. 28-81 in file, particularly pp. 46-8. 33. Stehle, Hansjakob, Die Ostpolitik des Vatikans (Munich, 1975) p. 256. Stehle argues that the closer the Red Army moved towards Poland, the more the Kremlin saw the need to pacify a bulwark of anti-communism as the Polish nationalists were already enough of a hurdle obstructing Soviet ambitions. 34. Feis, Herbert, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin (Princeton, 1957) p. 299FN. 35. A brief of conversation and Lange's impressions in [Bieganski] (ed.), Documents, pp. 235-240. 36. WNRC RG 84, Box 2729 'Correspondence American Embassy Warsaw 1945, Volume IV', section 125. Noted that Stalin's mention of 'Boryslaw' referred to the Boryslaw oil-field near Drohobycz, south-west of Lwow. Stalin's rare slip suggests he was either inadequately briefed or unfamiliar with the issue, indicating that Soviet objectives for Poland were in a preliminary stage and that Polish compensation arguments had not been fully assessed. 37. Lebedev-Grabski talks in Woodward, Llewellyn, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, Volume III (London, 1971) pp. 190-3. 38. [Bieganski] (ed.), Documents, Volume II, pp. 250-6, here p. 251 for Mikolajczyk's memorandum of his talks with Roosevelt. This interpreta­ tion is disputed by Kimball, Warren F. (ed.), Churchill and Roosevelt: The complete Correspondence. Volume III: Alliance declining, February 1944- Aprill945 (Princeton, 1984). He argues on p. 208 that Roosevelt gave no firm commitments but only 'moral support'. Had Mikolajczyk been more sensitive to Roosevelt's nuances, he would have understood Roosevelt's implicit favouring of the Soviet position, but that the presidential election prevented him from being candid on the issue. Kimball even goes so far as to say that Mikolajczyk 'should have realized' Roosevelt's true position. This is very much an American interpretation, neglecting the view that foreigners can hardly be expected to reformulate their own foreign policy Notes and References 303

to suit the peculiarities of US domestic politics. Kimball demands a subtlety and insight which is only given to a few and understood by the many with the assistance of hindsight. 39. [Bieganski] (ed.), Documents, Volume II, p. 754FN. 40. This would have repercussions a few months later when at Moscow with Churchill, Mikolajczyk was astonished to learn of Roosevelt's actual position and requested Ambassador Harriman clarify US policy over Poland. Mikolajczyk's letter to Harriman of 16 October 1944 in WNRC RG 84, Box 2726, section 711. 41. Uschakow, Alexander, 'Das Erbe Stalins in den deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen', Internationales Recht und Diplomatie, 2 (1970) pp. 21-2. 42. Uschakow, 'Das Erbe Stalins', pp. 22-3; Ito's, Takayuki, 'The Genesis of the Cold War', in Nagai and Iriye (eds), The Origins of the Cold War, p. 186. 43. Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II (Oxford, 1981) p. 639. See also Ross, Graham (ed.), The Foreign Office and the Kremlin (Cambridge, 1984) pp. 147-55 for Foreign Office paper of 29 April 1944 stating that Polish-German relations would be embittered, forcing the Poles into a close liaision with the USSR. 44. Rachwald, Arthur R., 'Poland between the Superpowers', Orbis, 20, 4 (Winter 1977) pp. 1056--7. 45. [Sharp, Samuel L.], 'The Polish-German Frontier', American Perspective, 1, 4 (September 1947) p. 217. 46. Polonsky and Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of Communist Rule, p. 251; Uschakov, 'Das Erbe Stalins', p. 23. 47. Rachwald 'Poland between the Superpowers', pp. 1065-6. 48. Not all scholars are convinced that subordinate groups held any sway over Stalin. Anna Cienciala has argued that the PKWN held no bargaining power over Stalin and that any concessions wrung were those he was prepared to concede in any case. Her view is one of an immovable Kremlin lacking political subtlety. Cienciala, Anna M., 'The Activities of Polish communists as a source for Stalin's policy towards Poland in the Second World War', International History Review, 1, 1 (February 1985) p. 142. This contrasts with Vojtech Mastny's interpreta­ tion which argues, convincingly, that Polish communists did hold some leverage over Stalin. The Kremlin leadership clearly required these Poles as much as vice versa, and was cognisant of the limits of its influence to direct events. Mastny, 'Soviet war', pp. 178-9. 49. Puacz, Edward, 'Sprawa granic Polski w ukladach mil(dzy P.K.W.N. i ZSSR', Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris), 15, 170 (1969) pp. 203 and 205-6. 50. Agreement not made public for over twenty years, indicating the sensitivity of the issue. Accord with translations in 'Das Abkommen von 27. Juli 1944 iiber die deutschen Ostgebiete', Internationales Recht und Dip/omatie, 15, 2 (1970) pp. 75-6. 51. Davies, God's playground, Volume II, p. 513. 52. Cable of Harriman to Cordell Hull of 4 August 1944 outlining conversation with Romer in FRUS 1944, Volume III (Washington, D.C., 1965) pp. 1305-6. Mikolajczyk said much the same when in Washington; refer to a cable from Secretary of State Hull to Harriman 304 Notes and References

of 17 June 1944 summarising Mikolajczyk's position, FRUS 1944, Volume III, p. 1286. 53. Khrushchev reminisced that in Soviet circles, it was taken for granted that Poland was to become part of the socialist 'commonwealth', hence Soviet interest in shifting its western borders. Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev Remembers: The lAst Testament (Boston, 1974) p. 158. 54. Terry, Poland's place in Europe, p. 348. 55. Rhode and Wagner (eds), The Genesis of the Oder-Neisse, pp. 125-6. 56. Ko.B, Siegfried, 'Vorstellungen der Alliierten von Nachkriegs-Deutsch­ land', Aus Politik ~md Zeitgeschichte, 42-43 (14 October 1972) p. 17. 57. PRO FO 371/39416, C15014/8/55, pp. 123-6 in file. 58. Eden, Anthony, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning (London, 1965) p. 516. 59. This frontier was formally agreed to by Stalin and Churchill at the Moscow Conference on 18 October 1944. Agreement in PRO PREM 3/ 355/13, pp. 1016-1016A in file. Interestingly, Stalin agreed to the formulation which left Lower Silesia in German hands despite his verbal assurances to the contrary to the PKWN the previous month. 60. Siracusa, Joseph M., 'The Meaning of TOLSTOY', Diplomatic History, 3, 4 (Fall 1979) p. 452. 61. PRO FO 371/39416, C15070/8/55, pp. 138-9 in file. 62. Ibid., C15191/8/55, pp. 194-5 in file, also in Rhode and Wagner {eds), The Genesis of the Oder-Neisse line, pp. 134-5. 63. Churchill himself noted to War Cabinet on 1 November 1944 that the Poles could go to the Oder, but anything less would be more than welcome. PRO PREM 3/355/13, 'W.P. (44) 143rd Conclusions- Con­ fidential Annex', pp. 962-6. 64. Contained FRUS 1944, Volume III, pp. 1334-5. With slight modifica­ tions, letter was made public on 18 December 1944 to quell public outrage and regain influence. Ibid., pp. 1346-7. 65. PRO PREM 3/355/13, p. 945. 66. Polonsky, Antony (ed.), The Great Powers and the Polish question, 1941- 1945 (London, 1976) p. 37. 67. United Kingdom, House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 406 H.C. Deb., 5th Series (15 December 1944) column 1484. 68. 'Polish Premier's new proposals: Cabinet to ask for formal guarantee of independence', Sunday Times (London), 6 349 (17 December 1944) p. 1. That this was not a spurious comment is evident from the memorandum that Rudolf Emil Schoenfeld sent to the State Department on 6 December 1944. In private consultations with Arciszewski, the US Charge d'Affaires to the Polish Exile government learnt that the Poles did not favour the extensive claims to Breslau and Stettin. FRUS 1944, Volume III, pp. 1340- 3. Further moderation was evident in article written by Adam Pragier, the Exile Minister of Information, who linked Polish territorial claims to the numbers of Germans that could be successfully expelled and reintegrated. Pragier, Adam, 'The Evacuation of German settlers in Poland', Free Europe, 10, 133 (15 December 1944) p. 180. 69. 'Documents', International Affairs (Moscow), 5, 4 (April 1959) pp. 129- 48, 135-40. Notes and References 305

4 Lower Silesia in the Second World War

I. Dahms, Hellmuth Gunther, 'Der Weltanschauungskrieg gegen die Sowjetunion', in Der 2. Weltkrieg: Bilder, Daten, Dokumente (Guters­ loh, North Rhine-Westphalia, 1968) p. 331; Haupt, Werner, Konigsberg, Breslau Wien, Berlin (Friedberg-Dorheim, Hesse, 1978) pp. 8--11. 2. Rawski, Tadeusz, 'Wyzwolenie Sll\ska,' Studia i Materialy z Dziejow Sl~Jrka, 6 (1964) p. 19. Even higher differentials have been noted by some by solely employing the numbers of divisions, but this is misleading as Soviet divisions were usually 30 percent smaller than their German counterparts. Nevertheless, Soviet superiority worked out to at least 2.3:1 in all sectors combined. See Erickson, John, Stalin's war with Germany, Volume II: The Road to Berlin (London, 1983) p. 447. 3. Boodeker, Gunter, Die Fllichtlinge (Munich, 1980) p. 174. 4. Ziemke, Earl F., Stalingrad to Berlin (Washington, D.C., 1968) p. 420; Werth, Alexander, Russia at war, 1941-1945 (London, 1964) p. 890. 5. BA-MA RW 4/v. 58. Report of 9 January 1945 from OKW. 6. Koniev estimated that the 1st Ukrainian Front killed 150 000 German soldiers, took a further 43 000 prisoner, and captured 300 tanks, 200 planes, and 5 000 guns and mortars. Even discounting for hyperbole, the figures suggest the extent of the annihilation. Koniev, I[van], 'Nineteen Forty-Five', International Affairs (Moscow), 10 (October 1965) p. 77. 7. BAK Ost-Dok. 1, 192, p. 65 in file for report from County Ohlau; Becker, Rolf 0. Niederschlesien 1945 (Bad Nauheim, Hesse, 1965) p. 52. 8. IfZ Microfilm T-501, Roll 218: 'Records of German Field Commands: Rear Areas occupied Territories, and others', frame number 001034 for telegram of 17 January 1945. Schomer's call for more of the old comrade­ ship was ironic given that he was Bavarian and held resentments against the Prussian-dominated officer corps. See Thorwald, Jiirgen, Die grosse Flucht, Volume 1: Es begann an der Weichsel (Stuttgart, [1968]) p. 82. 9. Grube, Frank and Gerhard Richter, Flucht und Vertreibung (No place, not dated) p. 138. 10. Bundesarchiv report noted that stragglers consisted of individuals who: l. were unable to flee in time; 2. lacked sufficient means of transport; 3. did not wish to leave their home; 4. were physically impaired or the aged; 5. were farmers attached to their land. These were not usually guilty Nazis who deserved to receive retribution. BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 387, 'Dokumentation von Vertreibungsverbrechen', pp. 26-7. 11. Thorwald, Die grosse Flucht, p. 87. 12. Niehoff, Hermann (ed. F. Lynder), 'So fie) Breslau: l. Am Telefon - SchOmer ... ', Welt am Sonntag, 9, 3 (15 January 1956) p. 3. 13. Max Baselt recalled the formation of companies with inadequate training and obsolete weapons. Baselt, Max, 'Als Breslau Frontstadt wurde', Der Schlesier und Breslauer Nachrichten ( Ausgabe B), 33, 6 (6 February 1981) p. 8. Also GleiB, Horst G. W., Pennaler, Pimpf und Volkssturmmann (Recklinghausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, 1982). 14. Hornig, Ernst, Breslau 1945 (Munich, 1975) p. 24 and pp. 35--6; Konrad, Joachim, Als /etzter Stadtdekan von Breslau (Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg, 1963) pp. 11-12. 306 Notes and References

15. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 734, pp. 5-7. Report from Margaret Loose, secretary to district governor of Bres1au, Dr Georg Kroll. 16. For examples: Peikert, Paul, 'Festung Bres/au' in den Berichten eines Pfarrers (Wroclaw, 1966) p. 40; BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 601, pp. 13-14, reminiscences ofW. Kohler; Sch/esische Tageszeitung (Breslau), 16, 34 (7 February 1945) p. I. 17. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 730, p. 12 for report of archivist Herbert Dienwiebel; Liegnitz district governor Dr Alfred Bochalli's reminiscences in Ost-Dok. 10, 586, pp. 43-5 in file. The Vo/kischer Beobachter reported on 1 February 1945 Hanke's pithy statement justifying the execution: 'He who fears honourable death, dies in shame'. BAK ZSg. 103, 3805. 18. Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich (London, 1970) p. 423. 19. BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 387. Special Bundesarchiv report of abuses perpetrated on German civilians, pp. 17-18. See Erickson Stalin's war p. 508. 20. Milovan Djilas while en route to Moscow in early 1945 heard about the indiscriminate shelling of civilians in East Prussia. When this was brought to Stalin's attention, the Generalissimo replied: 'We lecture our soldiers too much, let them have some initiative!'. Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1962) p. 102. 21. BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 173- County Jauer file, p. 18. Confirmed in Ost-Dok. 2, 189, pp. 112-128 in file. 22. BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 160- County Bunzlau file, p. 5 and 28, the latter confirmed in Ost-Dok. 1, 195, p. 158; Ost-Dok. 2, 176, pp. 44-50; and Ost-Dok.2, 213a, p. 87R. The entire Ost-Dokumentation (Ost-Dok.) in the BAK contains thousands of reports by German civilians of their experiences from 1944 to 1947 in eastern Europe. Many of the reports from eastern Germany were printed in Schieder, Theodor (ed.), Doku­ mentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitte/europa, Volume I, Parts 1 and 2 (Bonn, 1953) or in an abridged English edition under the title Documents on the expulsion of the Germans from eastern-central Europe, Volume 1 (Bonn, [1958)). 23. BA-MA RH2/v. 2681. Report on occupied German territory by OKW. 24. BA-MA RH2/v. 2685. Two reports of 26 March of confirmed abuses of German civilians by Red Army, here p. 16. OKW even noted that the NK.VD was arresting former pro-Western Polish underground members of the AK (Home Army) and engaged in heightening Polish resentment of the Germans. RH2/v. 2688, p. 66V for a 19 April report. 25. Schieder, Theodor (ed.), Dokumentation, Volume 1: Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevo/kerung aus den Gebieten ost/ich der Oder-Neisse, Part 1, p. 65E. 26. BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 387, p. 34 for figures. The Red Army placard was reprinted in Volkischer Beobachter of 13 March 1945, BAK ZSg. 103, 3813. A similar order from Koniev dated 23 February is in BA-MA RH2/v. 2470, p. 20 in file. 27. Ziemke, Earl F, Sta/ingrad to Berlin, p. 425. 28. See entry of6 March 1945 ofOKW in BA-MA RW4fv. 58, p. 275 in file. 29. DDR sources have placed casualties levels of the Dresden raid at roughly 35 000. This is most certainly an underestimate. The figure was deliber- Notes and References 307

ately suppressed because the regime did not wish to concede that hundreds of thousands of Germans fled from the Red Army rather than be 'liberated' as officially portrayed. The real number will probably never be known, but credible figures have ranged up to one 135000 among whom thousands were refugees from Lower Silesia. 30. BAK Ost-Dok. 2, 192, p. 183 in file for Lauban situation report. 31. Such misgivings were supported by a report of Major-General J. A. Sinclair of British Military Intelligence dated 20 April 1945. Recording the observations of liberated British officers from Ojlags in eastern Germany, it euphemistically concluded that surrendering Germans had often been ruthlessly despatched: 'Large batches of prisoners lead [sic] to the rear areas were seen by PW [British POWs] during their evacuation, but it is felt that only when sizeable numbers are taken do the Russians bother with providing escorts for them and usually dispense with the formality of taking individual prisoners'. PRO FO 371/47881, N4805/ 165/18, pp. 196-202 in file, here p. 201. 32. BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 601, p. II of taped interview ofW. Kohler; report of 12 April of Hermann ROehling, chief of planning in the Ministry of Armaments and War Production in BAK R3, 1633, p. 21 in file. 33. IfZ Nazi Party archive microfilm, No. T-81, Roll 5, here frames 12945- 12946. 34. Account of the NSFO, see Quinnett, Robert L., 'The German Army confronts the NSFO', Journal of Contemporary History, 13, 1 (January 1978) p. 58. SchOmer genuinely believed that anything was possible if inspired by Nazi ideals, leading to his fanatical mobilisation efforts and ruthless suppression of all opposition. Berghahn, Volker R., 'NSDAP und "Geistige Fiihrung" der Wehrmacht 1939-1943', Vierteljahrsheftefiir Zeitgeschichte, 17, I (January 1969) here pp. 39-40. 35. Confirmed by County Councillor Walter Hubner of County Reichenbach in BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 721, p. 35 in file. 36. Cited in BAK ZSg. 103, 3806 and Nitsche, Wolfgang.' ... Iieber sterben als kapitulieren!', Der Sch/esier ( Ausgabe A), 32, 17 (25 April1980) p. 2. 37. There is dispute as to the strength ratios at the time of the siege. German sources place it at over five to one in favour of the Red Army, whereas two Polish sources point out that the German figures are exaggerated. The Polish estimate of three to one is probably the more accurate as they had greater access to the relevant documentation. Boddeker, Die Fliichtlinge, p. 178; Belczewski, T., 'Wroclawska operacja wojsk radziec­ kich w 1945r', MysiWojskowa, 21, 6 (June 1970) p. 72; Jonca, Karol and Alfred Konieczny (eds), 'Festung Breslau': Dokumenty Obllzenia, 16.lll- 6.V.1945 (Warsaw and Wroclaw, 1962) p. 28. 38. Hartung, Hugo, 'Der Abschied', Merian, 3, 1 (July 1950) p. 69. 39. BA-MA RL7/617, pp. 182 and 185 for entry in report book of the German air command. 40. The numbers vary inexplicably on this point. Ahlfen, [Hans] von and [Hermann] Niehoff, So kiimpfte Bres/au (Munich, n.d.) p. 72 cite 6600 as estimated by resident Wehrmacht medical officer Dr Greve, whereas Haupt, Kiinigsberg Bres/au, p. 105, places the figure at 3 282 men removed. 308 Notes and References

41. SchOnfelder, Erich, 'Breslau in den Miirztagen 1945', Der Schlesier ( Ausgabe A), 15, 11 (14 March 1963) p. 6; Ahlfen and Niehoff, So Kdmpfte Bres/au p. 52; Niehoff, Hermann (ed. F. Lynder), 'So fiel Breslau: IV. Die Munition geht aus ... ', Welt am Sonntag', 9, 6 (5 February 1956) p. 9. 42. Niehoff (ed. F. Lynder), 'So fie) Breslau: 1', p. 3. 43. Ahlfen and Niehoff, So kdmpfte Breslau, p. 60; Becker, Niederschlesien 1945, p. 134. 44. BA-FA Die deutsche Wochenschau Nr. 755/10/1945. See also BAK R55, 1394, p. 204 for 'Promi' report about Hanke; Peikert 'Festung Bres/au', p. 122. 45. Majewski, Ryszard and Teresa Sozanska, Die Schlacht um Breslau ((East) Berlin, 1979) pp. 79 and 83; BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 943. 46. Bunzel, Ulrich, Kirche unter dem Kreuz (Bielefeld, 1947) p. 19; BAK Ost­ Dok. 8, 720, p. 8, for recollections of Breslau University lecturer Herbert Doms. 47. Report by Georg Hoffmann-Rothe, mayor of Glogau, BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 624, p. 51 in file. Also to Ost-Dok. 2, 181, pp. 3o-45. 48. BA-MA RH2fv. 500, p. 65. 49. Political testament in Noakes, Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham (eds), Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945 (London, 1974) p. 679. 50. Steinert, Marlis G., Capitulation 1945 (London, 1969) pp. 135--6. 51. Steinert, Capitulation 1945, p. 167; Thorwald, Jurgen, Flight in the winter (London, 1953) p. 233. 52. Feis, Herbert, Between War and peace (Princeton, 1960) pp. 17-18. 53. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 721, p. 38, for Walter Hubner's recollection of Reichenbach. 54. Schieder, Theodor (ed.), Documents on the expulsion of the Germans from eastern-central Europe, Volume 4: The Expulsion of the German population from Czechoslovakia (Bonn, 1960) p. 17. 55. For a representative example of developments under the Red Army in the initial occupation period, Landeshut is illustrative. Refer to BAK Ost­ Dok. 8, 731, p. 5 for report of County Councillor Otto Fiebrantz of County Landeshut. Soviet vengeance towards the Germans had dimin­ ished since the end of March-early April, probably the result of a reappraisal of longer-term Soviet goals in Germany first adumbrated in a 14 Aprill945 Pravda article by Georgii F. Alexandrov, chief ideologue of the Central Committee, entitled 'Comrade Ehrenburg simplifies too much'. 56. Hornig, Breslau 1945, p. 178; Konrad, Joachim, Die schlesische Toleranz (Dusseldorf, 1953) p. 16. 57. Thorwald, Die grosse Flucht, Volume I, p. 109. 58. Hornig, Breslau 1945, pp. 219--20; Ahlfen and Niehoff, So kiimpfte Breslau, p. 109. 59. For references to Hanke's end, refer to BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 601, p. 15 of W. Kohler's reminiscences. See also Ost-Dok. 8, 734, p. 8; Wistrich, Robert. Wer war wer im Dritten Reich (Munich, 1983) p. 111. See the BDC Karl Hanke file for letter of 8 April 1945 from Wolf of the Oberpriisidium in Hirschberg. In it, Hanke ordered Wolf to request of Notes and References 309

Berlin that 2000 RM of the Gauleiter's salary be sent to his wife in Upper Bavaria. 60. A lively debate over the morality of the tactics employed occurred following Niehoffs return from captivity on 8 October 1955. Defending the fortress strategy as militarily sound, Niehoff was challenged by Joachim Konrad, who argued that the human toll this inflicted was far out of proportion to the strategic advantages. Niehoff (ed. F. Lynder), 'So fie) Breslau: I', p. 3; Ahlfen and Niehoff, So klimpfte Bres/au, p. 119; Konrad, J[oachim], 'Das Ende von Breslau', Schlesische Rundschau, 8, 10 (5 April 1956) p. 2. 61. Konrad, Joachim, A/s /etzter Stadtdekan von Breslau, p. 19. Supported by Erickson, Stalin's war, p. 638.

