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Vol. 11. No. 10 October 1997 6 Jerusalem siege coin of 69nO The CeiaToJ<. C.E. provides historical clues Incorporating Roman Coins and Culture by Barry J. Yarkon Publisher/Editor 32 The origin of coinage: Steven A. Sayles Evolution of a theory Offi ce Manager Page 6 Stephanie Schultz Jerusalem siege coin by Michael E. Marotta by Barry J. Yarkon Act Parnell Nelson 38 Fraternal hatred: Did the The Celator animosity of Caracalla and Geta (ISSN #10480986) is an independent journal prevent the issuance of coinage published on the fi rst day of each month at promoting their dual reign? 142 Lodi Street, by Robert G. Lilly Lodi , WI 53555. It is circ ulated internationally through subscriptions and special distributions. Subscription rates, payable in U,S. funds, Page 32 are $27 per year (Periodi­ cal rate) within th e United The invention of coinage States; $30 to Canada; by Michael E. Marotta 2 The Celator's Point of View $48 per year to all other addresses (Air Pri nted 4 Letters to the Editor· Quotes from the Past Matter). Advertising and copy deadline is 18 Coins of the Bible by David Hendin the first of each month. Unsolicited articles 24 Peop le in the News - Profiles in Numismatics and news releases are welcome, however 26 Coming Events publication cannot be guaranteed. Periodical postage paid 28 Art and the Market (USPS #006077) at Lodi, WI 53555. 30 Antiquities by David Liebert Copyright ©1997, Celator, Inc. Page 38 36 Book News Postmaster: send address Coins of Caracalla & Geta 40 Long Before Columbus by Joe Rose changes to P.O. Box 123, by Robert G. Lilly Lodi, WI 53555 41 Just for Beginners by Wayne G. Sayles About the cover: phone: 608-592-4684 Bronze Eighth Shekel, minted in 42 Coin File · Trivia· Humor fax: 608·592-5084 Jerusalem ca. 69170 C.E., in Year 4 of the Firsl Revolt. AJC 11-30, E-mail: Hendin-670. Photo courtesy Su­ 43 Professional Directory [email protected] perior Stamp & Coin, Dec. 1995, Lot #1245. Cover image created 50 Index of Advertisers Internet: byJ. Stasiak, NuPica Design, Yon­ http://www.numisart. kers, New York. 52 Classifieds com/celatorl

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.... ~ that we hope to undertake in the next few months is the long-awaited up­ grade of Th e Celator 's web si te. Wh ile we can make no specific comments abou t the eventual content of the site, • • we can say that an expansion/improve­ ment is on the way. Commentary by Steven A. Sayles Let us digress for a moment from the current discussion, and give our readers a preview of the coming (m ini­

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October 1997 3 groups of Huns: th e Kidarites (a. k.a. In recent correspondence with Chionites), Alchon Huns, Nezak HUns Prof. Gobi, who is working on a new (a.k.a. Napki Huns), and Hephtha­ book on the Hunnic coins in the lites. There is still a lot of debate as Bern Museum collection, there will to what their relationship with each be some changes to his previous other was, but we do know that sev­ books and articles based on new eral of these Hunnic groups fought material found and new hoard evi­ ll) f each other. However, there is de­ dence, but not on the above men­ ~: /(1 bate as to who exactly the Kidarites, tioned coins. who sty led themselves the Little Kushans (or heirs to the Kushans) More on Akhshanor were. I read with interest my friend Hakim Since I wrote my letter I received Hamidi's letter in the September is­ from Dr. Michael Alram "Alchon und sue of The Gelator. I noted that I was Nezak zur Geschite der lranischen remiss in not tell ing him the source Hunnen in Mittelasiens", pp. 517-554 thai most scholars (including Rene (Tafel 1-9), in Afti dei Convegni Licei Groussel) use to say that Akshanor #127, Accademia Nazionale dei Licei, (a.k.a. Akhshunwar or Akhshunwaz) Roma, 1996, only j ust printed. It's is a corruption of H:e Soc:dian title an excellent new study of this coin­ Hamidi Figure 4 Khukshevan, which means king, is age. F.W.K. Muller, uSoghdische Texle I, In this new work Hamidi Fig. 5 is P9 · 108, and when I was still a uni­ as Alram Tafel 2, #7 (also GobI Em. versity graduate student it was one 60/1) and is attributed by Gobi in his of the standard texts we used for 1967 four volume corpus on the coin­ the translation of Sogdian. As a his­ age of the Huns in Iran, Bactria, and torian I can tell h im that we dis­ India, and now also by Alram as an agree on just about everything about Alchon Hun issue of Kh ingila. The the Huns other than Akshanor is a Hamidi Fig. 4 imitative si lver drachm title. of the COinage of the Sasanian king There is also a consensus that Peroz as Gobi Em. 287 is an issue we should call them Huns and no of th e Hephthalite Huns. Hamidi Figure 5 longer Hephthaliles. Based on some There is as far as I know no dis­ of the works by Professors Robert agreement among professional nu ­ Gobi, Richard Frye, and most recent­ mismatists or historians (other than I would also point out that there ly Dr. Michael Alram we are in tenta­ Hakim Hamidi) about these attribu­ are quite a few drachms of Khingila tive agreement that there were four tions. with the following legends: ALCHONO and SHAHO ALCHONO (""Lord of the Alchons). In older references this has been sometimes incorrectly read QUOTES FROM THE PAST as Lord of the Chionites. The ALCHONO and SHAHO ALCHONO "Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia silvae." legends are in Bactrian (cursive Greek). There are also other anony­ (Not to deaf ears I sing, for the woods echo my singing.) mous drachms attributed to Khingi!a with Brahmi legends such as MEPA Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil) -70-19 B.C. (or MAPA) SHAH I, MEPAMA, DEVA SHAHI KINGI LA . As I mentioned in my letter, Kh in­ gila became a title, much like Caesar in Rome. To show how strange some of these coins can get there is an is­ BUY THE BOOK - The list is free sue of th e Nezak Huns imitative oj drachms 01 the Sasanian king Khusro Our new Fall list of Quality Rare and Used Books on the II with the Bactrian name legend Art, Archaeology, Numismatics and History of the Clas­ Phomo Kesoro, which translates as Gaesarof Rome, GobI. Em. 247. One sical and Biblical Worlds will be sent upon request. of these Hunnic kings styled himself as a Caesar, in circa mid 8th Century A.D. Richard L. Klarr It's an interesting series of coins to coll ect, deal in, and study. ~MEMBER Classical Nu'mismatist '" P.O. Box 15236, Tucson, AZ 85708 William B. Warden Jr. Pennsylvania 4 The Gelator PUBLIC AUCTION

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October 1997 5 • Jerusaletn siege COlD of 69/70 C.E. provides historical clues

recap can be found in David Hendin 's the religious holiday Sukkot (pro­ by Barry J. Yarkon Guide to Bibficaf Coins. 3rded. Those nounced sue'coat), which we will with moreen{'.rgy might tackle Fl avius examine in detail below; Josephus' The Jewish War di rectly, or One of the first "siege" issues (be­ In a comprehensive three-part ar­ A.H. Tamarin 's adaptation, RevoIr in lieved to be minted in Jcru ~alem ticle on Titus and his role in The Jew­ Judaea: Th e Road ro Masada. while the city was surrounded by ish War Against Rome, I David Wend As a collector of coins with Jcwish Titus' legions); treated The Celator readers to a slice reference, I have studied a number of Bronze denominational frac ti on of of fascinating ancient hi story that is of coins of this series, one type of which the silver Shekel ; particular numismatic interest as well. I would like to share with you: the Carry legends in Palco-Hebrew char­ Roman issues of the 60's and 70's bronze One-Eighth Shekel dated Year aeters, an alphabet which was no C.E.2 aTC well documented and known Four. Minted in Jerusalem circa 69170 longer in everyday use even at the to most collectors of ancient coins: C.E., at the time of thi s writing ( 1/97) time of minting. from the later issues of Nero 10 those these coins are about 1,928 years old. of the variou s contenders during the As an example of why many read­ These coins have it all! Year of Four Emperors: and the impe­ ers find numismatics so fasc inat ing, ri al coi nage of Vespasian and Titus, these coins have many interesting fea­ Let's Examine the Coins wh ich includes their large Judaca Capla tures: We will begin our study of these series (even Domitian may have gO I­ fascinating coins by examining vari­ Icn inlO the act, ahhough that's dis­ • Truly ancient-almost 2,000 years ous physical anributes, such as: the puted). old-yet available to collectors; type o f metal; their size and weight: Also well known and heavily col­ • They are artifactsofa turbulent lime the symbols and legends they carry. lected is the intcresting group of silver in Western civi lization. with pro­ Actually, fi vedifferEnl bronze coi ns and bronze coin age issued in Jerusa­ found effects on future Roman and were minted during The 1cwish War lem during The Jewish War Against Jewish history; Against Rome. In each of Years Two Rome (a.k.a. The First Revolt), circa Carry symbols of strong religious and Three a small bronze prutah type 66-70 C.E. A brief and accessible significance, particularly those of (plural prutot) was circulated as "smat! change". In Year Four, however, three different bronze coins were minted: IC Eighth Shekel, Year 4 "half' (hetzi in Hebrew) of about 26mm in diameter; "quarter" (revi'i in Hcbrew) of about 22mm; and the sub­ ject coin , wh ich has no stated denom­ ination, but at 20mm would appear to be half of the "quarter" or "one­ eighth". But. fract ions (112. 1/4 and 1/8) of what? There is agreement among authorities on the coi nage that, al­ though there were also ful L halL and quarter silver Shekels mimed du ring the war, thesc bronze coins were meant to be val ued in the marketplace as Jerusalem mint. ca. 69no C.E. fractions of the Shekel, perhaps in the 21.0mm diameter; approx. 6 grams in weight. Die axis = t absencc of enough silver during the Obit. Luluv bundle flanked by two etrogim with knobs on top, surrounded by inSCrip­ siege to mint true Shekels (see Dav id ti on in Paleo-Hebrew leiters (r. to I., Shanat Albah, Year Four); within circle of dots. Hendin 's discussion of E.T. Newell's opinion, in his third edition, PI' . 168- Rev. "Footed ChaliclCup". temple utensil with pearled rim of 9 dots surrounded by 170). inscription in Paleo-Hebrew leiters (r. to I., Lgu/at Tsion, Tolfor the Redemption 01 A quick survey of some published Zion); within circle of dots. weights and diameters for th is coi n AJC II , 30; Hendin 670. gives an idea of its typical physical Superior Stamp & Coin, Oec. 1995, Lot #1245. En!arged 195% size. Weights ranged from 4.24 grams to 6.87 grams, with the average at 6 The Celator 5.75 grams (a U.S. Cent weighs 2.5 grams, a U.S . Nickel weighs 5 grams). Artifact of the Minting Process Sizes ranged from 18mm to 21 mm, averaging at about 19mm in circum­ l ook carefully at the enlargement of our specimen coin on the opening page of w ference. this article, notice that the "face of the reverse is actually smaller than thai of th e For a discussion of another inter­ obverse and exhibits a sloping shoulder. This is due to the trapezoidal cross-section of the coin blank (or planche~ which was cast by the rebel mini for striking new coins. esting physical attribute sec the side­ The common method of producing coin blanks, which can be readily seen in bar Artifact of the Minting Process. earlier Hasmonean and Procuratorial Prutol, consisted of pouring molten bronze The Superior auction coin pictured into interconnected circular wens driJJed in the flat side of a block of lim estone, here is remarkable in having a very allowing the metal to solidify upon cooling, then removing a "slick" of joined blanks. large, round nan, being very well cen­ Such ancient molds have been found, and can be seen at the Kadman Pavillion of tered on both sides and well struck­ the Ha'Are!z Museum, Tel Aviv, and al The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. one can only wonder why? Was it a "proof' for approval by the master of Coin Blank showing the mint or the governing council? Or trapezoidal cross-section perhaps struck for a special occasionl purpose? We can only guess. /

Background: It All Began with the Biblicallnjunction3 These sticks were then reheated, and each blank was struck in tu rn between two And the Lord spoke to Mashe, dies to impress the design on both sides. l ater the sticks of struck coins we re cut saying, Speak to the children of apart into individual coins- vestiges are particularly noticeable among the Prutot. Yisra 'el, saying, the fifteenth day Our specimen coin was struck with the obverse on the top side of the blank, of this seventh month shall be wh ich has the larger surface. Inspection of many coins of the pe riod suggests no the f east of booths for seven days discrimination by the celators as to which side of the stick was struck by which die. to the Lord ... (Leviticus 23:33) I have not seen any previous discussion in pri nt about adding this physical (Hebrew, Vayyiqra) information to the description of such coins. My own collection catalog does in­ clude such information, in the fo rm: Top I Bottom. So, this coin with obverse on top would be an "Obv. over Rev.", abbreviated as a IR; li kewise, coins with re­ The Palestine of Old Testament verse on the top side would be noted as RIO. times was an agrarian land dependent entirely upon the rains of the Winter season (it almost never rains there in the Summer months). The three great seasonal-national festivals attended by multitudes of Jews were Passover, Dr. Busso Peus Nachf. Pentecost, and the Feast of Taber­ - NUMISMATISTS AND AUCTIO NEERS SINCE 1870 - nacles. Of these, the great agricultural fes­ tival held in Autumn, on the fifteenth day of the seventh mop.th, was vari­ ously called Hag ha 'As;! the Feast of Ingathering (Exodus 23: 16, Leviticus :­., 23:39), or Su kkot, the Feast of Booths. It was such an important observance that tradition holds Solomon's Temple • PURCHASE AND SALE OF ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND was consecrated- the Ark, the Tent of MODERN COINS AND MEDALS AS WELL AS OF IMPORTANT Meeting and the holy vessels were NUMISMATIC LIBRARIES brought inside- on Sukkot (I Kings • AT LEAST TWO PUBLIC AUCfIONS / MAIL BID SALES A YEAR 8, 1-6), This feast ushered in the rainy sea­ • APPRAISALS AND EXPERT ADVICE son, " ... and on Hag (Sukkot) the sen ­ • ATTENDING MOST MAJOR INTERNATIONAL SALES tence ojthe waters is passed" (Mishna ON BEHALF OF CLIENTS Rosh HaShanah 1:2). This was such a vital concern in th is arid region that Catalogs available by subscription at a biennial rate of U.S. $40 (4 issues). those who will not come up to Jerusa­ Payments may lli!1 be made by Credit Card lem for Sukkot, " ... upon them there shall be no rain" (Zechariah 14: 17). PLEASE CONTACT US FOR FURTHER INFORMAT ION "''''' Hence the symbol of the palm branch depicted on the obverse of these Bornwiesenweg 34, ..I,~" coins. The lulav was used in the 0·60322 Frankfurt a.M. 1 2'.. ; Temple during Sukkot, when the ritual GERMANY "1- '" ~0 of water-libation was performed. It • +,. +~ I PHONE 49-69-9596620 FAX 49-69-555995 .... MiJ~1.'t: was bound with myrlle and willow (both grow in the proximity of water). October 1997 7 To this day. such prayers (Tefif/ar The Legends Geshem) are recited on the holiday (See The Four Species si debar.) Imagine the sheer audacity of this tiny, provincial kingdom of Judaea, at the I n an effor! to do j ustice to the fringe of the Roman empire, 10 lake up arms against Rome and its mighty legions! si mple. elegant designs on this coin. To issue coins without permission from Rome, this was unheard of, unimaginable I 've crea ted an illustrated discl1ss ion behavior at the time (can you think of anolher?), ,with dire consequences. of the rel igious symbology and of The legends on the se coins, in fact , on all of th«! co ins of this series and those Pal eo-Hcbrcw- see the sidebar s: The of the Second or Bar Kokhba Revoll (132- 135 C.E.), are engraved in Paleo-He­ Legends, A "Chalice" or t he Orner b rew characte rs-which were an earli er aiphabet than the square Aramaic Cup? and The Four Species. letlerforms of coniemporaneous Jewish writings. It predates, for example, the famous Dead Sea Scrolls, which use the older Paleo-Hebrew characters only to K eep i n mind that this type was conceived and issued in the fourth year express the tetragammaton (YHWH), the 4-letter name of god. Why was it userl? of the war C.E.)-struck when Because these siege coins carried the propaganda messages of a true revolt. (69170 Jerusalem was already under siege They used a formal, authoritative alphabet- much in the sc:me way latin is used by today on U.S. currency and, likely, the layade of your local courthouse. Just Titus. It bears the inscription " For the imagine the emperor's displeasure! Redemption of Zion". not " Free dom of Z ion" as found on earl ier coins of On the obverse, around the top the seco nd and third years . of the lulav bundle is th e And on the reverse, around the The chan ged slogan is taken by inscription (read from ri ght to left): Chalice/Cup the inscription reads: m any to indicate that the Jews hy this time recognized theirs was a losl cau sc. and that thcy felt the y could only be ~.,9!{t )V )(')W J'f~"'" XiJ JP1!r saved by di vine intervention. not by their o wn hands. P Y' H I"IllU 11':1 n'Hl' Unlike the preceding Jewish coin­ SNT 'RB' LG'LTSYWN age of the H asrnonean kings and of Year Four Forlt.o the Redempti on of Zion K ing Herod. the name of the mim ing au thority does not appea r on these coins. N or has any (race of the mint bee n discovered. It is ass umed that A "Chalice" or the Orner Cup? one of the lhree predominant factions th at fought for control w ithin Jerusa­ lem issued them, but we do not kn o w "When you are come /0 the lalld which 1 give to you, w hich. lIlId shall reap its harvest, thell you shall bring al/ 'omer' The author suggests th at the maxi­ o/thefirst/ruits a/your harvest to the priest ... " (Leviticus 10) mum e ffec l o f the Sukkot symbolism on this coin would have been had i f ils Many numismatists and historians have puzzled over the chalice-like or cup­ release by the minting authori ty in like symbol on th e reverse of these coins (which also appears, variously depicted, besieged 1crusalem w as calculated to on th e silver Sheker, half, and quarter Shekel coins). coin cide with the arri v

And you shall take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of the tree hadar, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick-leaved trees, and willows of the brook ... (Leviticus 23:40)

The Palm Branch (Phoenix Dactylifera) The palm, a fruit-bearing tree, which grows near water, had already in Biblical times been synonymous with abundance-ils presence meant a water source, an ever-ready meal of dales, and a respite from the heat of the day in its shade. This tree became the symbol of Judaea, where palms grow in greater number than in any other part of Palestine, and eventually the symbol of Palestine itself. (el. the 7-branched palms and single palm branches of the Roman procurators, Judaea Capta, and Bar Kokhba revolt bronzes.) The palm tree is one of the seven choicest plants of Palestine. And, honey made from its dates is a Biblical metaphor for bounty. The palm frond must have a natural backbone, shidrah, to be ceremoniously valid.

The Willow The Myrtle Bough (Salix) (Mynus Communis) The willow (aravah) is often The lulav complex on these associated with medicinal coins depicts, besides the leaves, powers; here it functions as an small round pellets which pro bably emblem of the Feast of Taber- represent the small berries of the nacles. Those that grow by a myrtle (hadass). brook, aNe nahal, are preferred. The myrtle should be three­ Only two wi llow twigs are used, leaved, and three myrtle twigs are placed on the left-hand side of placed on the right-hand side of the lulav stem; three hand­ the main lulav stem; three hand­ breadths in length (about 12 breadths in length (about 12 inches) and slightly lower in the inches); and slightly higher in the bundle than the myrtle. bundle than the aravah.

The Ethrog (Citrus Medica Linn) The Mishna lists damages and irregularities which invalidate the ethrog or citron. The depiction on these coins conforms to Ihese prescriptions; for example, they clearly show intact pit/um (the little head/knob of the ethrog). Since the precept is for one The Lulav Bundle ethrog held in the left hand, the When the myrtle and willow are placed against the stem of the palm depiction of two etrogim is thought frond, they are tied together with a "pertect knot", And, three more bands to be for design symmetry. (eaSily seen above) are tied around the bundle, leaving a hand-breadth of palm fronds free to rustle (Mishna Sukkah, Niddah 26:1). While the shape of the !ulav bundle on these coins matches the Mishnaic prescription, it differs from depictions in following centuries and from the shape of the lulav bundle today, where the palm frond is two to three times the height of the other species and the entire bundle is long and thin. On these coins, one cannot distinguish between the leaves of the myrtle and the willow, although willow fronds are usually comparatively longer both in nature and in artistic depictions, with a smooth edge and red stem. It has been suggested that if all of the leaves depicted represent only the willow, the myrtle is likely to be symbolized by the berries (see above right). On this coin, and most others I have examined, there appear to be at least 5-6 stems depicted in the tied bundle.

