Marko, M. et al.: Biomecanical analysis of extraleague players´ shooting in Eurovia… Sport Science 8 (2015) 2: 52‐56

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRALEAGUE PLAYERS´ SHOOTING IN EUROVIA SLOVAK LEAGUE

Michal Marko, Elena Bendíková and Robert Rozim

Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Slovak Republic

Original scientific paper

Abstract The study presents causative biomechanical analysis of motion of EUROVIA basketball league players in Slovakia, who completed ten three-point field shooting attempts recorded by high-speed camera from the right side of a shooting player. The biggest visible changes have occurred in angular changes at elbow and knee joint and in speed of radial-wrist and elbow joint, which directly determined the elevation angle of the shooting. These findings declare the importance of the longer distance shooting in relation to the victory in basketball game.

Key words: basketball shooting, biomechanical analysis of the motion, joint changes

Introduction Authors are united in the case of longer distance shooting and they report almost identical distances Basketball shooting is in the basketball (table 1). The longer distance shooting is classification classified among offensive basic considered to be the most important shooting fundamentals (Velenský, 2008). Mačura (2010), action with which we meet in basketball (Hess, Argaj, Rehák (2007), Krause et al. (2008), 1980). Proof of this statement can be found in the Tománek (2010) characterize basketball shooting toughest and most attractive basketball league on as challenging motion activity of the player, whose "the Old Continent" - Spanish League ACB main objective is to place the ball in the hoop, so it (Asociación Clubs Baloncesto), where the total goes top-down through the hoop. Ďuračka (2011) number of achieved points in basketball game from also adds that basketball shooting is unlike other the longer distance represents 41 %. In Slovak sport games the activity challenging for (SBL) similar numbers have muscular sense, distance estimation, subtle been recorded as well as in the Spanish League. Up differentiation of the fingers, hands and arms to 52 % of the total points have been achieved by movement. Force component is not primary, even shooting from longer distances and 33 % of the though it has got its foundation, especially in the total points have been scored from the three-point longer distance shooting (Trnovský et al., 1992). line. Among the most important factors, that Basketball shooting classification is systematic influence percentage of shooting from longer arrangement and sorting of shooting into group distances, include elevation angle and velocity of according to declaratory characters but we still the ball travelling in a parabolic curve (table 2). meet with diametrically opposed values, especially The higher the ballistic curve is, the greater in the shorter and middle distance shooting probability is that the ball enters the hoop. The (Mačura, 2010). height of ballistic curve depends on the strength of the player, especially on the strength of upper Table 1 Length of the shooting from longer limbs. distances according to different authors Aim Distance [m] Distance [m] Author Author large/long large/long The aim of the study has been biomechanical Hermann Riecky et al. more than 6 more than 6 (1957, s.32) (1982, s. 55) analysis of shooting from longer distances within Dobrý Jetleb et al. selected extraleague players in Slovak basketball more than 6 more than 6 (1965, s. 48) (1982, s. 71) league EUROVIA in relation to victory in basketball Dobrý Dobrý et al. more than game. more than 6 (1980, s. 66) (1987, s. 69) 6,25 Methods Table 2 Values of elevation angle and velocity of the ball according to different authors The monitored group has consisted of three extraleague players of basketball club EUCOS Elevation Velocity of Author Author angle [°] the ball [m/s] Levickí Patrioti, which plays in the Slovak basketball Hartley Brancazio league EUROVIA SBL. The primary characteristic of 55°- 60° 6,0 - 6,3 (1971, s. 128-129) (1981, s. 356-365) the monitored group presents table 3. We Hay Hamilton 49°- 55° 7,3 conducted monitoring on the 01/30/2015 in Levice (1978, s. 127-133) (1997, s. 491-504) Brancazio Satern sports hall. The players shot ten attempts from the 50°- 55° 6 (1981, s. 356-365) (1993, s. 20) three-point line (6,75 m, 22,1 ft) while they were Knudson Tran 49°- 53° 6 using officially approved basketball (Spalding TF- (2007, s. 236) (2008, s. 1147-1155) 100 SBA Legacy) hoop and lines, which have been