5 Sovereignty Transformed: Yalta and Potsdam

1. PRO FO 371/39420, Cl7667/8/55, pp. 73-9 in file, here pp. 75-6. 2. FRUS 1944, Volume III (Washington, D.C., 1965) pp. 1347-49. Also cited in FRUS: The Conferences of Malta and Yalta 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1955) pp. 219-21. 3. Kennan, George F., Memoirs, 1925-1950 (London, 1968) p. 214. 4. PRO CAB 65/51. 'W.M. (45) 7th Conclusions, Minute 4- Confidential Annex (22 January 1945- 5.30 p.m.)', pp. 32-3 in file. 5. PRO CAB 66/61. 'W.P. (45) 48' of 23 January 1945, pp. 1-2 in file. 6. PRO CAB 65/51. 'W.M. (45) lOth Conclusions, Minute 1- Confidential Annex (26 January 1945 - 12.30 p.m.)', pp. 40-1 in file and FO 371/ 47696, N1094/154/55, pp. 57-8 in file. 7. FRUS: The Conferences of Malta and Yalta 1945, pp. 230-34. 8. PRO FO 371/46810, C3675/95/18, pp. 138-45 in file, here pp. 138-9 for similar statement in 'Transfer of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary'. 9. FRUS 1944, Volume III, pp. 1334-5. 10. PRO FO 371/46811, C4888/95/18, pp. 145--9 in file, here pp. 146-7. 11. NA RG 59, Box 6547, 862.4016/2-545. 12. Feis, Herbert, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin (Princeton, 1957) p. 522. 13. FRUS: The Conferences of Malta and Yalta 1945, pp. 953-4, here p. 953. Undersecretary of State Joseph Grew to Secretary of State Stettinius of 6 February 1945 outlining Mikolajczyk's memorandum to Schoenfeld. 14. PRO CAB 99/31. Minutes of 7 February 1945 session at Yalta. Adam Ulam was to comment on Churchill's metaphor that it was 'A felicitous if ominous figure of speech, for don't most people look at the goose from one very special point of view? And to be sure, Stalin's view was that of consumer'. Churchill's role, however, was that of shepherd; at first of Poland's interests, but increasingly of Germany's. Ulam, Adam B., The Rivals (New York, 1976) p. 55. 15. FRUS: The Conferences of Malta and Yalta 1945, pp. 906-11, here p. 911. 16. Ibid. pp. 975--83 for Yalta Protocol. See Ruhm von Oppen, Beate (ed.), Documents on Germany under occupation 1945-1954 (London, 1955) pp. 4-6. Confusion exists over the numbering of the articles of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. This stems from the discrepancies between 310 Notes and References

communique and protocol. The author has cited only the protocol of either conference to clarify matters. 17. Lesniewski, Andrzej (ed.), Western Frontier of Poland (Warsaw, 1965) p. 71. 18. Ulam, Adam B., Expansion and coexistence (New York, 1974) p. 392. 19. Vierheller, Viktoria, Polen und die Deutschland-Frage 1939-1949 (Co­ logne, 1970) p. 100. 20. Rothwell, Victor, Britain and the Cold War, 1941-1947 (London, 1982) p. 178. 21. BBC Written Archives Centre E20/75, monitor of Radio Polskie broad­ cast of 17 March 1945 at 12 noon. 22. PRO FO 371/47734, N4369/664/55. 19 April 1945 Polpress (Polish Press Service) dispatch, p. 2. 23. Woodward, Llewellyn and M. E. Lambert, British foreign Policy in the Second World War, V (London, 1976) pp. 411-12. 24. Reynolds, Jaime, 'The Polish Workers' Party and the opposition to communist power in Poland, 1944 to 1947' (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1984) pp. 160-l. 25. Ibid., p. 113, 141. 26. Polonsky, Antony and Boleslaw Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of communist rule in Poland (London, 1980) p. 2. 27. WNRC RG 84, Box 2729, section 710. Translated copy of the treaty from US Ambassador to Poland, Arthur Bliss Lane, to the State Department. 28. FRUS 1945, V (Washington, D.C., 1967) pp. 229--31. Telegram from Kennan to Stettinius of 18 April 1945. 29. Ibid. cables from Joseph Grew to Kennan of 3 May 1945 and Kennan to Durbrow of 4 May 1945, pp. 27lH!. 30. Found in ibid. pp. 288--90 and in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume I (Washington, D.C., 1960) pp. 743--745FN as cable from Grew to Kennan of 8 May 1945. 31. FRUS 1945, V. Kennan to Stettinius of 11 May 1945 over the note to Vyshinsky made that day, pp. 293--5, and Kennan to Stettinius of 17 May 1945 over Vyshinsky's reply of 16 May 1945, pp. 297-8. Also NA RG 59, Box 6516, 862.014/6--445, note from Harriman to Stettinius of 4 June 1945 and WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, file 711.3--715 for a number of cables sent by Grew over American reaction to the Polish claims. 32. FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume/, pp. 63(}-3. Murphy to Byrnes of 7 July 1945 outlining the second Kommandatura meeting in Berlin; WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, 'Miscellaneous 1945' section for Grew's circular outlining Murphy's cable. 33. Butler, Rohan and M. E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British policy overseas, Series I, Volume I (London, 1984) pp. 219--23 and in Wood­ ward and Lambert, British foreign Policy in the Second World War, Volume V, p. 412 for the July 1945 Foreign Office brief. This aspect of the formulation of British policy has been neglected by Josef Foschepoth in his article 'Britische Deutschlandpolitik zwischen Jalta und Potsdam', Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, 30, 4 (October 1982). Foschepoth argues that the British were primarily interested in their strategic and economic well-being and had already written off Germany as perm- Notes and References 311

anently divided. To restore its own diminished influence, the British sought to embroil the US and France in a strategy of limiting Soviet expansion, thereby also attaining its own strategic and economic objectives in Germany. Largely because of American deafness to these concerns, British great power aspirations were dealt a blow. This is an unduly hostile assessment, and is inaccurate for the period in question. Such strident opposition to the Soviet Union and strategies to deal with the menace became evident in 1946, but it is premature to foist such an interpretation onto 1945. In addition, Foschepoth places far too much emphasis on British great power pretensions and strategic scheming. 34. NA RG 59, Box 265, 740.00119 Potsdam/7-1445 CS/A, copy of a memorandum from Cadogan to Assistant Secretary of State James Dunn of 14 July 1945; RG 59, Box 3922, file 740.00119 Potsdam/7-1845 for Foreign Office memorandum to State Department of 18 July 1945 entitled 'The Eastern Frontier of Germany', reprinted in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin 1945, Volume II (Washington, D.C., 1960) pp. 1136--8. 35. Ibid., Volume I here p. 754, briefing-book and recommendations of 24 May 1945, also found in NA RG 59, Box 266, file 740.00119 Potsdam/5- 2446, Book 3, section 22. 36. For two briefs written on 29 June 1945 for Truman at Potsdam, refer to FRUS: The Conference of Berlin 1945, Volume I, pp. 742-7, citation p. 746. See also NA RG 59, Box 267, Volume I, section 20 for position over Poland entitled 'Summary - Suggested United States policy regarding Poland'. 37. Unverifiable reports abound that Polish authorities were occupying cities and districts on the western side of the Oder-western Neisse well into the summer of 1945, notably Frankfurt/Oder. Vierheller Polen und die Deutschland - Frage, p. 113. Refer to statement made by Gomulka at the PPR Central Committee plenum of20-21 May 1945: 'there are several explosive spots, e.g. the Neisse area and Teschen. We must withdraw east of the Neisse river. International pressure is being exerted above all by the British'. In Polonsky and Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of Communist Rule, pp. 424-5. Letter to Churchill contained in PRO FO 371/46961, C5185/4216/18, pp. 73-4 in file. For British minutes of the proceedings of the Potsdam Conference, refer to CAB 99/38, here p. 9 in file. 38. PRO FO 371/46961, C4249/4216/18, p. 10 in file for memorandum and minute of John Troutbeck of 21 July 1945. 39. American minutes of this plenary session are in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 203-15, here p. 209. Corroborated by the British minutes in PRO FO 371/46961, C4301/4216/18, pp. 166-73 in file and CAB 99/38, pp. 144-53. This does not tally with the official Soviet minutes, which omit the exchange where Stalin says that the Soviet Union was not bound. See Lehmann, Hans Georg, Der Oder-Neisse Konflikt (Munich, 1979) p. 42. 40. FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 274-5. 41. Sargent's cable of 21 July 1945 in PRO PREM 3/356/8, p. 519 in file. Cadogan's minute inFO 934/2, file 10, p. 620. 42. PRO FO 371/46961, C4216/4216/18, pp. 2-4 in file and FO 371/47603, N9536/6/55, pp. 15-18 in file for minutes of meeting. 312 Notes and References

43. NA RG 59, Box 265, 740.00119 Potsdam/7-1045 CS/E. Later supple­ mented by 28 July 1945 memorandum from Polish delegation. RG 59, Box 3922, 740.00119 Potsdam/7-2845 CS/E. 44. NA RG 59, Box 3922, FW-740.00119 (Potsdam)/7-2445 for Harriman's outline of the Truman-Polish delegation meeting of 24 July 1945, p. 2, reprinted in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 356-7. 45. Thackrah, J. R., 'Aspects of British and American policy towards Poland from the Yalta to the Potsdam Conferences, 1945', Polish Review, 21, 4 (1976) p. 21. 46. Translated memoranda in NA RG 59, Box 3922, 740.00119 (Potsdam)/7- 2845 as part of a memorandum from Harriman to Assistant Secretary of State James Dunn and Deputy Director of the Office of European Affairs H. Freeman Matthews of 28 July 1945, reprinted in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 1128-9 and 1140-1. British delegation received a copy of the second memorandum; PRO FO 371/ 47602, N9253/6/55, pp. 98-9 in file. 47. PRO FO 934/2, file 10, pp. 607-17, here pp. 613-14 for Kerr's conversation with Mikolajczyk of 25 July 1945. 48. PRO FO 371/47603, N9420/6/55, pp. 134-7 in file. Letter from Allen to Christopher Warner, head of the Northern Department, of 25 July in FO 371/47603, N9609/6/55, pp. 79-88 in file. Also Allen's memorandum to Warner concerning a suggested compromise in Butler and Pelly (eds), Documents on British policy overseas, pp. 940-4. 49. NA RG 59, Box 265, 740.00119 (Potsdam)/7-3145 for 'Papers relating to economic aspects of Potsdam Conference, July 1945, Secret', memor­ andum 3 entitled 'Relationship between Reparations and ceded German territory'. 50. Gaddis, John Lewis, The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York, 1972) pp. 240-l. 51. PRO PREM 8/48. Memorandum of 27 July 1945 from Cadogan to new Prime Minister Clement Attlee outlining initial Byrnes proposal. 52. FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 471--6 for minutes of encounter. 53. Ibid. p. 1539 for Mikolajczyk entry or NA RG 43, Box 8, file 'Potsdam Conference, 1945 - Mikolajczyk Papers', pp. 3-4. 54. FRUS: The Conference of Berlin, Volume II, pp. 480-3, here p. 480 for minutes of Byrnes-Molotov meeting, and NA RG 43, Box 8A, unpaged minutes of Potsdam Conference. 55. Bullock, Alan, Ernest Bevin Volume III (Oxford, 1985) p. 24. Byrnes articulated his thoughts on the Oder-Neisse. Infuriatingly, the first page of a private letter by 'Jimmie' Byrnes from Potsdam is missing from the NA, but the second page gives a clue to how Byrnes viewed the Oder­ Neisse. The Americans, he complained, lacked resolve and everyone else expected them to acquiesce. He wanted to infuse some backbone so as to be able to use the Oder-Neisse as a lever, but he was not confident of success. RG 59, Box 3922, unpaged and uncoded in folder 740.00119 Potsdam/8-1445 - 12-3145. 56. PRO FO 371(47603, N9539/6/55, pp. 22--6 for minutes of meeting. Notes and References 313

57. PRO FO 934/2, file 10, pp. 684--5 for memorandum from Kerr to Bevin of 30 July 1945. 58. PRO FO 371/47603, N9659/6/55, pp. 103-8 in file for minutes and five questions. 59. Butler and Pelly (eds), Documents on British policy overseas, pp. 1046-9. Memorandum on pp. 1048-9 and also Allen's amendment on pp. 1048- 1049FN. 60. NA RG 43, Box 8, file 'Potsdam Conference, 1945 - Mikolajczyk Papers,' pp. 5-7. Bierut-Bevin meeting where the Polish response and guarantees were given in PRO FO 371/47603, N9922/6/55, p. 205-8 in file. Plenary session minutes confirming agreement are in CAB 99/38, pp. 241-53 and FO 371/46961, C4412/4216/18, pp. 109-11 in file. 61. PRO FO 371/46810, C3675/95/128, pp. 138-45 in file or C3794/95/55, pp. 162-72 for draft memorandum entitled 'Transfer of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary' compiled by Assistant Under-Secretary Oliver Harvey. 62. PRO FO 371/46868, C4096/267/18, pp. 90-3 in file. 63. Letter in PRO FO 371/46811, C4415/95/18, pp. 68-9 in file, reprinted in Butler and Pelly (eds ), Documents on British policy overseas, pp. 1117-19. Refer to memorandum by Harrison of 30 July 1945 over sub-committee's deliberations in FO 934/5, file 43, pp. 125-6. 64. Schindler, Karl, 'Winston Churchill 1906 in Breslau', Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitat zu Breslau, 17 (1972) pp. 189-97. 65. Cecil has argued, among others, that Churchill would have been forced to concede the Oder-Neisse because the British public would not have accepted a confrontation with the Soviet Union over the Polish-German border. Cecil, Robert, 'Potsdam and its legends,' International Affairs (London), 46, 3 (July 1970) p. 457. How much public opinion influenced Churchill is a matter of debate. Someone who knew Churchill personally has opined to the author in an interview that by offering the Poles this much territory, the threat existed that this could spark a future war. Frank Roberts believes that for this reason, Churchill would not have given the Poles the western Neisse. See also Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, Volume VI: Triumph and tragedy (London, 1954) p. 581. 66. United States, National Archives, Public Papers of the presidents of the United States: Harry S. [sic] Truman, 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1961) pp. 203-14, here p. 209. In Rhode, Gotthold and Wolfgang Wagner (eds), The Genesis of the Oder-Neisse line (Stuttgart, 1959) pp. 263-4 and in 'Relacja Prezydenta Trumana z Konferencji Poczdamskiej', Zbior Doku­ mentow, 9(12) (September 1946) pp. 267-8. 67. Wandycz, Piotr S., The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass. 1980) p. 303. Wandycz argues that at Potsdam, Poland was written off by the Americans and that the Oder-Neisse was settled only with regard to Germany's ability to pay reparations, not in terms of Poland's interests. As the previous pages suggest, this viewpoint is groundless. Wandycz refutes the notion that the Oder-Neisse acquisitions played any significant 314 Notes and References

role in Poland's subsequent loss of independence, arguing that Poland would not have been any less subservient to Moscow if it had been further reduced. However, this neglects the importance the Ziemie Odzyskane (regained territories) played in the communisation process (as Chapter 8 will attempt to illustrate). 68. PRO FO 371/46961, C4404/4216/18, p. 113 in file.

6 Expulsion of the Gennans

1. Germans knew of the official Polish presence in Lower Silesia in mid­ March 1945; BA-MA RH 2/v. 2683 for 22 March 1945 report of army intelligence unit, p. 61 in file. 2. Schieder, Theodor (ed.), Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa, Volume 1: Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevolk­ erung aus den Gebieten ostlich der Oder-Neisse, Part 1 (Bonn, [1953]) p. 59E. 3. Slight divergence as to the figures exists, particularly on how many crossed the western Neisse to return to Lower Silesia. Refer to Schieder (ed.), Dokumentation, pp. 74E-78E, and Bohmann, Alfred, Menschen und Grenzen, Volume I (Cologne, 1969) p. 272. 4. BAK Ost-Dok. 1, 192, p. 4 for example in Breslau region. 5. Recollections of former mayor of LOwenberg, Moller, Adolf, 'Lowenberg unter der Russen- und Polenherrschaft', in Heimatbuch des Kreises LOwenberg in Schlesien (Biickeburg, Lower Saxony, 1959) p. 198. 6. Scholz, Franz, Wachter, wie tief die Nacht? Gorlitzer Tagebuch 1945/1946 (Eltville, Hesse, 1984) pp. 43-4. 7. Scholz, Franz, 'Deutsche Tragooie unter dem Weissen Adler', unpub­ lished manuscript presented to author by Father Scholz, here p. 5. 8. Scholz, Wachter, wie lief die Nacht?, pp. 51-5. 9. Details of Polish evictions in Gross, Jan Tomasz, 'A Society under occupation: Poland, 1939--1944' (Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1975) p. 101FN. 10. Evidence of summary expulsion in Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report relayed by Robert Murphy to Byrnes on 22 June 1945, NA RG 59, Box 5578, 840.4016/8-645 CS/LE; BAK Ost-Dok. 2, 237, p. 164 in file. II. Sii6muth, Richard, 'Die Ausweisung der Schlesier und die TragOdie an der Nei6e: Gi:irlitz, August 1945', unpublished manuscript from Haus des Deutschen Ostens, Dusseldorf, p. 5, eventually published with minor amendments as 'Tragodie an der Nei6e: Aufzeichnungen des Leidens­ weges der Vertreibung', Oberlausitzer Rundschau 15, 12 (20 June 1968), p. 182, and translated as 'A Refugee: Silesian Death March', America, 74, 7 (17 November 1945) p. 177. 12. Lower Silesian figure from Pasierb, Bronislaw. Migracja ludnosci niem­ ieckiej z Dolnego Sl4Ska w latach 1944-1947 (Wroclaw, 1969) p. 139; for the rest Kersten, Krystyna, 'International Migrations in Poland after World War II', Acta Poloniae Historica, 19 (1968) p. 59. 13. Kersten, Krystyna, 'The Transfer of German population from Poland in 1945-1947', Acta Poloniae Historica, 10 (1964) p. 34; Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, p. 276. Notes and References 315

14. Scholz, Wa"chter, wie tief die Nacht?, pp. 58-9. Hugo Hartung's diary entry noted that when crossing the viaduct over the Neisse linking Kohlfurt to Niesky, he was met by a Polish military contingent on western side. Hartung, Hugo, Schlesien 1944/45 (Munich, 1976) p. 141. 15. Confirmed by visits of numerous Western journalists to Silesia in June­ July 1945. Impressions noted by Frank Roberts in cable of 16 July 1945 to Eden at Potsdam, in either PRO PREM 3/356/8, pp. 523-4 or Butler, Rohan and M.E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British policy overseas, Series I, Volume 1: The Conference at Potsdam July-August 1945 (London, 1984) pp. 308-9. 16. BAK Ost-Dok. 1, 223. Report from Silesian from County Strehlen, p. 189 in file; 'Schema der Besatzungszonen in Deutschland', Deutsche Zeitung, 1 (24 June 1945) p. 3. 17. Letter of Peikert to Father Schornig of Niedersalzbrunn, County Waldenburg, of 27 July in AAwW OA 51, 24, file 'Tgb. Nr. 4/1945', p. 7 of letter. Also Peikert's letter to Father Georg Degenhardt in Hertigswalde, County Frankenstein, of 20 July in ibid., in particular p. 2. The editors of Peikert's Breslau diary conveniently end the study in May 1945, conveying the impression that the abuse civilians endured came solely from the Nazi and Wehrmacht leadership. As the quotation indicates, Peikert did not halt his criticism with the German collapse, placing as much blame on the new masters as on the old. Peikert, Paul, 'Festung Breslau' in den Berichten eines Pfarrers: 22. Januar bis 6. Mai 1946 (edited by Jonca, Karol and Alfred Konieczny) (Wroclaw, 1966). 18. For accounts, refer to BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 166, p. 14; Ost-Dok. 2, 172, p. 416. This behaviour was not restricted to officials, but also exhibited by ordinary Poles. Often these individuals were labelled with the pejorative szabrownik, idiomatic to western Poland roughly meaning 'thief, or in this context 'one who organised Germans'. Jean de Beausse, Charge d'Affaires in the French Embassy in Warsaw, noted in a memorandum of 18 February 1946 following a fact-finding mission:

The first pioneers were not what one could expect from peaceful settlers anxious to lay down roots in the country and to found a family, but of speculators tempted by the easy terms which had been given to them to make a fast fortune. Hardly arrived, the newcomer demanded lodging from the authorities. An apartment or a house from where the Germans were evicted within two hours was assigned to him. The new occupant merely went by, took the furniture which served his interests best, and abandoned this residence to start the same profitable operation again in another neighbourhood or another city.