October 1997 9 So, if the grcat nu mber of Jews based), then gold and sil ver coins arc Availability & Price besieged within the walls of the city consi dered '·money", otherwise they in Today's Markel needed to redeem thcir tithe, but by are considered "produce" which has this late stage of the war having insuf­ only bu ll ion valuc- Tosefla Ha va Sold at auction, in liKed price ficient silver fo r minting Shekels, per­ Mezia I YJ 3: 19 (circa 135- 170 C.E.). lists, exchanged between dealers haps these "fractions" were used as Revolt money, even thatofpur~ silver. and collecto rs, and found by substitutes in this emergency. becomes unacceptable for subst itution (lucky) local in habitants, the price There may be a precedent for this since it was not lef,al tender. Likewise of an ancient coin varies greatly action in the hi story of the sil vcr Shekel coins that had gone out of usc or show by its source, and also by its of Tyre with KP legend, which is excessive wear. physical condition and the current thought by many to have been minted market for it. in Jerusalem by King Herod the Grcat What About Purchasing Power? An average coin 01 this type In upon the discontinuance of acceptable What was the buying power of One­ VF (very fine) condition was val· Tyrian silver coins. Dr. Brooks Levy Eighth Shekel at that time? One-Eighth ued by David Hendin and Herbert takes this theory to task in her paper Shekel would have been equal to four Kreindler in 1987 at $200; reo T),rian Shekels and the First Jewish Prutol, or roughly equiva lent to the cently they re valued (in 1996) al $250. War. (For a general article on Tyrian Roman Semis. For a detailed discus­ From Amphora's (DaVid Han­ Shekel s see B. Yarkon, "Shekel in­ sion of what Roman money could huy, din) periodical fixed price li sts spires research", The Celator, Ocl. see Daniel Sperber, Romall Palestine (1991.1 996): 1988, pr. 1,21·22; D. Bendin, "The 200-400, MOlley & Prices (Bn r-li an thick Jewish shekels", The Celator, Uni versity.1974),orD. Hendin 's sul11 - Issue: Condition: Price: Jan. 1996, p. 24; or his summary of mary of it (pp. 20-21 01" the Third #45 VF $275 Mcshorer's and Levy's positi ons in this Edition). #45w VF. $350 issue of The Celaror, pp. 18-22, also in Here are just a few interestin g ex­ #47 aEF $350 the Third Edition, pp. 288-293.) amples from Ihe earl y 1st Century to F $75 The written summary of the Oral the mid 2nd Century, but bear in #48 VF $250 VF $200 Law, the Talmud (which was codified mind that war di srupted prices and #50 F $75 later, after this war), has many discus­ bled cities of their coins (we call il #5 1 VF. $350 sions about what is acceptable cur­ inflation): #52 VF $225 renc y fo r redeemin g this tithc. For #53 F $100 instance, one fin e point (accord ing to Daily wagcs for a wo rke r = 48-96 #54 VF $400 Toseftu Ma 'aser Sheni I :6): si nce one semis/day #55 F. $ 100 might substitute the Second Tithe with Clot hing of sacki ng to last 4·5 years #56 VF $250 "coin" alone, and not by "produce", it = 192 semis #57 aVF $ 150 was important to know what consti­ Full loaf of bread = 4 semis #58 VF. $450 tuted legal tender and when coinage Smal l loaf of bread == I semis #61 VF. $400 was no longer "coin" but merely ··pro­ 10 fi gs I I pomegranate / 1 clu sterof We see that Ihese coins are duce" (read, bullion): grapes = 2 semis A calf = 960 semis available; there was at least one If he had coins of IBar! Koziba • A ram = 384 semis ollered in almost every issue of [i.e., of the Bar Kokhba War] or A lamb = 192 semi s thi s li st alone fo r the past five coins of Jerusalem {i.e., coins of years. this warl he may not substitllte Owing to the terrible nature of the Ithe Second Tilhe] by them ... but siege, it is impossible 10 know just coins of the first kil/gs t Has­ Besl Specimen? what happened to the value of 1cwish mOflean prutot! which are cur­ money in Jerusalem proper and the rent, aile may substitule by them. " In December 1995, Superior surrounding countryside. or whet her Stamp & Coin, CA, auctioned Dr. So, when coins were ·'current" Ie­ there was anything feflto be bought by J onalhan Herbst's Judean coll ec· gal tender and acceptable (not too de- the in habitants of Jerusalelll. ~ tion. Herbst is a former president of the Westchester Israel Numis· matic Society (WINS) , affiliated wi th A.I.N.A. Lot 1245, an EF+ One· Eighth Ancient Coins Shekel, sold for $1 ,400 on an es· • Mail Bid Sales timate of $300·$500. This is the same coin pictured in this ar· • Fixed Price Lists Hele-it is well centered, well • BllY or Bid Sales struck, and on an unusually large • Numismatic Literature Ilan- beautiful lor its type. Interestingly, lour years earlier, Specializing in moderate priced Judaea" coins Superior had held the landmark (serious want-lists sOlicited) Abraham Bromberg auction. Lot 77 of that sale is a less well struck or more weathered specimen that appears to be from the same dies.

10 The Celator Pegasi NUMISMATICS Ann Arbor, MI Holicong, PA

Catalog 104 Closes November 11 Featured Article: "Cleopatra & Antony"

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October 1997 11 I will spare any queasy readers the days, the "fifth month" is known in and beautified it from about 19 to 4 sordid details that Josephus records of Hebrew asA v and the "seventh month" B.C.E. the suffering caused by famine and as Tishri (earlier it was known as disease in Years Four and Five. Suf­ Elanim). Josephus fice it 10 be said that foodstuffs, olive The principal contemporary histo­ oil for cooking and lighting, and even Off on a Tangent rian of The Jewish War Against Rome, wood for heating were exhausted dur­ Here, I must beg your indulgence whose works have su rvived to this ing the siege. as we go off on a bit of a tangent. I feel day, was an interesting fellow named What do you suppose the price of it is inquiries like this that offer the Joseph ben Matthias (h. 37 C.E.) . From the remaining supplies became? biggest intellectual "payback" to The a priestly Jewish family, Joseph was a (Hint: In the Galilee during the Ce/ator authors and I'd like to share commander of the rcvoiL in the Galilee war, Josephus reports profiteering by th is adventure with you. It is also a until captured by the Romans. Titus the notorious John of Gischala, who cautionary tale- one cannot accept and Vespasian spared his life, added contrived to sell two sextarii of olive everything as it is written/published. him to their entourage, put him on oil for a denarius, or ten times his An interesting problem arises when pension, and a!1owed him to write sev­ purchase price.) one attempts to pin down the Julian eral histories of the Jewish people. calendar datefor the Sukkot festival of Joseph took the name "Flavius Dating, Josephus, the Year Four, which these coins ap­ Josephus" in their hono!'. and Calendar Systems pear to reference. Written first in Aramaic but com­ Relating ancient dates to our (rela­ Many of the numismatic and his­ ing down \0 us in Greek translatio n, tively) modern is not a IOrical reference books on my book­ his eyewitness account of the war, simple matter. shelf either neglected to give any dales, Bellum Judaicum (The Jewish War). Ancient dating usually relates 10 gave very vague dates (i.e., 66-70 provides a vivid and detai led story of Eras, as in "Seleucid Era", or Regnal c'E.), or gave conflicting dates for the the action. In fact, many details Years, as in "the Second Year in the war itself, and even for its momentous Josephus described have been con­ reign of Vespasian" or "Year One of terminal event- the destruction of the firmed by modern archaeology, par­ the war occurred in the 12th year of Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount ticularly around events in Jerusalem Nero". Even more archaic formulas in Jerusalem. The Temple of that time and the remote fortress of Masada. resemble "the 9th day of the fifth is known as the Second Temple- the month"-referring in this case to a First, of course, was huilt by King Dating the Destruction month in the prior 10 Solomon--or as Herod's Temple, since It can be argued that the most im ­ proper names being adopted! Nowa- King Herod the Great rebuilt, enlarged, portant and infamous date of the war was that day in Year five on which Titus' forces sacked and burned Herod's Temple. This did not end the fighting; it took about another month ANCIENT COIN SPECIALIST for the Romans to mop up the neigh­ borhoods in the Upper City of Jerusa­ GREEK, ROMAN, BYZANTINE COINS AND NUMISMATIC BOOK."I lem, and until May of 73 C.E. Lo cap­ ture the stronghold of Masada. But that is another story, for which you might want to read Yigael Yadin 's wonderfully written and illustrated Masada: Herod 's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stand. That destruction is remembered to this very day as "the 9th day of the fi fth month" (the Hebrew month of Av), a day of fasting for observant Jews. So, I naively thought, if Josephus cites the Julian date for this event in Year Fi\'e of the war, one could coun t backwards to the preceding Sukkot, which we know was on "the 15th day of the seventh month" (the Hebrew SAMPLE CATALOG UPON REQUEST month of Tishri), and extrapolate to figure its Julian date, Well, not exactly. Josephus actu­ EDWARD J. WADDELL, Ltd. ally ciles the Greco-Macedonian cal­ 444 N. Frederick Avenue, Suite 316, Dept. D endar in his Greek chronicle, stating e. Gaithersburg, MD 20877 the date as the" I Oth day of the month of Loos". About the Greco-Mace­ (301) 990-7446 Fax: (301) 990-3712 danian calendar all I can say here is E-mail: [email protected] that Loos is roughly equivalent in the + Visit our web site at http://www.coin.com Julian calendar to August-September, beginning perhaps at mid August. 12 The Celator And, to make matters more confus­ correct. They assume the relation­ cient lunar mon ths to Julian da tes us­ ing, while the Jul ian calendar is based ship between the current "fixed" He­ ing an astronomical reference, such as on the solar cycle (365 days). the He­ brew calendar and the modern Juli an H. Goldsti ne, New and FilII Moolls brew and Macedonian calendars are calcndar as the basis for calculation. 1001 8.CloA.D. 1651. based on the lunar cycle, with periodic Howe ver, the '" fixed" Ht".brew calen­ L·J Bord, Abbaye Liguge. France, adjustments ("leap months") to cor­ dar has only been in use since the ti me poimed ou t that his library has a dozen rect for the solar cycle- the lunar year of Hillel II in the 4th Century C. E. recen t Josephus edi tions which con­ is approximately 354 days. Prior to that time, such as the events tain differing translations of the date Looking at recent years, for in­ we are looking at in the 1st Century, Josephus cites, varying from 6 Au gUS t stance, the "constant" Hebrew date of the length of each month and the inser­ to 29 August. "the 15th of Tish ri" occurred on Sep­ lion of a leap month, Adar II (ve­ Also, Josephus may have been tember 7th in 1979, on September 25th Adar), were decided on a case-by-case swayed by prior trad ition andlor liler­ in 1980, on September 30th in 1993, basis by the Sanhedri n, the Jewish ary license when he reported that the and recently, on the Juli an date of counci l, that determined the calendar Romans hurned the Second Templeon September 28th last year (1 996)! with reference to astronomy, crop the same exact Hebrew date as the Th eil, ho w does one calculate lhe maturi ty, and religious necessity (i.e., destruction of the First Temple (Solo­ Julian equivalent date back almost certa in ho lidays may not occur on cer­ mon's) by the Babylonians. Even the 2,000 years? ta in week days). Bihle reports that event imprec isely: A search of our regional library The Sanhedrin confirmed the be- as the 71h ofA v in II Kings 25:8 [And produced a reference book, Frank gin ning of each mon th in the fi fth month, on the seventh day Parise. cd., Th e Book of Calendars, ... Nevukadnezzar ... burnt the hou se and an on-l ine search of the Internet of the Lord I; but as the 10lh of All in turned up a calendar conversion pro­ Jeremiah 52: 12 [Now in the fifth gram : hltp:lfwww.genealogy,org/ month. on the tenth day of the - seottJ ee/ealconver t.egi. mon th ... Nevuzar'adan, captain I ex pected the answer was of the guard ... burned the near whe n both of these con­ house of the Lord, and the curred in calculating the ki ng's housc; ... J, Julian date fo r the begin­ Regardless. the Fast of nin g of Ycar Five of the Tesha b' A v is today (,:c l­ war as: I Ti shri 3830 = 5 ebrated by ohservant Jews September 69. arou nd the world on the So. using the calendar 9rh day of All. Tesh a in converter program for Ihe Hebrew is the number date the Temple was nine and b'A II means "of sacked yields: 9 Av 3830 A v'". = 4 August 70 CE. And, earlier in the Jewish year, Mo ral of the Story the Sukkot hol iday would What is the lesson for have begun on 15 Tishri 3830 collecto rs and amateur nu ­ = 19 September 69 CE. mi smatists'! Readers of Th e Cefator know that numismatics Not Exactly is interwoven wi th history, ar- Again, it turns out, not exactly. chaeology, architecture, li ngu istics, After numerous e-mail messages 10 art history, and numerous other aca­ num ismatists (such as H. Giller al The demic areas. When one does any Israel Mu seum , S. Qedar in Jerusa­ by direct obser­ critical read ing/stud y, be aware of lem), to the home pages of and indi­ vation of the fir st light after the new Ihe possibil ity that the sou rces (i n­ viduals in departmen ts of archaeology moon. From the Talmud, we know cludi ng this article) arc not necessar­ (such as N. Applbaum at Hebrew Uni­ that signal fires were lit whic h spread il y ac(':ura te- or should we say, in versity), and a fr ui tful general posting the ne ws from Jerusalem throughout Ihis in stance. might be improperly to the ANE List (Ancient Near Ea st) the country that each new month had precise? on the Internet, I have come to accept begun . a diffe rent scenario. Technicall y, the Hebrew year 3830 Attribution Change ANE correspondents T. Ariel and (69170 C E.) was the 11th year of the Another related factor is the evolv­ particularly A. Arbit (both of Israel) 202nd Melonic cycle, a 19-year inter­ ing state of numismatic scholarship make a very compelling argument val for fi xing leap mon ths-did the and arc haeological findi ngs. A com ­ against our knowing these dates wi th Sanhedrin decide to add an extra month parati ve reading of older texiS reveals such precision! The boltom line is: that year? Since their records ha ve not that these coins and the '"t hick" si lver the best answer would be "laIc July or survived, we have no way of knowing, Shekels o f The Jew ish War had bee n earl y August 70" for the Hebrew date except that it is safe to assume ap­ attributed at one time to the much of the ';9th or.Av 3830". proximately seven leap months were earlier period of the Maccabees. Si­ Why? Because the underlying as· added every 19 years. mon Maccabacus, first of the Hasmo­ sumption of published conversion A. Pohlke. Free Universily, Berlin , nean King s/High Priests of Israel (ca. tables and conversion programs is in - in an e-mail suggested correlating an- 142 B. C. E.), had been thought to iss ue October 19r}7 13 them-about 200 years prior to this Legal Tender Coins & Postal Stamps war. Such early numismatic authorities The State of Israel has frequently commemorated its ancienl history and as F.W. Madden (History of Jewish archaeology on monetary and postal issues. Coinage and of Money in the Old and Several motifs appearing on modern Israeli coins, for example. are insp ired New Testament. 1864), T. Reinach by ancient Jewish coins on wh ich the emblems of the "Seven Species" men­ tioned in the Bible are minted, and from ornaments from the holy Temple. (Jewish Coins. trans. 1903), and C.F. Pictured here is a current 5-Agorot coin which features the very same ancient Hill (British Mus~um: Catalogue of coin we are examiningl the Greek Coins of Palestine, 1914) Until the Israeli currency reform from the old Sheqel to the current New published this chronology. Sheqel (N IS) , the design on the 5-Agorol coin had been three ripe pomegran­ Subsequent archaeological exca­ ates from a 3rd century C.E. frieze found at Klar Nachum synagogue (a.k.a., vation by W.F. Albright at Beth-zur Capernaum), standing on the shore of the Sea of Galilee (known in Hebrew refuted th is position: " All coins as Yam Kinneret, the Harp-shaped sea). inscribed ' in the fourth year of the redemption of Zion' belong therefore to 69170 A.D." (The First Campaign of Excavation at Beth-zur, BAS OR, XLIII, 1931). This IS the currently accepted chronology, L. Kadman reports that it was as late as 1949 when A. Reifenberg first revised his chronology for type R.6. (See also, INJ, vol. 5, 1957, pp. 61 - 63.)

Concluding Thought ". 5-Agorot, Bronze (yellow), 5-Prutot Postal Stamp, So, we have journeyed far afield! 19.5mm,39 Third Coin Issue, 1950-54, Let me leave you with this in triguing "A replica of the ancient coin show­ 22mm x 43mm, with Tab (purple) question. If Jerusalem was shut-up ing a lulav flanked by two etrogim Depicts the reverse of a bronze Prutah within its three walls, surrounded and from the period of the War of the of either Year Two or Three of the War; hesieged by several Roman legions at Jews against the Romans". Israel showing a vine leaf on branch with "The the time these coins were minted (69 Government Coins and Medals Cor­ freedom of Zion" in Paleo-Hebrew leg­ poration,1987. En larged 240% end. The tab reads: "War of the Second C.E.), then how is it that Y igael Yadin House (Temple), 3826-3830". Shown excavated them at the remote fortress actual size, of Masada? "The co ins of Year Four are some­ In May 1948/5708 the new State of Israel issued its first set of postal stamps, what puzzling. We would have ex­ the First Coin Issue, with illustrations of ancient coins on them. These coins pected to find several coins of large had been chosen as concrete symbols of Jewish sovereignty resurrected af­ ter 2,000 years. denomination, but only one has been The tabs of the 3-, 5-, and to-mil stamps reflected the uncertainty of ar­ found. The much more common chaeologists and numismatists at that time: "Bronze coin of the Maccabee middle denomi nation has not been period or of the First Revolt .. ." In 1949 this was corrected to read "The First found at all. The third and smaller Revolt, 66-70 A.D." on the tabs of the Second Coin Issue, as well as on the denomination [One-Eighth Shekel} Third Coin Issue of 1950-54-which were by then Prutot rather than Mil de­ was found in a very impressive amount: nominations. Currently, 100 Agorot = 1 NIS (New Israel Shekel). 103 coins ... " (Y. Meshorer, " The Coins The First Coin Issue didn't even bear the name Israel, because they were of M asada", p. 73). designed before independence, when the name of the newly born state could The emphasis above is TIline, the have been "Eretz-Israel", "Zion", "Judaea", or something else altogether. In­ question is yours to ponder. terestingly, it wasn't until March 31, 1949 that a Flag of Israel stamp was issued!