52 Marko, M. et al.: Biomecanical analysis of extraleague players´ shooting in Eurovia… Sport Science 8 (2015) 2: 52‐56 approved by FIBA regulations. All of the players While inserting white signs we determined the have had dominant right hand, player no. 2 and no. middle of the basketball by using method called 3 have specialized in basketball shooting from "triangulation", in which we used the coordinates of medium and longer distances and basketball player the three points and defined a perimeter of the ball. no. 1 has been playing on position called "power According to signs placed, we calculated angular forward". To record shooting from longer distances changes of the joints after releasing the ball, we were using high-speed camera PCO 1200 hs, angular velocity of the joints before releasing the which was located by the players´ right side at the ball, velocity of the joints due to releasing the ball, distance of 14 meters and at the height of 1,85 height and distance of jump during shooting. While meters. The camera was set up to record 500 interpreting results of shooting from longer images per second, while the exposure time distances among selected extraleague players we represented value of 0,005. Camera recording was used method of observation and casuistry by using set up at the resolution of 760 x 1024 with value of logical analysis while analyzing data and the screen 2. On each body of the players there information from recorded video and synthesis in were signs placed, on the right upper limb (radial- forming conclusions, as well as arithmetic mean (±) wrist joint, elbow joint and shoulder joint) and on and analysis of percentage frequency (%) through the right lower limb (hip joint, knee joint and ankle which we expressed determined data and facts into joint). tables and graphs.

Results

Table 3 Characteristic of monitored group of basketball players EUCOS Levickí Patrioti

Weight Height Monitored group Nationality Date of birth Decimal age Length of practice [kg] [cm] Player no. 1 Slovak 1992 22,52 17 104 203 Player no. 2 Serbian 1993 22,94 11 89 194 Player no. 3 American 1990 24,99 20 96 194

Table 4 Evaluation of angular changes of the joints after releasing the ball

MONITORED JOINTS SHOOTING S. Ch. GROUP Radial-wrist Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Ankle Max. 165 145 130 179 164 131 Successful Min. 124 58 107 131 113 85 Player no. 1 Diff. 41 87 23 48 51 46 Max. 160 132 128 171 165 126 Unsuccessful Min. 123 79 109 135 110 79 Diff. 37 53 19 36 55 47 Max. 162 155 140 194 179 131 Successful Min. 119 80 97 155 114 86 Diff. 43 75 43 39 86 45 Player no. 2 Max. 164 151 142 191 178 137 Unsuccessful Min. 118 91 94 152 119 78 Diff. 46 60 48 39 59 59 Max. 182 174 155 185 175 137 Successful Min. 131 77 105 151 131 86 Diff. 51 97 50 34 44 51 Player no. 3 Max. 177 155 146 180 165 126 Unsuccessful Min. 127 71 101 153 126 88 Diff. 54 84 45 27 39 39 S.CH.- Statistical characteristics, Max.- Maximal values, Min.- Minimal values, Diff.- Difference

Table 5 Evaluation of angular velocity of the joints before releasing the ball

MONITORED JOINTS SHOOTING S. Ch. GROUP Radial-wrist Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Ankle Max. 1501,34 1043,21 721,88 477,62 553,09 751,56 Successful Min. 141,34 482,48 255,51 120,80 226,91 173,00 Diff. 1360,00 560,73 421,37 356,82 326,18 578,56 Player no. 1 Max. 1382,79 853,21 658,92 431,21 521,49 732,64 Unsuccessful Min. 211,92 428,59 231,42 110,29 208,99 158,09 Diff. 1170,87 424,62 427,50 320,92 312,50 574,55 Max. 1486,29 1124,21 731,41 475,21 572,35 762,62 Successful Min. 193,21 472,51 267,49 149,21 251,32 183,21 Diff. 1293,08 651,70 463,92 326,00 321,03 579,41 Player no. 2 Max. 1398,12 882,07 628,93 422,31 525,85 721,34 Unsuccessful Min. 211,92 432,43 221,68 123,51 221,51 159,28 Diff. 1186,20 449,64 407,25 298,80 304,34 562,06 Max. 1241,48 825,88 603,79 406,75 614,98 775,94 Successful Min. 114,08 352,93 176,81 137,94 214,40 132,99 Diff. 1127,40 472,95 426,98 268,81 398,58 640,95 Player no. 3 Max. 972,61 672,42 491,74 315,20 980,77 529,26 Unsuccessful Min. 369,72 368,91 217,16 95,71 143,95 135,10 Diff. 602,89 303,51 274,58 219,49 836,82 394,16 S.CH.- Statistical characteristics, Max.- Maximal values, Min.- Minimal values, Diff.- Difference