MAE Series Z- Poland, Dossier 49, pp. 81-6, here p. 82 in file. 19. For Breslau, the committee was entitled 'Betreuungsstelle fiir Antifaschis­ ten und freiwillige Umsiedler'. Pasierb, Bronislaw, 'Niemieckie Ugrupo­ wania antyfaszystowskie we Wrodawiu (Maj-Grudzien 1945r.)', Sl

returning home from internment. Hartung, Hugo, 'Letzte sch1esische Tage', in Hupka, Herbert (ed.), Leben in Sch/esien (Munich, 1962) p. 198. 20. WNRC RG 84, Box 2729, file 711.5 for report on deportations. 21. PRO FO 371/47651, N14038/96/55, here p. 4 of report. 22. PRO FO 371/46814, C7333/95/18, p. 82 in file for telegram from Cavendish-Bentinck to Foreign Office of 23 October 1945. 23. See William Strang's, Political Adviser to the British zonal commander, cables of 2 September and 26 October in PRO FO 371/47723, N14842/ 433/55 and FO 371/46990, C5333/5333/18. For Berlin, Robert Murphy's cable to Byrnes enclosing a memorandum on the refugee situation of 7 November 1945 in NA RG 59, Box 5578, 840.4016/12-1145 and in WNRC RG 84, Box 2730, section 855 - 'Immigration'. 24. Transfer agreement in PRO FO 371/46815, C8607/95/18, pp. 178-83 in file, here pp. 180-1; WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, file 711.4- POW's, p. 6; and Ruhm von Oppen, Beate (ed.), Documents on Germany under occupation 1945-1954 (London, 1955) pp. 89-90. 25. Explicitly admitted by Robert Murphy, Political Adviser to deputy zonal commander Clay, in cable of 23 November 1945 outlining the ACC transfer agreement. WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, section 711.4, p. 2 of cable. 26. Over the guards' reaction, Scholz, Wachter, wie tief die Nacht?, pp. 72-4. On the leadership's response, Cavendish-Bentinck reported on 24 December that a Polish delegation has been sent to Berlin to confer with Soviet Military Governor Zhukov and had been criticised about the destitute state of the incoming Germans. PRO FO 371/46816, C9976/95/ 18, p. 100 in file. 27. Memorandum of E. J. Dorsz, Second Secretary in US Embassy in Warsaw, to Ambassador Arthur Bliss Lane of 17 November 1945 of his conversation with Dr Jan Wasilewski, the Under-Secretary of State in the MZO. Wasilewski said that the 6 million Germans were expected to leave within sixty to ninety days. WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, section 800. 28. Statistics in Pasierb, Migracja /ndinosci niemieckiej, p. 133 and Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, p. 280. Figures supplied at the time were slighlty smaller, some 1 930 113 in an UNRRA account and 1 930 497 in a British memorandum within a diminished Lower Silesia comprising 24 497km2 (which must exclude the former Grenzmark county of Fraustadt, otherwise it should be 24 793km2) to give a density of 79 persons/km2. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 2, file 20 August 1946 and PRO FO 371/ 56597 /N4835/l064/55. 29. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.0. Box I. Anonymous report of ll October 1946 on 'Food Situation'. Also letter of Gilbert Redfern, the UNRRA Mission to Poland's Chief of Information, to Charles Drury of 13 June 1946 to inform the Mission's chief of massive food shortfalls in the ZO. PAG-4/ 3.0.17.0. Box 17, file RF 153. 30. Ibid., 30 April 1946 report from Roland Berger, chief of Welfare and Repatriation Division of the UNRRA Mission. Also UNRRA Monthly Review, 21 (May 1946) p. 17. 31. Bunzel, Ulrich, Kirche unter dem Kreuz (Bielefeld, North Rhine-West­ phalia, 1947) p. 12; Richter, Helmut, 'Vor und im Zusammenbruch', Notes and References 317

unpublished manuscript available from Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Insti­ tut, MarburgjLahn, Hesse, p. 167. 32. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 3, file entitled 'Reports- Field trips': letter from Lieutenant-Colonel David M. Greeley, medical officer attached to USFET at Hoechst, Hesse, and consultant to UNRRA, to Dr Franciszek Litwin, the Polish Minister of Health, of 4 March 1946, here p. 1; letter of 27 February 1946 from Dr Norman D. Begg, head of the UNRRA Mission to Poland's Communicable Disease Control Section of the Health Department, to Dr Henry A. Holle, Chief Medical Officer of the UNRRA Mission to Poland, recounting talks with Dr Wieczor­ kiewicz on 22 February in which the chief of the Wroclaw district health department admitted that 70 percent of the entire population was suffering from scabies and that health problems were being augmented by the expulsions of the Germans. Confirmed what Holle observed in trip throughout Silesia; his report of 17 August 1945 to the temporary UNRRA Polish Mission head, Mikhail Menshikov, in PAG-4/ 3.0.17 .1.0. Box 3, file: 'Chief of Mission - Field trips'. 33. That UNRRA had a perceptible bias was evident in its decision, contrary to Article I of its charter guaranteeing non-discrimination, to halt all assistance to ethnic Germans living in foreign countries on the grounds that all had served German interests. See Woodbridge, George, UNRRA, Volume II (New York, 1950) p. 508 for details of reasoning. Evidence of bias or credulity on the part of the UNRRA Mission to Poland came in an interview with Charles M. Drury, chief of the Mission, in early 1946. When asked by a foreign correspondent whether the Germans could feed themselves, Drury remarked: 'The Germans who are working as the Poles are working get food under the rationing scheme. There is no discrimina­ tion against the Germans because they are such'. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 2, minutes of 8 January 1946 interview, here p. 6. Also Drury's remarks in Szczecin when comparing the condition of the Germans to that of returning Poles in a letter to Wladyslaw Czejkowski, a Vice­ Minister in the MZO, of 31 July 1946 in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Emergency Food Committee'. This was not a singular opinion, but accurately reflects post-war sentiment. 34. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 731, p. 7 for recollections of Landeshut County Councillor Otto Fiebrantz. 35. Refer to BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 943, p. 3 for prices in Wrociaw in mid-1946 as recorded by two visiting Germans from the SMA. Also memorandum of Captain Charles Birckel, delegate of the French Embassy to Wrociaw, of trip to Lower Silesia of 5 January 1946 in MAE Series Z- Poland, Dossier 49, pp. 66--73, especially p. 72 in file and p. 6 of report. 36. Recollections of Storm, Ruth, Ich schrieb es auf (Wiirzburg, 1983) pp. 66 and 93. 37. BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 943, p. 4 of SMA representatives' report and Ost­ Dok. 8, 731, p. 7 for Councillor Fiebrantz's reminiscences. 38. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, report of 5 March of Hays's Lower Silesian field trip from 27 February to 2 March 1946, pp. 2-3. Also in PRO FO 371/56596, N4143/l064/55. 318 Notes and References

39. UNA PAG-4/3.0.I7.4.1. Box 3, file: 'Monthly reports' on distribution, January I946. 40. UNA PAG-4/3.0.I7.1.3. Box 5, file: 'Population', report on ration distribution system in Lower Silesia of April I946. 41. Examples of forced marches and shootings in BAK Ost-Dok. I/Anhang, 385, or recollections of Dr Siegfried Johann von Sivers in Ost-Dok. 2, 238a, p. 39 in file. For Lamsdorf, see Ost-Dok. l, 232. Captain Birckel noted in his memorandum of 5 January I947 that the militia stole to supplement their meagre income, and not infrequently raping and murdering. He recalled an elderly German woman being shot in Wrodaw and the crime brushed aside. MAE Series Z - Poland, Dossier 49, p. 72 in file. 42. Incredibly, photographs exist in BAK Ost-Dok. 2, I9l, p. 518 in file. For corroborating accounts, refer to: Ost-Dok. 8, 73I, p. II in report; Ost­ Dok. I, I92, p. 28 in file; Ost-Dok. 2, I90, pp. 42-43; and Ost-Dok. I/ Anhang, 382, p. 22 for reports about other incidents plus Ost-Dok. 2, 228, p. 76 in file. 43. Memorandum of22 June 1946 from Political Division, British Element of the ACC, to Foreign Office about Komelak's interrogation: PRO FO 37I/56597, N9556/I064/55, Appendix A, p. 2. 44. Ibid. N6945/I064/55, pp. .5--ti in report. 45. Pasierb, Migracja ludnosCi niemieckiej, p. 103. 46. 'Operation Honeybee' statistics in PRO FO 945/67, file 50A; also report ofPW & DP [DPOW] Division of the ACC in UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.1. Box 5, file: 'PW & DP Division Reports, Br. Zone', pp. 3-4 of report of 20 April-19 May I946. 47. For British and Polish positions, refer to: PRO FO 37l/468I6, C904l/95/ 18 of cable from Christopher Steel, Deputy Political Adviser, to Foreign Office of l December I945; report of Major E.A.L. Ford of PW & DP Division of talks with Wladyslaw Wolski, Polish repatriation chief, of 19 December I945 in FO 37I/46990, CI0136/5333/l8, pp. 92-100 in file; Robin Hankey to Brigadier A. G. Kenchington, head of the British section of the PW & DP Division of the ACC, of 8 January 1946 inFO 371/55390, C45I/I2/l8. 48. Transfer agreement of I4 February 1946: Ruhm von Oppen, Documents on Germany, pp. I07-l0 and Lipp6czy, Piotr and Tadeusz Walichnowski (eds), Przesiedlenie Ludnosci Niemieckiej z Polski po drugiej Wojnie Swiatowej w Swietle Dokument6w (Warsaw and L6dz, 1982) pp. 62-6. The SMA-Polish agreement is on pp. 68-6. 49. UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.1. Box 5, file: 'PW & DP Division Reports, Br. Zone', fortnightly report of 10--23 February 1946, p. 2. 50. MZO's mandate in Lipp6czy and Walichnowski (eds), Przesiedlenie, pp. 139-47. 51. Monitored Radio Warsaw broadcast of27 March in PRO FO 371/55393, C3638fl2/l8. 52. See the report of Douglas B. H. Vickers, the UNRRA repatriation officer at the Szczecin centre, of his field trip to Lower Silesia of 26 October 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.3. Box 6, p. 7. Also to observations of Scholz, Wachter, wie tief die Nacht?, p. 78. Notes and References 319

53. Cited in Scholz, Wachter, wie tief die Nacht?, p. 101. See the account of expellee train from the Neisse region of Upper Silesia in BAK Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 386, p. 14 and Ost-Dok. 1/Anhang, 166, p. 5 in file. 54. Report of 1 March 1946 of Carroll in PRO FO 371/55393, C3945/12/18. Also Birckel's report of 19 March 1946 outlining the severe conditions endured by the expellees in MAE Series Z - Poland, Dossier 49, pp. 87- 99, here p. 98 in file or p. 11 of report. 55. BBC Written Archives Centre, 'Daily Digest of World Broadcasts', 2,604 (7 September 1946) section 2a. 56. Cable from British Element of the ACC to COGA on 19 August 1946, PRO FO 371/55396, C9810/12/18, p. 2 in cable. 57. Summation of British position in memorandum by Richard Wilberforce ofCOGA, dated 20 August 1946 in PRO FO 945/68, file 21A. Also cable of Major-General G.W.E.J. Erskine, Deputy Military Governor, in Berlin to COGA of 1 August 1946. Ibid., file 12A. 58. PRO FO 945/68, file 33A for note from Wilberforce of 11 September; FO 371/55397, Cl0957/12/18 for Foreign Office cable of 13 September and Clll57/12/18 for Cavendish-Bentinck's 16 September reply. Actual notification in Lipp6czy and Walichnowski (eds), Przesied/euie, pp. 89-90. 59. Wladyslaw Wolski, the General Plenipotentiary for Repatriation, re­ quested at least seven trains per week be admitted in talks with Cavendish-Bentinck as early as 28 August 1946, PRO FO 945/68, file 29A. An official request was submitted on 30 September, ibid., file 42A. The British ambassador was again approached in late October by PUR officials requesting November's and December's intake be doubled so expulsion could be temporarily suspended over the winter. COGA vetoed this on 4 November, mistrustful of the Poles. Cavendish-Bentinck's cable to Foreign Office of 24 October 1946 in ibid. file 44A or FO 371/55398, Cl2987/12/18 and COGA's answer in FO 945/68, file 46A. 60. Notification of conditions in PRO FO 945/68, file 58A and FO 371/ 55398, Cl5763/12fl8. Further clarification given by COGA's chief, John Hynd, responding to a parliamentary question on 22 January 1947. Hynd also informed MPs that the Poles had sent one further train which arrived on 2 January. FO 945/68, file 71A. 61. Lipp6czy and Walichnowski (eds), Przesiedlenie, p. 25. 62. Gl6wny UfZlld Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Rocznik Statys­ tyczny, Volume 11 (1947) (No place or date) p. 28, table 7. 63. Pasierb, Bronislaw, Migracja ludnosCi niemieckiej, p. 139. Of 47 846 evicted from October to December 1945, 42 146 were evicted to the Soviet zone and 5 700 to the British zone, the latter accepted as part of the overall inter-zonal agreement to resettle Germans in their residences. 64. German Refugee Department report of 14 November 1947 entitled 'Movement of German Refugees from Poland in the British Zone in Germany', PRO FO 371/64361, Cl5991/13613/l8. 65. Polish scholars themselves are guilty of statistical mischievousness when they claim that the Soviet zone accepted roughly 1.9 million Germans from the ZO following the Potsdam Conference, thereby conforming to the ACC transfer agreement. Yet, by implicitly acknowledging that many from this total were 'repatriated' prior to and following the breakdown of 320 Notes and References

the ACC agreement, they cannot remain consistent and chide the British for incorporating those individuals who had entered the British zone outside of the parameters of the transfer agreement to increase the 1.3 million total the Poles themselves recognise as legitimate. See Lipp6czy and Walichnowski (eds), Przesiedlenie, pp. 25-6. Furthermore, the claims that the expulsion was nothing more than the culmination of nineteenth century German westward migration (Kerstern, 'The Transfer of German population', pp. 30-1), or that the abuses endured by the Germans were an inevitable consequence of the Big Three's policies for which the Polish authorities bear no responsibility (Kerstern , 'The Transfer of German population', p. 40), are spurious and cannot stand up to closer scrutiny. 66. Grund, Bernhard, 'Vom kulturellen Leben der deutschen Restbevolker­ ung in Niederschlesien und Ostpommern unter polnischer Verwaltung', in Schulz, Eberhard G. (ed.), Leistung und Schicksal (Cologne, 1967) p. 365; Schieder (ed.), Dokumentation, Volume/, Part I, p. 154E. 67. Statistical breakdown of post-war Lower Silesian settlement in Federal Statistical Office, Statistical Pocket-Book on Expellees in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin (Wiesbaden, 1953) p. 4; Bob­ mann, Menschen und Grenzen, pp. 293-6; NeUner, Werner, 'Das Schlesiertum in Heimat und Vertreibung', Schlesien, 1, 2 (1956) p. 132. 68. Schimitzek, Stanislaw, Truth or conjecture? German Civilian war losses in the east (Poznan, 1966) p. 302. Recent German opinion in Ahrens, Wilfried, Verbrechen an Deutschen: Dokumentation der Vertreibung (Arget, Bavaria, 1984), p. 36, or Nawratil, Heinz, Vertreibungsver­ brechen an Deutschen: Tatbestand, Motive, Bewdltigung, 4th edn (Frank­ furt/Main, 1987), p. 74. 69. A discrepancy exists between official census figure of nearly 3.3 million and the registry compiled by Kirchlicher Suchdienst of roughly 140 000 individuals. This is possibly explained by the omission of part of the Lower Silesian population living west of the Oder-Neisse incorporated into the DDR. 70. Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II (Oxford, 1981) p. 517.

7 Polish Beginnings

l. Cited by interviewer Toranska, Teresa, 'Them': Stalin's Polish puppets (New York, 1987) 269. 2. Neumann, Rudolf J., Polens Westarbeit (Bremen, 1966) pp. 13, 52-4, 105-6; Bahr, Ernst and Kurt Konig, Niederschlesien unter polnischer Verwaltung (Frankfurt/Main, 1967) pp. 288-9, 301; Valkenier, Elizabeth, 'Soviet Impact on Polish Post-war historiography 1946-1950', Journal of European Affairs, 11, 4 (January 1952) pp. 375-6. 3. Rutkiewicz, Ignacy, Wroclaw (Warsaw, 1973) p. 28. One participant described the event as a 'dreadfully blunt propaganda affair' amongst the squalor; recounted by Flora Lewis, Foreign Correspondent of the New York Times to author. 4. Neumann, Rudolf J., Polens Westarbeit, pp. 94-5. 5. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 1, file RF4 'Weekly Report on recent developments in Poland', 7 (7 July 1945); Kersten, Krystyna, 'Osadnict- Notes and References 321

wo wojskowe w 1945 roku', Przegl;¢ Historyczny, 55, 4 (1964) p. 646; Eissner, Albin, 'Militarbesiedlung der deutschen Ostgebiete', Aussenpo/i­ tik 15, 6 (June 1964) p. 390. 6. Kruszewski, Z. Anthony, The Oder-Neisse Boundary and Poland's modernization (New York, 1972) p. 62; Bohmann, Alfred, Menschen und Grenzen, I (Cologne, 1969) pp. 318-19. 7. Speech in 'UNRRA weekly report on recent developments in Poland', 6 (30 June 1945) p. 4 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box I, file RF4. 8. Report of estimated DP levels by UNRRA of 27 February 1945 in ibid., file RFll, p. 3 of report. 9. Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, 'Die "Displaced Persons" in Deutschland 1945-- 1952', Bremisches Jahrbuch, 59 (1981) p. 101 and his Vom Zwangsarbeiter zum heimatlosen Auslander: Die Displaced Persons in Westdeutschland 1945-1951 (Gottingen, 1985). Also PW & DP report in PRO FO 371/ 46815 C8269/95/18, p. 143 in file and C7860/95/18 p. 74 in file for intelligence bulletin from British Element of ACC. 10. PRO FO 371/47606 Nll551/6/55, p. 46 in file; UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.1. Box 1, 14 August 1946 memorandum ofli>d.Z delegate John C. Rozanski to Edward Wrobleski and Roland Berger. 11. A sanguine report of resettlement possibilities by German Economic Department of Foreign Office of 27 August 1945 entitled 'The Polish Settlement and population of Germany', PRO FO 181/1004/15 326/56/45 or FO 371/46990 C6053/5333/l8, pp. 25--9 in file. 12. State Department Interim Research and Intelligence Service memoran­ dum of 3 December 1945 entitled 'The Polish Provisional Government of National Unity [TRJN]: An Appraisal of the first half year', WNRC RG 84, Box 2732, section 800, p. 8 of memorandum. Substantiated by Warsaw Radio on 10 September admitting that most travelling to ZO were out to loot, in report of Political Intelligence Department of Foreign Office of 12 September 1945, PRO FO 371/46812 C5800/95/18, pp. 202- 12 in file, here 210. 13. Lutterotti, Nikolaus von, 'Kurze Schilderung der kirchlichen Zustiinde in der Erzdiozese Breslau und der Diozese Kattowitz his Mitte November 1954', unpublished manuscript from Diozesenarchiv, Abtei Griissau, Bad Wimpfen, here p. 2. 14. Industrial rehabilitation report of February 1947 by UNRRA Mission to Poland, UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 3, file 'Industry', p. 2. 15. Toranska, 'Them', pp. 250-1. 16. Diary entry of Mikolajczyk on 28 July 1945 in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin 1945, II (Washington, D.C., 1960) p. 1538. Also Polonsky, Antony and Boleslaw Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of communist rule in Poland (London, 1980) p. 120. 17. Wandycz, Piotr S., The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) p. 310. 18. Report 'Situations dans les districts de Silesie voisins de Ia frontiere tchecoslovaque' of 14 November 1945 in MAE Series Z- Poland, dossier 49, pp. 46-56, here p. 49 in file. Also BOddeker, Giinter, Die Fluchtlinge: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen im Osten (Munich, 1980) p. 186; BAK Ost­ Dok I, 192, pp. 45, 74, 83; unpublished manuscript of Father Helmut 322 Notes and References

Richter 'Vor und im Zusammenbruch: Chronistische Aufzeichunungen (1943-1945), Tagebuch eines schlesischen Dorfpfarrers (Anfang 1945 bis August 1946', here pp. 225-226. 19. UNA PAG 4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, report ofC.R. Stein of field trip to Silesia to Mikhail Menshikov of 15 August 1945, p. 2. There is an excellent visual depiction of times in Andrzej Wajda's film PopiOI i diament ('Ashes and diamonds') of 1958. 20. Made in covering letter of 10 October 1945 of Ambassador Cavendish­ Bentinck to Bevin of Hankey-Winch report of 8 October. PRO FO 371/ 47651 Nl4038/96/55, p. 1 and FO 371/47129 N14734/945/12, pp. 103-14, here p. 104 in file. 21. Kokot, J., 'The Oder-Neisse Territories after twenty-two years', Poland and Germany, 12, 1/2 (43-44) (January-June 1968) p. 40; Reynolds, Jaime, 'Communists, socialists and workers: Poland 1944-48', Soviet Studies, 30, 4 (October 1978) p. 522. 22. Recollections of W. Hild, former chief of Bergbauamt in Waldenburg, BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 735, particularly pp. 28-40; undated UNRRA report in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 20, file RF 173 'Coal mining Equipment'. 23. 'Transport Reconstruction in the Regained Territories', Polish Facts and Figures, 31 (25 January 1947) p. 2. 24. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.0. Box 1, file 'Supply-Policy'; UNRRA Monthly Review, 18 (February 1946) p. 19; UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 2 'Operational Analysis Division File'; unpublished manuscript of Doch. 'Bilder aus dem deutschen Osten. Eine Sammlung von Zeitdokumenten iiber deutsches Schicksal in Schlesien 1945/46' available from Haus des Deutschen Ostens, Dusseldorf, p. 15; Lerch, Karl, Jenseits von Oder und NeijJe (Tiibingen, 1957) p. 9. 25. 'Reports Railroads' of August 1946 by Bernard Renwick and Walerian Wisniewski of UNRRA Mission's Industrial Rehabilitation Department, UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.3. Box 2, table III. 26. 4 February 1946 report in PRO FO 371/56596 N2020/1064/55, p. 2. 27. Covering letter of 28 October 1946, PRO FO 371/64360 C4657/192/18. 28. Kokot, 'The Oder-Neisse Territories', p. 46. 29. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 8, file RF 52 for letter of M.E. Hays to S. Krolikowski, Economic advisor to Minister of Agriculture, p. 2.; Polish Facts and Figures, 55 (26 July 1947) p. 3. 30. Report of M.E. Hays to Drury of 5 March 1946 of trip to Lower Silesia, UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Chief of Mission- Field Trips', p. 2. 31. M.E. Hays to temporary head Menshikov of 16 August 1945 in ibid. Also PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 17, file RF 153 for E.M.H. Lloyd report of 10 April 1946. Corroborated in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 1 of January 1947 report from Operational Analysis Division entitled 'Agriculture and Foo9 in Poland', p. 19; UNRRA Monthly Review, 13 (September 1945) p. 11. 32. Memorandum of 4 October 1946 from H.W. Robinson, head of Operational Analysis Division, to Donald R. Sabin, chief of the Mission's Supply Department in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.2. Box 3, here table III. Also PAG-4/3.0.17.4.0. Box 1, file 'Food Situation' for 11 October 1946 report. Notes and References 323

33. Report in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Chief of Mission- Field Trips', p. 2. 34. Report of I Aprill946 ofE.M.H. Lloyd's report in ibid., file FR 153; also Lloyd's report in ibid., file RF 156 - 'Food - Grain' and in PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.0. Box 1, file 'Supply- Economic Reporting'. 35. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.2. Box 3 'Livestock-products. Agriculture'; UN­ RRA Monthly Review, 23 (July 1946) p. 19. Also for livestock imported from the east in PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 16, file RF 147 'Statistics', report of 21 June 1946. 36. UNRRA Monthly Review, 23 (July 1946) p. 14. 37. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 3, report on industrial development of February 1947 by Operational Analysis Division, p. 7. 38. See Hay's report of 5 March 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Chief of Mission - Field Trips'. Birke, Ernst and Rudolf Neumann, Die Sowjetisierung Ost-Mitteleuropas: Untersuchungen zu ihrem Ablauf in den einzelnen Llindern (Frankfurt/Main, 1959) p. 87. 39. L.G. Holliday's report of20 May 1946 on fact-finding trip to ZO in PRO FO 371/56597 N6945/1064/55. 40. Memorandum of 12 February 1947 of R.B. Kirby, British Embassy's Labour Attache, over conversation with MZO's Konferowicz in PRO FO 371/66217 N2l31/1118/55. 41. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 15, file RF140, statistics from Polish report of 24 November 1945. Memorandum of 9 January 1946 entitled 'Agricul­ tural Rehabilitation' noted all tractors sent to ZO 'tractor pools'. PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.2. Box 2. 42. Glowny Urzlld Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Rocznik Statyst­ yczny, Volume 12 (1948) (No place or date) p. 43. Also Enclosure I 'Polish Government Procedure for the Distribution of UNRRA Agri­ cultural Supplies' of 18 February 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 14, file RF131 -'Livestock- Volume I' and 12 July 1946 minutes of meeting between Berger, Milkowski, and Colonel Sage of USFET with Captain Pawlowski, head of PUR operations in Wroclaw, in WNRC RG 84, Box 2731, file 711.5. 43. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 16, file RF148, report of 31 March 1946 from UNRRA Poznan delegate E. Teesdale to M.E. Hays. Also dispatch of 24 June in ibid. Box 14, file RF131. Confirmed by journalist John Scott, 'Report on Poland' dated I June 1947 in Library of Congress, Washing­ ton, Laurence A. Steinhardt Papers, Box 68, folder 'Reports and Clippings on Czech [sic] and Poland, 1947', p. 11. 44. Sabin to Hays of 30 August 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 18, file RF156 'Food-Grain'; Hays to Ambassador Cavendish-Bentinck of 9 March 1946 in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Chief of Mission- Field Trips'. 45. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17 .4.2. Box 3, file 'Sowing Programmes, yields, out­ puts'; ibid. Box 5, file 'Statistical Bureau Bulletins', p. 2. 46. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.4. Box 4, file 'Bread Cereals Reports'; UNRRA Monthly Review, 19 (March 1946) p. 16. For foodstuffs distributed to Lower Silesia as of July 1946, refer to PAG-4/3.0.17.1.3. Box 5, file 'Monthly Requirements for population'. 324 Notes and References