Note: Since the 6th Century B.C.E., when the Jews were allowed to return to Israel from captivity in Babylon, the WHOLESALE TO ALL! Hebrew calendar Illonths have had Babylonian-derived names. 100 ancient coins in flips and attributed. A diverse lot And, the Jewish New Year holiday including Nero, Caesar Augustus, , of Rosh Ha'shana (literally, Head of Biblical "Widow's Mite", etc. Only $475.00 postpaid, with the Year) was moved to the first of satisfaction guaranteed! Tishri (in the seventh month, usua lly some time in September) rather than on the first ofNissan, in order to fall at ~Iln~Iln @Ilin ®a:lh~ri:es a similar time to that of the Babylonian Suite 132, Mission Viejo Mall, Mission Viejo, CA 92691 New Year. (714) 364-0990· E-mail: [email protected] For th is reason , the Hebrew calen ­ Internet: http://www.into-ads.comiancientcoinsJ dar year always spans two Julian years (which begin first of January), -+ 14 The Gelator KINGDDM Of PAEDN IA Lyk keios 359-340 SELEU CID Comage of Ancien! Israel M int of Akk o­ B,C. J1i Tet radrachm (12, 54g 1La ureate hd , of SHEUC ID EMPIRE Anti oc hus IV 175 -11l4 B.C. Al PtolemaiC AntiQohos VIII IG rypos) 121·96 B,C, J1i Ze us '- Aev : Herakles, na ked. stg, I., fighti ng Tetradrachm 11620<;11 Diad he ad of Aotioch us •. : fill e! Tetradrachm 116,369) Diad , Md , of Antiochos r" fillet bar· with lio n. upnght Sea r-I SI S, Extremely fine. bo rde r. Rev: Zeu~ se ated I. on th ron e, ho lding Ni ke and der. Re v: Zeu s stg . 1. cresce nt above hd, holds sta r, mono­ S595,00 scepter Koughton 1GB. Superb f~tfemely Fin~. $750.00 gra m in field Houg hton 813; Hendin 415 Superb Ext lem el~ Fine, lusrrous, SS>o ,OO

CDRINTH IA COfinth 3>0-306 B.C, 111 Slaler MACEDON KINGDOM Alexander III 336 ·323 B.C. Go ld 17.78gl Peg asus flying left Re": Ke lmered Sta ter 18,57Q). Mint of Miletus 1323·319 BC.I He lmeted MACEDO N KIN GDOM A l ex~ n der III 336 -323 B.C . Al he ~d of Athe na, wearing Corinthian helmet, head 01 Athe na f . Reo: Vic!O ry stancti n9left. Pri ce 2115. Tet,ad rachm 111.05g) He rc ules in lion's sk in to r. Re.: Zeus Su perb Extremely Fine, S250000 I. qu r"er beh ind . BMC 354; SNG Cop 120';. sealed I. ho lds eag le. Superb Extremely Fine, high relief. SlJperb Extremely fine . S5>O,00 $550.00

CA SS IU S c, 42 B,C.111 Den~ riu s, O i ~d. hd. of liberty '- Rev: Jug ~n d liwus C-4: Syd. 1307, Craw, 500/3, Superb Extremely Fine, ton~d, THE JEWI SH WAA AD . 67-S8Yea r Two_ Al She~ eII14 _ 00gl S)5OO.OO Cha lice w ith Heb rew inscription. Rev: Stem with three MACEDON Under Roma n Ru le afler 168 B.C . J1i pomegranates: insc ri ptio n a,ound. He ndin 659. Stru ck on a bea utifu l large !Ia n. Superb Extremely Fine. SlB50.00 Tetra drachm {15,SSg) Oiademe d hd . of Arte mis on shield . Rev: Clu b w ith in oak -wrea th: mo nograms, thunderbo lt. etc. SNG A,hmole an 3292 SlJperb, nearly Mint StMe $595,00

AUGUSTUS 2 B,C, A,D, 14 Al Oe n ariu~ Laureate bu st uf Augustu~ r. Re " : Caius ~nd Luci us Ca esa rs sta nd in g facing. sh iel ds an d JULIUS CAESAR d. 44 B.C . Al Dena riu s. stru ck 42 Be spe." between C-43: RIC-3>O, EXiremel~ La ureate hea d of J. Caesar 10 r, R e ~ : Rudder, globe fine $550,00 JULIUS CAESAR c. 44 B.C, J1i Oena rius Ve iled hd of priest's h"t, co rn uc opiae and c ad u"eu~, Cr, 494/39: RSC Juli us Ca esar r. Rev: Ven us stg , I. holding Victory and r.st· 29. About Extremely Fine, lighrly toned and ImlJSlJallvw~ 1 1 ing I. arm on shield on globe. C-9: Syd . 10137; Craw. 480/16. strucK. S15OOJlO Virtually as srluck. Mint Slate, $.27>0 ,00

CARACALLA A.D. 198·2 17 Go ld Au r e u~ Lau re ~te an d dfaped bust of a cruel C" r"call a to '- Re.: $erapis stg. I. ho ldi ng VESI'ASIAN A.D. 69-79 J1i Oe nMius Lau reate bust r Re" TIT US A,O. 79-S1 J1i Dena riu~ La ureat. bust to r, Re": sce pte r. S-I9(I1 ; RIC 230a; C·347, f~ tremely Emperor seated r., I, holds branc h and scepte r. C-354; RIC· Mars stg .l., holds spear and trop hv· C-65: RIC V195 Very Fine and rare, $6750,00 71. Choice Very Fin&. S1 10.00 fine. $175 .00 WE ARE ACTIVE BUYERS OF ANCIENT COINS. CONTACT US FOR CASH OFfER OR FOR AUCTION

~.M . ~ lawreoct s. GoI:J:IOf~ S UPERIOR STAMP &COIN Mar); E Go

October 1997 15 and this is renected in coin attri bu­ Classical tions such as Year 4 = 69170 C.E. Coins & Art of Copyright 01997 by Barry J. Yarkon

the Ancient World Footnotes: Greek, Etruscan, I "Titus: Darling of the human race?'", by David A. Wend, appeared in. the Roman, Egyptian, Oc tober. November. and December & Near Eastern Antiquities 1996 issues of The Ce/aror. 2 The deSignation C.E. (Common Era) We are pleased 10 announce the 1997 edition of used by this author is an alternative to A.D. (An no Domini) often used in Art of the Ancient World, scholarly literature. 3 The discussion lhal fol lows regarding our new 64 page catalog ill ustrating the symbols on these coins is derived 264 objects in full color. from a number of sources, which should be read in the ori ginal. Three 1)~hLERS: :, W€"wi/l ex~hange our" in particular arc: Pau l Romanoff's Jewish Symbols on AncienT l e wish : :iinti•• , quJ. "'Hiiii~' ..•.lor 'H •.y'oh rt a fl• c1.i~ !'t coins" '! Coins; Ya'akov Meshorcr'S Ancient Jewish Coinage; and the Old Testa­ ment (Tenakh)-in a form fai thfu l to the ' Masora' , the received Hebrew text.

royal-athena galleries Selected References: Jerome M Eisenberg, Ph.D., Director Established 1942 The JerI/salem Bible. Koren Publishers, Jerusalem, 1980. 153 East 57th 51., New York, NY 10022 ' Tel: (21 2}-355·2034 · Fax: (2 12 )-688-0412 H. Goldstine, New and Full MoolZs 1001 9478 W. Olympic Bl vd .• Suite 3()4. Be~efly Hill s, CA 902 12 • Tel: (310}-277'()lJJ' Fax: (3 1O}-277-06 16 8. C. ta A.D. 1651. Philadelphia, 1973. Seaby, 14 Old Bond Street. London WIX 3DB. Eng land' Tel: 171-49~ ':l~90 ' Fax: 171.491- 1595 ancicn!art@aol. com • visit our new World Wide Web site at bl!P"l/WWW royal-gthena com David Hendin, Guide to Biblical Coill s. Third EditiolZ, Amphora, New York. 1996. Fl avi us Josephus, The Jewish War, Dorset Press, New York, 1985. Leo Ka dman, Coins of the j ewish War, Shoden. Tel Av iv, 1960, Note 39. PALLADIUM Brooks Levy, Tyrian Shekels and lite First Jewish War. International Nu­ mismati c Congress, Brussels, 1991. NUMISMATICS Ya'akov Meshorer, Curator. Coins Re· veal, The Jewish Museum, New York, 1983, Regularly Conducts Ya ' akov Meshorer, Ancient Jewish Coin· age, Vol. II: Herod th e Great through Buy or Bid Sales Bar Cochba, The Israel Museum. Jerusa lem. 1982. Ya ' akov Meshorer. The CoillS of To receive a free catalog, Masada, Masada I, The Yigael Yadill E.xcavations /963-1965, Final Re· please call or write: POrlS, Israel Exploration Society, Hebrew University of Je ru salem, 1989. PALLADIUM NUMISMATICS Frank Parise, ed., The Book of Calen· 4125 W, Mineral King, Suite 316 dars, Facts on File, New York, 198 2. Paul Romanoff, j ewish Symbols 011 An­ Visalia, CA 93271 cient Jewish Coins. Museum of the Je wi s h Theological Seminary of phone/fax (209) 625-2010 America, AINA, New York, 197 1. E-mail: [email protected] Alfred H. Tamarin. Revoll ill Judaea: The Road 10 Masada, Four Winds Web site: http://www.inads.comlpalladium Press, New York, 1968. Yigae] Yadin. Masada: He rod's For· David S. Michaels, tress and the Zealot's Last Stand, Ran­ Classical Numismatist dom House, New York, 1966.

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October 1997 17 Coins of the Bible The 30 pieces of silver

shekels and half shekels were wi dely Here are some mentions of the by David Hendin available in Jerusalem and they were same sum, much earl ier: well known for their true weight and good silver content. "If the ox gore a bondman or a "Then one of the J 2, called Judas II is also commonly believed that bondwoman, he shall give Ullto Iscariot, went unto the chief the "30 pieces of si lver" paid to Judas their master thirty shekels of sil­ p riests, and said unto them, What were Tyre shekels. Th is is based on ver, and the ox shall be stoned. " will ye give me, and / will deliver the fact that they were the most com­ (Exodus 2 I :32) him unto you? And they cove­ monly used and accepted large si lver nanted with him for 30 pieces of coins at the time. "And! said unto them: 'Ifye think silver. " (Matthew 26: 14- 15) Historian Michael Grant concludes good, give me my hire: and if lIot, that payment was made to Judas fo r fo rbear.' So they weighed for my his deed, even if the amount may not The shekels and half shekels of hire thirty pieces of silver. And Tyre are of special interest to collcc­ have been exactly 30 pieces of sil­ the Lord said IInto me: 'Cast it tors of ancient Jewish coins as well ve r: "Although the report that his into the treasury, the go()(lly price as Biblical coins. Jews had to pay an fee was 30 pieces of silver is dub­ that J was prized at of them. ' And ious because, like so much else in annual sum to the Jeru salem Tcmple I took the thirty pieces of silver and Ihat sum was one-half shekel. this part of the Gospels, it is an echo and cast them imo the treasury. in furthermore, it was acceptable only of the scriptures, it is pro ba ble the house ofthe Lord. ., (Zechariah in the money of Ty re. The reason for enough that Judas was paid for what 11: 12 , 13) this, apparently, was that the Tyrc he did." Finally, it was the lise of the Tyre shekels and half shekel~' in the Jerusa­ lem Temple that indirectly led to Jesus' disgust at the money changers in the Temple court. When Jewish pi lg rims ANTIQUAINC came to Jerusalem fro m around the ancient world the y carried money of • Specializing in ancient art and numis­ their own nations. Since the Temple matics with an emphasis on quality, accepted only Tyre coinage for the annual dues, they had to make a cur­ rarity, and desirability rency exchange, much as you would • 25 years of professional experti se today if you went to another country. The currency changers set up in the • Regular and active presence in the area of the Temple. In calling out for business- their form of advenising­ international marketplace they oft.cn shouted their exchange rates. • Fully illustrated catalogues featurin g It was this commercial activllY that Jesus fo und offensive, and so he threw carefully selected material over the tabl es of these merchants. • Representation for serious collectors Tyre shekels and half shekels were issued fro m 126/5 B.C.E. through at all major international auction sales 69170 C.E. The types are al l the same: Bust, right, of Her

An especially interesting section of OUf locat ion by Munich enables us to obtain "new" coins (hoards and individual pieces) the Talmud, in Tosephta Kethuboth offered by Turks , Bulgarians, "Yugoslavs" etc. Every week we are purchasing lOIS and 13,20, states: "Silver, whenever men­ choice ancienlS (Greek, Roman, Byzantine, etc.) tioned in the Pentateuch, is TyTian October 1997 19 orer, chief curator of archaeology at Levy and Meshorer agree that this hoard, with a closing date in thc early The Israel Museum, that something lone survivor of pu re silver coinage in 50s CE., was found on Mt. Carmel­ dramatic occurred regarding the mint­ the East needs an explanation. much closer to Tyre than to Jerusalem. in g of silver coins at Tyre just after 20 Meshorer's explanation goes to the Seyrig's Ir bid hoard, whose last shekel B.CE. powerful influence of Herod the Great is dated 65, is from the Decapolis. An A lt hough Levy's version differs and Jerusalem's high priesthood. They unpublished hoard on the London mar­ somewhat from Meshorer's ideas, there we re able to convince authorities to ket , with 78 shekels datlllg between isconsidcrableoverl ap. Levy's analy­ resume striking "Tyre" shekels in 39/38 B.C.E. and "L0121 CE., is said to sis certain ly confirms the economic Jerusalem because they were needed have come from a Lebanese source,"' and political importance of Judaea in by the Jews who paid an annual half Levy wri tes. the Roman Empire during the time of shekel Temple tax. The Talmud tells Secondly, Levy notes that even if it Herod the Great. us that this tax had to be paid in high· was true that most of the later Tyrian Meshorer proposes that in 18/17 quality si lver- Tyrian or the equi va­ pieces have been found in Judaea. ·'that B.CE. the minting of Tyrc shekels lent. should prove on ly that the users of the was transferred to Jerusalem where it Levy argues, however, that "it high-purity shekel came more and more contin ued until it was replaced by the seems a doubtful proposition that a to be restricted to those who needed it Jewish shekels in 66 CE., when the clien t king like Herod, whose au­ to pay the Temple tax ., 1cwish War began. tonomy in practice was severely lim­ 2. Style changes. Meshorer ob­ Levy writes that there is no doubt ited, could have transferred a silver servcs that early Tyre shekels were that "by the end of the Roman Re­ series intact from a Roman provincial struck on a typical large, flat Hellenis­ public, nearly all the high-purity sil­ city to his own capital . Judaea in tic planchet, while the later shekels ver coinages struck regularly by au­ particular was completely dependent arc th icker and quite round. The latcr tonomous city m ints on the Syro­ on outside so urces for precious met­ issues are of poorer style and oftcn Phoenician coast had ended. Sidon, als, and Herod, like the Hasmoneans struck partly off the planchet. Mesh­ for example, after 29 B.C.E. struck before him, is not mherwise known to orer sees these as indications of inex­ only three small si lver issues during have issued gold or silver coinage." perienced die cullers in Jerusalem and, the Julio-Claudian period. Tyre alone Here are Meshorer' s main points later, their increasing dislike to pagan kept striki ng annually , or nearly so, and Levy's discussions of them: moti fs on coins . fro m 1261!25 B.CE. to an end date in I. Most hoards of the later Tyre Lcvy notcs that planchels ·'too sma ll the late 50s or middle 60s CE.; and her issues have been found wi thin Judaea. for the design are a common phenom­ cOInage remained over 90 percent Levy notes that this might not be com­ enon in ancient coinage. And. leaving fine." pletely accurate. "The huge Usfiye as ide the question whethct· Mosaic law would have allowed Jerusalem's die­ cutlers to produce sucf] types at all, there are d ifficulties here." Meshorer notes a di vi sion of styles between the early Tyre shekels and the SPINK. THE OLDEST later ones. Levy moves ahead to pro­ pose five styles of Tyre shekels: ESTABLISHED COIN - High Style, for the first few years of issue. BUSINESS IN THE -Typical Tyrian. wl\h Ihltter fa­ cial planes, features and hair less deli­ WORLD. cately carved. - Revival. "In the late 70s there seems to be a hrief reviva l of the high Coins from ancient to modcrn bought and sold · Free verbal va luations style." Expert imparti'lt advice given · Coins bought outright, or sold on commission - Disintegrated style. Begins in Regular auctions held ~ please send for our current list . Puhlishers and stockists of the late 60s B.CE. numismatic boc>ks . PubJishersofThe Numismatic Circular since 1892 . Advice and - Second revival , or new styles purch a~e at auction sales on collectors' behalf ~ atl major satcs al1cndcd. For further informarion on ancient coins contact wh ich arc "perceptihlc in the early John Pelt. years of our era." This revival has Quote The CelalOr for a free edition of The Numismatic three sub-styles, the first features a C ircul a r, ollr fixed price list of coins of all the series and a well-modelled Melqarth portrait, the forum for numi~ma t jc dehutc. Subscription $60 (10 isslIes). second has a heavy chill . an d the third is characterized by a prominent Adam·s apple and pouting expression. Levy writes thai, '"All three new styles surely improve on what might be call ed the shekel of the late Roman Republic. But if this is the true picture of the shekel's development, can we SPI see the improvements of its last half­ SPlNK&SOSLID.M& 7 KINGSlRn:r.S"r.JAMES'S.LONDONSIV 1Y6QS. la; 07 1·9)).7888. FAX, 07 1·839-4&\3. TI'lEX; 9167tl. century as occurring in pre-revolution­ ["'8';'" p,;";nss .., W~ , s;J>p.r.>o

November 23, 1997 in Los Angeles Ancient Coins and Antiquities

Featuring an imjXJrtant collection of top quality Roman sestertii, including choice examples of many ofthe J2 Caesars. Also a good range ofcollectible Roman and Greek coins, including affordable rarities, and an important co//ection of Parthian coins.

17)e auction concludes with a small but fine assortment ofNear-Eastern antiquities, with special emphasis on cunei/omz text and seals.

Illustrated catalogues available for $15 in the u.s., $20 For?ign. Catalogue text and other coins mui collectibles for sale on-line at www.ma/tergallerles.com

Malter Galleries Inc. ~ 17005 Ventura Boulevard., Encino, CA 91316 • , Ph, (818) 784-7772 • Fax, (818) 784-4726 • e-mail, [email protected]

October 1997 2 1 more likely to indicate that Greek cul~ Levy continues, "Still, this would to the end of their issue become qu ite tural revival, consequent on the 'Au­ have been a natural penalty to impose. rare. This is especially true for the fine gustan peace', had reached as far as It is plausible to think that Augustus style pieces, as opposed 10 the very Phoenicia's coastal cities." should have contemplated it, plausible crude issues. 3. Monograms. Meshorer draws also to think Herod had a part in dis~ Thus it seems that there was a kind conclusions about the mint transfer suading him. He was at the height of of a gradual phasing out of the high­ based on the monograms of the coins. his influence with Augustus, and it is a purity silver shekels from Tyre. Per­ Levy, however, has gi ven further study known fact that the two men then met haps the Romans handled it this way to the monograms and does not believe in the East. Herod even seems to have "in the belief that (the) users (i.e. the Meshorer's examination is sufficiently been given a position in the Roman Jews of Jerusalem) would in time adapl complete. administration of Syria. Hemight well to necessity."' There is some evidence Both Levy and Meshorer agree that have argued against an official action that some Jews were willing to begin something critical happened regard­ bound to cause disastrous unrest among to adapt but, Levy explains , "the ap­ ing the minting of silver coins at Tyre Jews: the termination of the only East­ pearance, at the beginning of the First in late 20 B.C.E. Levy observes that ern silver coinage acceptable for the Revolt, of the high-purity shekel of Augustus was then "in the East, and annual Temple tax. It is noteworthy Israel is evidence that most were not." while there he removed the autonomy that he was just now in the midst of his Levy concludes that it was qu ite of KYlikos, Sidon, and Tyre for distur­ amibitious rebuilding of the Temple likely that the "late shekels of 'barba­ bances of the Roman order. By then, precinct, a purpose for which the tax had rous' or otherwise aberrant appear­ most regular high-purity silver issues been thought appropriate ever since its ance were unofficial production s, in the East had already terminated. earliest recorded levy in Mosaic times." meant to fill the need as Tyre's offi cial But Tyre's continued without hiatus. Levy believes it is possible, then, issues dwindled. Possibly such pieces, This has seemed remarkable to other that the Kappa Rho letters on all of the if over 90 percent fine, were accept­ scholars as well as Meshorer, and has later Tyre shekels could be an abbre­ able 10 the Temple authorities in Jerusa­ led some to discount the ancient testi­ viation for KAILAR ("Caesar"). lem where official Roman currency mony that her freedom was removed. Meshorer writes it might represent was not; some may even have been That too must be mistaken: it is only a KPATOI: ("power" or "authority") or produced in Jerusalem." modern assumption that the issue of the Greek words meaning "(according (Excerpted from Guide to Biblical Coins, silver coin is asure sign of autonomy­ to the) Roman constitution". Third Edition. by David Hendin. Copyright and, conversely, that the loss of au­ It is also worth noting that some of (:1 1997 by David Hendin. Reprinted by per­ tonomy necessarily entailed loss of the late issues are of an espccia\!y poor mission of the author.) minting privilege." style and Tyre shekels dating very close

~reeman & Sear The Very Best in Ancient Coins • ':" .,' , :i5 ' proudly announces "',', e, I' • MAIL BID SALE 4 An auction of Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins, books and artifacts NEW Closing Date: January 14,1998

Lots will be available for viewing at our NYINC table December 4-7

P.O. Box 641352 PHONE (310) 202-0641 Los Angeles, CA 90064-6352 FAX (310) 202-8401 U,S,A, e-mail: [email protected]