53 Marko, M. et al.: Biomecanical analysis of extraleague players´ shooting in Eurovia… Sport Science 8 (2015) 2: 52‐56

Table 6 Evaluation of velocity of the joints in consideration of releasing the ball

JOINTS MONITORED SHOOTING S. Ch. Radial- GROUP Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Ankle wrist Max. 0,125 0,043 0,067 0,131 0,134 0,138 Successful Min. -0,315 -0,152 -0,339 -0,281 -0,279 -0,251 Diff. 0,440 0,195 0,406 0,412 0,413 0,389 Player no. 1 Max. 0,144 0,144 0,079 0,149 0,139 0,142 Unsuccessful Min. -0,329 -0,171 -0,345 -0,300 -0,289 -0,269 Diff. 0,473 0,229 0,424 0,449 0,428 0,411 Max. 0,129 0,049 0,064 0,135 0,139 0,137 Successful Min. -0,319 -0,158 -0,338 -0,285 -0,279 -0,255 Diff. 0,448 0,207 0,399 0,420 0,418 0,392 Player no. 2 Max. 0,146 0,055 0,077 0,145 0,147 0,142 Unsuccessful Min. -0,328 -0,175 -0,342 -0,292 -0,287 -0,327 Diff. 0,474 0,230 0,419 0,437 0,434 0,407 Max. 0,144 0,052 0,078 0,144 0,144 0,144 Successful Min. -0,310 -0,150 -0,343 -0,277 -0,277 -0,243 Diff. 0,454 0,202 0,421 0,421 0,421 0,387 Player no. 3 Max. 0,167 0,067 0,089 0,152 0,152 0,152 Unsuccessful Min. -0,320 -0,167 -0,333 -0,298 -0,267 -0,264 Diff. 0,487 0,234 0,422 0,450 0,419 0,416 S.CH.- Statistical characteristics, Max.- Maximal values, Min.- Minimal values, Diff.- Difference

The study presents partial results in relation to ratio of successful and unsuccessful shooting was objective, which is subject to further exact 1127,40 °/s : 602,89 °/s. Due to high difference in processing and monitoring. In table 4 we present the angular velocity of radial-wrist joint caused measured angular changes of the joints after fast, intense and untimely shooting. The player no. releasing the ball from longer distances, where we 3 was recorded with the difference in found out that the greatest differences in angular measurements in the angular velocity of knee joint, changes of the joints after releasing the ball were in while during unsuccessful shooting was the angular elbow joint, where the difference between velocity higher about 438,24 °/s. The angular successful and unsuccessful shooting from longer velocity of the ankle joint during unsuccessful distances were in a ratio of 86,3° : 65,6°, thus shooting was significantly decreased by 264,79 °/s, each player during unsuccessful shooting diverted therefore the player no. 3 tried to compensate it by from ideal angular change in the elbow joint of increasing the angular velocity of the knee joint. 20,7°. Furthermore, we found out that two players Among the players no. 1 and no. 2 were the most (player no. 2 and player no. 3) had high angular visible changes of the angular velocities of the differences of knee joint, which caused excessively radial-wrist joint and in elbow joint. Due to high horizontal and vertical jump. Among the same incorrect movement of radial- wrist joint the two players we recorded significant angular mentioned players got into unfavorable position differences of the ankle joint. Ankle joint was towards the basketball hoop, which resulted into during unsuccessful shooting affecting knee joint, unsuccessful shooting from longer distances. The which lead to wrong angular change and obtained results (velocity of the joints in consequently led to unreasonable high horizontal consideration of releasing the ball) about shooting and vertical jump during shooting and faster from longer distances are presented in table 6. releasing the ball. We did not find out any significant differences of the successful and Among all of the players who were shooting from unsuccessful shooting from longer distances among longer distances was the ratio between successful player no. 1 of his knee and ankle joints, although and unsuccessful shooting in all joints of upper we observed significant differences in limb, as well as in joints of lower limb ranged from measurements of angular changes of the hip joint 0,1s to 0,3s. The biggest values of velocity of the at ratio of 48°: 36°. The mentioned player did not joints in consideration of releasing the ball were have optimal angle of the hip joint during shooting measured in radial-wrist joint, which determined (179°), therefore during shooting from the three- velocity of the ball after releasing the ball as well as point line was unsuccessful. The above findings elevation angle. On the contrary, the smallest show that the angular changes of the elbow joint of values were measured in elbow joint, where its the right upper limb, as well as ankle joint and maximum and minimum velocity of successful and knee joint after releasing the ball were the main unsuccessful shooting reached within one tenth of a determinants of determining successful shooting second, respectively two hundredths of a second. from longer distances. The second monitored The height and distance of jump during shooting indicator was angular velocity of the joints before from longer distance play an important role in releasing the ball (table 5). Obtained information basketball. Among all of the players we measured from successful and unsuccessful shooting from growing tendency of vertical and horizontal jump longer distances showed that the greatest angular during unsuccessful shooting (figure 1). Changing velocity of the joints before releasing the ball was of the vertical and horizontal jump caused that the in radial-wrist joint and elbow joint. The biggest player during shooting did not get into ideal height, differences in successful and unsuccessful shooting which resulted into successful, respectively in angular velocity of the joints before releasing the unsuccessful shooting from longer distances in ball were measured among player no. 3, where basketball. 54 Marko, M. et al.: Biomecanical analysis of extraleague players´ shooting in Eurovia… Sport Science 8 (2015) 2: 52‐56