47. Lloyd's report of 9 April 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 18, file RF156 'Food-Grain'; Gilbert Redfern's, head of Mission's Information Department, memorandum of 16 April 1946 in ibid. Box 17, file RF153 'Food-General'; UNRRA Monthly Review, 22 (June 1946) p. 10. 48. Undated report in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 20, file RF200 'Finance­ Exchange'. 49. Ibid. for E. Teesdale's report of 18 November 1945. Prices quoted by two visiting officers to Lower Silesia: French Capitain Charles Birckel of 5 January 1946 memorandum, MAE Series Z Poland, dossier 49, here p. 72 in file or p. 6 of memorandum; and American Colonel Szymanski in PRO FO 371/47651 N13415/96/55. 50. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.0. Box 1, file 'Supply-Policy', note of 19 August 1946. 51. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 4, file 'Supply Distribution', report of 10 January 1946; PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 17, file RF153 for 10 April 1946 report. 52. UNRRA Polish Mission head Drury informed Polish officials that assistance to security forces was prohibited, threatening to halt further deliveries unless distribution revised. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.1. Box 6, file 'Central Food Fund'. Also Drury's letter to Brigadier Szokalski, Plenipo­ tentiary of Polish Army for Military Settlers' Affairs, of 31 May 1946, in PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 6, file RF 47. Evelyn M. Zasio's report of Polish excursion from 4-20 October 1946 in BBC Written Archives, E15/238. 53. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 17, file RF154 for 5 October 1945 outline of ration proposals; ibid. Box 11, file RF89 for 12 June 1946 report. 54. From UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.3. Box 5, file 'Population', April 1946. 55. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.1. Box 7 'Katowice District. E/Health and Medical Supplies' file, undated report compiled by 'Chief Sanitary Engineer' Captain C. Straub to Henry Holle of mid-July 1946 field trip to Wroclaw, p. 2. 56. Reported by Dr Henry Holle, Chief Medical Officer of UNRRA's Polish Mission, of two trips to Silesia, dated 17 August and 10 November 1945. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 3, file 'Chief of Mission- Field Trips'. 51. 'Health in Poland' of 13 February 1947, p. 3 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17 .1.2. Box 2, file 'Press Releases - Broadcasts - etc.' See M. Bober's, a senior MZO official, report of 20 August 1946 on Lower Silesian conditions in PAG-4/3.0.17.4.1. Box 3, file 'Monthly Reports- May to August 1946', p. 2. 58. Report from Norman Begg, head of Communicable Disease Control in Mission's Health Department, to Holle of27 February 1946. UNA PAG- 4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 3, file 'Reports- Field Trips', p. 2. Corroborated by Katowice delegate Anthony Milkowski in 3 April report, PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.1. Box 7, file 'Katowice District. E/Health and Medical Sup­ plies', p. 1 and Captain Straub's report in same file. 59. UNRRA Monthly Review, 21 (May 1946) p. 17 and 13 (September 1945) p. 17. 60. Reported by Francis Hoogkamp, delegate to Katowice, to McGovern, Distribution Division head, on 27 February 1947. UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.1. Box 3, file 'Monthly Reports- December-January', p. 3. Notes and References 325

61. Ibid., file 'Monthly Reports- May to August 1946' for 20 August 1946 report by Bober of the MZO, here p. 10; undated report of visit to TB centres in Lower Silesia and 'Krakow' in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 3, file 'Reports- Field Trips'. 62. Ibid., for Bober's translated report, here p. 2. 63. Hoogkamp to Edward Wrobleski of the Distribution Department of Wroclaw sojourn, report of 26 November 1946 in UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.1. Box 3, file 'Monthly Reports - September to December 1946'; report of S.J. Mintek, special envoy to Holle of 3 October 1946 in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 3, file 'Reports- Field Trips'. 64. Agreements in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.0. Box 1, file RF6 'Agreements' for 12 March understanding, pp. 5-7 and PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 1, file 'Agreement with Polish Government' of 14 September, pp. 3-5; Depart­ ment of State, First Session of the Council of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Selected Documents (Washington, 1944) pp. 34-5. 65. Woodbridge, George, UNRRA Volume II (New York, 1950) pp. 205--6. Personal reminiscences by Charles Drury and Roland Berger, head of Mission's Welfare and Repatriation Department, provided to the author. 66. Report of 11 April 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 2, file 'Rate of Exchange', p. 4 of report. 67. 'Proportional Distribution of UNRRA Goods' in UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.4.1. Box 7, file 'Clothing, Textiles & Footwear, Headquarters', 68. Accusation in Robotnik (17 February 1946), reported by Stevens, Edmund. 'UNRRA step puts Poles in role of pawn', Christian Science Monitor 38, 81 (2 March 1946) pp. 1 +2. Drury's denial of political interference in letter to J~rychowski on 7 March 1946 in UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.0. Box 18, file RF156. 69. Lane, Arthur Bliss, I saw Poland betrayed (Indianapolis, 1948) pp. 223-4; Cable, John Nathania!, 'The United States and the Polish question, 1939- 1948' (Ph.D. thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1972) p. 254. 70. 'Poland abuses UNRRA: Officials and most favored citizens are getting the lion's share of food shipped from the U.S.', Life Magazine, 21, 25 (16 December 1946) pp. 19-22. UNRRA's responses contained in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.0. Box 4, file 'Press-Life Story'. Drury himself was to state to an interviewer in .late 1946: 'Through [sic] all classes of the population are benefited [sic] directly or indirectly by U.N.R.R.A. help, on principle those persons who are doing most towards the reconstruc­ tion of their country receive the largest share'. PAG-4/3.0.17 .4.2. Box 4, file 'Food-General (Miss MacFarlane)'. 71. Woodbridge, UNRRA Volume II, p. 215. 72. Ibid., p. 210; undated file 'Impact ofUNRRA on Poland' in UNA PAG- 4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 2; and slightly revised figures in 3 February 1947 telegram from the London UNRRA European headquarters on Polish Mission's allocation in PAG-4/3.0.17.4.2. Box 2. Multiply by twelve to get approximate current level. 73. WNRC RG 260, 68, file 'AG 091 Poland Volume I'; UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.0. Box 6, file RF43 'Government- November-December 1945' for 13 November entry. 326 Notes and References

74. WNRC RG 260, 178, file AG 014.33 'Polish Repatriates'; Roland Berger on repatriation agreements in memorandum of 25 March 1946, UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 3, file R3 '60-Day Ration Plan'; undated report in PAG-4/3.0.17.1.2. Box 2, file 'PUR Medical Organisation'. 75. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 2, 'Operational Analysis Division File', report of 11 September 1946; PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 34, file 449 'Repatriation Poles, Chronological- June 47.' 76. UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 12, file 626 for internal circular number 137 from UNRRA's British zonal operations and British Zone Repatria­ tion Officer, E.R. Health, 2 August 1946 dispatch. 77. An account of the Kalawsk situation provided by D.B.H. Vickers, UNRRA Repatriation Officer, to his superior Berger dated 7 November 1946, particularly p. 5 in UNA PAG 4/3.0.17.1.3. Box 6, file 'Repatria­ tion from Germany- use of Kohlfurt and Lignica [sic] Route'. 78. Report of Polish Liaison Officer 'Henry' Strzebak of 15 July 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 35, file 456; report of Miss Leverson of Anglo-American Quaker Mission to Poland of trip via Kalawsk of 1-4 August 1946 in PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 12, file 626 and in PAG-4/ 3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 3, file R2 'Reports on Repatriation Movements' and also file R3 for further references. 79. Perlstein to Wrobleski of21 August 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.4.1. Box I, file 'P.U.R. Polish Repatriation Office'. 80. D.B.H. Vickers's report of 26 October 1946, p. 4, in UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.17.1.3. Box 6, same file as supra. 81. 13 September 1946 response from British PW & DP Division in Lemgo regional headquarters to UNRRA in UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 12, file 626 and another from C.L. Hill of PW & DP in PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 3, file R3. 82. 'Analysis of Negative Votes' of May 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.3. Box 3, file 7 'Repatriation, Apr. 1' 46--'. 83. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.1. Box 2, file 'General Displaced Persons'; PAG-4/ 3.0.11.0.1.4. Box 3, file '60 Day Ration Plan - Polish Repatriation, Oct. 1946- Jan. 1947', index 41; WNRC RG 84, Box 2731, file 711.5 and in RG 260, Box 61, file 'AG 014.33 Repatriation- Poles OMGUS 1945-46'. 84. Letter of D. Morley-Fletcher, Special Assistant to UNRRA Chief of Operations in Germany, to Brigadier Cyrus Greenslade, his counterpart at BAOR, of 19 October 1946 in UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.4. Box 3, file '60 Day Ration Plan ... ',index 79; and another of 30 October 1946, ibid., index 97; letter of20 October 1946 from E.A.L. Ford of British Element of CRX to UNRRA, ibid., index 96; and Major-General Evelyn Fanshaw's, head of British zonal repatriation, cable to UNRRA's Chief of Operations (probably Myer Cohen) of 18 November 1946 in ibid., index 117. 85. Fourteen deaths were reported in a train ferrying DPs to Lubeck in ibid., unlisted Vickers to Berger report of 24 February 1947 and PAG-4/ 3.0.11.2.0.0. Box 11, file Z116 for Fanshaw's letter of 19 December 1946 to British DP & PW Division head at Lemgo. For postmortems, see in ibid. Vickers's report of7 March 1947 and PAG-4/3.0.17.4.4. Box 4 for 'Grubstake' report to Berger by Vickers dated 24 February 1947. Notes and References 327

86. UNA PAG-4/3.0.17.1.3. Box 6, file 'Spring Repatriation Campaign' for 28 April 1947 correspondence; PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 3, file R3; and Woodbridge, George, UNRRA Volume II, p. 494. 87. Banasiak, Stefan, 'Settlement of the Polish western territories in 1945- 1947', Polish Western Affairs, 6, 1 (1965) pp. 129, 133, 139-140, 146. 88. From PUR's Deputy Director, Olechnowicz, Mscislaw. 'The Settlement of the Recovered Territory', Western Review 3, 7/8 (July-August 1947) p. 114; Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, p. 344. 89. Kwilecki, Andrzej, 'Liczebnosc i rozmieszczenie grup mniejszoSci. narod­ owych na Ziemiach Zachodnich', Przegl;¢ Zachodni, 20, 3/4 (1964) p. 384. 90. UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.2.0.1. Box 12, file 626 for Eugenian Weichert's report of 23 April 1946; PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 2, file El5; and memorandum of intelligence officer Henry Plandowski of 9 April 1947 in NA RG 59, Box 6547, 862.4016/4-947, enclosure 3. 91. WNRC RG 84, Box 2729, Section 800 for report of 10 September 1945 by Lt William Tonesk and RG 84, Box 2732, file 800 for 'Jewish Situation 1946'; UNA PAG-4/3.0.11.0.1.0. Box 3, file 7; MAE Series Z- Poland, dossier 49, pp. 54-5 in the file; and Dobroszycki, Lucjan, 'Restoring Jewish Life in Post-war Poland', Soviet Jewish Affairs, 3, 2 (1973) p. 67. 92. PRO FO 945/68, file 12A for Major-General Erskine's cable to COGA of 1 August 1946; FO 371/55395 C6814/12/18 for expellee train incident. 93. PRO FO 371/56446 N10746/34/55 Cavendish-Bentinck to London of 20 August 1946; FRUS 1946, Volume V (Washington, D.C., 1969) pp. 185- 6, cable of Erhardt to Byrnes of 3 September 1946; UNA PAG-4/ 3.0.11.0.0. Box 13, file Pl/241/DP; Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang. 'Polnische Juden in der Amerikanischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands 1946/47', Vierteljahrshefte fiir Zeitgeschichte, 25, I (January 1977) p. 124. 94. Bronsztejn, Szyja, 'Uwagi o Ludno§ci eydowskiej na Dolnym Sl!lsku w pierwszych latach po wyzwoleniu,' Biuletyn Zydowskiego lnstytutu Historycznego, 15 (July-September 1970) p. 36; MAE Series Z - Po­ land, dossier 66, pp. 191-2 for cable of French Ambassador Jean Baelen to Bidault of 26 April 1948. 95. Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen, pp. 282, 369-70; Ziolkowski, Janusz. 'The sociological Aspects of demographic changes in Polish western territories', Polish Western Affairs, 3, 1 (1962) p. 33. 96. Kosinski, Leszek, 'Bevolkerungsentwicklung und -verteilung in West­ und Nordpolen', Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 109 (1965) p. 96; Bohmann, Alfred, Menschen und Grenzen, 331-2; Bahr and Konig, Niederschlesienp, pp. 43, 418. 97. Report of Cavendish-Bentinck to Bevin of 25 October 1946 in PRO FO 371/55853 C14375/3520/l8, point 10 or in FO 371/56598 Nl3900/1064/ 55, p. 3. 98. Committee against mass expulsion, The Land of the dead (New York, (probably 1948)) p. 19. For settler sentiment, refer to PRO FO 371/56414 Nl1441/2l/55 and BAK Z35/l96. 99. Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II (Oxford, 1981) pp. 513-14 and also 517-18 for a particularly insightful analysis of official Polish historiography. 328 Notes and References

8 The Politics of Lower Silesia

I. Mickiewicz quoted by Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn, Poland's place in Europe (Princeton, 1983) p. 19. 2. Wiskemann, Elizabeth, Germany's eastern neighbours (London, 1956) p. 120. 3. Kaps, Johannes, The Tragedy of Silesia, 1945-46 (Munich, 1952-1953) p. 57. 4. Kaps, The Tragedy of Silesia, p. 70 and Kohler, Joachim, 'Die Rombe­ richte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, 1', Archiv fiir Schlesische Kirchengeschichte, 38 (1980) pp. 56--7. An unconfirmed source suggests that Bishop Adamski visited Breslau again on 30 July 1945 to state that no Germans would be tolerated by the new state and rumours from Poznan suggested that Hlond was about to appoint apostolic administrators into those dioceses taken by Poland. This was entirely likely, as the Primate had had discussions with the prospective appointees. Sabisch, Alfred, 'Dokumente zu den Reisen des Kattowitzer Bischofs Adamski im obersch1esischen Teil des Erzbistums Breslau im Mai und Juni 1945', Archiv fiir Schlesische Kirchengeschichte 30 (1972) pp. 182-3. 5. Munch, Walter, 'Sekretir bei Kardinal Bertram', in Hupka, Herbert (ed.), Leben in Schlesien (Munich, 1962) pp. 289--91; Schodrok, Karl, 'Erinnerungen an Adolf Kardinal Bertram', and Ganse, Franz-Georg, 'Adolf Kardinal Bertram, Fdrsterzbischof von Breslau', both in Stra­ siewski, Bernhard (ed.), Beitrdge zur Schlesischen Kirchengeschichte (Cologne, 1969) pp. 546 and 530 respectively. 6. Kaps, Johannes, 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in Ostdeutschland vor und nach 1945', Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms­ Universitdt zu Bres/au, 2 (1957) pp. 23-4. 7. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 728. 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in den deutschen Diozesen ostlich der Oder-NeiBe, 1944-55', by Johannes Kaps, p. 5. 8. A persuasive argument of Vatican policies is in Stehle, Hansjakob, Die Ostpolitik des Vatikans (Munich, 1975) pp. 280-1, arguing that the Vatican resorted to tried policies adopted in the 1920s and 1930s over matters communist, that is, full plenipotentiary powers to the resident cardinal to use his judgement as to what was required to keep Church functional. Premised on belief that communism sooner or later would seek to eradicate the Church removing a barrier to its totalitarian aspirations. 9. Stehle, Die Ostpolitik, pp. 280-l. Proof is lacking, but Stehle argues that Hlond was aware of the regime's plans and knew they posed no threat to the Church. Nevertheless, he used his special plenipotentiary powers, not against the envisioned communist threat but for Polish national interests. Whether this was based on longer-term strategy to secure the Church remains unknown, but given Hlond's disposition the nationalist plank of 1945 fits comfortably with his own wishes. 10. Scholz, Franz, 'Gottes Mandat iiber den deutschen Osten fiir das polnische Yolk und die polnische Kirche? Oder: iiber den Sand im Notes and References 329

Getriebe der deutsch-polnischen Bemiihungen urn Verstandigung bes. zwischen der polnischen und der deutschen Kirche', manuscript given to author by Father Scholz, dated spring 1984, p. 4. 11. Scholz, 'Gottes Mandat', p. 6. 12. Milik, Karol, 'Archidiecezja Wroclawski, 1945--1951', in Krucina, Jan (ed.), KosciOI na Ziemiach Zachodnich (Wroclaw, 1971) here pp. 46-7. German edition, Kohler, Joachim, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', Archiv fur Schlesische Kirchengeschichte, 39 (1981) here pp. 62-3. 13. Bahr, Ernst and Kurt Konig, Niederschlesien unter polnischer Verwaltung (Frankfurt/Main, 1967) p. 403. 14. Piontek's own recollections in Kohler, Joachim, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', p. 28. 15. Dispute exists about whether Hlond acted on the Pope's behalf or whether he knowingly abused privileges. Kosinski, Stanislaw, 'Czy kardynal Hlond "naduiyl" papieskich uprawnien?', Chrzescijanin w Swiecie, 11, 9(81) (September 1979) pp. 19-35, exonerated Hlond completely, basing its argument on the 8 July 1945 decree. German theologians dispute this stating, in effect, that Hlond by subterfuge had been accorded powers which he subsequently used for Polish interests. In interview with Franz Scholz, Silesian priest and theologian, he believes that Pope gave no order for incorporation of the Bres1au diocese and that powers were given because of misinformation about Silesian episcopate. This image could not have been verified as communication was lacking. 16. Kaps, The Tragedy of Silesia, p. 77 and BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 728. 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in den deutschen Diozesen ostlich der Oder-NeiBe, 1944--1955' by Johannes Kaps, p. 6FN. 17. Entire text of letter in Kohler, Joachim, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', pp. 71--6, here p. 73. See Diozesenarchiv-Abtei Gnlssau, Bad Wimpfen, Baden­ Wiirttemberg. Unpublished manuscript of Lutterotti, Nikolaus von, 'Kurze Schilderung der kirchlichen Zustande in der Erzdiozese Breslau und der Diozese Kattowitz bis Mitte November 1954', p. 1. 18. Kohler, Joachim, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', p. 28, stressing the point that Kaps's visit to Rome was not designed to refute H1ond, instead to inform Vatican officials. This appears accurate as Hlond's statement of papal will was not questioned at first, only the premise that no Church remained after the ravages of the war. 19. Kohler, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, 1', pp. 37-9. 20. PRO FO 371/47606, Nl1882/6/55, pp. 117-18 in file. 21. Braun, Gustav, 'Der ostvertriebene deutsche Klerus in kirchenrechtlicher Sicht', in Strasiewski, Bernhard (ed.), Beitrdge zur Schlesischen Kirchen­ geschichte, pp. 575--6. 22. BAK Ost-Dok. 8, 728. 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in den deutschen Diozesen ostlich der Oder-Nei6e, 1944-55', by Johannes Kaps, p. 7. 330 Notes and References

23. Kohler, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', p. 67. 24. Valkenier, Elizabeth, 'The Catholic Church in communist Poland, 1945- 1955', Review of Politics, 18, 3 (July 1956) p. 307. 25. Pope Pius XII, 'Natale de Aspettazione e di Preghiera', Acta A.postolicae Sedis, 38, 1-2 (23-25 January 1946) p. 22. 26. Kaps, The Tragedy of Silesia, pp. 5-6. 27. Valkenier argues that Warsaw resorted to slander to alienate the hierarchy from its congregation. The pro-German charge against the Pope was aimed at Polish clergy in a press campaign, then in political trials. Valkenier, 'The Catholic Church', pp. 305 and 311. 28. Kaps, 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in Ostdeutschland vor und nach 1945', p. 37; Braun, 'Der ostvertriebene deutsche Klerus in kirchenrechtlicher Sicht', in Strasiewski, Bernhard (ed.), Beitrtige zur Schlesischen Kirchengeschichte, p. 576. 29. Kohler, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, 1', p. 51. 30. Translated version of letter from British Element of ACC in Berlin to Foreign Office's German Political Department of 8 June 1948 in PRO FO 371/71577, Nl2255/356/55. 31. Translation provided by Richard Allen of Warsaw Embassy staff to Foreign Secretary Bevin on 23 June 1948 in PRO FO 371/71577, N7468/ 356/55, p. 1; German edition in Kohler, 'Die Romberichte des Breslauer Konsistorialrats Dr. Johannes Kaps aus dem Jahre 1945, II', pp. 77-8. 32. PRO FO 371/71577, N7981/356/55. Cable ofPerowne to Bevin of9 July 1948. 33. Ibid., Nl216/356/55. That Hlond was free of accountability either to the Vatican or to Warsaw (because of the latter's unilateral revocation ofthe Concordat) was confirmed by former Exile Foreign Minister Tadeusz Romer to Foreign Office Counsellor Frank Savory, in memorandum to Robin Hankey, now head of the Northern Department, of 30 January 1948. 34. Stehle, Hansjakob, The independent Satellite (London, 1965) pp. 306--9. 35. Rachwald, Arthur R., 'Poland between the superpowers', Orbis, 20, 4 (Winter 1977) p. 1075. 36. Kaps, 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in Ostdeutschland vor und nach 1945', pp. 29-30 and 'Die katholische Kirchenverwaltung in den deutschen Diozesen ostlich der OderfNeiBe', A.rchiv fur Schlesische Kirchengeschichte, 13 (1955) pp. 186--7. 37. Recollections of Sabisch, Alfred, 'Die Wahl bzw. Bestellung des Kapitu­ larvikars in Breslau am 26. Januar 1951; Kirchenrechtlich und zeit­ geschichtlich untersucht', A.rchiv fur Sch/esische Kirchengeschichte, 23 (1965) pp. 209-10 and Lutterotti, 'Kurze Schilderung', p. 4. 38. Hartmann, Karl, 'Der polnische Episkopat und die Oder-Neisse-Gebiete', Osteuropa, 21, 1 (March 1971) p. 167; Moszynski, Edmund, 'The Church on the western territories', Polish Perspectives, 16, 3 (March 1973) p. 20. 39. Valkenier, 'The Catholic Church', p. 316. 40. Stehle, Die Ostpolitik, p. 274; Bahr and Konig Niederschiesien, p. 405. 41. Hartmann, 'Der polnische Episkopat', p. 166. Notes and References 331