22 ThfJ Gelator ... E 1/2 Folis. 5-370, )'1'. 3, same, 14A, F. "" Jus ~rta n AE 12 Numtni. $ ·853, AlEXIIN· VGNF ...... 6.50 Ott. 11.00 DRIA, F...... 1400 lIen G. B~.!.m!!.n ~ same, 6, F+ " ...... ,,' .. " .. 19.00 A£Dec:anum"S-515,F 27.00 AE 12 Nummi, S·855. P~ rsian same. 8, FNF ..... "" .... " .. 19.00 M, FoI" KYZ, 5-516. 4A F 11.00 Oocupatoo. aF ..... " .... 15,00 same. 13. F. 19.00 same. 7B , !)oId FNF 15.00 $arne, VF., E Iis, 5-372, ' . KYZ. lOA, same,8B, F "", .... "" .. ,,'" 11,00 pie " ... "" .. "" ... "" ... "" .. 7500 W!.!l f!m'\. Falrtield, CT 06430 -.-- aFNF .... "" .... ,,' .... "". 11.50 Mme.98, F 11.00 liE 6 Nurrvni, S·862 , ,.),won ~ same. l1B, nothing betw. lido" s. me. l1A, sl1""'l F ... ,," 15,00 VF" .. 2400 Ph: (203) 374-3032 or fax/messages: (203) 374-6986 01;;&. aF 6.50 sarno. l I B, VFno 16.00 same, FNF 24 .00 same. 12A, F+NG " ..... " ... 9.50 same. 17E , l.lP'Jh , "ome.e,aF 10.00 yr. 9, VO-IF 10.00 Cf_.crucle, oI.... ove' strUCk, Oo'C~Off "",nta(, 5B , F 12.50 ,l.EFo:Iis, 8-533. 11AF 11.00 sa"",. y' . 10. VGIF 11 .00 OFFICINAS /I; DATES: 11 you collect bytypeonly. do say so. It would be a pity tOgBt a 'sold satni, n. F 12.50 $Ome, 11 r n;:,e oh. F .. 15 .00 CenSlans II, &41·658 out" because the oft",ina you mentioned coocidontally w •• sold. 2"" choice 00 HElPI same, sr. F 12.50 ,,_, l~r, F 11.00 (most oIs on •• ,...,. coho) TERMS: All coins ~a r anl_ genuine. 7-;jay return for any masoo. 1\11US orders acld $Z sarno, 9r, f ... "" ..... " .... " 12, SQ sarno, 13r, aVFIF ... " .... " 17,00 AE Foils. S-l000. C OPIe , A4 , F 9.00 /I; maka ",roittanco in US lund •. CT ,,"sld...,t. ~d<1 tax. Mo<1&y order$ sent 48 11r$., personal AE 112 F«. 5-381 . )'1',5. F 11 .00 $Omt,14r, F 11-00 AE Fo>Iis. S·I002, Chlis1l)(j1sm cI1ecks must cl&ar. 2nd c/>oi::e$ DO HElPI 1. F."" .... "" ..... same,I5A.fNF 12 ,00 for ClOSS , F , 15.00 PHONE RESE RVES, Usually8am.' 1:(IOpm (203) 374·3032(00 maChino). 11 JlOanSW<'Ir same, y', 11 .00 same, '1'. 7 1)( 6, highited F 9.00 sarne,lsr ,F 11.00 AE Foils. 5·1005 , VFiF 13-00 you may leaVli ' message at (203) 374.tl9B6. I'll cal you back ANYWHERE. sarno,y'. I1.F 11.00 &11 "",, 15& , F 11.00 AE Fot 5-1011, OOctnI F 12.00 SOl1"le, \",.13, F 11.00 S"""', 2OS. VF 0.8.00 AE Follis. S·101 4. hig htq1led VANDALS s.amtI. po<, F " .... "" .... " ..... 6,50 AE Follis, S-257, vG. mm. ... E 06ca, 8-383,)'1'. S, VF 20.00 samo, 21r. <1lOict 2 ~ F 2700 F 20.00 523-533 , ... E 12 Nuum" 8-197"', Ct>t,. AEDec' ., S·269.14, F 19.00 .arne, y'. 5, FI.F . .... 7,00 &11"", , 8. nioo Il'een F " ... 15.00 F " ..... , ." ... " .. "" .. " 15,00 100011'&06 olan ~ssible(?) son, oil; VG " ... "" .... "". 20.00 AS P .nta","".,8-V4.ca~ hagt , same ,)'I'. 6, F 9.00 M,1I2 F" __ S-535. )'I'.6. F 10.00 M,1.'2Fois,8-1 0:57.CAffiHAGf, 3rd X befor l XXI , d8cal/li, aVFNF 35 00 sarne, . VF 20.00 woo,) ..... " ...... " ...... 695.00 obv. 6.50 JU5~ n M, 565.-78 F ..... "" .... "" ..... " ..... ,," 30.00 AE Docanum.,$-W, )", 12, liE 112 Folio, 5·1000, ni<;e c, 650, AE NUlMlIIS, C!u-F53; AE 112 FoIis, 5 ·203 , 24 , ""kled GOLD SoIidU!. 8-3J.5, "'U.odgo M, DecantJm .• 8-397. VG 1 5.00 VF ... "" .... """ .... ",, .. ,," 35.00 F . 20.00 226-9, al 108$1 F 69.50 dato config" F ... "" .... " 35.00 t>itv.1< . 11" shalpbust250.00 T1be~" . II. 51&-5112 s"""'. 13. FNF 12.50 M lI2 Fol.,8-1 061 ,VfIF 22,00 RQMANQ.BY2.I.NTlNE AI'. o..-:lII1um ., 5·205. 32, F, obv, NB, The,o ..o 31yp<1o of 5-J6O AE 1/2 FoIis, s-.39. TES. e, AE 12 Nurrtni. S·54-\ , AL EX, so""', FNF 16.00 WEiGHT flaw.. 8.00 aod 5-361, +, X·Rho or Chris­ aFno " ..... "" . .. ,,' ... " .. 20.00 VF ... "" .... """ .... "" .... ,, 28,00 ume,. F~ . .. .. 12.00 AE21 1Nr. VG "" ..... " .... 30.00 .amo , 32. VG/F" 7.00 togram <:hie' M. AE Folis. 8-<148. THE UP, 7• same. F "" ... """ .... ,, ..... ,,' 12,00 liE f al ls, S-1103 , SYR"'CUSE, BYlANTINE EM PIRE saroo, 35. FNG. ewdt .... 8.00 ,l.Efolis.5-3W+.CON.5r, rlioo VG/F ."" .... "" .... "" .... " 15.00 AE Decanll11 " S·578, CON .. alleast VF, .4(l.00 Anaalllius I. 491-518 sarne, 37. VF ."" .... " ...... 40.00 F 1600 Mlur!CIis. $-17E, FNF ... 19.00 B inoorpoo-aled ~~ O>listo­ same.6.&.. VGIl'+ 800 GOLD SoidIlS. 8-.78. Y" 1, F ", .. """" .. """ .. ,25,00 ,ami!, VF. lypicatt,t e,ude 2() .00 AE FOlis. $-19 A. F 18.00 grM'l). aFIf+ ..... "" ..... 65,00 same. 6E. VG . ..6,50 oEF 225.00 ... E Deconum" 8-581 .)". " oil; same , buI. for oIlie.,a, AE Folis. 5·19 8. F ...... 18.00 "'E FoIi$ , $·207, KYZ. 13"', aFI sarno. 67E. F .... " ...... "". 12,00 GOLD Sdid ... , 5_178, AU/H , VGiF 1200 FN F 20.00 same. 8-19 B. VG-F .. " ... 12.00 VF , ~ ,.t • ..,'* .. __ 15,00 S"""'. 7E , F. NF " .... "" .. 15,00 0/< , well.WC~ bust 250.00 .omo. yr. 7.FNF 16.00 AE FoI. , 5·11Q4, nioe VF 45.00 AE Folis. 5-19 r. F .. " .... 18.00 sarno. 21B, FlaF 18.00 _.9.... F ..... "" .... "".12,00 AE FoL. s-.9:2,CON, lr, F 20.00 umo, \3, VGN F 12.00 ~.me. F... 'F 16.00 AEFoIis. S·19E,F 18.00 $4II'1II.258, VG!F ..... " ..... 12,00 same, 98, F ...... "" .... "". 12,00 AE Foils, 5-41>4. 4h. F, 1..-9" .arno, 20, ""\l. lan, F. 20.00 sa"",. VF. rev. p<1Ii"ll , same. $1r<.>ngVG/F , ". 13-00 same. 26B, VG/F ..... " ..... 12,00 sarno, lOA. FNF 15,00 I\a11 1~,00 ... e 112 Folio, 5-5117, ROO, Ii cost . 14.00 sin.. 001 1I;I00nl«l III.. . sarno. JOB. FNF, 00.... double ume, lOA. F ..... "" ...... ,,' 12,00 same.M,F 1100 coarse F ." ..... 30.00 sa"",. aF ... "" ... "" ... " .... " .. 8.00 VG ..... " .... " ...... " ..... " .. 16.00 struck...... 1800 same. II .... aFfF+ ..... "" .. 12,00 same.M, F .... "" .... " ...... 11,00 Ph OClls.602-610 AEfo>lis.S·l105, F 18.00 ... E FoI.. $.21 E, lew SCt'I .. F18,00 .amo. 308, VG!F 12.00 AI'. Foils. 8-360, X-Rho, 7d. same, 10, F .... "" .... " .... , 10.00 ,I.E FoL.S«O.CON, 7r, F 1200 AEFoIis.S·l 107.VF 27.00 s"""" 5-ro.21, F ." .... " ... 17.00 AE FoIis, 5-208. 13, VG/F, /lO1 aFIF 10.00 $MM. 1311, VFfF " ." .... , 22.50 ... e 112 Fol .. S-643. 015 , F 12,00 AEFoIIis. S·l 1Q8, F 9.00 AE 1/2 FOIIis.8-~. ". E. SOl" bad 19,00 sarno, 86, F ...... " ...... "". 13,00 same. 13B. F 11 .00 ... e 1I2F". &644. r. F·VF 1500 same. VF 18,00 I'n<>dulecoin of .1.'98 module AE Follis. 8-213. ...NTIX, r. ,I.E 1.'2 FeI" S-361. +, 56, F 12.00 sarno. lSA. F. 12.00 urn.. E, F 12.00 AEFoIis.S·l109.F , .. "t3.5O ~? Inl..-ostil\jj. F . .. 36.00 ~hligh1&d VF " ...... 100.00 sarno. 5E, F ... _ .. "" .... "". 12,00 sarno. 16B. F, high.1)'Io . 1400 ... E Deca. 8-1146. ni<;e F 30-00 same. VF, ",Ie 2().00 AE 112 Folis. $·25 E, F .. 17.00 ... E F~ s. 5·21 •• THEUP. "- same. 9A. F 12,00 ,I.E 112 Fel. &-496, _ SWd<, samo,F.vorycruOOs~ i l1. crud& F 9.00 same, sharp \If, slt\t1t """lfl. AE folis. 5-1 58, aF ... " ... 13.00 AE 112 Fol .. 8-ZlO. 21, eVF 20.00 s"""'. to, &te. F ..... " .... 12,00 same. 17A, XltJ IIIU r/j. tod). same. 2O-3Or. FNF 12.00 '""s .... ". , ".. "".. .. ,,'" ZS .OO ,I.E folis. 8-156 r, f." .... 20.00 AI'. 112 Follis, 8-231 , 3(1, COltv.., same. 12,~. VF 35,00 of ..... " ...... "" .... "" .... " 10.00 "'E 1/2 Fo>Iis. 5·815. 19 , yr. 20. liE 112 FoI\s. S-1127 , ROM , sarno r. dIE Deca., 8-236. 20. F ... 16.00 AE FoI.. 5-36&. NIKO, 2A. Fl3.00 VF 35.00 sarno. y,.21, F " ..... " ...... 15,00 ConSlantl"IIV, 666.685 ,I.E FoL.5-163, 13E ••FNF 2800 SIWTIiI. 24. F , ... " .... "" .... 18.00 same. 311. 1111 • ..,i s!&d config .. same. B. VF 35.00 same. 21, QU~. cr .. F .... " .. 6,50 AElI2FoI'is,S·1181 ,F 36 00 same. l ~ E, VF+ ... " .... ,,' 200.00 AE Dec ... 5-237. 27. F .. 13-00 VF. bit p1, pol., VGIl' . __ 12.50 AE Deca .. 5 -238. 31, F ... 16.00 Sllmi. 5.... F 12.50 VG __ , ..... "" .... ,,' 27.00 15.00 AE FJh, S·l209, F, ~ e same. 15B, F ...... " ...... 25.00 AE Otcan"",.• $·239. 38._", sarno.6.&.. F ..... "" .... "" ... 12.50 AE 1f. Foils. 8-500. TES. 2, Ra w ..... " ... "" .. " ..... ,.... 36 .00 _. 16B, VF , l>itg ... iny 38.00 grad8dat8. VG ... " ...... 1 ~ .00 same. ~B. F ..... "" .... "" ... 12,50 oFNF 10.00 $MIlt. 2Or.t:nXIt FNF ". 20.00 A£ Pent ... 8-241, .... FNF 15.00 :wno. 7.... F 12.50 same. TE. e, F 10.00 SHOW SCHEDULE same.2OE,aF ..... " ...... 15.00 same, r .CI'\Jde VF ." .... ,,' 12.00 sarno, 7A. VF, I>itc'U

October 1997 23 Speaker programs add variety to NYINC activities As December nears, and numis­ His program is being hosted by the ety of the Delaware Valley at 5 p.m .. matic speakers prepare presentations Medieval Department of the American Their topic will be "Cleaning ancient for the educational program at this Numismatic Society. coins: a hands on demonstrat i on ~. year's New York International Numis­ The meeting of La Societe Ameri­ Attendees are encouraged to "b ring matic Convention, collectors should caine POUT L'Etude de la Numisma­ your own used toothbrush, we provide make plans to attend one or more of tique Francaise will be conducted at 2 the co i ns~ . the interesting discussions being held. p.m., where Richard Margolis will dis­ Concluding Saturday's program will The NYINC is well known for its enlight­ cuss "The Napoleonic Coinage of be Dr. Lawrence A. Adams and Will­ ening and informative educational pro­ France: a brief survey of a very im­ iam B. Warden, Jr. , who wi ll be speak­ gram, and this year's events promise posing series". ing before the Oriental Numismatic to continue the trend. Dr. Ursula Kampmann's presenta­ Society on "Gold and Electrum Coin­ All of the meetings and presenta­ tion of "The Sickness of Caracalla and age of the Sind: 3rd through 6th Cen ­ tions discussed here will be held in the Asclepius of Pergamon" will lake place tury A.D." at 6 p.m. Marriott World Trade Center hotel jn at 3 p.m., at the meeting of the Society In addition to the meeting/speaker Manhattan, which is adjacent to the for Ancient Numismatics. program, Larry Gentile will be conduct­ World Trade Center towers, near the The Classical & Medieval Numis­ ing his Young Numismatists Program Mezzanine level bourse area. matic Society, based in Canada, will from 10 a.m. to 3 p .m. Interested Beginning the line-up will be the feature "A Portraiture of Alexander the youngsters from ages 8 through 16 are meeting of the Russian Numismatic Great: coins and sculpture" at its an­ invited for a free lunch and program, Society, who will host Jim Elmen. He nual NYINC meeling. This discussion and will be trealed to a variety of fun will be exploring "A Discussion of Rus­ will be conducted by Dr. Constantin A. and informative numismatic activities. sian Numismatic Literature" all0 a.m. Marinescu at 4 p.m .. The New York International Numis­ Afler lunch, at 1 p.m., Gerard Anas­ Peter Lampinen and Phi lip DeVicci matic Convention, with ils educational zewicz will present "Medieval African are the featured speakers for the meet­ program, offers a wonderful opportu­ Coinage: of the Kingdom of Aksum". ing of the Classical Numismatic Soci- nity for collectors to learn, communi­ cate with others, and enjoy numismat­ ics to the fullest. Jronlts in Spartan issues ~umisnmfits premier catalogue Pegasi Numismatics, of Ann Arbor, Louis XIV, France MI and Holicong, PA, recently an­ reigned 1643-1715 nounced that its subsidiary, Spartan Numismatics, has issued its premier Louis XIV, known as the "Sun-King", illustrated catalogue catering to the collector on a "spartan" budget. It is was one of the most enlightened of on the Buy-Bid format, where the col­ Europe's nobility and displayed an af­ lector may either buy the item immedi­ fection for classical themes and images. ately at the listed price, or submit a bid He was we1l educated in the history of for less than the stated price. There is and Rome, and surrounded himself with Humanist scholars like Colbert, his no buyer's premium. Minister of Finance, and Jean Varin, chief engraver at the Paris mint. When The firm, under the directorship of Louis took personal control of the government in 1661, he inaugurated a Nick Economopoulos, 9. partner in medallic history of his reign based on the meda1lions of the Roman emper­ Pegasi Numismatics, wi ll issue 5-6 catalogues per year. According to ors. Allegorical themes and classical iconography were used in a coherent Economopoulos, "there are many bud­ program of propaganda intended to glorify the monarchy. Louis established get-minded, as well as beginner collec­ the Academie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres to oversee produc­ tors who can't find that particular coin tion of these medals. The king seems to have been personally involved in at their price level. We want 10 give all the selection of designs-which were often inspired by ancient coin motifs. collectors the opportunity 10 add to their It was during his reign that the Royal collection of ancient coins became a collections, so we will be offering in­ "world class" cabinet, and provided the foundation for what is now the teresting and diverse coins in many areas no normally covered by our regu­ superb collection of the Cabinet des Medailles of the Bibliotheque Nationalc. lar catalogues." This feature is provided courtesy of George Frederick Kolbe For more information, or a free cata­ logue, contact Spartan Numismatics, Fine Numismatic Books. Crestline, CA 92325 P.O. Box 19, Furlong, PA 18925; phone (215) 343-9606; fax (215) 491-1300. 24 The Gelator NVMMORVM AVCTIONES 8 Greek, Roman Republican and Imperial Coinage, Dark Ages and Byzantine Coins 4th December 1997,7.30 p.m. Barnum's Museum, 3rd Floor, Marriott World Trade Center, New York

NVMMORVM AVCTIONES 9 A Collection of the Coinage of Augustus

4th December 1997 Barnum's Museum, 3rd Floor, Marriott World Trade Center, New York

For a free catalogue specify your imerests and apply to: Italo Vecchi Ltd 35 Dover Street, London W I X 3RA, England Web site: hnp://www.italovecchi.com E·mail: [email protected] Tel.:(44 171)4917048 Fax:(44 171)4097835 US Representative Dr. Gordon Andreas Singer, P.O. Box 235, Greenbelt, MD 20768-0235 Tel.: (301) 805-7085 Fax: (301) 805-1 362

October 1997 25 Highly important Coming Events •••• Islamic collection by Nov. 23 Malter Auction offered Stack's 17005 Ventura Blvd., Encino, CA Stack's. New York based auction­ eers, will be conducting the largest 'and Nov. 24-26 Lanz Auction most important public auction of Islamic Maximilianspfatz 10, Munich, Germany coinage ever he ld in the United States. Nov. 26-29 Hirsch Auction The sale wi ll be held on December 2, Promenadeplatz 10, Munich, Germany 1997, immediately prior to th e New York International Numismatic Conven­ Dec. 2-3 Stack's Auction tion. Park Central Hotel, 56th Sf. & 7th Ave., NYC For many years, London and Zurich Dec. 2-3 Triton I Auction have been the hubs of activity fo r the New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC auction 01 Islamic coinage. But Stack's Dec. 4 Vecchi Auction December sale will mark a shift of that activity to New York. New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC The nucleus of the sale is a remark­ Dec. 5-6 Superior Auction able and physicall y stunning collection New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC of coinage of the Islamic dynasties in Dec. 5-7 New York International Numismatic Convention the Arabian Peninsula and Yem en, New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC which represents 107 of Ihe 263 lolal lots. Some of these are unpubl ished, Dec. 6 Kolbe Auction while many are rare to extremely rare New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC and have seldom, if ever, been offered Dec. 7 M & M Numismatics Auction before in a public auction in the U.S. New York Marriott Hotel, World Trade Center, NYC Putting together just a few of these coins presents a challenge; assembling Jan. 8-11 F.U.N. Show a collection of the magnitude repre­ Orange County Convention Center. Orlando, FL sented here is tremendously difficult. Thus, Stack's takes special delight in being able to afford collectors the op­ portunity to bid on such an important and choice assemblage of Arabian coins. NYINC America's Most Aside from dynasties of the Arabian NEW YORK peninsula, a number of other Islamic Il'ITERNATIONAL Prestigious Ancient dynasties and geographic regions are NUMISMATIC represented in the forthcoming auction, CONVENTION & Foreign Coin Show also with a number of rarities including an Umayyad AV Dinar struck in al­ Andalus, AH 102, an important AV The 26th Annual New York Dinar of the Se lj u k of Ru m ruler Kayka'us I of Sivas, AH 614, and two International Numismatic Convention other Seljuks of Rum gold Dinars (gold of this dynasty is seldom seen and of great rarity). The auction concludes December 5-6-7,1997 with a small but handsome selection Dealer Set-up: Thurs., Dec. 4th of gold from Islamic Ind ia. While many lots may be the province of th e most World Trade Center, New York City, advanced collectors, there are also many of interest to beginners and in­ Host Hotel: Marriott World Trade Center termediate Islamic collectors. Over 200 Ancient & Foreign Numismatic Dealers From around the World Due to the size and importance of the auction, Stack's is producing a General Information: NY INC separate catalog excl usively for the & Major Ancient Robert Brueggeman Islamic sale. Two hundred and sixty­ Foreign Coin Auctions 425 E. Alvarado SI., Suite H three lots are offered in the profusely Fallbrook, CA 92028 illustrated catalog, wh ich features a Society Meetings good amount of historical and numis­ Phone (760) 728-13(X) matic information and footnotes. The Fax (760) 728-8507 Educational catalog is available for $10, including Forum prices realized after the sale. from Stack's, 123 West 57th Street. New York. NY 10019-2280; phone (212) 582-2580; fax (212) 245-5018. 26 The Gelator AUCTION I ANCIENT COINS

A Public & Mail Bid Sale

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 7,1997 HELD IN ONE SESSION At 9:30AM,

High Quality Greek and Important Greek Imperial Coins; Roman and Byzantine Coins.