Among player no. 3, we measured his horizontal For acceleration and constant velocity of the ball is jump with the difference between successful and well-known fact: "the more slowly ball travels along unsuccessful shooting only with 1,11 centimeters, a ballistic curve to the hoop, the greater probability which pointed out the fact that the dominant of success of shooting from longer distances in determinant of successful shooting for the player basketball is". The figure 3 presents elevation angle no. 3 was height of vertical jump. In addition to of shooting from longer distances, which did not vertical jump among player no. 3, the height and have increasing tendency as previous two distance of jump during shooting was significantly determinants, although these determinants are changing among all of the players, which resulted determining of successful shooting in basketball. in inefficiency of shooting. All of the players had a common decreasing tendency of elevation angle of shooting from longer distances in unsuccessful shooting. Scale of the elevation angle depends on the strength of a player, especially on the strength of the upper limbs, although among all of the players player no. 3, who has been playing at the basketball position called "power forward", was shooting below the smallest elevation angle 57°.

Figure 1 Height and distance of jump during shooting from longer distances

The figure 2 presents velocity of the ball after releasing it from the hand, which had among all of the players increasing tendency as well as height and distance jump of shooting. This phenomenon resulted in unsuccessful shooting from longer distances in basketball. Figure 3 Elevation angle of shooting from longer distances

Conclusion

The results indicate that the most visible changes occurred in angular changes of the elbow and knee joint and at the velocity of the radial-wrist and elbow joint, which directly determines elevation angle of shooting. Visible changes also occurred at the velocity of joints in consideration of releasing the ball, height and distance of jump during shooting, velocity of the ball after releasing it from hand and elevation angle. The above findings Figure 2 Velocity of the ball after releasing it from highlight the importance of shooting from longer the shooting hand distances in relation to victory in basketball game.

References

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BIOMEHANIČKA ANALIZA ŠUTIRANJA KOŠARKAŠA U EUROVIA SLOVAČKOJ KOŠARKAŠKOJ LIGI

Sažetak Studija predstavlja uzročnu biomehaničku analizu kretanja igrača EUROVIA košarkaške ligu u Slovačkoj, koji su završili deset pokušaja snimanja u polje s tri točke zabilježeno kamerom velike brzine s desne strane u trenutku šutiranja igrača. Dogodile su se najveće vidljive promjene u kutnim promjenama na lakatnom i zglobu koljena i na brzini radijalnog-zgloba i lakta, što izravno određuje kut elevacije šuta. Ovi rezultati pokazuju važnost analize šuta s većih udaljenosti u odnosu na pobjedu u košarkaškoj igri.

Ključne riječi: košarkaško šutiranje, biomehanička analiza gibanja, promjene u zglobovima

Received: October 24, 2015 Accepted: December 5, 2015 Correspondence to: Michal Marko Matej Bel University, Faculty of Arts Department of Physical Education and Sports 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Tajovského 40, Slovakia Phone: 00421 48 446 7556, E-mail: [email protected]

This project was supported by VEGA 1/0376/14.

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