42. Reynolds, Jaime, 'The Polish Workers' Party and the opposition to communist power in Poland, 1944 to 1947' (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1984) p. 141. 43. Polonsky, Antony and Boleslaw Drukier (eds), The Beginnings of Communist Rule in Poland (London, 1980) pp. 424--5. 44. Polonsky and Drunker (eds), The Beginnings of Communist Rule, pp. 440-1. 45. Polonsky and Drunker (eds), The Beginnings of Communist Rule, p. 120. Davies argues that Polish politics from 1944 to 1948 and beyond was a subtle interplay of interdependence between following the dictates of the Kremlin and independence; it was not simply subordination. PPR needed Soviet 'advisers', but equally the Kremlin required the PPR to get its way in Poland. The weaker side in such situations often has influence disproportionate to its power. Davies, Norman, 'Poland', in McCauley, Martin (ed.), Communist Power in Europe, 1944-1949 (London, 1977) p. 54. This was certainly the case before the transfer of territory, but once achieved the Poles had fewer means of asserting influence. This depen­ dence interpretation is confirmed by outgoing Mexican Charge d'Affaires in Warsaw, Don Luciano Jaublanc Rivas, to then British Ambassador Maurice Peterson in Moscow in PRO FO 371/66093, N6060/6/55, report from Peterson of 20 May 1947. 46. Ten-article decree empowering the MZO in Michaelis, Herbert and Ernst Schraepler (eds), 'Die Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus den Ostgebieten', in Ursachen und Folgen, Volume 24 ((West) Berlin, n.d.) pp. 479--81. 47. Toynbee, Arnold and Veronica Toynbee (eds), The Realignment of Europe: Survey of international affairs, 1939-1946 (London, 1955) pp. 236-7. 48. Cable from Cavendish-Bentinck to Foreign Office of 14 January 1946 in PRO FO 371/56432, N691/34/55; also FO 371/47651, Nl4038/96/55 for observations of Counsellor Robin Hankey and First Secretary Michael Winch of 8 October 1945, noting the stranglehold exercised by the PPR in Lower Silesia, p. 5 of the report. 49. Reynolds, 'The Polish Workers' Party and the opposition to communist power in Poland, 1944 to 1947', pp. 240-1. 50. Richter, Helmut, 'Vor dem Zusammenbruch: Chronistische Aufzeichnun­ gen (1943-1945), Tagebuch eines schlesischen Dorfpfarrers (Anfang 1945 his August 1946)', unpublished manuscript of 1978 available at Herder­ Institut, Marburg, p. 289. 51. From Warsaw Radio broadcast in PRO FO 371/56443, N8772/34/55. 52. Cable from Cavendish-Bentinck to Foreign Office of 2 July 1946. Ibid., N8598/34/55, p. 3 in file. Similar message transmitted to Byrnes from Ambassador Arthur Bliss Lane on 3 July 1946. FRUS 1946, Volume VI (Washington, D.C., 1969) pp. 471-2. 53. Polonsky, Antony, 'Stalin and the Poles, 1941-1947', from unpuNished draft but subsequently published in European History Quarterly, 17, 4 (October 1987), pp. 44--5 in manuscript. 54. On Question 3, Mikolajczyk confided to Gerald Keith, Counsellor at the US Embassy, that the 'no' vote ranged from 10 to 35 percent. This was 332 Notes and References

probably a guess, and overestimates hostility to the Oder-Neisse. Jakub Berman, Under-Secretary of State in the Council of Ministers, conceded some unspecified number may have voted against because the ZO was unsettled, but refuted the notion that the majority opposed retention. Toranska, Teresa, 'Them': Stalin's Polish puppets (New York, 1987) pp. 274-5. Also Lane's telegram to Byrnes of 3 July 1946 outlining the conversation between Mikolajczyk and Keith on 2 July in FRUS 1946, Volume VI, pp. 471-2. 55. Compiled by Reynolds, 'The Polish Workers' Party and the opposition to communist power in Poland, 1944 to 1947', p. 239. 56. The covering letter dated 13 December 1946 addressed to Foreign Office's resident expert on Poland, Robin Hankey, PRO FO 371/56452, Nl6286/34/55. 51. Contained in memorandum of Mikolajczyk to Cavendish-Bentinck of 18 December 1946. Ibid., N16392/34/55. 58. Reynolds, 'The Polish Workers' Party and the opposition to communist power in Poland, 1944 to 1947', pp. 321-2. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. PRO FO 371/66093, N6175/6/55, pp. 9-10 for Andrews's contribution in undated report from British Embassy. 62. Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev remembers: The last Testament (Boston, 1974) p. 174. Also Stalin's alleged involvement on pp. 171FN-172FN. Jakub Berman confessed that the results were 'corrected'. Toranska, 'Them', p. 280. 63. Library of Congress, Laurence A[dolph]. Steinhardt Papers, Box 68: 'Subject and Legal File', in folder 'Reports and Oippings on Czech [sic] and Poland, 1947', John Scott's report of Polish travels entitled 'Report on Poland' of 1 June 1947, p. 10. 64. Reynolds, Jaime, 'Communists, socialists and workers: Poland 1944-48', Soviet Studies, 30, 4 (October 1978) p. 526. 65. Davies, Norman, 'Poland,' in McCauley (ed.), Communist Power in Europe, 1944-1949, p. 44. Davies points out that the Oder-Neisse lands were retained by PPR for the sake of future nationalisations and land distribution to a hungry peasantry. 66. This platform also had the benefit of being spiritually akin to the chauvinistic concepts of Roman Dmowski's National Democracy of a generation earlier:

The exclusive, intolerant approach to the problem of national identity, which among other things had distinguished the PPR and the PZPR from the pre-war KPP, marks the ultimate victory of the ideas of Dmowski's National Democracy.

Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II (Oxford, 1981) p. 551. 67. Toranska, 'Them', pp. 299-300. Notes and References 333

9 Diplomatic Revision

1. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr, 'Origins of the Cold War', Foreign Affairs, 46, 1 (October 1967) p. 26. 2. The French acknowledged the Oder-Neisse decision in 7 August 1945 letter to signatory states in MAE Series Z - Poland, Dossier 65, p. 5 in file. 3. Speech in National Archives, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. [sic] Truman, 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1961) pp. 203--14, here p. 209. 4. PRO FO 311/46814, C7667/95/18, p. 144 in file. From US Embassy report entitled 'Post-War Population of Germany west of the Oder­ Neisse Line', dated 29 August 1945. 5. Examples: Birke, Ernst and Rudolf Neumann, Die Sowjetisierung Ost­ Mitteleuropas: Untersuchungen zu ihrem Ablauf in den einzelnen Uindern (Frankfurt/Main, 1959) or Jaksch, Wenzel, Europe's road to Potsdam (London, 1963). 6. PRO FO 371/46815, C8533/95/18, pp. 162-4 in file. Extract from twenty­ first meeting of Co-ordinating Committee of 16 November 1945, reported by William Strang to Foreign Office. Also in WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, File 711.4-POWs, p. 6. 7. PRO FO 371/46815, C8607/95/18, p. 178 in file. Comment by Con O'Neill on 22 November 1945 of report on transfer issue by PW & DP Directorate. 8. PRO FO 311/46816, C9236/95/18, pp. 24-7, here p. 26 in file. Note by Orme Sargent of 3 December 1945 on ACC transfer agreement. 9. WNRC RG 84, Box 2727, file 711.4-POWs, p. 2. 10. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 413 H.C. Deb., 5th Series (16 August 1945) columns 83-4. Also Churchill's reply to Attlee of3 August 1945 in Butler, Rohan and M.E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British policy overseas, Series 1, Volume I: The Conference at Potsdam July-August 1945 (London, 1984) p. 1278 and McNeill, William Hardy, America, Britain, & Russia (London, 1953) p. 629. 11. PRO FO 371/46811, C4997/95/18, p. 176 in file. 12. PRO FO 371/46812, C5437/95/18, p. 46 in file; also FO 311/47606, Nll832/6/55, pp. 91-4 in file. 13. NA RG 165, Box 14: 'Old Message File- Incoming', p. 1. 14. WNRC RG 84, Box 2727- Warsaw Embassy file, 711.4-POWs. 15. NA RG 59, Box 5578, file 840.4916/12-1245, cable of Lane to Byrnes of 12 December 1945. 16. Krieger, Wolfgang, 'Was General Oay a revisionist? Strategic aspects of the United States occupation of Germany', Journal of Contemporary History, 18, 2 (April 1983) p. 166. 17. PRO FO 945/61, file 17B. Cable from Foreign Office to Warsaw Embassy of 10 April 1946. Complaint voiced again on 27 July 1946 by John Hynd over whether entire transfer scheme ought not to be halted as but 18 percent of expellees were adult men, of which only two-thirds were fit for work. Able-bodied were being kept by Poles and 'useless mouths' 334 Notes and References

were transfered to British zone. PRO CAB 134/596. 'O.R.C. (46) 74. Overseas Reconstruction Committee: The Problem of the German Refugee Populations in the British Zone. Memorandum by the Chancel­ lor of the Duchy of Lancaster'. 18. WNRC RG 260, Box 185, file 26, from 'Report on Expellee Problem in the U.S. Zone' of POW & DP's Branch, Civil Affairs Division (G-5) of OM GUS. 19. WNRC RG 84, Box 2731, file 711.5. In file, Wolski informed Gerald Keith, Counsellor of the US Embassy, on 8 April 1946 that Germans to be transferred numbered 5 million at capitulation but only 2 million remained by March 1946, half of whom lived in Lower Silesia. 20. PRO FO 371/55586, C3997/131/18. Minutes of meeting of3 April1946 in Foreign Office between Bevin, Hynd, members of COGA, and Foreign Office personnel including Orme Sargent, John Troutbeck, and B.A.B. Burrows. 21. PRO FO 371/55587, C5223/l31/18, p. 3; also in CAB 129/9 as C.P. (46) 186. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., Annex to memorandum by Bevin, pp. 16--17. 24. Josef Foschepoth argues, 'Grossbritannien und die Deutschlandfrage auf den Aussenministerkonferenzen 1946/47', in Foschepoth, Josef and Rolf Steininger (eds), Die britische Deutschland- und Besatzungspolitik 1945- 1949 (Paderborn, 1985) p. 67FN, that Bevin's planned redirection was challenged by cabinet which forced him to abandon hopes of altering course. In fact, that cabinet session was instrumental in agreeing to the shift in British policy over Germany and over official perceptions of the Soviet Union. 25. PRO FO 371/55843, C6079/2860/18, memorandum of24 May 1946 from Oliver Harvey to Orme Sargent. 26. PRO FO 371/55591, Cl0014/131/18. Contained in minute by Oliver Harvey on 13 August 1946 on Patrick Dean's memorandum of earlier that month outlining preferred British position over Germany for forth­ coming CFM in New York in November-December 1946. 27. Ibid. 28. PRO FO 371/56596, N2020/1064/55. 29. See 14 June 1946 brief in PRO FO 371/56644, N5392/4075/55. 30. PRO FO 800/490, pp. 47-53 in file, here pp. 50-l. Contradicts Josef Foschepoth's orientation as he cites only one side in Foreign Office which called for recognition of the Oder-Neisse, neglecting the equally large contingent which viewed the issue differently. In 'GroBbritannien, die Sowjetunion und die Westverschiebung Polens', Milittirgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 34, 2 (1982) p. 85, he argues that Foreign Office collec­ tively opposed any revision as this would only have increased the size of the Soviet zone without benefit for the British. This was particularly the view of Robin Hankey, Christopher Warner and others connected with Poland, but does not represent others. It was opposed by Patrick Dean, Oliver Harvey, and Christopher Steel. It is false to suggest that the Foreign Office, or even the British government, favoured the Oder­ Neisse in the autumn of 1946 as it stood, as others clearly sought a Notes and References 335

revision. Further internal debate: PRO FO 371/55853, Cl0485/3520/18; FO 371/56598, Nl2706/1064/55 and Nl3900/l064/55; FO 371/55592, Cl1995/l31/18. 31. PRO FO 371/55844, Cl0434/2860/18. Also FO 371/55853, Cl0485/3520/ 18. 32. Ruhm von Oppen, Beate (ed.), Documents on Germany under occupation 1945-1954 (London, 1955) pp. 152-{i(), here p. 159; also in Department of State, Germany 1947-1949: The Story in documents (Washington, D.C., 1950) pp. 3-8, here pp. 7-8. 33. Kreikamp, Hans-Dieter, 'Die amerikanische Deutschlandpolitik im Herbst 1946 und die Byrnes Rede in Stuttgart', Vkrteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, 29, 2 (April 1981) pp. 283-4; Gimbel, John, 'Byrnes' Stuttgarter Rede und die amerikanische Nachkriegspolitik in Deutsch­ land', Vkrteljahrsheftefur Zeitgeschichte, 20, I (January 1972) p. 42 and his 'Cold War Historians and the occupation of Germany', in Schmitt, Hans A. (ed.), U.S. occupation in Europe after World War II (Lawrence, Kansas, 1978) p. 94. 34. Made by Deuerlein, Ernst. 'Moskaus deutsche Einheit', Politische Meinung 2, 13 (June 1957) p. 26. Also memorandum of Christopher Warner of 29 August 1946 articulating information or rumours on this theme in PRO FO 371/56414, N11104/21/55. 35. Uschakow, Alexander, 'Volkerrechtliche Beziehungen zwischen der DDR und Polen his zur Griindung des Warschauer Paktes', in Zieger, Gottfried (ed.), Recht, Wirtschaft, Politik im geteilten Deutschland (Cologne, 1983) here p. 110. 36. Monitor of Radio Schwerin of 13 September 1946 in which Grotewohl stated that SED would secure the 'vital interests of the German people and of our sorely tried resettlers'. PRO FO 371/55853, C11178/3520/18. On 19 September, SED declared over Radio Berlin that it was against revisionist talk undertaken by 'reactionaries and crypto-fascists' diverting German opinion, but did not unequivocally favour the Oder-Neisse frontier. Ibid., Cll495/3520/18: 37. PRO FO 371/56414, Nl3078/21/55. Also FO 371/56644, N9953/4015/55. 38. Vierheller, Viktoria, Polen und die Deutschland-Frage, 1939-1949 (Co­ logne, 1970) p. 134FN. Also to French dispatches as they had better relations with Poles owing to their obstruction of German unity. Ambassador Roger Garreau noted in telegram to the Quai d'Orsay on 28 August 1946 that Bierut and Os6bka-Morawski had recently travelled to Moscow to plead Poland's case after Warsaw had received word that Pomerania was being considered ih exchange for return of Lw6w and its surrounding oil-fields. The Political Counsellor to the zonal commander, J. Tarbe de Saint-Harbouin, also noted in 4 September 1946 dispatch that increased discussion of revision amongst East German political figures, including Lemmer and Grotewohl, was taking place. MAE Series Z - Poland, Dossier 65, here pp. 62 and 64-6 respectively, but also p. 57-8 and 63 in file. Further proof of Soviet revisionist thinking comes by way of minutes of two meetings held in Wroclaw on I and 16 August 1946 between Soviet, Polish, and German officials from the Soviet zone. The Polish delegate steadfastly refused to give in to the German request that 336 Notes and References

German settlers be allowed to remain in Silesia with nothing resulting from the encounter. But the mere fact of the encounter under Soviet auspices reinforces the view that Moscow had initiated contact hoping to reach a bilateral settlement. In BAK Ost-Dok. 10, 943. 39. This aspect covered in two articles by Uschakow, Alexander. 'Das Erbe Stalins in den deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen', Jnternationales Recht und Diplomatie, 2 (1970) p. 27, and 'Deutschland in der Aussenpolitik Polens', Aussenpolitik, 21, 8 (August 1970) p. 474. Also Michnik, Adam, 'Zwischen RuBland und Deutschland', Kultura (Paris) (special German edition of Autumn 1984) p. 38. 40. Ruhm von Oppen (ed.), Documents on Germany, p. 162. Also in Molotov, V.M., Problems offoreign policy (Moscow, 1949) pp. 237-40, here p. 240. 41. WNRC RG 84, Box 2732, file 800. Cable sent by Brewster H. Morris, Secretary to Robert Murphy, to Tom Dillon, Third Secretary of the US Embassy in Warsaw, on 26 September 1946. 42. Made by Lehmann, Hans Georg, Der Oder-Neisse Konjlikt (Munich, 1979) pp. 83--4. 43. PRO FO 945/67, file 47A. Also FO 371/55393, C3565/12/18; FO 371/ 55394, C4961/12/18; and FO 945/67, file 55A. 44. PRO FO 945/67, file 53A. Memorandum dated 26 July 1946 from John Hynd and in CAB 134/596. 'O.R.C. (46) 74. Overseas Reconstruction Committee: The Problem of the German refugee populations in the British zone. Memorandum by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan­ caster', pp. 240-4 in the file, here p. 244. See FO 371/55395, C8525/12/18 and C8105/12/18. 45. PRO FO 371/55396, C9810/12/18. Telegram of 19 August 1946 from British Element of ACC to COGA headquarters agreeing to planned reduction; Lipp6czy, Piotr and Tadeusz Walichnowski (eds), Przesiedle­ nie Ludnosci Niemieckiej z Polski po drugiej Wojnie &>iatowej w Swietle Dokumentow (Warsaw and LOdZ, 1982) pp. 89-90. 46. WNRC RG 260, Box 70, file 13024. 'Expellees', for synopsis of DPOW Directorate sessions in Berlin. 47. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Volume 427, H.C. Debs., 5th Session (22 October 1946) columns 1517-1518. In PRO FO 371/55593, C13144/ 131/18 and Ruhm von Oppen, Beate (ed.) Documents on Germany, pp. 185-6. 48. IfZ 'OM GUS Weekly Staff Conferences from 7 September to 26 October 1946', file code Fgl2, volume 6, p. 49. 49. WNRC RG 260, Box 310, AG383.7 'Ex-enemy Displaced Persons' file. Cable from Clay to War Department of 21 January 1947; also Box 61, AG014.33 'Repatriation - Enemy and Ex-enemy nationals. OMGUS 1945-46, Volume II (Germans, Refugees, Expellees, Volksdeutsche)', confidential message from Major-General Frank Keating, Clay's Assis­ tant Deputy, to War Department of November 1946. And Keating's letter to Brigadier-General Franti8ek Dastich, Chief of Czechoslovak Military Mission to ACC and former head of Czech expulsion efforts, of I May 1947 in FRUS 1947, Volume IV (Washington, D.C., 1972) p. 211. 50. PRO FO 945/68, file 58A. British Element of ACC cable to COGA of 22 December 1946. Also Strang's dispatch to Foreign Office of20 December Notes and References 337

1946 inFO 371/55398, C15763/12/18, and FO 945/68, file 71A for answer by John Hynd to parliamentary question of 22 January 1947; 'Die 65 Tote: Ein Kiilte-Experiment', Der Spiegel, l, 4 (25 January 1947) p. 5. British authorities reported six deaths, whereas Der Spiegel specifies 65 deaths. Recent evidence indicates 20 cases of death and hundreds of frostbite. BOtzer, Brigitte, 'Das Vertriebenenproblem in der Mfinchener Tagespresse, 1945-1953' (doctoral thesis, University of Munich, 1957) p. 53, and refer to 'Deaths in refugee trains', Manchester Guardian, 31 290 (23 January 1947) p. 8. 51. PRO FO 371/64631, Cl5991/13613/18. On 14 November 1947, the German Refugee Department of the Foreign Office's German Depart­ ment submitted a brief entitled 'Movement of German refugees from Poland into the British Zone in Germany' in which communications on this theme are contained and formed the basis for upcoming CFM sessions in late November-early December 1947. 52. PRO FO 371/64360, C4797/192/18. 53. Evidence comes by way of letter from Warner to Cavendish-Bentinck of 29 January 1947 stating that the tentative position favoured recognition because of practicality but that this depended on State Department. PRO FO 371/55854, CI5556/3520/18. Even Patrick Dean minuted on 27 January 1947 that nothing to be gained by leaving the issue undecided; British opinion was at any rate unenforceable in Poland. FO 311/64359, C2145/192/18. 54. PRO FO 371/64188, C3395/17/18. Josef Foschepoth's argument in 'GroBbritannien, die Sowjetunion und die Westverschiebung Polens', p. 85 seems, on the surface, substantially correct, as the British at this junction would have recognised the Oder-Neisse. Foschepoth, however, misses the crucial point that British would have done so only if something tangible as compensation was ceded by the East. Furthermore, their position could change should the US alter its stance. Co-ordinating their German policies was much more important to the British owing to their fear of Soviet ambitions in central Europe than adhering to perceived national self-interest. Within a week of this memorandum, such a radical change did occur, something Foschepoth totally ignores. 55. Carlyle, Margaret (ed.), Documents on international affairs 1947-1948 (London, 1952) pp. 41~17. Also in Roskill Library, Churchill College, Cambridge, in BEVN II, 5/8, p. 5. 56. PRO FO 371/64244, C3564/53/18 for transcript of meeting. For forma­ tion of US Oder-Neisse position, refer to memorandum by Edwin Allan Lightner, Jr, Assistant Chief of the Division of Central European Affairs, of 24 January 1947 on discussions in the State Department. FRUS 1947, Volume II (Washington, D.C., 1972) pp. 197-223, especially p. 198. Also to Murphy's letter to Marshall of 20 February 1947 in ibid. p. 173. Another possible reason for the American shift was that intelligence gathered from Polish informants revealed for what purposes the ZO was being put to by communists and what difficulties they faced. Photocopied report one of five in NA RG 59, Box 6547, 862.4016/4-947, Enclosure 5 for US Counter-Intelligence-Corps (CIC) document of 9 April 1947 entitled 'Polish Plans for Eastern Germany' cited in Chapter 8. 338 Notes and References

57. PRO FO 371/64244, C3685/53/18 and FO 371/64360, C6565/192/18. Minutes of meeting on 28 February 1947 between H. Freeman Matthews and Bevin in Foreign Office, London. Matthews's own outline of conversation with Foreign Office officials in FRUS 1947, Volume II, p. 183. Three OMGUS proposals of late 1946 outlining concrete American proposals for revision contained in Lehmann, Der Oder­ Neisse Konflikt, pp. 95-100. 58. PRO FO 371/64198, C5525/17/18. Undated memorandum from Foreign Office, probably late March or early April 1947, to Bevin at Moscow CFM listing British objectives. 59. PRO FO 371/65013, CE788/31/G74 and CE789/31/G74, telegram of Bevin to Attlee and Foreign Office of 23 March 1947 detailing Mar­ shall's proposals and suggesting that they be rejected. Josef Foschepoth has concluded that it was Britain and France who scuppered a potential compromise at Moscow CFM in 1947. He, however, misunderstands the tenor of the period. In his 'Grossbritannien und die Deutschlandfrage auf den Aussenministerkonferenzen 1946/47', in Gottinger Arbeitskreis (eds), Die Deutschland/rage und die A.nfiinge des Ost-West-Konflikts 1945-1949 ((West) Berlin, 1984) here pp. 75-6, reprinted in Foschepoth, Josef and Rolf Steininger (eds), Die britische Deutschland- und Besatzungspolitik 1945-1949, here pp. 78--9, he believes that the Soviet Union was intent on making a success of the conference, conceding like the Americans on the German issue. Had it been the sole Western negotiator, Foschepoth implies, there would very likely have been a negotiated compromise. Foschepoth misunderstands what concessions were being offered, as neither side could afford to bargain away the foundation of its power in Germany; he oversimplifies the equation and ignores Soviet ambitions in Germany, a point he did not fail to mention when outlining the British position. 60. PRO FO 371/64246, C6526/53/18. Record of conversation between Marshall and Bevin in Moscow on 8 April 1947. Draft speech prepared for Foreign Secretary by Bevin's private secretary, Pierson J. Dixon, dated 2 April 1947 in FO 371/64504, C6623/1581/18. 61. Department of State, Germany 1947-1949: The Story in documents, p. 147 and in PRO FO 371/64198, C5582/17/l8, p. 2; Carlyle (ed.), pp. 462-4 and 471-7. Marshall reiterated these points upon returning on 28 April 1947 in a public address. See Cable, John Nathanial. 'The United States and the Polish question, 1939-1948' (Ph.D. thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1972) pp. 503-4. For Bevin's reaction, see his cable to Foreign Office of 14 April 1947 in PRO FO 371/64360, C5782/192/18. Refer also to memorandum of March 1947 from Oay to Marshall in Smith, Jean Edward (ed.), The Papers of General D. Clay, Volume I (Bloomington, Indiana, 1974) pp. 325-7. 62. PRO FO 371/64198, C5582/17/l8, p. 4. 63. PRO FO 371/64629, Cl3846/l3613/18. Telegram from Strang to Foreign Office over discussions with Hickerson of 28 October 1947. 64. Ibid. Cl4205/13613/18. A.ide-memoire of William Strang to State Depart­ ment of 3 November 1947. Echoed by Lord Jellicoe of German Department on 6 November 1947 in FO 371/64361, Cl4960/192/18. Notes and References 339

65. PRO FO 371/65341, CJ3481/3477/182, pp. 132-3 in file. Minutes of fifth plenary session of27 November 1947 in Lancaster House, London CFM. Also in Department of State and Senate Committee on Foreign Rela­ tions, A Decade of Americanforeignpo/icy (Washington, D.C., 1950) pp. 568--9. Molotov's statement contained in Molotov, Problems of foreign policy, pp. 511-14. 66. PRO FO 371/64632, C16314/13613/18, p. 2 and Cl6264/13613/18. Transcript of Marshall's 19 December 1947 national broadcast over failure of London CFM. It echoed many of Bevin's points made to the House of Commons on 18 December 1947. 67. Ulbricht, Walter, 'Die Grundlagen der deutsch-polnischen Freundschaft', Neues Deutschland, 3, 272 (21 November 1948) p. 3. Also Strobel, Georg W., Deutschland- Polen: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (Bonn, 1971) p. 15.