In the St. Paul's & Barnum's Museum Rooms 3rd floor of the Marriott World Trade Center Hotel

•,•"~ ,*', -

In conjunction with: The New Yark International Numismatic Convention The New York World Trade Center Three World Trade Center New York, NY 10048

Catalogued and sold by M&M NUMISMATICS, LTD. 1100 17th Street. NW, Suite 900. Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-833-3770 Fax: 202-429-5275

MONZEN UNO MEDAILLEN AG M&M NUMISMATICS LTD. MONZEN UND MEDAILLEN Malzgassc 25 1100 17th Street, NW GMBH Postfach 3647 Suite 900 Postfach 1934 CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Washington, DC 20036 USA D-79509 Lorrach, Gennany

October 1997 27 NYINC features many activities for numismatists The New York International Numis­ The auction line-up for this year's Stack's has been selected to offer the matic Convention is a venue familiar to event begins with Classical Numismatic coins of the Catholic Near East Welfare most collectors of ancient coins, and this Group, in conjunction with Freeman & Association for sate in two sessions De­ year's event includes a varied educa­ Sear and Numismatica Ars Classica, who cember 2 and 3 (7 p.m. each day). This tional program with some top-rate speak­ will be holding an important joint numis­ sale is being held at the Park Central ers, five numismatic auctions, a special matic auction. This sale, named Triton I, hotel in midtown Manhattan. Over2,OOO numismatic exhibit sponsored by the will feature important classical num is­ lots will be sold. The first session will American Numismatic Society, and a matic rarities. The auction will be con­ include over 600 loIs of quality ancient sold-out bourse of dealers offering plenty ducted in four sessions, on December 2 coins and a highly important collection of numismatic material. and 3, at 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. each day. of Islamic coins, with special emphasis The bourse itself will be held Decem­ This sale will feature over 2,000 lots, on the coinage of the Arabian peninsula. ber 5-7, on the Mezzanine level of Tower including: important pedigreed Greek Collectors will be intrigued by over 1000 One at the World Trade Center in Man­ coins from an old European collection; mu ltiple coin lots from the Roman em­ hattan. Public hours are 10-7 on Friday very important Roman Provincial coins; pire, as well as extensive runs of Lari ssa and Saturday, and 10-3 on Sunday, with an extensive offering of Republican Aes drachms, Alhenian letradrachms, and an admission fee of $5 that covers all Grave; exceptional Republican struck Nagidos staters. three days. In addition to the public bronze from the Goodman Collection of On Thursday, December 4th, lIalo bourse hours, the event features a Pro­ Roman Republican coins; over 100 lots Vecchi Ltd. will be conducting Num­ fessional Preview on Thursday, Decem­ of Roman gold; Roman duplicates from morum Auctions 8 & 9 at 7:30 p.m . The ber 4th. The preview allows collectors the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; several Nummorum Auction features 160 Greek on opportunity to get "first crack~ at the important gold, silver and bronze Roman coins, including a superb Derronnes bourse floor. Also associated with the medallions; an exceptional collection of octodrachm, Pharnaces tetradrachm, convention are a wide variety of meet­ Roman middle bronze; and Byzantine, Mytilene stater, and an oclodrachm of ings and speakers presentations (details British, and important Italian and Papal Ptolemy V. on People in the News, p. 24). coins. This auction will be followed by Re­ publican coins, including a superb denarius of Labienus with the celebrated Parthian Cavalry horse, a fine selection of Roman pieces, including an aureus of Uranius Antonius, the finest known por­ trait aureus of Hadrian and a unique bi­ metallic large medallion of Severus FRANK L. KOVACS Alexander with the Colosseum on the Ancient Coins & Antiquities reverse . Next is a group of Dark Ages coins, including a solidus of Marseille of Clotaire II. Concluding the sale will be a fine Byzantine collection with many rari­ Greek, Roman, and Byzantine coins ties, and a collection of some 300 Au­ gustan denarii and bronzes assembled over fifty years. I work directly with individual collectors by appointment, at On Friday and Saturday (Dec. 5-6), shows, and via letter. Occasional catalogues. Advanced col­ Superior Stamp and Coin wiJl conduct lectors will particularly benefit from my 30 years experience sessions al7 p.m. This auction will fea­ ture a highly important collection of Pol­ and interesting stock (especially strong in fine Greek silver, ish coins and medals assembled in the Roman bronze, and Roman Provincial). early 1920s, Latin American gold and sil­ ver coins featuring Potosi and Lima cobs, important Russian coins, including a When in the San Francisco Bay area call for an appointment. group of highly prized gold medals, and Next show: Dec. 4-9, New York International, at Marriott world gold and siiver crowns and minor World Trade Center. coins. Ancient coins will be featured Satur­ day evening, highlighted by two impor­ FAX (650) 574-1995 PHONE (650) 574-2028 tant collections: the Craig White Collec­ [email protected] tion of Greek silver coins and the Emory Harvey Collection of Roman and Byzan­ P.O. Box 25300, San Mateo, California 94402- 5300 tine gold coins. Also on Saturday will be the numis­ matic book auction held by George Frederick Kolbe (session at 2 p.m.). Highlights of the sale include the out- 28 The Celator standing Russian numismatic library formed by Leonidas Hermes, a set of THIRD PARTY CERTIFIED ANCIENT SILVER COINS Medina's major works on Latin American numismatics, rare works on Dutch med­ You do NOT have to rely on just my opinion concerning authenticity and attribution. All als and coins, key works on ancient nu­ coins come with a certificate from David R. Sear (he wrote the books!) or thc ANA that mismatics from the library of Dr. Pierre covers authentication, attribution, history, weight, sil e, type, mint, ruler, GRADE. clC. Yo u Bastien, outstanding illustrated works on can buy in COMPLETE CONFIDENCE and know EXAcrLY what you are purchasing! American paper money from the Ray • VISA and MASTERCARD accepted· Ellenbogen library, etc. Also featured is These are GREEK SILVER coins (323 S.c. - 140 B.C.) hand selected for their beauty and a major library of works on Masonic med­ quali ty. They range in price from $275 to $835. I also offer multiple purchase discounts. als. Please wri te or call for a FREE Jist, or visit my web site and see PICTURES of all (oins. Concluding the auction line-up is the sale being conducted by M&M Numis­ DOUG CARSON 4125 CHERRYBROOK DRIVE matics on Sunday, December 7 at 9 a.m. (704) 545-6765 CHARLOTTE, NC 28227 This will be the first auction conducted hltp:!lourworJd.compuserve.comfhomepages/dougcarsonlindex.htm by the firm at this venue. The safe will Email: [email protected] contain over 400 high quality ancient coins, and many have pedigrees that go back to some of the landmark auctions of the 1920s and 1930s. Pedigrees will be cited in the catalog. The Greek silver lots feature many rare varieties and coins of historical in­ terest. A selection of high quality Greek Imperial coins show interesting and Leu Numismatics Ltd. sometimes unique reverses that illustrate the history of the issuing city. Roman and Zurich, Switzerland Byzantine lots include a wide variety of personalities, denominations, and histori­ cal reverses. Catalogues and lot viewing informa­ tion for the above-mentioned sales can be obtained from the individual firms, all of whom have advertisements in this issue of The Celator. With the ex­ ception of the Stack's sale, all auctions will be held at the Marriott World Trade Center hotel, adjacent to the bourse area. In addition to auctions, the bourse, and the educational program, the Ameri­ can Numismatic Society invites collec­ tors to view a special exhibition entitled "Masterpieces in Miniature: The John D. Leggett Collection of the Coins of Greek Sicily". Donated to the ANS by bequest in 1995, this extraordinary col­ lection, assembled over a fang period of years by a truly discriminating collector, is noteworthy for condition, rarity, and pedigree. Among outstanding examples of Greek numismatic art featured in the ex­ hibition is a range of Syracusan deca· drachms, a remarkable example of the Every year we have an auction of very important ancient coins facing head Arethusa tetradrachm signed in spring. by Kimon, and a gold stater of Agathocles We issue occasional lists. with the head in lion's skin. Our stock ranges from Hemitanemoria to Dekadrachmai, and Carmen Amold-Biucchi, the Margaret from Quadrantes to Multiple Aureus Medallions. Thompson Curator of Greek Coins at the We actively buy and sell at all price levels. ANS, is the curator for the exhibition, and an illustrated catalog prepared by Dr. Arnold-Biucchi will be avaifable for sale. The exhibit ilself will be located on the bourse floor. Further information about the 26th Annual New York International Numis­ matic Convention can be obtained from Leu Numismatics Ltd. NYINC, 425 E. Alvarado St., Suite H, In Gassen 20 CH-800.1 Zurich Switzerland Fallbrook, CA; phone (760) 728-1300; fax Telephone (from the US) 011 41 1211 4772 Teletax 011 41 1211 4686 (760) 728-8507. October 1997 29 Antiquities Ancient underwater treasure awaits rediscovery

happened to their collections? This ing in their nets when one o f them by David Liebert month I want to focus on the sad case snared on the bottom, not an uncom­ of a major archaeological find which mon occurrence, as any fisherman can curiously was almost immediately lost attest. This time, however, when a Sometimes archaeological trea­ again. sponge diver was sent down to inves­ sures have been found and lost morc The story begins in the year! 927, tigate the problem, he was amazed to than oncc. For example, we know that at sea somewhere off Cape Artemi­ discover that the net had snared on some of the Roman emperors were sian, on the Greek island of Euboea, what appeared to be an arm sticking avid collectors of earlier art. What north of Athens. Fishermen were haul- out of the seabed at a depth of about 140 feet (Exact details are scarce since there appears to be no authoritative Egyptian Late Period circa 600 B.G. contemporary account of the find, al­ though we would speculate that a thor­ Ushabti figures ough search of local records might in­ deed produce one). (mummiform servant of the dead) of simple form, 2-3". Most intact, some with minor repairs, green faience, fine condition. Such figures According to the various second­ were placed in the tomb to do the work of the deceased in the afterlife. hand accounts, which one can find in the literature of underwater archaeol­ Only each, limited supply,!irst come,!irst served. $49.83 ogy (Underwater Archaeology. by P.E. The Time Machine Co. Cleator, for example), the offendi ng P.O. Box 282, Flushing Station, Queens, NY 11367 arm was wrenched free and brought to f!\JJ. (718) 544-2708· (718) 261-0767 the surface by the fishermen. Hoping hHp:/Iwww.diamonds,netlbabylonltimemachine.htm their find might prove 10 be of some .131:1 monetary value, they took it to the German Archaeological In stitute in Athens, one of the leading institutions of the time. It was shown to professor George Karo, who recognized it as a We would like to buy: rare Greek bronze original from a Greek statue. He immediately entered into negotiations with the fishermen • Better ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins to learn the site of the wreck from which it ohviously came. • British coins, tokens and medals from all eras With the financial backing of the wealthy Greek cotton magnate, Alexander Benaki, an expedition was • Books, references, important catalogs soon organized to recover the rest of the remains from the sea. We should bear in mint that underwater archae­ Individual pieces or entire collections ology as a scientific endeavor is a rela­ tively ne.w phenomenon of the last 40 years. In 1927 it was still more orless Our carefully written catalogs feature rugh quality photography, a treasure hunt, organized with the detailed descriptions, interesting and carefully graded material and help of local sponge divers. Although come with our commitment to customer satisfaction. working under what were less than ideal conditions, they were able to re­ cover the rest of the statue from which ~!JSU_ the ann came, as well as a superb He!­ ,... Allan & Mamie Davisson lenistic bronze statue of a jockey and _N~OIIIISIII1IIJ1 Cold Spring, MN 56320 • USA parts of his horsc from the deep mud ~."" .,. , 320-685-3835 • FAX 320-685-8636 in which the ship was imbedded. The DAVCOIN@ AOl.COM arm and hand were restored, reveal­ ing the magnificent state of Zeus (or • Poseidon) which now graces the Ath- 30 The Gelator ens National Archaeological Mu­ seum. Before further finds could be made, !:e ®I?r:e ([urillsifi:e ~4Ilpp:e however, tragedy struck. One of the sponge divers, ignoring aJl the rules (a div. af RCCA Ltd.) located at of diving for some unknown reason, 111 South Orange A venue. South Orange, NJ 07079 returned suddenly to the surface in a state of great jubilation. Before he A complete collectors gallery selling: could explain its cause, however, he U.S., ancient, & foreign coins, U.S. & foreign stamps, dropped from a massive embolism paper money, tokens & medals, Classical Antiquities (The well-known divers disease com­ of Greece, Rome, Egypt, & Judaea, Pre-Columbian, monly known as the bends, caused by American Indian, African, & Ethnographic objects a lack of proper decompression). The expedition was immediately aban­ & artifacts, along with historical and popular autographs doned and apparently the exact site of & manuscript material, Revolutionary War & earlier Americana. the wreck was subsequently lost, be­ cause two years later a second expe­ BUYING & SELLING - FREE APPRAISALS dition led by Dr. George Milonas was "You'd be amazed at what we will buy & how much we will pay" unable to find it, despite the use of professional divers equipped with hard !:e ® I?r:e ([urillsifi:e ~ 4llpp:e helmets. It is highly unlikely that the wreck Prop.: Dr. Arnold R. Saslow contained only the two fragmentary Associate Director: Erik Gold Assistant Director: Charlene Saslow statues. The fact that they dated to two Phone (201) 762-1588· Fax (201) 761-8406 different periods of Greek history leads to the inescapable conclusion Gallery hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 - 6:00 that the wreck was probably of later Visa, MasterCard & American Express Accepted date, possibly Roman or even Byzan­ Gift Certificates Issued tine. Unfortunately, the associated objects, such as ship's fittings, pottery, etc. which would tell the story, as well as the rest of the ship's cargo, still lie buried in the shifting mud of the sea ROME, GREECE, ANCIENT NEAR EAST, off Euboea. It is interesting to specu­ CENTRAL ASIA, ISLAMIC & INDIA COINAGE late what that cargo might be. Could the ship have carried more of the ex­ Our Specialty tremely valuable bronze statuary? One can only assume that it did. What other archaeological treasure SAKASTAN, Unknown King, c. 1st Century B.C., AR Drachm might have been aboard? We will im itative of coinage of Parthian never know, unless a new expedition King Phraates IV (bust of armed with modern detection and un­ Phraates facing I.) and of derwater excavating equipment is un­ Bactrian King Eucratides I dertaken. Naturally, such an expedi­ (helmeted bust of Eucratides tion would cost a great deal of money, type facing right) inset in circle and would need the permission of the with dots around head in neck Greek government. Nor would it nec­ ofPhraates. On reverse the essarily be financially lucrative to pri­ usual seated archer with vate salvers, despite the enormous inscription. Shore 473 & Scllwood 91.13. value of the potential finds, since any discoveries would be the property of the Greek government. It is, however, We are especially interested in buying coins of the Ancient a great opportunity for the National Near East & Central Asia. Our specialty for over 30 years. Geographic Society or some other For Serious Collectors - Occasional Lists philanthropic organization to contem­ plate. IiiI WILLIAM B. WARDEN, JR. Don't miss a single issue of P.o. BOX 356, NEW HOPE, PA 18938 The Celator. Subscribe todayl Phone/Fax (215) 297-5052