10 Nkdu-Sl~k in Perspective

I. Bromke, Adam, Poland's politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1967) p. 100. 2. Amt fiir Information der Regierung, Die Oder-Neisse Friedensgrenze ((East) Berlin, 1950) p. 50. 3. See Uschakov, Alexander, 'Volkerrechtliche Beziehungen zwischen der DDR und Polen his zur Griindung des Warschauer Paktes', in Zeiger, Gottfried (ed.), Recht, Wirtschaft, Politik im geteilten Deutschland (Cologne, 1983) here pp. 113-17. 4. Treaty in Ruhm von Oppen, Beate (ed.), Documents on Germany under occupation 1945-1954 (London, 1955) pp. 498--500. 5. The London Poles hesitated approving the new boundaries as some key figures feared that Poland could not 'swallow' the ZO, while others felt that recognition of Oder-Neisse meant also acknowledging loss of the Curzon lands for which the ZO had served as compensation. Politically, this was an awkward situation as non-recognition allowed Warsaw to portray them as unpatriotic, yet accepting the Oder-Neisse would have implicitly meant endorsing communist policy. The Exile regime procras­ tinated, deferring recognition until the late 1950s when Polish society was firmly established. See 'General Anders iiber Deutschland', Die Tat, 4, 343 (14 December 1946) pp. 7-8. 6. Nikita Khrushchev noted that during his 1964 visit to Poland, he was requested by the Polish leadership to make a brief stopover in Szczecin. Knowing that his appearance was a symbolic strengthening of Polish sovereignty, he readily agreed, becoming an honorary citizen and receiving the ceremonial keys to the city. Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrush­ chev remembers: The last Testament (Boston, 1974) p. 206. Evidence suggests Gomulka did not trust Khrushchev's steadfastness in the face of West German appeals, wanting to ensnare the General Secretary to forestall any compromise. Rachwald, Arthur R. 'Poland between the superpowers: Three Decades of foreign policy', Orbis, 20, 4 (Winter 1977) p. 1072. 7. Proof is circumstantial, but Americans did make special provisions for expellees. In the Displaced Persons Act of 25 June 1948, 50 percent of the 340 Notes and References

quota of immigrants to US from Germany and Austria were to be expellees. Department of State, Germany 1947-1949: The Story in documents (Washington, D.C., 1950) p. 137. Also Francis E. Walter report: House of Representatives, 8lst Congress, 2nd Session. Report No. 1841, Expellees and refugees of German ethnic origin (Washington, D.C., 24 March 1950) and Dulles, Allan W., 'Alternatives for Germany', Foreign Affairs, 25, 3 (April 1947) pp. 426-7. 8. French President Charles de Gaulle first overtly declared support of Oder-Neisse. Stenzl, Otto, 'Germany's eastern frontier', Survey, 51 (April 1964) p. 121. 9. Adenauer's conviction for revision has always remained suspect. This Catholic Rhinelander felt little kinship with eastern Protestant Prussian­ ism and although he proclaimed a desire for revision from his inaugural address to the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) in September 1949 until his retirement in October 1963, he had, in fact, privately conceded as early as November 1951 that BRD could not expect support from Western powers for its claims to the legal frontiers of 31 December 1937. In effect, Adenauer ceded the Oder-Neisse in exchange for greater sovereignty for the BRD and a binding alliance with West. Kaiser, Karl, ' "Die Bundesregierung stellt keine Ansprilche . . . " - Konrad Adenauer und die Oder-NeiBe-Linie: Frilhe Einsichten in die Grenzen deutscher Politik', Die Zeit, 44, 40 (6 October 1989) pp. 12-13. 10. Both letters in Sekretariate der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz (ed.), Begegnung: Der Konferenz des Polnischen Episko]Hits mit der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz in Deutschland im September 1978 (Bonn, September 1978) pp. 76-92 and German Polish dialogue: Letters of the Polish and German bishops and international statements (Bonn, 1966) pp. 7-26. 11. Johnson, A. Ross, 'Polish Perspectives, past and present', Problems of Communism, 20, 4 (July-August 1971) pp. 71-2. Also Lipski, Jan Jozef, 'Zwei Banditen', Der Spiegel, 38, 34 (20 August 1984) p. 91. 12. Treaty in Strobel, Georg W. (ed.), Deutschland-Polen: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (Bonn, 1971) pp. 77-9. Also Rachwald, Arthur R., Poland between the superpowers (Boulder, Col., 1983) pp. 66-7. 13. Rachwald, 'Poland between the superpowers', p. 1073; Bromke, Adam and Harald von Riekhoff, 'The West German-Polish Treaty', World Today, 27, 3 (March 1971) p. 125. 14. Marschall, Werner, 'Die Entwicklung der Breslauer Diozesengrenzen', Schlesien, 29, 2 (1984) p. 76; Moszytiski, Edmund, 'The Church on the Western Territories', Polish Perspectives, 16, 3 (March 1973) p. 21. 15. Between 1955 and 1972, 400 000 emigrated to the BRD and it was thought few remained. For an admirable account of post-war relations, see Kulski, W[ladyslaw]. W[szeb6r], Germany and Poland (Syracuse, New York, 1976) here p. 79. 16. Lipski, 'Zwei Banditen', p. 90. 17. Davies, Norman, God's playground, Volume II: 1795 to the Present (Oxford, 1981) p. 525. 18. Uschakov, Alexander, 'Die Wiederherstellung Polens 1m Lichte des Volkerrechts', in Meissner, Boris and Gottfried Zieger (eds), Staatliche Kontinuitat unter besonderer Berlicksichtigung der Rechtslage Deutsch- Notes and References 341

lands (Cologne, 1984) p. 127. 19. Weizsacker, Richard von, 'Aus Grenzen sollen Brilcken werden', Die Zeit, 45, 19 (11 May 1990) p. 4. See also remarks made by Najder, Zdzislaw, 'Polen und Deutschland', Kultura (Paris) (Special German edition, Autumn 1984) here pp. 68-9. Bibliography of Works Cited

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FO 934/1, 2, 5. FO 945 = Control Office for Germany and Austria (COGA). FO 945/67, 68. PREM 3 = Prime Minister's Office, Operational papers ('Churchill Papers') PREM 3/355/4, 13, PREM 3/356/ 8. PREM 8 = Prime Minister's Office, Correspondence and papers 1945-1951 ('Attlee Papers'). PREM 8/48. Wiener Library, London. P.lll.a. No. 619 in 02/483: 'Jiidisches Leben in der Provinz Schlesien und in Breslau 1940/41 ', anonymously written manuscript (probably by Willy Israel Cohn).

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Aachen 23 215, 242, 264, 270-1, 276-8, ACC see Allied Control Council 280 Adam Mickiewicz Society 153 Western leaders 39, 49, 53, 55, Adamski, Bishop Stanislaw 17, 199, 89,228, 242 202 Western powers 31, 40, 48, 50, Adenauer, Konrad 284, 291 52-3, 67, 87, 90, 93, ll6, 129, Agnetendorf (Jagniatk6w) 136 155, 159, 185, 223, 228, 243, Ahlfen, Major-General Hans 264, 281, 283-4 von 60, 74; see also Alversdorf 138 Wehrmacht America, American, Americans see AK 154; see also Polish militia USA Allenstein (Olsztyn) 166, 172-5 American Commander-in-Chief in Allen, Denis 35, 37, 104, 109, 250; Gennany see US military see also UK Foreign Office American Congress see US Alliance see Allies Congress Allied Control Council, Allied American Consulate General, Control Authority (ACC) see Munich see US Consulate Allies General, Munich Allies 4-5, 24, 31, 34, 41, 45, 54, 77, American delegation to the Potsdam 86, 90, 92, 96, 98, 103, 110, 114, Conference, 95; see also 129, 131, 213, 222, 227, 263, Potsdam Conference, US 267-8,270-2,276-9,283,292 Government ACC 91-2, 95, 97, 113-14, 128, American Dollar see US Dollar 137, 142, 144, 186, 229-36, American Embassy, London see US 238, 240, 243, 253, 256-7' Embassy to UK 259,264 American Embassy, Moscow see Alliance 44 US Embassy to USSR Big Three 4, 90, 103, 110-11, American Embassy, Paris see US 113-14, 277-8, 280 Embassy to France Blocs 1 American Embassy, Prague see US East (power bloc, Eastern Embassy to Czechoslovakia Allies) 1, 227, 257, 265, 277, American Embassy, Warsaw see 281-6, 289 US Embassy to Poland Kornmantilltura 94-5, llO American government see US other Allied states 263 Government SHAEF 186 American military see US military West (power bloc) 1, 92, 101-2, American Secretary of State see US 104, 107-8, 223, 227-8, 239, Secretary of State 246, 252, 255, 261, 265, 272, American State Department see US 277-81,283-4,292 State Department Western, westerners 187, 220, American War Department see US 228,242,244,246,277-80 War Department Western Allies 4, 32, 34, 41, American zone in Gennany see 91-2, 110, 114-15, 121, 128, USA 361 362 Index

Andechs, Hedwig von 7 Berlin Conference see Potsdam Anders, General Wladyslaw 222 Conference Andrews, Group Captain Burt 220; Berlin officials 57, 6(}-1, 74-6, see also UK Embassy to Poland 199 Anglo-Soviet treaty, relations 38, Berlin Blockade 265 83; see also UK Government Berlin Wall 285, 291, 293 Antifaiisticko Vijece Narodnog East Berlin 253, 255, 282 Oslobodjenja Jugoslavije see Gau Gro.ft-Berlin 20 AVNOJ Oberburgermeister of West Antonov, General Aleksei 78; see Berlin see Brandt also USSR Army Organisationsleiter of Gau GrojJ­ Arciszewski, Tomasz 54 Berlin 20 Association of Friends of the Polish Plotzensee Prison 20 Language 153 Propaganda-Ministerium 20; see Aufruf an mein Volk II also Goebbels, Hanke Atlantic Charter 41, 276 Sicherheitsamt 6{}--1 Atlantic community 84 West Berlin 285-6 Attlee, Prime Minister Berman, Jakub 149, 157, 225 Clement 109, 114; see also UK Bertram, Adolf Cardinal 17, 61, Government 199-200,205 Auschwitz I 134; see also Bevin, Ernest 85, 109-10, 209, 240, Oswi~m 244-5, 250-1, 257, 259-64; see Austria 11, 185, 190, 230--8; also UK Government Austrian peace treaty 263 Bevollmlichtigte fur den A VNOJ (Antifa.Sisticko Vijece Arbeitseinsatz 21 Narodnog Oslobodjenja Bialowicza Forest 47 Jugoslavije) 45 Bialystok 172-5, 179 Axis states 108, 251, 279 Bibrowski 254 Big Three see Allies Bidault, Georges 264 Baden-Wiirttemberg (Wiirttemberg­ Bierut, Boleslaw 99, 101-3, 108-9, Baden) 235 113, 154-5, 165, 221, 228, 257, Baltic, Baltic Sea 34, 36, 38, 48, 138, 283 183 Birdsall, Lieutenant-Colonel Baillie, Hugh 255 Paul 229; see also ACC BAOR see UK military Bismarck-SchOnhausen, Gottfried Baran6w Sandomierski 58 Grafvon 25 Bavaria 7, 67, 78, 80, 235 Biuletyn Zachodnio Slowiariski 31 Upper Bavaria 24, 30, 222-4; see Bizonia 259 also Gebowski Blechhammer 29 Belgium 33, 194, 264-5 Blitzkrieg 21 Bellairs, Admiral Roger 36; see also Blocs see Allies UK military Bober, M. 170-1 Bene8, Dr Eduard Ill Bogusz6w-Gorce see Gottesberg Berger, Roland 190-2 Bohemia 10-11 Berlin 11-12, 14, 16, 20, 23, 26, 31, eastern Bohemia 77 76, 94, 97-8, 100, 109, 128, 145, Boleslaw I Chrobry 6-1 186,200,232-4,239,241-2,245, Boleslaw I Wysoki 7 257 Boleslaw III Krzywousty 7 Index 363

Boleslaw IV K¢zierzawy 7 St Elisabethkirche 25 Bolshevism 77 University 82, 154 Boleslawiec see Bunzlau Ursulinen Cloister in the BonhoefTer, Dietrich 25 Ritterplatz 202 BonhoefTer, Klaus 25 Breslau-Krietem (Wroclaw­ Bonn see BRD Krzyki) 80 Boothby, Major Frederick 138 Villa Colonia 80 Bormann, Martin 19, 76 Brickhill, Paul 24 Bomholm 34 Brieg (Brzeg) 58, 64, 136 Boryslaw 44 Britain see UK Bracht, Fritz 19-20 British see UK Brandenburg 3, 11, 39, 76, 120 British Army see UK military eastern Brandenburg 37 British Cabinet see UK Mark Brandenburg 125 Government southern Brandenburg 118-19 British Commander-in-Chief in Brandt, Willy 285-6 Germany see UK military Branitz 203 British Government see UK BRD 145, 197, 265, 283-92 Government Breslau (Wroclaw) 7, 10-12, 14-15, British House of Commons see UK 17-19, 21-7,29-30, 36-8,44-5, Government 49, 54, 57, 59-65, 72-5, 80-1, British Leadership see UK 115, 117, 125, 127, 130-3, 138-9, Government 142, 145, 152-3, 156-7, 161, 164, British Legation to the Vatican see 166, 171, 179-82, 190-2, 194-7, UK Legation to the Vatican 199, 200, 202, 204-6, 211, British zone in Germany see UK 214-20, 250, 258, 270 zone in Germany Barbara Church 82 Brockau (Wroclaw-Broch6w) 29 Cathedral 212 Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) 22, 184 Festung Breslau 60-l, 68-70, 78, Bruckner, Helmut 18-19 81 Brzeg see Brieg Friedrich- Wilhe/ms- Buchenwald 24 Universittit 11 Budapest 73 Friesen-Wiese 74 Bug 149 Fiirstenbriicke 75 Bulganin 48; see also USSR Gandau airport 73-4, 76 Government Hedwigsschwestem-Kirche 206 Bundesrepublik Deutschland see Kaiserbriicke 75 BRD Kletschkaustrasse prison 75 Bundesverfassungsgericht 287 Maria-Magdalena Church 82 Bunzel, Ulrich 130 Martinikirche 206 Bunzlau (Boleslawiec) 64-5, 188, Oderwiesen 74 194 Regierungsbezirk Bres/au 15 Biirgermeister 235 Regierungspriisident (former) of Bydgoszcz see Bromberg Breslau 25 Byrnes, US Secretary of State Scheitniger Park 27 James 98, 100, 107--a, 110, Scheitniger Stem 75, 80 113, 240-2, 246-9, 251-4, 260, SchloBplatz 29 263, 279, 281; see also US St Annen Church 82, 153 Secretary of State St Bonifatius Church 202 Bystrzyca (Klodzka) 190 364 Index

Bytom 182 COGA 243-4, 256-8; see also UK Government Canadian 185 Cohen, Benjamin 107; see also US Cadogan, Alexander 52, 83, 96-8, State Department 101, 107, 109, 113; see also UK Cohn, Willy Israel 24 Foreign Office Cold War 1, 5, 157, 227, 264, 267, Cannon, Cavendish 113-14; see 282, 284, 285 also US Government Cologne 23 Carroll, Lieutenant-Colonel Commissar for the Repatriation of F.L. 138, 142; see also CRX the German People (Komisarz Catholicism, Catholics, Catholic do Spraw Repatriacji Ludnosci Priests, German Catholic NiemieckieJ) 137 Church, Roman Catholic Controlling Powers in Germany see Church, German Catholic Allies ChurchinPoland 7,11,17-19, Copenhagen 242 24-5, 61, 80, 122, 126--7, 131, COSSAC 78, 186, 194-5, 240--1; see 140, 147, 156, 199, 200-10, 212, also Allies, US military 213, 285, 288--9 Cracow 154, 166, 172-5, 196, Catholic priests see Catholicism 201-2, 217 Catholics see Catholicism Jagiellonian University 154 Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor 128, CRX 137-8, 142, 186; see also 162, 215-16, 218, 242, 254; see Allies also UK Embassy to Poland Curzon lands, Curzon line, Curzon CFM 244, 250-3, 259-60, 262, 264, territories 31, 37-40, 45-7, 49, 281, 283 51, 53, 55, 84-6, 89, 90, 92, 103, Chebn 249 105, 115, 154-5, 190, 196, 225, Chequers 41; see also UK 273,277 Government Cyrankiewicz, J6zef 221, 283, 286, China 185 287 Christian 131 Czechoslovak Government, Christianity 204, 285 Czechoslovakia, Christian Middle Ages 10 Czechoslovaks 6, 32-4, 36, 38, Christian Democratic Union in 77-8, 80, 85, 110-13, 120, 125, USSR zone in Germany 254; 139, 183, 186--7, 195, 200, 204, see also ~er 230-8, 269, 274 Christian Science Monitor 184 Czech Church 204-5 Churchill, Prime Minister Sir Czech Protektorat 120 Winston 38--42, 45, 48, 50-4, 84-85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 99--103, Danish 34 114-15, 120, 239; see also UK Danube 6 Government Danzig (Gdansk) 3, 36-8, 42, 51, CIC 222-4; see also US 59, 84, 89, 91, 94, 96, 99, 109, Government 138, 152, 160, 172-5, 179, 207, Cistercians 7 213 City of London 34, 38, 83, 87 Davies, Norman 197, 289 Clay, Lucius 95, 236, 239, 253, DDP 18 257-8; see also US military DDR 143, 211, 253, 265, 281-3, Clayton, William 107, 123; see also 286, 291-2; see also US State Department Vo/kskammer Index 365

Dean, Patrick 250, 260; see also UK Elbl!lg see Elbing Foreign Office Enlightenment 269 Dejean, Maurice 158 Episcoporum Poloniae 287 Delta 105 Ermland (Warmia) 17, 207 Depression 16--17 Eulenburg, Colonel Jonas Graf De Salute Animarum 12 zu 76 Deutsche Zeitung 127 Europe, European 1-4, 10, 12, 14, Dieban (Dziewin) 58 24,98-9,108-9,145,196,205, Die deutsche Wochenschau 75 208, 227, 239-240, 258, 263-4, Dmowski, Roman 32, 46 266--7, 278, 281, 284, 290-3 DNVP 18 Central Europe, Central Dolny Slllsk see Lower Silesia European 84, 113, 155, 186, Donitz, Admiral Karl 76--7 225, 267 DP 137, 140, 155, 185-9, 193--5 Eastern Europe, Eastern DPOW 229-238, 256 European 1-2, 14, 51-2, Dramburg (Drawsko 201, 203, 207, 209, 227, 251, Pomorskie) 38 267, 291 Drawsko Pomorskie see Dramburg North European Plain 6 Dresden 67, 76, 125, 270 South Eastern Europe 113 Drobner, Boleslaw 153, 157, 159 Western Europe 24, 195, 281 Drohobycz oil fields 45 Evangelical Church, Evangelical Drukier, Boleslaw 214 pastors, German Evangelical Drury, Charles 'Bud' 183--5 Church, Protestantism, Dunn, James Clement 96--8, 104; Protestants ll, 17, 21, 25, 61, see also US State Department 80, 131, 147, 204-5, 213, 285 Durbrow, Elbridge 94; see also US Exile Poles see Polish Exile State Department Government in London Diirrgoy 22 Dusseldorf 23 Falkenberg (Niemodlin) 6 DVP 18 Fechner, Max 253 Dziedzice 187, 190, 193 Federal Republic of Germany see Dzierioni6w see Reichenbach BRD Dziewin see Dieban Fehmarn 34 Ferche, Suffragan Bishop Josef 61, EAC 91,94-5,97,100 80, 131, 199 east (geographical) 234 Fifth Column 33 East (power bloc, Eastern Flensburg 77 Allies) see Allies Forst 76, 137, 139, 143; see also Eastern zone (of Germany) 246 USSR Government Eden, Anthony 35, 37-9, 50-1, 83, Frllcz, Wladyslaw 139 85, 101; see also UK France, French 33, 103, 106, 128, Government 194,245,248-9,254,259,264-5, EEC 1, 2, 284 281, 283-4 Eisenhower, General Dwight 78, French Ambassador to 186, 240-1; see also COSSAC, Prague see Dejean us military French leaders, French Provisional El Alamein 4 Government 55, 96, 228 Elbe 67, 77, 246, 251, 291 French zone in Germany 97, 193, Elbing (Elbl!lg) 47, 75 230-8,256,260,262,281 366 Index

Frankfurt/Main 10 110-14, 116, 120-1, 127-8, 130, Frankfurt/Oder (Siubice) 36-7, 211, 148, 158, 163, 165, 185, 187, 190, 283 192,195-6,198--201,207,222-3, Fraustadt (Wschowa) 59, 115 225, 227-39, 242, 244-6, 248, Frick, Wilhelm 19, 21 250-4, 257, 259-60, 262-5, 267, Friedland (Mierosz6w) 138 269, 271, 276-81, 283, Friedrich I Barbarossa 7 285-7,289-92 Friedrich-Wilhelm III 11 German east see DDR, Eastern Friedrich II, der Gro.fte 11 zone Friedrich Wilhelm, der Gro.fte German frontier, east 2, 5, 31, Kurfiirst 11 34--8,42-3,45-52,54,83-7, Fulda 205 90-1, 94, 96-7, 99, 101-3, Fundowicza, Roman 139 105, 107-9, 114, 116, 208, Furth im Wald 187 220, 222-3, 228, 242, 250, 252-3, 257, 262, 268, 272, Galicia 91, 154--5, 193 278-81,283-4,286,290-2 Eastern Galicia 196 German frontier, west 85, 264 Galician oil fields 86 German west 103, 146, 244, 261, Gatehouse, Miss A.F.C. 116; see 264--5, 281 also UK Foreign Office Gestapo 19, 25, 15, 127, 158 Gauleiter 21, 27-8, 57 Gierek, Edward 287 Gaulle, General Charles De 55 Glatz (KJodzko) 139, 158, 180, 187, Gdansk see Danzig 190, 192, 203 Gdynia 171, 183 Glogau (Glog6w) 59, 73, 76 Gebowski, Captain 222-4 Giog6w see Glogau German, Germans 2-4, 6-7, 10-12, Glubczyce see Leobschiitz 15, 17-18, 22-4, 26-7, 29, 31-3, Gluzdovskii, Lieutenant-General 35-7,40,50-1,53-4,51,59-60, V.A. 64, 73, 75, 80; see also 64-7, 72-3, 75-8, 80, 82-6, 95, USSR Army 97-101, 109-17, 121-33, 136-46, Gneisenau 75 148--9, 155-9, 161, 165, 170, Gniezno 7, 12 172-5, 179-80, 182, 186-92, 194, Gniezno-Poznan 200, 202, 196-7, 199-200, 203-4, 206-8, 210-11, 285 213-16, 222-5, 227-46, 248--9, Goebbels, Joseph 20, 21, 26, 72, 76 251-74, 276, 278--82, 284, Goebbels, Magda 20, 21 286-93 Gomuika, Wiadysiaw 45, 104, 152, German Catholic Church see 184, 196, 214--15, 219-21, 224, Catholicism 283, 285-7 German Catholic Church in G6ra see Guhrau Poland see Catholicism Gordov, General V.N. 64; see also German military see Wehrmacht USSR Army German-Polish relations see Gorlitz (Zgorzelec) 12, 24, 50, 61, Polish-German relations 64, 72, 76, 78, 120-2, 126, 128, German public address 136,140,154,194,206,211,283 system 29, 60, 75 Gorny Slllsk see Upper Silesia Germany, German territories, Gorz6w Wielkopolski see German regions, 1-5, 12, 14, 19, Landsberg/Warthe 24, 31-2, 34--7, 39-42, 44, 46, Gottesberg (Bogusz6w-Gorce) 156 49-53,55,65,84--7,89-103,107, Grabski, Stanislaw 40, 44, 101, 156 Index 367

Graser, General Fritz Hubert 58; Helmstedt 243 see also Wehrmacht Helsinki Declaration 287 Great Britain see UK Henryk I Brodaty 7 Greece 194 Henryk II Poboiny 7 Grenzmark Posen see Prussia Herzogswaldau 64 Grober, Conrad 140 Hess, Rudolf 26 Grodk6w see Grottkau Hessen 235 GroB-Rosen (Rogoznica) 24 Hesslingen 187-8 GroB-Wartenberg (Syc6w) 58 Heydebreck (K¢zierzyn) 29 Grotewohl, Otto 253, 283 Hickerson, John 264; see also US Grottkau (Grodk6w) 6 State Department Growse, Lieutenant-Colonel Himmler, Heinrich 19, 27, 28, 76 P.F.A. 138; see also SMA Hirschberg (Jelenia G6ra) 14, 61, Grubecki, Jan Michal 47 80, 162, 179, 182, 197 Grunberg (Zielona G6ra) 87, 194, His Majesty's Government see UK 196-7 Government Griissau Abbey (Opactwo Hitler, Adolf 17, 19-21, 25-7, 57, Krzesz6w) 156 59, 71, 74, 16-1, 80, 204, 271, Guhrau (G6ra) 59 290 Gusev, General D.N. 76; see also 'Hitlerites' 268 USSR Army Hitler Youth 60, 72 Hlond, Augustyn Cardinal 17, Habsburg dynasty 11 200-5, 208-10 Ferdinand of Habsburg 10 Holliday, L.G. 136, 161-2, 250; see Maria Theresia of Habsburg II also UK Embassy to Poland Hamburg 23, 138 Holy Roman Empire 1O-Il, 269 Hanke, Karl 20-l, 26-7, 29-30, 57- Hornig, Pastor Ernst 61, 80, 131 8, 60-3, 74, 76, 78, 80, 131, 270 House of Commons see UK Hankey, Robin 128, 240, 254; see Government also UK Embassy to Poland Hundsfeld (Wroclaw-Psie Pole) 188 Hannover 138, 187, 243, 290 Hungary, Hungarian Hanseatic League 10 Government 111-13, 230-8 Harpe, General Josef 29-30, 56, Hynd, John 244, 256; see also 58-9; see also Wehrmacht COGA Harriman, William Averell 49, 51, 93, 102-3; see also US 84, 89, ICRC 146 Embassy to USSR Instytut Sl~~Ski 153 34, 113-14; see Harrison, Geoffrey Instytut Zachodni 153 Office also UK Foreign IRO 186; see also PCIRO 113, 246, Harvey, Oliver Charles Iron Curtain 1, 240 250, 260-1; see also UK Israel 195 Government Italy, Italian 10, 108, 156, 279 Hauptmann, Gerhart 136 Hays, M.E. 132, 163-4 Heines, Edmund 19 Jagniatk6w see Agnetendorf Heinkel works 19 Jannolinski, Stanislaw 188 Heinrici, Colonel-General Jaromer 77 Gotthard 58, 76; see also Jaroszewicz, Piotr 201, 287 Wehrmacht Jaroszek, J6zef 139 368 Index

Jauer (Jawor) 6, 24, 64, 218 Kluczbork see Kreuzburg Jauemig (Javornik) 61, 199-200 Koch-Erpach, General Rudolf 30; Javomik see Jauernig see also Wehrmacht Jawor see Jauer Kohl, Helmut 289-91 J~rychowski, Stefan 55, 83-4, Kohlfurt (Kalawsk, W~gliniec) 128, 182-3, 286 138-40, 142-3, 187-90, 193 Jelenia G6ra see Hirschberg Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) 59 Jews 23-4, 75, 133, 143, 188, 192, Kolobrzeg see Kolberg 194--5, 223, 249 Kominek, Boleslaw 202-4, 212 anti-Semitism 192, 195 Komisarz do Spraw Repatriacji Jewish Committee 192 Ludnosci Niemieckiej 137 Joachim II of Brandenburg II Kommandatura see Allies Johannesberg 61, 199-200 Konarski, Commander T. 138; see Johanns of Luxemburg 10 also CRX Jura Antistitum circa sacerdotes ex Koniev, Marshal Ivan 58, 64--6, 72, Germania orientali 76, 79; see also USSR Army expulsos 207 Konigsberg (Kaliningrad, Kr6lewiec) 39, 47, 59, 84, 86, Kalawsk see Kohlfurt 96 Kaliningrad see Konigsberg Konrad, Pastor Joachim 25, 61, 80, Kaller, Bishop Maximilian 207 131 Kamienna Gora see Landeshut Koppen 21 Kanth (KiltY Wroclawskie) 60 Kornelak, Filip Stanislaw 136 Kaps, Father Johannes 205, 207 Koroteyev, General K.A. 58, 64; Karl IV 10 see also USSR Army Katowice 17, 190-1, 199, 202 Koslin (Koszalin) 36, 38 Kilty Wroclawskie see Kanth Koszalin see K05lin Kazahkstan 180; see also USSR Kot, Stanislaw 44 Kazimierz III Wielki 10 KPD 18,244 K~erzyn see Heydebreck KPP 46, 199, 219; see also Polish Keith, Counsellor Gerald 246-9; Communist Party see also US Embassy to Poland Kraftborn 21 Kennan, George 84, 93-4; see also Kramer, Curate Josef 61, 80, 199 US Embassy to USSR Kraus 125 Kerr, Archibald Clark 89, 91, 102, Krause, General Johann 104, 109; see also UK Embassy Friedrich 60--1; see also to USSR Wehrmacht Kettenhunde or Spurhunde 75 Kreisauer Kreis 25 Khrushchev, Nikita 48, 220; see Kreis/eiler 26 also USSR Government Kremlin see USSR Government Kiel Canal 34 Kreuz (Krzyz) 38 Kielce 152, 154, 166, 172-5, 179, Kreuzburg (Kluczbork) 58 194--5 KRN 45, 99, 139, 155--6, 165, Kiernik, Wladyslaw 152, 214 216-18 Kirchlicher Suchdienst 147 Kr6lewiec see Konigsberg Klodnitz Canal 29 Krzyz see Kreuz Klodzko see Glatz Kukiel, Marian 44 Klokov, General 82; see also USSR Kulczynski, Stanislaw 117, 153-4, Army 157 Index 369

Kulturkampf 12, 269 Litzmannstadt (LOdZ) 172-5, 179, Kunau 24 184, 190 L6dZ see Litzmannstadt London see UK Government Lagosz, Father Kazimierz 156-7, London Poles see Polish Exile 211-12 Government in London LaGuardia, Fiorello 189 London Six-Power Lambinowice see Lamsdorf Conference 265 Lamsdorf (Lambinowice) 133 LOwenberg (Lw6wek Slllsk) 67, Lander in the American zone 234-5; 154, 195 see also USA Lower Silesia (Niederschlesien, Liinderrat 235 Dolny Slllsk) 3-8, 11-18, Landeshut (Kamienna G6ra) 14, 20-32,36-40,44,48,50,56, 13~ 58-9,61,66-7,71,76, 78,80,85, LandsbergfWarthe (Gorz6w 87, 91, 95, 98, 108-10, 115, Wielkopolski) 203 117-20, 122, 126-8, 130, 132, Landtag 255 137-9, 143-7, 149, 152, 154, Lane, Arthur Bliss 184-5, 240--2; 156-7, 159-60, 162-8, 170-82, see also US Embassy to Poland 187-8, 190-9, 204-6, 213, Lange, Professor Oskar 42, 44-5 215-16,218-19,226-7,244,246, Langfeld 21 248,251,261-3,266-75,277-81, Lastenausgleich 284 290 Lauban (Luban) 67, 72, 74, 154 Deputy Gauleiter of Lebedev, Victor 44; see also USSR Niederschlesien see Muller Government Government Plenipotentiary of Lechowicz, Wlodzimierz 183 Lower Silesia see Legnica see Liegnitz Piaskowski Legnickie Pole see Wahlstadt Gauleiter of Niederschlesien see Leipzig 10 Hanke Lelyushenko, General D.D. 64; see Gauschulungsleiter of Gau also USSR Army Niederschlesien 27 Lemberg (L'vov, Lw6w) 37, 39, 45, Landesplanungsgemeinschaft 51, 86, 153--4 Niederschlesien 23 Lemmer, Ernst 254; see also Luftschutzkeller Deutschlands 22 Christian Democratic Union in Oberpr4sident of USSR zone in Germany Niederschlesien 21 Leningrad 26; see also USSR Oberpr4sidium of Leobschiitz (Glubczyce) 200 Niederschlesien 61, 80 Liegnitz (Legnica) II, 14-15, 18, 24, Luban see Lauban 64, 115, 117, 125, 136, 152-3, Lubeck 187 163, 187-9, 197, 206, 218, 220 Lublin 57, 154, 166, 172-5, 179, 210 Ferdinand II of Liegnitz II Lublin Committee see Polish Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz 15 Governments Life Magazine 185 Lukaschek, Dr Hans 25 Linden (Lipki) 58 Lutterotti, Prior Nikolaus von 156 Linke-Hofmann-Busch locomotive Luxembourg 264-5 works 22, 161 L'vov see Lemberg Lipki see Linden Lw6w see Lemberg Lipski, J6zef 33 Lw6wek Slllski see LOwenberg 370 Index

MacFarlane, Miss 176--8 Mittelwalde (Mi¢zylesie) 139, 187 Machtstaat 291 MO 133 Magdeburg l 0 Modzelewski, Zygmunt 101, 221 Magdeburger Recht 10 Molotov, Vyacheslav 38, 40, 44, Magee, Captain P. 138; see also 47-8, 87, 91, 100, 107-8, 110, SMA 158, 253-5, 263-4, 279; see also Magnusew 58 USSR Government Majdanek 47, 57, 241 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 277 Marienthal 138 Moltke, Helmuth James Graf Marshall, General George 260, von 25 262-4; see also US Secretary of MON 121 State Mongol 7 Marxist 274 Moravia 7 Marxism-Leninism 275 Moravian Gate, Moravian Masuria, Mazury, 'Mazurs' 172-5, Plain 6, 10 179, 249 Moravska Ostrava coal fields 71 Matthews, H. Freeman l 04, Ill, Morgan, Lieutenant-General 260--2; see also US State Frederick 186, 194-5; see also Department COSSAC, UNRRA Matuschka, Edgar Graf von 25 Morgenthau, Henry Jr 251 Menshikov, Mikhail 183 Moscow see USSR Government Messec, Lieutenant-Colonel Moscow Conference 101 Harry 229; see also US Moscow Foreign Ministers' military Conference 37, 50--2 Meyer-Detring, Colonel 77; see also Moys 24 Wehrmacht Miiller, Walter 61, 80 Michelsdorf (Miszkowice) 136 Murphy, Robert 95, 123-4, 229--39, Mickiewicz, Adam 198 251, 260; see also US military Middle Ages 268, 292 Muskau 76 Mi~dzylesie see Mittelwalde Myrek, Colonel Karol 128 Mierosz6w see Friedland MZO 138-9, 144, 152, 170--2, 181, Mieszko I 6 193, 196--7, 214-15, 221, 224, Mieszko II Platonogi 7 274 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw 33-4, 40--l, 45, 48-9, 53-5, 84, 86--7, 92-3, 101-2,104,109-10,152,215-16, Namslau (Namysl6w) 10, 27 218, 220, 217, 279; see also Namysl6w see Namslau Polish Exile Government in Napoleonic Wars 11-12 London Naprzod Dolnoil~~.Ski 153 Milik, Karol 202-206, 211 Nasz Wroclaw 153 Milicz see Militsch National Council for the Military Sub-Committee of the Homelands see Polish Reconstruction Secretariat see National Home Council UK military NATO 284, 292 Militsch (Milicz) 59 Natzmer, General Oldwig von 77; Milkowski, Edward 190--2 see also Wehrmacht Mine, Hilary 47, 214, 221 Naumburg (Nowogrodziec) 65 Ministerstwo Prac Kongresowych 32 ND 32,53 Miszkowice see Michelsdorf Negwer, Prelate 202-3, 205 Index 371

Nehring, General Walther 58, 72; 98-9, 108, 120--1, 196, 214, see also Wehrmacht 250, 254, 259, 261, 271, 274; NeiBe (Nysa) see Oder-Neisse Wiitende NeiBe (Nysa Nelson, Horatio 242 Szalona) 6 Nemmersdorf 29 Oder line 2, 6, 11, 30--1, 34-40, Netherlands 264-5 42, 44, 48, 52-3, 58-9, 64, Neues Deutschland 253, 255, 265 84-5, 87, 90-1, 95, 99, 109, Neumark 234 129, 142, 197, 214, 223, Neurode (Nowa Ruda) 144 261-3, 291, 293 Neusalz (Nowa Sol) 192 Oder-Bober-Queiss (Odra-Bobr­ Nichols, Mr 111; see also UK Kwisa) 108 Government Oder-eastern Neisse 48, 51, 95, Niederschlesien see Lower Silesia 99, 108-10, 121, 254, 259, Niehoff, General Hermann 74-5, 261-2, 278-9 80--1; see also Wehrmacht Oder-western (Lower) Neisse 45, Niemodlin see Falkenberg 49-51, 55, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, Niemodlinski county 133 94-5, 98-102, 108-11, NKVD 106, 270 114-15, 120--1, 126, 228, 259, Nowa Ruda see Neurode 261-2, 276-80, 282 Nowa Sol see Neusalz Oder-Neisse border/frontier 2-3, Nowicki, Edmund 203-4 31-3, 35, 46, 48-50, 89, 95, Nowogrodziec see Naumburg 97-100, 102, 108, 116, 154, NSDAP 17-21, 23--7, 31, 47, 56-7, 198, 208-11, 216-17, 219, 60, 65, 67, 71, 7>-7, 117, 120, 227-8, 239, 242, 246, 250--5, 131, 133, 147, 193-4, 207, 213, 257-61, 264-6, 273, 276, 235, 241, 268-70 280--2,284-6,289,291,293 anti-Nazi 131, 235 Odra-Nysa see Oder-Neisse Oberstes Parteigericht 19 Oels (01esnica) 65-6, 161 NSFO 71 Ojlags see POW Nysa see Oder-Neisse Ohlau (Olawa) 58, 64 Olawa see Ohlau Oberlausitz 12 Olesnica see Oels Oberschlesien see Upper Silesia Olomouc 203 Obright, William J. 222-224; see Olszewski, Jozef 254 also CIC Olsztyn see Allenstein Ochab, Eduard 152, 213, 283 OMGUS 235, 257-8; see also US Oder-Neisse (Oder-NeiBe, Odra­ military Nysa) O'Neill, Con 86, 229, 239, 250; see Neisse >-6, 31, 48, 105, 115, also UK Foreign Office 121-4, 139, 197, 279, 281, Opactwo Krzeszow see Griissau 293; eastern Neisse (Glatzer Abbey NeiBe, Nysa Klodzka) 6, 'Operation Carrot' 189 31, 85, 87, 98-9, 107, 196, 'Operation Grubstake' 189 250, 254, 259, 261-2, 271, 'Operation Link' 146 274; western (Lusatian) 'Operation Sch/ittenfahrt' 51 Neisse (Lausitzer NeiBe, 'Operation Sea Eagle' 187 Gorlitzer NeiBe, Nysa 'Operation Swallow' 138-40, 142-4, Ll1Zycka) 2, 187, 195, 243, 256 >-6, 31, 48-50, 64, 67, 76, 87, Opole see Oppeln 372 Index

Oppeln (Opole) 14-15, 36, 38, 163, Peter, Professor Hans 25 197, 202-3, 220 Piaskowski, Stanislaw 117-19, 152, Regierungsbezirk Oppeln 15 206; see also PPS Oppeln Silesia see Upper Silesia Piast 6-7, 10-11, 46, 212, 268 Opperau (Wroclaw-Opor6w) 60 Piensk see Penzig Organisation Todt 22 Pieck, Wilhelm 253 Orlemanski, Father Stanislaw 42 Pila see Schneidemiihl ORMO 127, 133 Pionier 153 Osborne, D'Arcy 205; see also UK Piontek, Ferdinand 200, 202~ British Legation to the Vatican PKWN 31, 45-8, 50-1, 55, 57, Os6bka-Morawski, Edward 47-8, 8~. 89, 93, 99-100, 101, 106, 50, 83, 93, 99, 158 152-3, 158,201,214,221,277-9; OSS 123; see also US Government see also Polish communists Osteuropa Institut 153 Playfair, Edward W. 36; see also Ostpolitik 285-6, 289 UK Government Ostwa/1 27 Poland 2-7, 10-11, 17, 19, 22, 31-2, Oswi~m 241; see also Auschwitz I 34, 38-41, 52-5, 83-4, 86-7, other Allied states see Allies 89-90, 92-3, 96-9, 101, 103-5, Otto III 7 109, 111-13, 115-17, 120, 126, 129-30, 132, 143-4, 149, 152, 15~. 158, 160, 164-7, 169, Pacelli, Eugenio see Pope Pius XII 176-9, 181-201, 203, 205-6, Paczkow see Patschkau 208-9, 211-12, 218-19, 222, Paderborn 200 22~. 228-39, 241-2, 248-55, Palestine 192, 195 257~3. 266-7, 269, 272, Panthenau 141 274-88, 290-3 PAP 254 Poles, Polish, Polishness, Paris see France Polonisation, Polish society 3, Patschkau (Paczk6w) 120 5-7, 10-12, 16, 22, 36, 39, 44, 46, Patton, General George 77; see also 52-3, 59, 75, 78, 83, 86, 91-4, US military 97-103, 105, 108-10, 115-17, Pawlowski, Capt C. 190-2 121-2, 126-30, 136--40, 142-4, PCIRO 186 146, 148-9, 152~2. 166, 170, Peace conference, peace settlement, 179-80, 182, 184-9, 191-200, peace treaty(ies) 52, 92, 96, 202-4, 207-8, 210, 212-14, 216, 103, 108, 110, 209, 222, 250, 218-28, 240, 242-3, 246, 248-9, 252-3,279-81,286,290 253-9,261,263-4,266-9, Peace settlement see Peace 271-83, 286-9, 291-3 conference pro-Western Poles 32, 51, 53, 84, Peace treaty(ies) see Peace 278 conference Polish authorities see Polish Peikert, Father Paul 127 Government Pelplin-Chelmno 207 Polish see Poles Penzig (Piensk) 62, 122 Polishness see Poles People's Republic of Poland 4, 55, Polonisation see Poles 118-19, 197, 208, 210, 268 Polish society see Poles Perlstein, Julian 188 Polish-American community 42 Perowne, J. Victor 209; see also UK Polish Archaeological British Legation to the Vatican Society 253 Index 373

Polish Army 22, 24, 44, 106, Polish Government, including Polish 118-19, 121-4, 126, 154, 158, coalition government, Polish 182 pro-Soviet government, Polish 1st Polish Army: 5th Infantry Stalinist elements, Warsaw Division 121; 12th Infantry government, Polish authorities, Division 121 Polish officials 51, 85, 87, 2nd Polish Army 76 89-94, 99-101, 103, 117, 120-1, 33rd Polish Infantry 123-9, 131-3, 135, 137, 140, 146, Regiment 158 149, 152, 154-9, 160, 162-5, Polish Catholic Church 17, 42, 168-9, 179, 181-9, 192-4, 196, 156-7, 199-213, 274, 276, 285, 201, 206-8, 210-13, 215, 218, 287--8 221-2, 224, 229, 239-40, 242, Polish Central Repatriation 247-9,252-5,267,271-3,275-6, Office see PUR 278-9, 282-3, 285-6, 288, 292 Polish Citizens' Militia 127, 133; see Central Planning Board of the also MO, ORMO Ministry of Supplies and Polish coalition government see Trade see Lechowicz Polish Government Polish Government in Exile in Polish Communist Party 46, 199, London, Exile Poles, London 219, 222; see also KPP Poles, Polish National Polish communists, Polish Council 31-5, 38, 40, 42, subordinates of the Soviet 44-6, 49-54, 84, 86, 89, 92-3, Union, Soviet-sponsored Poles, 109, 276-7, 283; see also pro-Soviet Poles 31, 38, 44-5, Mikolajczyk 47- 9, 50-1, 55, 87, 89-90, 92, Polish guard companies, Polish guard 101, 214; see also PKWN soldiers 222; see also Anders Polish County Offices of Public Polish Labour Party, Polish Party of Security see PUBP Labour 106, 220 Polish-Czechoslovakian Polish Military Mission 254, 256, federation 34 258; see also Prawin Polish Defence Minister see Kukiel Polish militia 120-2, 127, 133, 157; Polish Democratic 'Bloc' 218-20; see also AK see also PPR, PPS Polish Minister of Information and Polish Democratic Party, Christian Documentation see Kot Democrats 53, 106 Polish Minister of Labour and Social Polish Foreign Minister see Services see Stanczyk J~rychowski Polish Ministry of National Polish Frontier Defence Force see Defence see MON WOP Polish Ministry of Public Polish frontier west see Oder­ Administration 152 Neisse, Polish territories Polish Mission of UNRRA see Polish frontiers east 31, 37, 48, 54; Menshikov Polish-Czechoslovak frontier 33, Polish Movement of Labour see SP 36, 48-9, 111, 120; Polish National Council see Polish Polish-soviet frontier 31, 37, 46, Government in Exile in 48, 51, 54, 103, 107, 158 London, Grabski Polish Geographical Society 153 Polish National Home Council, Polish-German relations 4, 116, National Council for the 266, 268, 282, 286, 288, 292 Homelands see KRN 374 Index