October 1997 31 The origin of coinage: Evolution of a theory

Aristotle suggested a theory for the stance, silver, and other metals. by Michael E. Marotta invention. I n his Politics (l ,i ii, 13- 14), at rhe first stage defined merely by Aristotle asserted that trade necessi­ size and weight. bill finally also by tated a convenient medium for barter: impressing 011 it a stomp in order The invention of coinage was a spe­ that this might relieve them of cial event in the history of money. "For when they had come to sup~ having to measure it;fo/" the stamp People accepted si lver (and gold, etc.) ply themselves more from abroad was pllt 0/1 as a token of the as money for thousands of years be­ by importing things in which they (lmount. " fore coinage was invented. Only in were deficient and exporting those our time have we been presented with things of which they had a sur­ The next aUempt at a consistent a complete picture of how this came plus, the employment of money theory for Ihc origins of coinage came about. necessarily came to be devised. in the early 1800s. Ernst Curti us, an In ancient times, very little concern For the natural necessities are authority in Greek history, put for­ was invested in discovering where lIot in every case readily portable: ward the Religious Theory or coinage coins firs t came from . Herodotus (484- hence for the purpose of barter in 1869. Writing in the MOllaTsbericht 430 B.C.) is the common source of Ollr men made a mutual compact to of the Royal Prussian Academy, belief that the Lydians fi rst struck coins give alld accept some substance of Cunius placed the origin of money in of silver and gold, in Book I, Para­ such a sort as being itself a useful thc tcmples. graph 93 of The Histories, However, commodity was easy to handle in Coins, of coursc, fca ture gods, it wasn't until about 330 B.C. that lise for general life, iron for in- nymphs, and other mythological characters. As Ihe objects of votive offerings, temples amassed surplus wealth. This abundancc could have given rise to coinage, Thc coins could also be used to buy what thc temple Arte Primitivo needed, or could have bcen issued as rewards for proper behavior by sup­ announces an absentee auction plicants. In Curti us ' time, it was well known November 12, 1997 Ihal the Romans issued coins from the te mple of Juno Moneta. Coins were often found when the sitcs of ancient Including: temples were excavated. Tn fact, fOrly Classical, Egyptian and years after Curtius' conjecture, the Asian Antiquities; Pre­ earliest known coins were discovered Columbian, American at the base of the temple of Artemis in Ephesus by researchers from Oxford Indian and Ethnographic working under the aegis of the British Art; a Civil War Period Museum. autograph collection The Religious Theory soon lost fa ­ vor. The Commercial Theory and its Tapirape Feathered Mask, vari ants were reasserted . Tn Origins of Brazil, ca. 1950 Currency and Weight·Slandards, (estimate: $1,5(0) Ridgeway theorized that a coin depict­ ing a cow was worth one cow, a coin with a tuna was worth one tuna, and so Over 6()O /015, each fuily Arte Primitivo on. Barclay V. Head, in the lfllrodue­ iI/ustraled wilh condition reports Howard S. Rose Gallery tion to Historia Numorum, goes into 3 East 65th Street, Suite 2, New York, NY 10021 Catalogue great detail on the theories current in (212) 570-6999 • Fax: (212) 570- 1899 $15 USA / $20 Foreign the early 20th century. Writing in Annual Subscriptions e-mail: [email protected] 1933, the British numismatist Charles $40 USA / $60 Foreign hnp:llwww.urteprimilivo.eom Seltman suggested this scenario in his book Greek Coins: 32 The Celator "When a merchant received a this stage in the economy pay­ This compelhng hypothesis was dump {a nugget-shaped ingot] he ments in metals jor service was announced in the essay "Thoughts on regularly weighed it until one day not normal. We can gain some the beginning of coinage". in the an ­ some 10lliall hit upon a time-sav­ idea of the practice ofemployment thology Studies in Numismatic MeThod illg device. Why not mark every from [the Iliad and the Odys­ Presented to Philip Grierson dump as it passed through his till? sey], and it would seem that em­ In 1994, I suggcstcd that the first Then, if in the course of circula­ ployees were normally given board coins could have been anonymous tion- money was scarce in those and lodging ill returnjor service, badges of conspiracy. The theory was days and handled by the few- it and 'payment' was received at the published in the Classical Nilmismatic returned to him, he would know it end of service by way of a bonus, Review. The oldes t elec t rum coins are again and need not trouble to which could presumably, but not liu le more than bullets wi th punch­ weigh it afresh. " necessarily be given in meta!s. marks. Melting and ulsting elcctrum {Asl bonus payments, the coins would have created natural-l oo king Philip Grierson asserted the Theory are more akin to gifts (or medals) lumps that mim ic ked the nuggets found of State Necessity in his book The Ori­ than to coins as we know them. " in local streams. Stamping a rude gins of Money. The State Theory says that a wise ruler saw the utility of coinage and invented it to make taxation easier. . since coins were issued by AUCTION 82 governments . . . it was adminis­ on Nov. 24th, 1997 in Munich trative needs ratherthan economic ANCIENT COINS that they were intended to serve. Catalogue 92 will include about 900 selected ANCIENT COINS in gold, Such needs would have included silver and bronze. Celtic, Greek and Roman coins with mining tokens, the payment of mercenaries. Byzantin e coins and migration period. and in some states .. . the distribu­ tion of the produce of publicly AUCTION 83 owned mines among the citizens on Nov. 25th, 1997 in Mun ich ... Coins would have facilitated expenditure on puhlic works and COINS AND MEDALS, MEDIEVAL & MODERN the payment of state salaries, to Catalogue 93will include morethan 11 00 MEDIEVAL & MODERN CO IN S say nothing of tributes, taxes, fines, AND MEDALS, mostly in gold and silver. Holy Roman Empire, swabian and harbor fees. " bracteates, House Hapsburg Austria; coins of the churches, the secular houses and the cities; the German Empire and the foreign coins from In 1920, P.N. Ure publ is hed The Origins of Tyranny. In th is book, Ure Belgium to USA. suggested that the emergence of a AUCTION 84 mercantile class along the Ionian coast led to conflicts with the agrarian class on Nov. 26th, 1997 in Mun ich which ru led from Lydia. Tyrants were NUMISMATIC LITERATURE cmpirical political scientists of the Catalogue 94 will include about400 items of NUMISMATIC LITERATURE. time; they were self-made men. This idea was also offered i',l 1958 by the AUCTION 85 classicist Robert M. Cook, in the essay on Nov. 26th, 1997 in Mun ich "Speculations on the Origins of Coin­ ORDERS & DECORATIONS age", published hy the Wiesbaden jour­ Catalog ue 85 will include about 400 ORDERS & DECORATIONS, prima­ nal Historia. According to Cook: rily Austria and Germany, and about 400 military badges. " . . . it may be reasonably inferred that coinage was invented to make a large number of uniform pay­ ments of considerable value in a portable and durable form, and that the person making the pay­ ments was the king of Lydia. One solution suggests itself, that the purpose of coinage was the pay­ ment of mercenaries. " Subscription, air mai l $25, each In 1986, Martin J. Price claimed NUMISMATIK catalogue, including li st of prices realized. that the first coinage was not payment per se, but a bonus: NUM ISMA TIK LANZ Maximiliansplatz l OIY it is clear that the theory proposed by R.M. Cook and now LANZ D-80333 Mli nchen I Germany widely accepted, that coinage was Tel. (+49)(89)299070 to provide payments for merce­ MONCHEN TeJefax (+49)(89)220762 naries does not fit the facts . .. At October 1997 33 mark wou ld ide ntify the ingot to the seleet few, and yet would be meaning­ THE SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY less to the au thorities. The earliest Founded in 1879 coin s would then have had a purely local usc in buy ing loyalty. At the forefront of scientific and historical research for over one hundred years, the Swiss Numismatic Society has established a wand-wide reputation by its work with Another variant has been suggested leading scholars, collectors and dealers diffused through its well known Revue and by Melville Taylor, a private numis­ Gazette journals with articles in four languages, together with numerous monographs matist in L i v i ngs~on, Michigan. He and special publications in such series as Typos and the Catalogues of Swiss Coins. bel ieves that coinage was invented as The Society itself owes its inception in 1879 to the p ioneering spi rit of Dr. Charles a matter of ego. 11 was not enough to Franyois Trachsel. its founder and first president. but the Swiss numismatic tradition goes bock to the earliest days of coin collecting in the late 15th century when weigh electrum and mark it with a connoisseurs li ke the Amerboch family of Basel, inspired by Renaissance humanists punch-the metal was not a coin unti l such as Erasmus of Rotterdam then residing in the city, established important c abinets. someone put their sign on it. The The Society continued from the old century under the guidance of Eugene Demole utility of metal was long established and Paul Stroehlin, while the new was presided over by eminent scholars such as when someone decided to personalize Dietrich Schwarz and Colin Martin, their bu ll ion, sold y to please them­ The Swiss Numismatic Society remains today at the service of the international selves. numismatic community, dedicated as it is to the furtherance of the knowledge of those small but invaluable witnesses of art and history, the coins of Greece, Rome, The Rel igious Theory is still com­ Byzantium, the Orient. the middle ages, the modern period and Switzerland itself. pelling today, despite- or perhaps By joining this leading society you will be able to participate directly in numismatic because of-its arcanity. One serious research and moreover be eligible to receive the annual Revue and t he quarterly drawback is that melting and stamping Gazette, as well as members' discounts on most special publications. metal is not an activity associated with Applications for membership in the Society are welcome from all with an interest in ancient and modern numismatics. temples. The temple was a house for a The membership fee is Sfr 100 per year (Sfr 50 for members under 25) and Sfr.2C.OJ for diety; the building sheltered the statue. life membership, or a sponsoring membership from Sfr 250 per year. Make checks There was no room for a forge, and a payable to Swiss Numismatic Society, Credit SWiss Bonk- Berne, Switzerlond, olc 0094- metal shop would have been a disluf­ 100849-41. bance to a selling that was purposely sanctified and isolated. Also, metal­ SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY work is basically a "boys-and-their­ c/o Jean-Pierre Righetti, Regie de Fribourg SA toys" activity, while temples were gcn­ Rue de Romonl 24, CH-1700 Fribourg erally if not overwhelmingly adminis­ tered by women. It is easy to see that the Commer­ cial Theory has problems of internal consistency. The historical evidence If you aren't seeing this symbol on is that the first coins were worth more catalogues you are currently receiving than anything you cou ld buy with them. They were anonymous . They never traveled fa r from their place of issue. The idea that a merchant would mark a lump of e!ectrum in order to know it again ignores the antecedent fact that the purpose of trade is exchange: oncc passed to another hand, valuables sel­ dom return home, Therefore, as useful as coins later proved to be in com­ merce, they cannot have been invented specific ally to support trade. The Theory of State Necessity puts the cart before the horse. The process whereby a king or tyrant would strike coins and then distribute them JUS! so that others can retu rn them in duties and fines is too circuitous to be p lau­ sible. Neither is it credible that a local ru ler subservient to a greater king wou ld inven t coinage in order to de­ Write for our membership list liver tribute struck with his own sign. The Tyrant Theory for the inven­ Jean-Paul Divo tion of coinage appears internally con­ Secretary, I.A.P.N. sistent, and it has led to further theo­ ries that are based on the known record. L6wenstrasse, 55 Whether Ihis theory holds up over time CH-8001 ZOrich, Switzerland remains to be seen.

34 The Cefator Conquer the Roman Empire with ancient coin expert Wayne Sayles in: ANCIENT COIN COLLECTING III The Roman m World - Politics andf Propaganda Whether you're a young numismatist or a man of letters lhis book is ne plus ultra! (The utmost in perfection! ) You'll trace the coinage of Rome from ils third century Be beginnings until its defeat by the Goths in 476 AD. And you'll learn how and why the Roman emperors mastered political intrigue and propaganda through their coinage. Following on the footsteps of his two previous and highly successful ancient coin books, Sayles expands the numismatic boundaries of the Roman Empire. You'll find legions of important Roman coin issues covered: • A lesson in reading Roman coin legends • A complete portrait gallery of the emperors of Rome • Seasoned advice on how to collect these surprisingly A complete accessible and beautiful coins portrait gallery of all the Emperors More than 300 illustrations of the finest specimens of of Rome Roman coins known and complete biographical sketches of the emperors, usurpers and imperial family members who appeared 6,9 Sof'c,w

Master Earlv Numismatic History with the Ancient Coin Series! Complete {he Ancient Coin series by ANCIENT COIN Ancient Coin Collecting II Wayne S~yle> COLLECTING II N~mijm(j li c An of exclusively from Krause Ihe Greek World Publications Ancienl Greece is your Volume TV de~t i nat;on ;n SayJe8 lil1est . an in -depth look into {he The Roman artistry of the Archaic Provinces Classical and Hellenistic period of Greek coinage. Volume V An expanded attributioll , . The Byzantine guide makes it easier than Discover the,c ever to iJentify the coills World unusual an d " -' ..-. you want to buy or sell. , ~ .~ ~...... beautiful coin,. 6x9 Volume VI ...-.- .. .- 6x9 HC/jacket • 208p " - ~ ~"' '''­ SC · 208p · 250 Barbarians & • 200 phm"s photos ·ACS $24.95 --- • ACe $24.95 Successors

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October 1997 35 HOLIDA Y SPECIAL GIVE YOURSELF A GIFT !! Archaic CoInll (JOhnathan Rosen Col!. ), by Johnalhan Rosen/Annul HoughlOfl ...... Was $ 18 1 Now $15 PtolefTIRlc Coins, An IIItroduclion lor CoiIItCIOTS. by A.A. Hazzard (Only 250 copies p~nled ). 130 pp. . wen Julian Bennell, Trajan : Oplim ll s though his examin ation of the man is Idusl raled ...... Was $49 1 Now $35 Princeps, Indiana Un iversity Press, balanced, Ben nett has no problem con­ Sllmdllni ptolemaic Co/nagfl, N(tW8II ... •.. $8 The Pair ._ .••.•...••••••.. _ ...... $39.95 Bloomington, IN, 1997. 3 17 pp., eluding that Trajan 's rule did in fact TM Dating &: Ammglftl.", of t". with illustrations, appendix and bib­ usher in Rome's golden age. Undated Coins o( Rom. (98·148 AD), over 200 pp...... Was $40 I Now $32 liography, hardcover, $39.95. Avail­ Un like earlier emperors, Trajan re­ EmpercNs of Rome &: Byzantium, by David able through national bookseilers. fra ined from terrorizing the Senale or sear, Out 01 Print, we fOUnd 12 In Euro· pean dealer's Sloci< .... Was $35/ Now $28 Average Americans, if they know depleting the treasury. He made im­ Ancient Coin ColI.etlng, Vol. I & II, by anything about the Roman empire tit portan! reforms in the law and tended Wayne Sayles, JuSllssued! SOund basic boO!o;. LOIS 01lipS . Where & how to all, wil l remember thtlt some of its rul­ studiously to his duties, never falling buy & sell. Illustrated. ers were unsavory, perhaps recalling into debauchery or neglecting the em ­ hardcovered .... Each $24,95 I Now $19.95 Concis, Clus/cal Dictionary, by Dr. Wi lliam the debaucheries of Nero or Ihe in san­ pire. Of co urse Trajan, like al l lead ­ Smith, 500 pp. , thousand s of names. ity of Caligula. ers, had his naws, but he was by all rulers. minters. dates. places. II llIstrated. hardCOver. Out 01 Print Wu $35 1 Now $28 Rome's good emperors rece ive less Hecou nts one of Ro me's most consci­ The Art or Coins" Thel, PhotOgfllphy, attention in the public mind, simply entious rulers. by Gerald Hoberman. MQ.5t beautifuf coin book ever printed. MagnifiCent full because their stories are less sensa­ Ben nett docs find somc ground s for coklr photo plates 01 ancient coins and tional. Thankfull y, many scholars rec­ criti cism when exam in in g Trajan's descriptiOns. Entire sectiOn on how to take qualHy coin photos. 9' .12" ogn ize th at the lives of the good em­ mil itary exploits. He examines in de­ casebou OO. 400.. pages. Oul 01 Print perors are just as compelling and tai l the two primary cam paigns of aOO scarce. We hall8located a lew worth telling. Trajan, Ro me's thir­ copies ...... Wu $95 I Now $75 Trajan's reign- his wars with Dacia Marsden's Numlsm.llI O,lenlllllll teenth ruler and the subject of a re­ and Part hia-concluding that the IJIU!/trlltll, by S. Album. Excellent guide cently publ ished biography, falls into forme r was ajustifiable connict while 10 Islam;c aOO Oflemal coins. 316 pp. • illl'Sl rated throughout this camp. the latter was not. hardcovered ...... WII $35 I Now $25 TM Gods, Ootld.Stles end H.,-oes on In Trajall: Opti",lIs Princeps, au­ The accoun t of Trajan's Dac ian Am;;'nf CoInll o f Bibhl LlIndS, by thor Julian Bennett tells readers that campaigns is among the most interest­ G.O. Maateson. 267 pp .• plates. Trajan "is one of the very few Roman hardcovered ...... WII $30 I Now $22 ing scctions of the book. Bennett por­ ESStlys 10 Sulf/eritlnd, Scripttl Nummtlrill empero rs who has always been seen trays Trajan as a mature leader wi th Romllnll, CarsolVKraay. Excejlenl in a good light." Indeed, history re­ realistic aims, backed by a high ly reading. many anides. 250 pp .. 24f.p.pl.. hardcoYered . Wu $60 I Now $25 members Trajan with a bombastic ap­ skilled army. Consul!ing coin evi­ Temple Coins of Olympill, by C. Sellman, pellation that serves as the book's sub­ dence, Bennett notes that in thc wake 120pp .• 12f.p.pI., hardcovered ...... Wu $35/ Now $25 title: Optimus Princeps, "the best of of the first waf reverses read "DA CIA S~lflCt Grllk Coins, b~ a.F. Hill. 6 t PP .. princes". VICTA" (Victory over Dac ia), not 64 I.p.pl., hardcoverad Was $251 Now $11 Doscrlptilfll Clltlliog 01 Ancient Gff/ek Coins, Bennett's biography of th is com­ DACIA CAPTA (Conquest of Dacia). by a .F. Hi ll . {The John Ward Coil.}. 150 PP. plex rul er is a welcome addition to Clearly, Traj an 's goal was to pacify the plates . harocovered ... Wu $251 Now $t 1 The Hellenistic Klngdom_ Port'lIlt imperial biography. The task facing region, not conquer it. Coins" History. by Davis & Kraay, Bennel1, currently a lecturer in Roman Onl y when the Dacians refused to 296 pp., dozens full ppI ., minor cover damage ...... WII $45 / Now $32 archaeology at Bilkent Uni versit y in accept Roman rule and broke fai th Ancient History Atlas., by MiCha el Granl. Ankara, Turkey, was daunting. No with its powerful neighbor did Rome's Nearly 100 maps 01 the ardent world. Trade rou tes, politica l centers. invaluable complete ancient biography of Trajan war machine thoroughly su bdue the lorlhenumlsmalisl. . WIISI5 / Now $12 exists, and the hi storical record o f hi s region, converting it into a Roman Coinage of the Crusades times is sketchy. Bennett was forced provi nce. Immortalized on Trajan's and the Latin East to fi ll the gaps with other types of evi· Column, the second Dacian War was A new revised edition of this standard dence: among them archaeological brutal. As many as ha lf <'. mill ion Da­ reference on the Crusader series. Nearly 600 pages with 48 sylloge type pla.es. data, epigrams, panegyrics, and coin cians may have been taken prisoner, More than double lhe size of the first inSC ri ptIOns. (Co llectors of ancient and Bennett notes, "The manhood of edition. Only 650 copies printed and it coins wi ll find a thorough di scuss ion Dac ia exhausted, the surviving popu­ appears the publishef is sold out!! We of Trajan's coinage, although it tends have obtained a few copies. lation was ex pelled from the core ter­ Was $951 Now $75 10 be scattered throughout the book.) ri tory and the land given over to colo­

AcId s.J 1$ ! t)QQI<, $1 Nd'o addition_I book lor posIage. Hav ing amassed a mou ntain of data on nists invited in from nearby prov­ F.. BooIdjSl 04 USlClr\8c1i1n (500 TIles): Trajan, Bennett is able to give th e At>cienIIMeclitlvai (500 nlel l: FCltIigol (800 Tilles>: inces." Coins issued in the wake of the $! eacro .•11 S2 .SQ (post. ""I. 5Qec1al iroqui'ip invil"". reader exactly what the dust jacket conflict depicted a personification of w e carry . lui line 01 Se.1;)y .nd $plnk lili

the harmony and unity ofthe brothers. they "pretended to love and commend by Robert G. Lilly What ki nds of coins, if any, did the each other ."7 Accordi ng to the brothers issue to commemorate thei r modern historian Mi chael Grant, coin­ dual reign, and what was thei r purpose age was the way in which the Roman One of the mosl intriguing, yet most in doing so? government advertised to the people. tragic episodes in Roman imperia l hi s­ Less Ihan two years before he died since there were no newspapers, radio. tory is the relation ship between the campaigning in Britain, the emperor or television. k An an al ysis of Ihe coin­ brothers Caracall a and Gcta. Their $everus elevated Geta to the rank of age of Geta and Caraealla during their hatred towards one another worried Augustus, with hopes that upon hi s join! reign after the death of their father their parents, Scptimius Scvcrus and death the younger son would ru le would thus help determine how they Julia Damna, who unsuccessfully tried jointly with Caracal1a, who had re­ actuall y publicized thei r re lationshi p. \ 0 reconcile their fraternal animosity. ceived the title of Augustus several si nce this was the primary way in which After about a year of joint rule fo llow­ years previously. I After Severus died thcy could communicate to the populace ing the death of Scptimius Severus. in February, A.D. 211 , hi s sons warred throughout the empire. Since thc impe. Caracalla (h is real name was Marcus with one another on the trip to Rome.2 rial coinage of the joint re ign of the A urel ius Anton inus; the nickname After they returned to Rome from brothers was issued solely from the mint Caracalla was derived from a Gallic Brilain, Ihe brOlhers di vided Ihe impe­ of Rome.9 the coi ns issued by the brolh­ cloak he wore) killed hi s younger rial palace. and each lived in separate ers from Ihat mint need to be studied. brOlher. While their father was a live quarters, only meeting when accom­ A booklet prepared by Philip V. coins were issued fa lsely proclaiming panied by bodyguards. They also ap­ Hill analyzing the issues of the mint of parently made plans to actually divide Rome during the administration o f the empire between them. with Cara­ Septimius Severus and his sons lists a Please call or write Peter Laskaris at calla to stay in Rome to rule the West, denarius for each brother to commemo­ Vest Pocket Coins and Geta was to govern thc East frOIll rate a joint consulship in A.D. 205, by 146 Dove St. , Albany, NY 12202 Antioch or Alexandria. Their mother. bearing the reverse inscription IMP Julia Domna, reportedly put a stop to ET CAESAR AVO FILl COS.I 0 This (5 18) 462-1165 this idea, and attempted to effect a gives a suggestion of the hope of Sep­ for your reconciliation between the brothers) tim ius Severus that his sons could gov­ Bargain Book List Profiting from Julia Domna's good ern together. Moreover, in 211, hefore the death of Severus, scstcrtii issued Among th e se lections are the following: intentions, Caracal!a "induccd hi s mother to summon them both, unat­ for both brothers hore the reverse in­ Middleton. Sheila. En~ro, ' e d Gt m" From Da/' rnalill. 199 1, 168 pages. 54 pl ales. The colle<:­ tended, to her apartment, with a view scription CONCORDlAEA VGG (har. lions of Sir Anhur Evans and Sir John Gardner to reconciling them."4 Gcta, appar­ many of the emperors), and showed Wilken~on, "" ...... " ...... "., ...... $50.00 ently willing to attempt to settle his Caracalla and Geta being crowned by RA VN.A CQ/al()8~ ofOrit fll(li C,l'IiruJu SeaJsun.d Victo ry or Liber and He rcules. l ! lmprtuioru ;nl~ De Invo/c8(! s t scrusl cost. Geta were "diametrically opposed" in all that they did during their joint reign, which referred to their join1 rul e was in 38 The Celator gold and bronze, and not silver. This type bore the reverse legend LIBER­ ALITlS or LIB AVGG VI ET V.13 These coins referred to the sixth lar­ gess of Caracalia and the fifth of Geta . This involved a distribution of money to the plebeians of Rome and the praetorians. Thus the brothers ignored the advice their father had given them shortly hefore his death: "rhle harmo­ nies, enrich the soldiers, and scorn all other men."14 The brothers were not harmonious, and did not bother to is­ sue coins duri ng their joint reign as­ younger sibllng by breaking statues 9 Sec Scar. D . Roman C()i n.~ and Iileir Vo/ues. serting that they were as had been Scaby's Numismatic Publication,. Ltd .. Lon · done before their father's death. depicting his brother, and, perhaps more important to ancient numisma­ don. 41h e(\" 1988. rr 198. 205 However, they did fol low the ex­ 10 Hi ll. 1' ., Tile CoinaXe of Sepl im i" .~ S,...em. . 1267. 1268. t 269. 1299. 1300. brothers' fi nancial generosity to them. StoughlOn, Loudon, 1974, p. 157 . & 1305 . Why, whcn they fa iled 10 issue joint 3 Li,sner, L., The Cae.lars: Mighl and Madness. 14 Dio. 77.15.2. pp. 271 . 273. coinage to commemorate any other event translated by 1. Brownjohn. G.P. Pulnam' s Sous, 15 Cary & Scullard, p. 495. during their short joint reign, did the New York , 1958 , p. 227. 16 Birley, An thon y R .. Sel'limius S .... eru.~. lile 4 Dio's RonUlIlHIStory, IX, translated by E. Carey, AfriCilnEml'cror. Dou bl eday & Company. Inc .. imperial brothers ignore their feuding to Loeb Classicat Library, Han'ard University, 1982. Garden City. New York . 1972. p 160. commemorate gifts to the populace of 78.2.2, p. 281 n Dio. 75.6. 1. p. 173. Ro me? I believe the answer lies part ly 5 {bid., 78.2.2·4, pp. 281·283. 18 Pe rowne.p.141. with their father, Septimius Severus. 6 Perowne.pp. 158-1 59. 19 Ibid 7 Dio. 78. 1.4, pp. 279·281. 20 Birley. p. 200. After the murder of the emperor 8 Grant. M" The Vi sible PaSI. Collier B(X)ks, New 21 Dio.77.7. \. p.251 Pertinax in A.D. 193, the plebeians of York,1992,p.15 \. 22 {bid" 78.12.6, p. 309. Rome rioted in favor of Pescennius Niger, a rival of Severus for the impe­ ri al man tle. 16 Perhaps this was be­ cause Niger was a native Italian ,1 7 Are you interested in while Severus was from North Africa. Worse, although Trajan, Hadrian, and CHOICE WORLD COINS? Antoninus Pius were natives of lands You should be receivi ng our publications other than Italy, they were of Roman deseent,18 making Severus the first FOUR TO SIX non-Italian emperor. Further, he never AUCTION CATALOGUES ANNUALLY lost the feel ing of being alien. 19 As a result of these difficulties, Severus doled out financial gifts to ensure the fa vorof the urban populace ofRome.20 Featuring RARE and CHOICE gold and silver coins of In addition to sharing with their father the world as well as ancient coinage and world paper the difficulties caused by a foreign money. A sample catalogue is $20.00 postpaid. origin, the brothers as youths in Rome had acted in a shameful manner, abus­ Includes Prices Realized ing women and hays, embezzling money. and acting as gladiators and An annual subscription is also available. The cost is $60 charioteers.21 Thus, for the short du­ within the U.S. and $80 outside the U.S. ration of the ir joint reign, the hrothers put aside their differences to issue coin­ age reminding the populace of the Ponterio & Associates, Inc. source of their handouts, apparently 1818 Robinson Ave. feeling that a shared imperial throne was better than none at all. San Diego, CA 92103 After his brother' s death ended a 1-800-854-2888 or 619-299-0400 j oi nt rule during which coinage rarely Fax 619-299-6952 referred to the dual emperorship, Licensed Auction Company #968 Caracalla attempted to obliterate any representation of Geta. The surviving P.N.G. #308 Richard H. Ponterio - President emperor followed the murder of his October 1997 39 Long Before Colu:m"bus We"ve heard this song before