Polish officials see Polish Posen (Poznan) 59, 166, 172-5, 184, Government 196, 202-3, 217 Polish Parliament see Sejm Grenzmark Posen see Prussia Polish Peasants' Party 106 Post-Hostilities Planning Sub­ Polish People's (Peasant) Committee of the British Movement see SL, PSL Government 36, 42; see also UK Polish People's (Peasant) Movement Government (New Liberation) see PSL­ Post-War Problems Committee 37; NW see also US Government Polish Press Agency 254 Potsdam, Regierungsprdsident 25 Polish provisional government 253 Potsdam Conference, Potsdam Polish Provisional Government of agreement, settlement, National Unity 96, 99, 106, declaration 4, 83, 95, 98, 111 ll0--17, 120--1, 126--8, 158--9, Polish Repatriation Mission see 206, 213- 14, 221, 227-9, Gebowski 239-40, 242, 245-6, 250--2, Polish Security Office see VB 254-5, 257, 259, 262-3, 271-2, Polish Socialist Party see PPS 278--81, 285, 287 Polish-Soviet relations 93, 101 Berlin Conference (1945) 100--10 Polish Stalinist elements see Polish Pound Sterling 168, 246 Government Poznan see Posen Polish subordinates of the Soviet POW 24, 67, 78 Union see Polish communists Ojlags 24 Polish territories 3-4, 14, 20, 32-4, Sta/ags 24 36--7, 39-42, 44--6, 48--52, 54, PPR 45, 47, 106, 133, 139, 152-3, 83-7, 89-92, 94-103, 105-10, 184, 190, 198--9, 201, 213-21, 114-16, 118--19, 121-2, 125-7, 224-6,246--9,253-5,273-6,283, 129, 137, 150--1, 154, 191, 196, 287 198, 205-6, 208--10, 212, 222-3, PPS 53-4, 106, 152-3, 157, 159, 264, 269, 271, 273, 278, 286--7; 199, 216--19, 221, 225; see also see also ZO Piaskowski Polish United Workers' Party see Prague 10, 77 PZPR Catholic Church 203-5 Polish Workers' (Communist) Pravda 83-4 Party see PPR Prawin, Colonel Jakub 254, 256, Polonsky, Antony 214 258; see also Polish Military Polpress 91 Mission Pomerania, Pomeranians 3, 12, 32, Preichau (Przychowa) 58 36--9,42,54,76,85-6,96, 99, Preisker, Dr Herbert 60--1 125-6,138,179,234,261-2,266, Prosna 58 281 Protestantism see Evangelical Prussian Pomerania 33 Church western Pomerania 91 Provisional Government of the Polish Pomorze 172-5 Republic see RTRP Pope John Paul II 288--9 pro-Soviet Poles see Polish Pope Pius XII 200, 202-5, 207-10, communists 212 pro-Soviet Polish government see Pope Sylvester II 7 Polish Government Po Prostu 283 pro-Western Poles see Poles Index 375

Prussia, Prussians 11-12, 280 Reinhardt, General Hans Georg 56; East Prussia, East Prussians, see also Wehrmacht eastern Prussian Reklewski, Stanislaw 139 provinces 3-4, 12, 17, 29, Republic of Poland see People's 33,36-9,42,44,47,50-1,54, Republic of Poland 84, 86, 91, 96-7, 99, 138, 207, Rhine, Rhineland 33-4, 103, 138, 234,249,262-3,266 251 Grenzmark Posen 35, 37 Riddleberger, C.E. 123, 236; see Prussian Army 115 also US State Department West Prussia 234 RM 121, 130-1, 186 Prussian Pomerania see Pomerania Roberts, Frank 34, 50, 83, 91; see Przegl;¢ Zachodni 153 also UK Foreign Office Przemysl 249 Robertson, Lieutenant-General Przychowa see Preichau Brian 256; see also UK PSL 152, 215--20 military PSL-NW 218 Rogoznica see Gro.B-Rosen PUBP 136 Rokossovsky, Marshal Pukhov, General N.P. 64; see also Konstantin 58; see also USSR USSR Army Army Pulawy 58 Roman Catholic Church see PUR 132, 139, 142, 179, 183, Catholicism 187-92, 215, 246-9, 258 Rome 200-1, 203, 205 PW&DP see DPOW Romer, Tadeusz 40, 49, 52-3 PZPR 221, 283, 285, 287-8 Rooks, Lowell 185; see also UNRRA Roosevelt, President Franklin Raczkiewicz, Wladystaw 44 D. 37--40, 45, 52-3, 85--7, 90; Rada Naukowa dla Zagadnien Ziem see also US Government Odzyskanych 154 Rosenberg, Alfred 21 Radio Po/skie 90 Rosenheim 30 Radkiewicz, Stanislaw 133, 221 RTRP 55, 85, 87, 92, 94, 100, 117, RAF see UK military 152, 182, 213 Reale, Eugenio 254 Rubinstein, Colonel 158 Realpolitik 41, 255 Rugen 34 Red Army see USSR Army Ruhland 29 Red Cross 189 Ruhr 23, 103, 194, 246, 250, 252, Reformation 11 259, 262 Reich, Third Reich 14-16, 19--22, Rumania 183 26, 31, 35, 49, 72, 98, 111, 115, Rumanian Germans 258 120, 186, 200, 258, 277, 287 Russia see USSR Reichenbach (Dzierzoniow) 14, Russian Army see USSR Army 141, 192, 195 Russian territories see USSR Reichsbahn 71, 80 Russian zone in Germany see Reichsdeutsche 232, 243-4 USSR zone in Germany Reichsinnenminister see Frick Russians see USSR Government Reichsminister for Armaments and Rybalko, General P.S. 64; see also War Productions see Speer USSR Army Reichsverteidigungskommissar 21, Rzesz6w 154, 166, 172-5, 179, 26-7 217-18 376 Index

Rzymowski, Wincenty 101, 128, Silesia (Schlesien, Sl~k), Silesian, 242 Silesians 6-7, 10-12, 14-16, 18-20, 22-5, 28-9, 32, 51, 56-9, SA 19 64-5, 72, 78, 82, 85, 91, 95, Saar 259, 264 120-1, 126-8, 133, 138, 142, Sabisch, Father Alfred 206 152-3,158,163,196,199,222-4, Sachsenhausen 24 234,240,252,256,258,262, Sagan (Zagait) 24, 154 268-70, 290 Sage, Colonel 190--2; see also Gau Schlesien 19, 20 USFET Gauleiter of Silesia 19 Sapieha, Cardinal Adam northern Silesian plain 64 Stefan 202 Oberprdsident of Silesia 19, 25 Sargent, Orme 100, 239; see also Obe"egierungsrat of Silesia 25 UK Foreign Office Silesian salient, German Saucken, General Dietrich von 72; salients 32-4, 51 see also Wehrmacht Skrzeszewski, Stanislaw 221 Saxony 7, 12, 14, 34, 67, 16-1, 120, SL 53, 219 122, 125 Sl~k see Silesia Scheel, Walter 286 Sl~sk-Dabrowa 172-5 Schlesien see Silesia Slav, Slavs, Slav countries, Slavic, Schlesinger, Arthur M. 227; see also Slavonic 7, 16, 32, 34, 49, 106, US Government 118-19, 197, 223, 268-9 Schleswig-Holstein 138, 187 Slowo Polskie 153 Schmidt, Helmut 289 Slubice see Frankfurt/Oder Schneidemllhl (Pila) 17 SMA see USSR Army Schoenfeld, Rudolf 87; see also US Sobolev, Arkady 113; see also Government USSR Government Scholz, Father Franz 122, 126 SobOtka see Zobten Schomer, General Ferdinand 59, SobOtka 153 71-2, 74, 76-80; see also Society of the Friends of Wehrmacht History 153 Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von Solidamosc 289, 292 der 25; see also Wehrmacht Sorbs 12 Schulz, General Friedrich 58; see Sosnkowski, General Kazimierz 44 also Wehrmacht Soviet Army see USSR Army Schwaben 111 Soviet authorities see USSR Schweidnitz (Swidnica) 25, 161 Government Scinawa see Steinau Soviet Government see USSR Scott, John 220 Government SED 223, 244, 253-5, 265, 282-3 Soviet leadership see USSR Sejm 106, 221, 283, 292 Government Seven Years' War 11 Soviet-sponsored Poles see Polish Seyda, Marian 32 communists SHAEF see Allies Soviet Union see USSR Siberia 197 SP 218 Sicherheitsamt see Berlin SPD 18, 244, 255, 285, 289 Siedlecki, Colonel 158 Speer, Albert 21-2, 61 Sikorski, General Spiegler, John L. 222-4; see also Wladyslaw 33-5, 38 CIC Index 377

Spielhagen, Wolfgang 61 Tardini, Monsignor Domenico 209 Spraight, Dr J.M. 36; see also UK Tamopol 45 military Tehran Conference 38-40, 42, 45 Spychalski, Marian 45 Teuton, Teutonic 194, 268 Sroda (Sll\ska) 190, 192 Time Magazine 220 ss 19-20, 76, 80; 'Tolstoy' Conference in Moscow 51 Waffen-SS 73, 127 Treaty of Friendship (USSR- Stahlhelm 19 Poland) 93 Stalags see POW Trebnitz (Trzebnica) 59, 117, 152, Stalin, Marshal Josef 23, 38-42, 190 44-51,53-5,57,64,87,90,92-3, TrenCin 10 97-100, 108, 110, 113-14, 120, Trevor-Roper, Hugh 266 214,221,228-9,255,265,276-9, TRJN 92, 152, 183, 201, 213 281; see also USSR Government Troutbeck, John 83, 113-14, 250; Stalingrad 4, 26, 56 see also UK Foreign Office Stanszyk, Jan 101 Truman, President Harry S. 98-100, Steinau (Scinawa) 58, 64 102-3, 107, 115, 120, 228; see Stettin (Szczecin) 36-8, 48-9, 52, also US Government 54, 87, 89, 97--8, 105, 109, 125, Trybuna Dolnosl~pka 153 138,142,183-4,187--8,213,219, Trzebnica see Trebnitz 259, 261 Tulpanov, Colonel Sergei 255; see Gulf of Stettin 33 also SMA Stettinius, Edward 84, 98; see also Tyrol, South Tyrolese 156 US Secretary of State Strang, William 229, 264; see also UK military UB 133, 136, 157 Strehlen (Strzelin) 67 UK 87, 106, 110, 182, 228-9, 242, Striegau (Strzegom) 24, 67, 72, 74 250-1,257,263,265 Strzegom see Striegau UK Embassy to Poland 109, 128, Strzelin see Strehlen 136, 159, 161-2, 196, 215-16, Stuttgart 234 218,220,240,242-3,250,254 Stuttgart speech by Byrnes 143, UK Embassy to USSR 89, 91, 102, 251-2, 263, 281; see also US 104, 109 Secretary of State UK Foreign Office 34--8, 42, 50-2, Sudete massif, Sudeten foothills, 83-4, 86, 91, 95-101, 104, 107, Sudeten mountains, Sudeten 109-14, 116, 205, 229, 239-40, range 6, 10, 12, 34, 61, 64, 67, 243-44,246,250,257,259-61 72, 120, 163 UK Government 31, 33, 34-9, Sudeten Germans, 40-2,45,48,50-4,83-7,90,92, Sudetenland 120, 125, 95-104, 109, 110-11, 114-16, 186,199, 243, 254 120, 128, 137-8, 140, 142-4, 162, Sii6muth, Richard 122 186-9, 194, 209, 227--8, 239-41, Swidnica see Schweidnitz 243-6,250-2,256-64,276--81, Swierczewski, General Karol 76 284 Swinemiinde (SwinoujScie) 48 UK Legation to the Vatican 205, SwinoujScie see Swinemiinde 209 Switzerland 248 UK military 23, 95, 229, 256, 264 Syc6w see Gro6-Wartenberg BAOR 138 Szczecin see Stettin British Army 187 378 Index

UK military (cont.) 186-7, 190-5,23Q--a, 240, British Commander-in-Chief in 242-4,249,256-60,262,281 Germany 97, 186 US Air Force see US military Military Sub-Committee for the US Army see US military Reconstruction of the US Congress 90 Secretariat 35--6, 42 US Consulate General, RAF 23 Munich 222-4 UK War Cabinet 35, 37, 52 US Dollar 168 UK zone in Germany, 95-7, 104, 111, US Embassy to Czechoslovakia 236 128-9, 137--40, 142-4, 155, US Embassy to France 236 187--a, 190, 195, 227, 229-38, US Embassy to Poland 184-5, 228, 242-4,256-60,262,272,281 236, 240--2, 246-9, 253 Ukraine, Ukrainians 51, 164, 194, US Embassy to UK 236 249 US Embassy to USSR 49, 51, 84, 'l..emko' Ukrainians 194 89,93-4,102-3,236 Ulbricht, Walter 265 US Government 34, 37--40, 41, 45, UNHCR 186 48, 52-3, 83-7, 90, 93, 98-103, United Nations 86, 108-9, 155, 164, 107, 111, 113-14, 115, 120, 123, 167, 184, 186, 279; see also 185, 228, 222-4, 236, 244, 259, UNHCR 277' 280, 284 United Press 255 us military 78, 95, 123-4, 186, Uniwersytet imienia Bo/eslawa 229-41,257,260 Bieruta we Wrodaw 154 American Commander-in-Chief in UNRRA 131-2, 140, 155, 163-4, Germany 97, 186 166-7, 169-78, 181-95, 275; see US Air Force 23 also Canadian, China, Christian US Army 78, 200, 235, 241, 251 Science Monitor, Drury, Hays, 3rd US Army 77 LaGuardia, Life Magazine, USFET 190--2; see also US military MacFarlane, Menshikov, USPOLAD, Austria 236 'Operation Carrot', 'Operation US Representative, Budapest 236 Grubstake', Perlstein, Rooks, US Secretary of State 84,96-8, 100, Zaluski 104, 107--a, 110, 113, 123-4, 143, Unternehmen Barto/d 21 240--2,246-9,251-4,260,262-4, Upper Lusatia see Oberlausitz 279, 281 Upper Silesia (Oberschlesien, Gorny US State Department 37--a, 83, St~k) 3-4, 6, 12, 14, 16, 20, 85--6,93-8,104,107,111,123-4, 22,24-5,29,32,36-8,42,44,54, 230--8, 241, 247-9, 251, 260--2, 58,67, 71, 74,85-7,96,99, 120, 264, 279 125, 133, 154, 160, 179, 182, 187, US War Department 35, 37, 42, 240 194,200,202,213,263,266,287 USSR 1, 4, 26, 31, 51-2, 55, 65, 86, Oppeln Silesia 96 89-95, 100, 106-7, 109, 115-16, Upper Silesian Plateau 6 121, 126, 137--a, 143, 153, 156, USA 1, 31, 34, 84, 87, 90, 102, 158, 160, 180, 193, 195, 198, 106-9, 110--13, 116, 128, 164, 213-14, 220, 223, 227-9, 242--6, 182, 184-7, 189, 192, 222-3, 248-9, 251-7, 259-65, 270, 273, 228-9, 239, 241-3, 251-4, 275-82, 285, 289, 291 256-65, 276, 278--al, 284 European Russia 65 American zone in Soviet-British zonal Germany 94-7, 129, 184, boundary 129 Index 379

western frontiers of the USSR zone in Germany 90, 95, 97, USSR 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 115,126,128-9,137,139,142-5, 251 158, 164, 187, 190, 206, 227-8, White Russians 249 230-8, 242-4, 246, 252-4, 256, USSR Army 27-30,46-7,49-50, 272, 275, 279, 281 55--61, 64-7, 73-8, 82, 91-4, 100-1, 105--6, 116-20, 122, V-2 12>-7, 130, 133, 136, 147, 152, 22 van Cutsem, Brigadier William 157-61, 165, 180, 188, 199-200, 213-15, 270, 274, 277 E. 36; see also UK military Vatican 12, 200-1, 203, 20>-7, 1st Byelorussian Front 58, 94-5, 209-12, 287 97 Venatier, Hans 27 2nd Byelorussian Front 58 Versailles 14, 16-17, 32, 86, 107 3rd Red Army 64 Vilnius see Wilno 6th Red Army 64, 73, 75, 80 Vistula 10, 29, 57, 208 13th Red Army 64 21st Red Army 76 Vltava 77 Vogt Bartold 21 52nd Red Army 58, 64, 76 Volga 208 59th Red Army 76 Volksdeutsche 232, 244 60th Red Army 7 Volkskammer 283, 292 3rd Guards Red Army 64, 76 Vo/kssturm 21-9, 60, 62-3; see also 3rd Red Tank Army 76 Wehrmacht 4th Red Tank Army 58, 64, 76 Vratislavians 197 lst Ukrainian Front 58, 64-6, 72, Vyshinsky, Andrei 91, 93-4; see 76-7, 79 also USSR Government 5th Guard Army of lst Ukrainian Front 58, 64, 76 Deutsche Zeitung 127 Wagner, Josef 19-20 IL-2 75 Wahlstadt (Legnickie Pole) 7, 24 Po-2 75 Walbrzych see Waldenburg SMA 137-8, 142, 186, 244, 255 Walker, Colonel C.W.C. 36-7; see Soviet arms and war also UK Government efforts 29-30, 58 Waldenburg (Walbrzych) 12, 22, Soviet Commander-in-Chief in 61, 71, 132, 136, 144, 160, 192, Germany 97 194, 197, 206 Stavka 51, 15, 254 Regierungsbezirk Waldenburg 61 USSR Government 23, 31, 38-42, War Cabinet see UK War Cabinet 44-55,57,64-5,76,83-5,87,89, War Department see US War 90-100,93,102-3,107-8, Department 110-11, 113, 114, 116, 120, Warner, Christopher 83; see also 12>-9, 137, 139, 143, 158, 164, UK Foreign Office 186, 194, 197, 214, 220-1, 223, Warren, George 236; see also US 228-9, 239, 241, 243-6, 251-5, Government 257, 261-5, 271-2, 27>-83, Warmia see Ermland 286-7 Warsaw Moscow Commission 92 City of Warsaw 2, 31, 51, 87, 89, Soviet-German policy, 172-5, 177-9, 182-4,241, rapprochement 92, 214 247-8 Soviet propaganda 68-70 Duchy of Warsaw 225 380 Index

Warsaw (cont.) Wiedenbnlck Monastery 200 Hotel Polonia, Warsaw 253 Wiesner, Father Franz 156 see also Polish Government Wilno (Vilnius) 37, 39, 155 Warsaw Pact 283 Stefan-Batory-University 154, Warsaw Treaty 28~9, 291 199 Warthegau 234 Wilson, President W. 41; see also Washington, City of 183 US Government see also US Government Winch, Michael 128, 218; see also Weekes, Ronald 95, 110; see also UK Embassy to Poland Allies (Kommandatura) Wirtschaftswunder 284 Wegerdt 125 Witos, Andrzei 47 W~gliniec see Kohlfurt Witzleben, Field Marshal Erwin Wehrmacht 21, 23, 25-30, 5~5. von 25; see also Wehrmacht 67,71-82,248,270 Wladyslaw II Wygnaniec 7 Befehlshaber des Ersatzheeres 21 Wohlau (Wol6w) 59 French campaign 21 Wojcik, Stanislaw, 215 GrojJdeutschland Corps 72 W ojtyla, Cardinal Karol see Pope Heeresgruppe A 29-30, 5~9. John Paul II 71-2, 7~7. 79; Panzerkorps Wolfsburg 187 XXIV 58, 72, 74; 1st Panzer Wol6w see Wohlau Army 58,71-2, 7~7; 4th Wolski, Wladyslaw 139, 190, Panzer Army 58, 71, 77; ~ 17th Army 58, 71, 77, 79; WOP 121 208th Infantry Division 72 World Congress of intellectuals for Heeresgruppe Mitte 29, 5~7. 59, the defence of freedom 154 71-2, 74, 76-80; 4th Panzer World War I, First World War 14, Army 7~7. 79 22, 32, 60, 100, 115, 269, 291 Heeresgruppe Slid 78 World War II, Second World Heeresgruppe Weichsel 58, 76; War 14, 3~7. 42, 56, 65, 78, 9th Army 76 117,135,144,147,197,206,213, Luftwaffe 29 223, 227, 2~71, 273, 281-2, OKW 59,77 285-7, 291 Polish campaign 21 Eastern Front 65 Transportgeschwader, 2nd Wratislawia 7, 10, 197; see also Group 73 Vratislavians V-2 22 Wroclaw see Breslau Wehrkreis VIII 24, 29-30 Wroclaw-Broch6w see Brockau Weimar Republic 17-19 Wroclaw-K.rzyki see Breslau- Weizsacker, Richard von 292 Krietem west (geographical) 136, 146, 263 Wroclaw-Opor6w see Opperau West (power bloc) see Allies Wroclaw-Psie Pole see Hundsfeld Western, Westerners see Allies Wroclawskie Towarzystwo Western Allies see Allies Naukowe 153 Western leaders see Allies Wschowa see Fraustadt Western powers see Allies Wiirttemberg, Wiirttemberg­ Westphalia 138, 187, 200; Baden see Baden­ Gauleiter of South Westphalia 19 Wiirttemberg South Westphalia 19 Wyszyilski, Stefan Whitehall see UK Government Cardinal 210-11, 285 Index 381

Xylander,Lieutenant-General Zentrum, Zentrumspartei 18 Wolfdietrich Ritter von 57; see Zedlitz (Zakrzow) 58 also Wehrmacht Zgorzelec see Garlitz Zhadov, General A.S. 58, 64; see also USSR Yalta Conference 83, 85--6, 89-90, Army Zhukov, Marshal Georgii 92-5, 100-1, 107, 115, 251, 259 58, 94-5, 97; see Crimea decisions on Poland 97 also USSR Army Zielona Yorck von Wartenburg, Gora see Grllnberg Zinkowski, Oberregienmgsrat Peter OberstLeutnant (Lieutenant-Colonel) Graf 25, 136 124 Zittau 115, Yugoslavia 193, 249 122-5 Zl 130-2, 168, 181, 186, 188, 191, Yugoslav Germans 258 193 zo 129-31, 133, 136, 144, 149, 152, 1:agan see Sagan 154-7, 159-60, 162-70, 179, 181, Zaklad Narodowy imienia 188, 193-5, 197-9, 208, 210, Osso/iliskich 153 212-25, 249, 266, 272-6, 282-3, Zakrz6w see Zedlitz 289; see also Polish territories Zaluski, Dr K. 183 Zobten (SobOtka) 67 Zinker, Bishop Otto 61 Zymierski, General Michal Zentra/verwa/tung fiir deutsche 'Rola' 45, 47, 101 Umsiedler 137 z za Buga 195, 273