aries, and, in fact, long before there kin d of objects appearing on the mar­ by]oe Rose was even a Peru. Who could prove kets of the world are of a far lesser that Peruvian-found objects were not historic, cultural, or intrinsic worth, left there by wandering tribesmen from and these are the apparent targets of We have recently received a letter what is now another country, and there­ this new rul ing. from the National Association ofDeal~ fore belong, perhaps, to Chile or Gua­ And, since the Unitcd States is the ers in Ancient, Oriental, and Pnmitive temala? The rule also covers any ob­ ONLY collecting country in the world Art dated July 25th 1997, in form ing us jects used for "rcligious evangelism to have signed this apparently unnec­ of a new hilateral agreement between among indigenous peoples". Then, essary and restrictive pact, shouldn't the United Slates and Peru regarding wouldn't these objects belong to the we ask a few questions? For instance, ancient artifacts. This "Memorandum Roman Catholic Church of Italy, where how docs the source nation enforce its of Understanding" bans the import of they were probably made? There are own export and cultural protection laws all archaeological and ethnographic any number of nit-picking exceptions within its own borders? What about objects from Peru UNLESS ACCOM­ that immediately occur to tbe min d, export to other countries besides the PANIED BY AN EXPORT PERMIT like how docs evangelism help pre­ United States? Can material be legally FROM PERU (capitals mine). This is serve the Pre-Columbian past, when sold in France or England and not not a new tune! this same evangelism was attempting here? If so, why? After having waded through the to wipe out what they considered pa­ How well docs the source count ry International Law Journal of George­ gan religions, and therefore, why do preserve and protect its objects, and town University, which explains the Colonial period European-born reli­ what arrangements are made for proper ramifications of this "new" ruli ng, even gious objects merit protection? study and analysis? Must an object be my unlawyerly mind can sec beaucoup Of course, few dealers orcolleetors at its discovery site to have historical problems with this agreement. For want to get involved with any govern­ value, or docs removal to the U.S. instance, the ruling makes no distinc­ ment in any dispute over ownership of totally destroy its significance? And tion between recently found objects ancient objects. Experience has shown the big objection-how many Juga, oil and pieces which have been in re­ that such cases arc quite costly, drag lamps. textiles, etc_d oes a source na­ spected, even museum collcctions, for on forever, and are very difficult to tion need for research purposes? We centuries. In fact, Peru defines protect­ win. But most dealers and collectors all know that the overwhelming per­ ed objects as anything from 12,000 B.c. do not see the need for such restricti ve centage of tomb objects have li ttle real to A.D. 1R21, and made of virtually rules at this late date either. We're not historical importance, so how many any material, including any perishable talking about such as the Elgin Marbles do they need? How many is enough? remains, either human or animal. here. Everyone would agree that these And when they control them all, will Now, 12,000 B.C. is long before are trul y national treasures and belong they continue to just stack them up in there was anything like national bound- in Greece and nowhere else. But the dank museum basements as the y do now? So, what is the purpose of all this? I hate to say it, but to me this whole. GREEK ROMAN CELTIC scheme is awfully transparent. The key is in the first paragraph, "unless accompanied by an export certificate from Peru"! Docs the spectre of free catalogue backsheesh seem 10 hover in the back­ ground? How difficult do you think it will be to obtain such a certificate KIRK DAVIS from a grossly underpaid Commis­ sioner of Whatever? Obviously, this Classical Numismatics rule must be more closely looked at to Post Of/ice Box 324, Claremont, CA 91711 see if there isn't a better so lution. More Tel: (909) 625-5426 Fax: (909) 624-6215 about that next time.

40 The Celator Just for Beginners Just who was Caesar?

the name always marks it as :111 issue pe ri al address. Even Sueloni us re­ by WaYlle G. Sayles in the name of an he ir apparent. Where fc rrcd 10 the first cleven emperors as the above insc ription re lates to "Caes

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October 1997 43 Professional Directory

Antiquities, Jewelry Antiques Ancient FINE NUMISMATIC BOOKS Collectibles Artifacts Bought and Sold Ancient Coins V Numismatic Arts Authentic Pieces John Ristow of Santa Fe Low Prices· Free List Curiosities P.o. Box 9712, Santa Fe, NM 87504 send for list Phone 505-982-8792· Fax 505·982-0291 P.O. Box 909 E-mail: ART_RUI3lNO @MSN.COM Novato, Ca 94948 A~ (41 5)898-11 85 We are always keenly interested in buying P.O. Box 3523 1, Brighton, MA02135 important Antiquarian and Out-Ol-Print Eclectic Ethoo/Religiou, Numismatic Books and libraries in all (617) 926-3420 E~oter;ca Power Object> languages. Ancients Catalog $5

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PAPYRUS BOOKS Ancient Coin Specialists Specializing in ancient Greek and • Buying' Se ll ing ' Want Lis15 ' Books Specialists in literature on Ancient • Appraisals' Consignments' Referrals Roman coins, and tine Antiquities Numismatics and Antiquities • Exclusive Auction Bidding Service Call or write to be placed on the mailing • "Wants" invited and searched • Sound Advice based on long experience list for future catalog, and shows • Periodic reference book lists & sales • Actively buying and trading P.O. Box 821323 • Evaluations of books & Empire Coins, Inc_ DaUas, Texas 75382 libraries P.O. Box 2634 972·788·0926 • Internet listing of books Ormond Beach. FL 32175·2634 USA Phone (9()4) 677-7314 [email protected] • Complimentary catalogues Office hours 9·5. M·F upon request Fax (904) 677.7234 E·mail [email protected] ~~ Papyrus Books Welr<;le hllp:/twww.empirCL.

NUMISMATICS ARE A : our fully !lIustraled mail bid (luctiol1S SPECIALTY • contain over 6fXI/o1s of (ind.-Ill coi",·, amiquities Ilnd Ilnliques in Ill/price ranges. Howard M. Nowes Want Lists welcomed, or, if it is time:• "No Buyers Fee" P.O. Box 1672, New York, NY 10009 to Sell Your Library, please call or • For free catalng nmlact: (212) 254-4432 write. We actively purchase desirable • Emai!: [email protected] numismatic books in all fields and : Colosseum Send us your wallt li$/ & join our mailing list!! also conduct at least fou r numismatic • Coin Exchange, Inc. book auctions a year. • P.O. Box 21CL., Hazlet, NJ 07730 GEORGE FREDERICK KOLBE • (732) 264·1161 • Fax (732) 264-6467 Say you saw it in Fine Numismatic Books • P.O. Drawer 3100· Qe,tli",". CA 92325-3100 • Tel, (909) 338·6527 - Fax: (909) 338·6980 • The CelaToR MEMBER: IAPN· ANA · ANS- RNS · ABAA · ETC . =

44 The Gelator Professional Directory

Visiting: N UMISMATICA ARS C LASSICA San Francisco? ANCIENT COINS AND MEDALS AMPHORA The Silicon VaHey? Stanford University? GREEK Jewish· Biblical ROMAN Greek· Aoman TREASURE BYZANTI NE Coins · Weights Visit ... MEDI AEVAL Antiquities · Jewelry ISLAND RENAISSANCE Pree iffu.I"trated list We carry a farge inventory AUL'TIONS of Ancients as well as available upon request VALUATIONS the largest Philatelic " We wrote the book stock in the Bay Area. on Biblical coins!" TREASURE ISLAND 3703 EI Camino Real NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA AMPHOAA ~.I>,,\ P.O. 110>. 14~. N~W-4} 1j. . P.o . Box 005 - t' Palo Alto, CA 94306 CH·1I02j Zoricll.. S";,,,,,lO<>d '. Nyock. NY 10960 .Q•• ~ (415) 855-9905 Tdcploone0l26111OJ ~, 9 1d·35&736<1. '

GRYPHON RARE PARS COINS NUMISMATICS COINS "!fyou collect Specializing in the , I. Iberian coins, Coinage of Judaea. . you need to ~ get our catalog" * Ancient Waw lists curn:ntly being serviced * Medieval Write for a free list of unusual items * Modern Gryphon Numismatics William M. Rosenblum Ancient Coins or P.O. Box 630282 P.O. Box 355 Akaemenld-Parthia n-Sasanian Persis-Elymais-Charax and .. Irving, TX 7506Z-0282 Evergreen, CO 80437-0355 (972) 393-4821 Phone: (303) 838-483\ Buy-Sell- T rade-A ppra i s€ E·mail: [email protected] Fax: (303) 838-1213 P.O. Box 9663, Slln Jose, CA 95157 Internet: IUlp:Jlwww.wlly.ncl/homclvesci E·mail: wmrcoi [email protected] TeI408·244-4995 Fax 408·244-4996

ISLAMIC & INDIAN Pegasi COINS From the earliest ti mes NUMISMATICS to the present day Ann Arbor, MI Holicong, PA Classical numismatists serving beginners thru advanced collectors Free Illustrated Catalogs Classical Greek, Roman, Price lists issued regUlarly, Byzantine, and Medieval available u/JOtI request Coins, Books & Antiquities . r", 110. C~" < to . · STEPHEN ALBUM P.O. Box 131040 ANCIENT &: MEDIEVAL COINS BuY · SELL • APPMIS.U P.o. BOX 7386 Ann Arbor, MI48113 PO Uox 15134, Portland, OR 97293 SMTTA ROSA, CA. 95407 U.S.A. Phone: (313) 995·5743 234·1262 fax: 233· 5664 phone: 707 - 539~2120 Fax: (313) 995·3410 fax, 707-539-3348

October 1997 45 Professional Directory

iii .• mil II: i iiililiilii iii:II! .!!!illlllilll! 11111 lilil

Dr. Ralph DeMarco Medusa Galleries Interesting Ancient Coins L & L Scholing ROB GOLAN of Hi gh Quality Fine Ancient Coim "Not your average hoard material" Post OUice Box 193 P.O. Box 705 GREEK to MEDIEVAL Hillsborough, NC 27278 Murray Hill, NJ 07974 • Coins & Antiquities (908) 464-7252 (9 19) 644-6483 demarcotte@worldne\.aU.net From B.C. 700 to A.D. 1600 Fine Antique Maps & Decorative Art 25 Years in Business Martin (Coins) Ltd Fred B. Shore Write or Cal! for a Free Catalogue c.,. P.O. Box 947 of London, England Safety Harbor, FL 34695-0947 Classical Numismatics OUR (ATALCXiUES INCLUOE ANCIENT Tel/Fa~ (813) 797-9100 Ancient Greek, Roman and GREEK BRONZE. GREEK SI LVER. ROMAN SILVER [, BRONZE. BYZANTINE. Parthian coins vfthe highest CELTIC, ANGLO SAXON, NORMAN. qualify bought and sold HN>\MERED MEDIEVAL, ANCIENT Vest Pocket Coins ARTIFACTS. HOARDS [, SPECIAL OFFERS PO Box 398 from Complimenlary copies available upon reqtlcsl Schwenksville, PA 19473 (610) 287-4820 fax (610) 287-4821 Peter Laskaris 85, The Vale, • Southgate, (518) 462-1165 ~ London N14 6AT, 146 Dove Street ®S . England Albany, New York 12202 Established 20 years Buying and selling ancients and books Tel: (1)818821509 (1)81 5235 Rare later Byzantine wanted Fax: 886 Telephone ViM (, Masterc(!rds accepted

Twente Glenn Schinke Numismatist Ancient Upcoming Show Schedule: No,'. 21·23. Sant.l C b ra Expo . Com'cmion Ccnler. Coins 5001 G",U[ America I'kwy .. S"nw Cbra. CA No •. 28.30. Golru.n SW{e Show. Pasadena Cemer. Shows & Want Lists 300 E. Green SL, Pa

A.G. & S. GILLIS BILL MCDANIELS ....., .., CO," & l1li"'."'.' Ancient and ••••• allONa H. Medieval Coins i C.LnC IlOMAII (Greek, Roman, Indian, i . VI..... MlDIIYAL , COINS & AItII'ACIIi Islamic, Chinese, • Early European, Etc.) 20 Howard 5_t, D...... ld , Bam.II Y South Yorllshlre, 513 9JD. Unltld Kingdom TellF.x +441226 750371 P.O. Box 2273 Email l0070S. [email protected] Albany, NY 12220 http jlourwGrld.compuselW.comr'nomepagesIy.,giAis

46 The Gelator Professional Directory

. !!IIIUi iii! 111m!! i

Ancient & World Coins Ancient Coins, ROMAN, Antiquities, Literature CELTIC, ENGLISH _ HAMMERED COINS & PONTE RIO & Related Collectibles '. 17th CENTURY ENGLISH & ASSOCIATES,INC. Bought, Sold and Auctioned! TRADE TOKENS A World Leoda in rhi.f Field/ur over.>5 yean! Whether your collecling interests in coins comprise rare and expensive examples, or 1818 Robinson Ave. international Association of Professional more' common pieces, you will find our San Diego, CA 92103 Numismatists member jororer 25 year.I,1 catnlogues. which w~ have been publish­ Agnual Auction Calalo~ue ing for over twenty five years. necessary (619) 299·0400 SubscriptioQ Fec. $40 U.s.. $6(} all Qlbers. reading. (800) 854·2888 Malter & Co, Inc, Pietist Fax (If Write/Of aji'f!e cllpy "'d(lY Fax (619) 299·6952 17005 Ventura Bh'd., Encino, CA 91316 MICHAEL TRENERRY Ph. (818) 784-7772 Estabii.'hed 1969 ,...... "'~ Fax (818) 784-4726 '-""" If'lSO ~ PNG #308 ~ . " E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 55 . Tmro. ~'~MISMiTl~! • .'0:, , " ,to·,,, ANA-LM Internet: {' I} Cornwall TR 1 2YQ, England .;::;; http://www.maltergalleries.eom , ' Fax: 44-1 -872-225565

Brian Kritt Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins ~ Antiquities and Ancient Coim STEPHEN M. HUSTON Specializing in Ancient Greek. Roman & Judaic Coins Bought and Sold CWssica{ 9{umismatist Post Office Box 193621 Fixed Price List Available San Francisco, CA 94119 USA ·415·781-7580· Member> (}f the British Nl1mislllMic 'Write for illustrated c.atalogue. Trade Association ,mil the Anti'-l"itie~ Deale rs Assoc iMio" Lennox Gallery Ltd. P.O. Box 558 Greyhrook House. 28 Brook Slreet. Burtonsville, MD 20866 Classical Cash London W IY lAG. U.K. (301) 236-0256 -fax (301) 989-1796 Phone: 171-629-9119 • 171-491-0091 Always Buying!!! e-mail: [email protected] Fax: 171-629-5006 (617) 350-0179 Specialist in ROMAN IMPERIAL 6 Fayette Street ANCIENT NEAR EAST Boston, MA 02116 Ancient Coins ISLAMIC & INDIAN also stock World Minor Coins, COINAGE Medals, Crowns, Artifacts, Our Specialty Books and Coin cases Our inventory is among Greek, Roman, Byzantine Coins the finest in America and Classical Antiquities Send for sample catalog Fixed Price Lists Available Upon Request FOf Serious Collectors· Occ(lsiona/ LiM ,~ JAMES E. BEACH WILLIAM B. WARDEN, JR. Numiscellaneous P.O. BOX 356 P.O. Box 113, Owosso, MI 48867 NEW HOPE, PA 18938 (517) 634-5415' FAX (517) 634-9014 telephone/fax (215) 297-5052

October 1997 47 Professional Directory

(;~~ n,$.iiiiuffi~!liH::! J!0 Maine Classical FRANK SUPERB STERNBERG AG ANCIENT CO I NS Schanzengasse 10, CH·8001 Numismatics Zurich, Switzerland 2069 Atlantic Hwy., teL Ol 1 411125230 88 /'&1:~ Warren, ME 04864 fax. 011 41 1/2524067 ~ Bowley's: A fun st:rvicc coin center Open 7am to 5pm Mon. thru Fri . and 73m to 4pm on Sat. DAVID L. VAGI U.S . Roule #i , Warre n, Maine 2 12-564-6360 Business: 207-273-34 62 I·lome: 207-273·2653 Bought and Sold DELPHI COINS AND MEDALS Wh en in Maine Stop ill alld see us. INT E RNA T I O NAL We will be glad to see you. Ancient, Medieval and Modern A NC I E NT AR T NUMISMATIC LITERATURE Barrie Jenkins GEMS, CAl\IEOS, JEWEI.RY Box 20155 . Greelev Square Station Classical Numismatist AUCTION SALES New York. NY .10001..()155

PRICE LIST OF ANCIENT COlNS For the finest of Iv." oJJu /~q ..ttnl A,u;itt/lllH.''1:"in "rice Lit/J NUMISMATI C S numismatic art, ..·hich conmin a nicl! seie<"lim, 'if/he/oIlO'.·;,,!:: Aocient Greek Coins (sih ,,'!" & A full-service firm (or write for a GI~k IlfIIl"rial Coins collectors of Classical complimentary copy Roman Egypci~ n Coin< coins and antiquities. Judaean &: lJiblit.-a1 Coins For B free catalog, of our fIXed price and Coins of the Roman Procur~ l ors write or call: mail bid catalogues. Coins of the Tweh-e Cae=s. Roman Republic Coins · Roman hnpe

48 The Celator Professional Directory

KIRK DAVIS PRAETORIAN SPA~AN Classical Numismatics NUMISMATICS Gree k' Roman ' Celtic Greek, Roman Republic NlJH'SMAT'CS Num ismatic Lilcrulurc and Imperial, Byzantine PO Box 19 lllustratcd Catalogues issued quarterly Top dollar paid for single coins !:.-Xcellent priceJ Of! guaranteed Furlong, PA 18925 or en tire collections authemic ancient coins and antiquities. (215) 343-9606 Please call or wriTe Wid eXpri'IS HilIr ;1IIf'ri''w Conservative Grading, Many scarcer Post Office Box 324 items, Satisfaction Guaranteed, Free Illustrated Catalog Claremont, CA 91711 USA Matthew D. Geary has been /I respected coin dealer f?r 20 years. He will be happy ro offer Attractive, Low Priced (909) 625-5426 help and guidance 10 beginning col/ectOtS. Send for free monthly cmalog. Ancients E-Mail address: Medieval [email protected] Antiquities Or write to: P.O. Box 35, Philadelphia, PA 19105 "No One Sells Better for Less" PHOTOGRAPH COINS INSTANTLY IN COLOR or BLACK & WHITE • Sharp images on stundard ILLUSTRATED Edgar L. Owen ."1 - t/2" by 4- !/4" Polaroid print, A.N.A. • No focusing. preset lighting. Mem ber PRICELISTS Fine Ancient Coins ven: ~l!'l' IQ QUeO!I!: & Antiquities • Two adjuslJble sizes: Actual Greek size or 150% en brgement fOI @@ WI)' fi~~ ddail Roman • Photograph bQl h sides of a e Byzantine coin on the sam e prinl. whi te or btack backgrounds "'~ Request yours today! ~ Classical Coin JD Software IillIf8l'lm E I-+' Wayne C. Phillips E·mait, Cat! (lr Writ~ For our 8i-monthly Mail /Jid Auctions Oetaited free Rrochure ~ 8-A Village loop Items in All Price Ranges 17287 Sk}line Rt

%&% NUMISMA TISTS iJ{umismatics, Ltd. The CeiaToJ( ONLINE has a great deal to offer: COIN AUCTIONS ON THE INTERNET • Monthly Journal • Cordex Binders • Index of Articles • Best of The Celator • Numismatic Publish ing Fixed Price List'; • And much more ! Public Sales· Appraisals Write, call, fax, or e-mail Buying and Selling for more information: Contact Lucien Birkler The Celator 1100 17th Street NW, Suite 900 P.O. Box 123, Lodi, WI 53555 www.numismatists.com Washington, D.C. 20036 ph: (608) Sn·4684· fax: (608) S92_S084 P.O. lIo~ 642279· San Fra"~isco . CA 94 16-1 TeL 202-833-3770 · Fax 202-429-5275 e-mail: [email protected] 800-558-5548 ' Email: coininfo@numi .• malim.com

October 1997 49 INDEX OF DISPlAY Professional Directory ADVERTISERS Abum. SI.ph"n 45 Amphora 45 Ancioot 3. Rare Coins ...,' ,...... , ,., .. .. , .. ,.. . , , ,...... 46 Anei"nt World Arts, Lid ...... ,,, ...... ,, .... _, ..... 43 Mtioc~ ".wciales ,...... " ...... "., ,... .. " ...... 37 Al1tiqoa. Inc. 16 Arias PI1otographic ,...... ", ...... " ... .. 49 Me Primit;';o ______32, 43 M ifacis ,. ..., ...... , ..., ...,., ...... , .....,., .... ,.. ,., ...... 44 BOSTON.•. MOORE Bay Stala Coin Show 50 Ancient and Foreign Coin Seach, Jam9s E. , ______, 47 RELIC SHOW a.trgman , Jo/ln F. 37 Mecca o/The Northeast! a.rman, "lIeon G. 23 BiltHng.r, Marc 1. 45 Including: Ancient, Medieval, Carson. Doug ,...... ", ...... ,,_ ... , 29 BAY STATE COIN SHOW Cede r1 nd, Tom ...... , ...... , " ...... ,,, ....., .,,,., ,. .. " Cover Relic Coins & Currency, Old Classical Cash .. __ __ . 47 May 8, 9, & 10, 1998 Classical Num ismatic Group, Inc Co_,,' World & Foreign Antiquities, CMV Numismalb, LR. Lantz ,.. ".,...... " ...... " ... ,.,.,. 43 November 20, 21, & 22, 1998 Colosseum Coin Exch31'19" . . .. 44 Indian Artifacts, Pre­ Davis. Kirlc .. .. " ...... " ...... " 40, 49 RADISSON HOTEL Oavisson. Ltd ...... 30 "57" PARK PLAZA Columbian, Other Artifacts & Delphi Inlemr'lal 48 DeMarco, Dr. Ralph 46 Room resenations: 617-482-1800 Relics Welcome. Oursl , SanlordJ , ... , .. , ...... , ...... " ...... "" ..... 36 Over 30 years .. Educalional Coin Company 4t Empire Coins .... " ...... 44 "New England's Largest Coin Show.'.!!" Belton, TX - Jan. 23, 24, 25 Fragments 01 T""e 43 Bourse space $195 and up. Freeman '" Sear. . ... " ..... 22 Lubbock, TX - Apr, 24, 25 Gitlssener MunzhandlLJJIQ ." ...... 46 Chairman: Ed Aleo Gil is, ".G '" $. 46 Belton, TX - Sep. 4, 5, 6 Golan, Robert 1. 46 Box 400, Winchester, MA 01890 GrypI"KN1 Numismatics...... " ..... 45 HD Ent"'pfises , ...... 43 617-729-9677 Info: P.O. Box 247, Salado. TX 76571 Huston. Stephen M, ...... 47 Inl'l. AssociatK>rl of Professional Numismatists .. . 34 Kern C<>., JQoathan K. .. , ..... " ...... " .. ". 48 Klarr, Rlcha rdl...... 4 KoI~ , George Fr&<:lerick 24,« Ko_acs, Frank l 28 Krauw Pul;Jaications 35 Kr~t. 8,ian ...... " ...... 47 1..8rl.Z, Dr. Hubert...... , 33,48 ::NG LMnox Gallaly, Ltd,. . 47 o 0 Leu Num ismatics, Ltd. .. 29 London Coin Gallaries ...... t4 Long Bflach Coin '" CO.~tibios Expo 50 ""~~ I.:: A eX~ Maioo Classical Numismalics 46 M allo~ , Ala. G Inc...... " ...... " ...... 43 Malter. JOO '" Co ...... " ...... " ...... " .. 2 1, 47 Mallin, C.J (Coin.) lid ...... 46 McDaniels, Bill .... " ...... 46 FEBRUARY 12-15, 1998 Medusa Galleries ...... ,,, ...... ,, ...... ,, ...... , 46 Moore Relic Show.. 50 MCol zen lind M9da~loo AG .. 17 MColzhandlung Sc/1&iner 19 Come join our fine group of M & M Numismalics. Ltd, ...... 27, 49 M&RCoins.-. , ...... , 48 New Yo,," Intern ational Numism atic CooV6fltiot1.. . 26 ANCIENT & FOREIGN COIN DEALERS Now"s. Howard M ...... " ...... " ...... " ...... H NumismalicArts 01 Sa"'" Fe .. . .. 44 Num ismalica Ars Classica .. 4~ Numismalists Online ... . " .. " ... . " ...... 49 Auctions by Heritage Numismatic Auctions Owen. EdQar L. . 49 Palladium Numismatics ...... " .. 16,46 and Ponterio & Associates Papyrus Books.. 44 Pars COins ...... 45 P&gni Numismatics 11,45 Dealer Set-up Wednesday, February 11th, 2:00-7:00pm Persic Gallary ...... " ...... " ...... " ...... 46 Peus, Dr. Busso Nachfolgat ...... " ...... 7 Ph ilipS, Wayne C,. . 49 Phoooicia HoIytandAntiqurties ...... " ...... 43 Over 600 Booths of Ancient and Foreign Coins, pomaria '" Associales ...... " ...... " ...... " .. 5. 39, 47 U.S. Coins, Paper Money, Stamps, Sports Cards, Praetorian Numismalics ...... 49 PrQfe$$ion~ 1 N"",i$mali$1$ Guild.-, ...... 52 Phone Cards, Jewelry & Collectibles Ristow. John 44 Roman Connection, The 44 Rosooolum, William M, , . . 10.45 For Show & Bourse Information: Royal Athana Gallories ...... 16 Rynearson. Paul .... " ...... 48 Andrea Neumann, Show Coordinator Saslow. Dr. Amok! R. . , , ...... 51 $chinke. GIe"" ...... 46 1103 State St., Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Si1ans Premie r Anliqu ities ...... " ...... " ...... 43 Shore, Fred B...... 46 (805) 962-9939 • fax (805) 963-0827 Spartan Numismatics ...... " ...... " ...... 49 Spink America ...... " ...... 3 Ronald 1. Gillio-General Chairman Spin k '" Son, Ltd...... " ...... 20 Stack's Cover Sternberg, Frank AG...... -' 48 SuperiorStamp&Coin ...... 15 Swin Numismatic Society 34 STATEMENTOFOWNEASHP. MANAGEMENTANocrFtCUI...OllON (lI0q0;i0-od toy 39 u,s,c. J6.!\5). T. .. ", ~""; Tho Colo"'. p_ ,,,,, Tone Ma<;l1ineC<> ...... ,,, ...... ,, .. 30, 43 ~ . ; 100480')86, o . ",FOiny: 'Ol'2!1\l1. F~oI lu"" ; Monthly. No."'I _~AmuoIy ; 1...... s..ru.c'"..",_. : !27 TreasUri lslar"ld...... 45 ~ ~_O! Kr>OWI'IOII.,.oI _100: P.O. &x 123.lodi, WI=, ~ Mdir>gAddr... oIto.Heodqt>o"""", G_ . 1 T_rry, Michael ...... , 47 B_OIIic4os"'tt>oP~ P,Q,E\ox'Zl,Lo<;i.WI=S. ~ ,Way .. G. ~.P. O._~l1 , G . ..._ ,M O~. Editoc Wa)"" TwenleAncion1 Coins . 46 G. SoyIoo, P.O. _ ~". G..-.....; ... r.tOUf&. Managing EclIO",: Hooo. 0-00-: CeIoIo<, loc" P.O. 80>; 1.3. lodi, Wl53555: W"I"" G, s.~ , P.O. EIox9".Go""""",MOeuM, K...,..,. _ , """'9"11"", .... Ot... s.c..-iry _o.",ng",,,,,",,",,,,, Po",,,,,,," TWlI ..moor< V"""hi, lIalo Ltd. 25 Mo..'" 01 Monds, ~ , Of <:>tMt _1M: None, Ext ... ~ OO No< .... '" CircuIo<"" (A.. _ No, Copio$ _to ...... Dcomg P'ocodw>\l 12 Moool'lOl VeSI Podoilod""" f'.I..go

50 The Gelator Paid Advertisement ~e

top of my book bid, and a lot of coins that I also wanted Dear Celator Reader: went for one bid more in the auction room. This is al­ I am well aware that a lot of what has been coming ways the problem with leaving a book bid. If it is ap­ ou t lately is slightly dated, but this can't be helped as parent that your book bid is the highest bid, it is easy The Celator has to go th rough a re-organization that for the coin to be bought by a fl oor bidder for just a tiny will result in a monthly that will remain the most impor­ increment over what you have bid. tant publication in terms of the ancient coin industry. This inequity in bidding is really another matter to From what I can tell by having done the two California be looked at in some future installment. It is really unfair shows in l ong Beach and the $.F. lnt'l., the lack of to a bidder who cannot get to the sale for a coin that he The Cefator com in g out in a timely fashion had a very has left a high bid on to lose it to an in-person bidder noticeable elfecl on these shows. Nick, Lou, Bill, and lor an increment that amounts to less than $50. I could I all remarked that a Jot of collectors that we had ex­ see it if the floor bidder was asked to advance the bid pected to see at the shows had not appeared have to by say 10%, bu t as often happens, the auctioneer be lieve that The Ce la torhas a more powerful effect on makes it fairly apparent that the last bid clears the book, the coin collecting public than a lot of us realize, and and thus the astute floor bidder can then buy the coin that the lack of the publication has a direct eff ect on for a bit more. In the 20 years that I have been attend­ show attendance. So please bear with me, if what you ing auctions as a full time dealer, I have done the same are reading is slightly outdated, but I th ink the point thing myself. I am not complaining when it is to my that I will be trying to make is a va lid one and deserves benefit, but there should be some syste m that makes it some thought. more equitable for atl concerned. II certainly is to the In September, Frank Sternberg Auctions in Zu rich benelit 01 the auctioneer and the seller for the coin to had one of its yearly sales of fine ancient coins. I have be sold for as much as possible. This topic should be been getting these catalogues for decades and each one that could be commented on by Cefator readers, sale is ve ry well done, and always has coi ns of inter­ and of course should provoke some response from my est. This past sale was slightly different as it had a good friend, the exceptional Dr. A. Walker of Zurich magnificent collection of ancient Judaean mate ri al con­ fame, who has been aligned with a world-famous auc­ signed. If you are an ancient dealer in the U.S. and if tion house since arriving at puberty. Speaking of this you do a serious business with Judaean coins, as we famous auction firm, I was sorely disappointed when a do, you could easily get the impression that important relic apparently related to a distant precursor of the Judaean collections routinely appear in this country, current firm was offered for sale in a recen t CNG sate. often in the hands of Superior Stamp & Coi n in Beverly I tried very hard to obtain this object, which some day Hills. I just need to point to the two magnificent por­ may have the same sort of reverance associated with tions of the Bromberg Collection, The Abramowitz Col­ it as the MDead Sea Scrolls", but was hopelessly over­ lection, and recently the modestly successful sale of bid. Perhaps some day a similar relic shall be un­ the Herbst Collection. It is easy to get the sense that if earthed in Bulgaria or some similar out of the way area, important Judaean sales wi ll be held, they will be held and I could hope to acquire such an item. We all hav­ over he re. ing something to wish for. Well the Sternberg sale proved that theory wrong. First you have to understand the Byzantine thinking of Upcoming Show Schedule: ancient coin dealers. This particular sale was not re­ BaltimorelWashington Coin Show. Nov. 14-16th_ at ally in conjunction with any major shows in Europe, and the Baltimore Convention Center (Inner Harbor), Fri.­ most of the dealers over here were busy with the Long Sun. show with show hours 10-7, 10-5 on Sun. I don't Beach & SF shows plus other endeavors. So each think a lot of dealers will be there late Sunday afternoon. dealer thoughl U • • • hmmmm, I wonder if anyone is going Foreign & Ancient Section (about 30 dealers). We have to pay attention to the fact that this sale has such high corner table #253. This will be a yearly show for us. quality Judaean coins in it? ~ Well, the sale was taking N. Y. International. Dec. 5-7. details in 80 other ads in place at the same tim e as the SF Inl'1., and those of us this issue. We wil l be the re at a small, cramped corner who we re there suddenl y realized that everyone was tabla, walk straight ahead as you enter. well aware of the sale, everyone had placed bids in th e book, and a lot of important cli ents had given dealers commissions to have bid on their behalf, even though they would not themselves be at the sale. The results were of course predictable. The prices were very Rare Coins & Classical Arts Ltd_ strong; so strong that when you took at the prices and "Specialists in Museum Quality Coins ~ look at what we have been selling Judaean silver of Member: ANA, ANS, SAN, AtNA, tNS, Ex-Fellow ANS the First and Second Revolts for, you soon realize that prices simply have to go up, as there is very little P.O. Box 374 " At the Gallery" Judaean silver out there, and what comes onto the South Orange, NJ 07079 111 South Orange Ave. market is going to be hotly contested for. Was I suc­ Phone: (201) 761-0634 South Orange, NJ 07079 cessful? Yes, I was able to buy coins for stock at the Fax : (201) 761-8406 Phone: (201) 762-1588

October 1997 51 Celator Classifieds

Rates: $5.00 for the first 20 words, 20e each additional word.

WANTED: Alexandria tctradrachms Free Ancient Greek & Roman coin IDEA L C HRISTIA N BOOK: ofCaracaJla, Septimius Scvcrus, Geta, catalog. DC Wehler & Associates, Lovette's DIBLlCAL RELAT ED Orbiana. Julia Soaemias, Macrinus, P.O . Box 16504, Minneapolis, MN COINS. Hardback, 2 10 pages, 567 Diadumcnian and Herennius Etruscus. 554 16. On-li ne catalog: www.statc. pictures. 100% BIBLICAL- Places, I will pay top prices. G. Parry, P.O. netldcwehler Persons, Things. Onl y book like it­ Box II. Pymblc, N.S. W. 2073, Aus­ Bi blical passages quoted. Profi ts to tralia. Fax: 6 1-2-9488-9031. Aging but amiable collector will ANA Mu seum. $25 + $2. James buy, scll, or trade ancients and wo rld Lovette, 117 North Park, Li tt le Rock, Coins of India. Ancien! , medieval, coins. Art Noot, N-31 66 Johnson AR 72205; (501) 376-3686. Mughal . British, Indian States. All Rd., Wi nter, WI 54896·7503, emai l: price ranges. Free pricelist. South Asia anoot@ win .bri ght .nct Ancient G reek, Roman, medieval Is­ Numismatics, Box 33422, Washing­ lam ic coi ns. Nice coi ns, no j un k! ton, D.C. 20033-0422. STILL LOOKING for a spccial book Stamp for list. Dan Farek, Box 1212. on ancien t or foreign coins? We stock Bellaire, TX 77402-1212. G r ee k, Roman, Medieval coin s. over 1,000 different titlcs. Pl ease Monthly catalogs with very reason­ write: A.G. van dcr Dussen, P.O. Box abl e prices and discounts issued for 728. 6200 AS Maastricht, Netherlands; Ancients & British list, John Darling, 30 years. Fra ncis J. Rath, Box 266. e-mail vandcrdussen@ ilimburg. nl 33 N. Main. Ashland, OR 97520; (54 1) Youngstown. NY 14 174. 482-3636; darling@ jcffn el.org. Visit Ancient a nd Medieval coins and an­ BaITY& Darl ing, ancienlS.cnchost.com. WA NTED: AE drachms of Alexan­ tiquities. All cultures. 31st year in the Strong buye rs o f collections & over· dria (Antoninus Pius) depic ting Ja­ trade. Free listings. Classica Antiqui­ stock. bars of Hcrac1es. Top prices paid. ties, P.O. Box 175· TC, Kirkville, NY James Cain , Box 4429, Loui svi lle, 13 08 2-01 75; (3 15 ) 687-0036; email Mahogany Coin Cabinets: custom KY 40204; (5 02) 49 1-2370. [email protected] madc in England for your collec­ tion. Beautiful workmanship a nd reasonabl e prices. $ 1 for a full color brochure. David McDonald, P.O. ARE YOU SEEKING TO DO BUSINESS Box 2150, Westminster, M D 2 11 58. WITH AN ESTABLISHED COIN DEALER OF PROFESSIONAL REPUTATION? BULK LOTS Ancient Roman coins, buy direct from the source of supply, just importcd, not picked over, many YOUR SEARCH STOPS WHEN YOU types. sold " AS IS" 100 ror $68. Francis Rath, P.O. Box 266, YOllng­ CHOOSE A PNG MEMBER-DEALER! stown, NY 14174. Th e Professional Numismatists Guild, Inc. has stood for Knowledge, Integrity & Responsibility since 1955. The Other Ancients: Mideast, Asia. Orient. Free catalog. Huge book The PNG membership list includes stock too. SCali Semans, Box 22849- dealers from all around the world. P, Seatt le, WA 98 122; (206) 322· 4 180. Ancient & Foreign d ealers, United States dealers, Paper Money dealers, all who practice rigid standards & Code Ancient coins for beginner and ad· of Ethics every day, proudly displaying the PNG emblem. van ced co ll ec tors. Careful grading, conservative pricing. along with We invite you to do business with a member prompt service. Free li st. John Pe­ of the Professional Numismatists Guild. ters, P.O. Box 3374, Bethlehem, PA There is a difference. An important one! 18017.

A directory of PNG members is avai lable free on request by contacti ng: Robert Brueggeman, Executive Director October 97 Professional Numismati slS Guild, Inc. Trivia Answer: 3950 Concordia Lane, Fa1Jbrook, CA 92028 "Pericles" Tel. (760) 728- 1300 · Fax (760) 728-8507

52 The Celator An Important Sale of ANGIEilT & FOREIGN GOTNS PUBLIC AUCTION 9)z.ctnls . . . Decerntrer 2-3, 1,997 held in conjunction with THE NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONVENTION Featuring A highly important collection of lslamic coins, the largest such sale ever in Amenca Ancient, Medieval and Foreign coins, inc luding se lections from The Herbert M. Singer Collection The Allen F. Lovejoy Collection of Coins of the Bdtish Isles and coins from The Catholic Near East Welfrre Association with qn additional important offering of Greek and Roman coins, including interesting multiple coin lots

In all, nearly 2,000 lots ofAncient, Medieval and modem Foreign Coins.

To be sold at *re Park Central Hotel, 56th Street and Seventh Avenue, NYC, Thesday and Wednesday Evenings, December 2 and 3, 1997, starting at 6:30 pm.

6l Years of Rare Coin Auctions t ti; 1"". .,, r CATALOGI]ED AND SOLD BY 1))4!e.b I I 123 West 57th St.. New York. NY 10019 I I Edclokd please find $ 15.00 for yolr Dcc.mber 2-1, l e97 I I Aucrion Sale Catalogu* and lisrs or Prices Realized (after sale). I I N"-"- I 123 WEST 5711r STREET, NEW IORIq NY 10019 I s,"", (212) (212) lebpnoEe 5615955 or 582-2s80 ! ci,y State-Zip FAx (212) 24s-s018 or (212) 582-19:16 OVER d2 YEARS _ AML R1' A'S OU)ES7 & IARGE\T I r"t"pnon" COTN DEALER & LEAD'NA COIN AUCT:IONEERS QL\L L

conducted by Classical Numismatic Group, lnc. Freeman & Sear Numismatica Ars Classica