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Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines Caitlin Castaneda 1 , Rytis Juras 1, Anas Khanshour 2, Ingrid Randlaht 3, Barbara Wallner 4, Doris Rigler 4, Gabriella Lindgren 5,6 , Terje Raudsepp 1,* and E. Gus Cothran 1,* 1 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 2 Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA 3 Estonian Native Horse Conservation Society, 93814 Kuressaare, Saaremaa, Estonia 4 Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria 5 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 6 Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.R.); [email protected] (E.G.C.) Received: 9 August 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 20 August 2019 Abstract: The Estonian Native Horse (ENH) is a medium-size pony found mainly in the western islands of Estonia and is well-adapted to the harsh northern climate and poor pastures. The ancestry of the ENH is debated, including alleged claims about direct descendance from the extinct Tarpan. Here we conducted a detailed analysis of the genetic makeup and relationships of the ENH based on the genotypes of 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), 18 Y chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mitochondrial D-loop sequence and lateral gait allele in DMRT3. -
The Arabian Horse Society Ltd. REGULATIONS
The Arabian Horse Society Ltd. REGULATIONS (as at 1st October 2020) 1. Definitions 2. Definitions of Arabian Horses, Arabian Derivative Breeds & Arabian Performance Index 3. Registration Entry In The Stud Book or Registers 4. Foal Recording Of Colts 5. Registration Numbers 6. Cancellation Of Registration Or De-Registration 7. Transfers & Leases 8. Imported & Exported Horses 9. Branding 10. Names 11. Stud Prefixes 12. Artificial Insemination 13. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (Embryo Transfer, Ovum Transfer, IVF, Cloning) 14. Nomination & Breeding Documents 15. Bloodtyping & DNA Analysis 16. Gelding Of Registered Stallions & Colts and Spaying Of Mares 17. Deaths 18. Breeding Returns & Requirements 19. Membership 20. Membership Requirements 21. Stud Book & Register 22. Change Of member’s Name 23. Form Of Authority 24. Election Of Society’s Directors 1 All matters approved under the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Society on the first day of July, 1975, shall be deemed to have been approved under these Regulations. Until otherwise determined by the Board, the following Regulations shall be the Regulations of the Society:- 1. DEFINITIONS – GENERAL Age of all horses and ponies to be calculated from 1st August. Every horse foaled before 1st August in any year shall be deemed to be one year old on that date. This shall also apply to Imported horses. An Arabian Derivative Breed is the collective term for horses registered in the Anglo Arabian, Arabian Pony, Arabian Riding Pony, Quarab, Arabian Stock Horse, Arabian Warmblood, Partbred Arabian and Half Arabian registries. Board means the Board of Directors of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia Ltd. Breeder of a horse means the owner of its dam at the time of the service of the dam by the sire of that horse except where the dam is leased at the time of service in which case the lessee is the breeder. -
School of Rack
By Elizabeth Graves, ©2007 Feeling a little bored? Nothing really that gives you that pizzazz these days? Looking for the new horsy adventure? I may just have the answer for you! © Liz Graves Yankee, a Rocky Mountain Horse, owned and ridden by John Koomar performs one of the racking gaits. Ah, but which one? A Racking horse just may be the What They Have in ing effect of the fore legs. The hind answer to zipping up your life. Common hooves work with more up-and- They come in every color, shape, EACHVARIATION IS EVEN IN TIMING; down action, creating a bobbing of size, can be found in a variety of you can hear an even 1-2-3-4, four- the hindquarters and tail head. The head is carried still, or with just breeds, and are common in the beat timing as each hoof hits the ground. However, even though they a slight poll-based bob, but no up- new designer horses - those are even in set-down, racking gaits and-down headshake or side-to-side crosses of two or more gaited are often called lateral gaits because motion of the head will exist. breeds. There’s something for the hooves on the same side (later- Each gait is smooth to ride with everyone, from a slower, al) of the horse pick up almost in just a slight side-to-side vibration in steady-Eddy kind of horse to unison. An exception is the fox the pelvis and tailbone of the rider. one that gets up and covers lots rack, which is diagonal in pick-up There is a rolling transfer of weight from one hoof to another in the of ground fast, for the thrill you and even in set-down. -
A: Crossbred Or Grade Source: Colorado Manua
Q: What is the term for a horse with parents of two different breeds? A: Crossbred or grade Source: Colorado Manua lPage 7 Cat Q: Horses are divided into classifications by what type of use they are suited for. For example, one class of horses is draft horses. Give three other classes of horses besides draft. A: Stock, pony, English, gaited, hunter, sporthorse, crossbred, color breed, registered. Source: Colorado Page 8 Cat Q: What breed of horse, developed over 3000 years ago, is the foundation breed of all other modern breeds? A: Arabian Source: Colorado Page 9 Cat Q: What breed of horse is registered by the Jockey Club? A: Thoroughbred Source: Colorado Page 10 Cat Q: Name three breeds that originated in the US. A: Appaloosa, Saddlebred, Morgan, Buckskin, Miniature, QH, Paint, Pinto, POA, Missouri Fox Trotter, Tenn Walker, Rocky Mountain Horse, Standardbred Source: Colorado Page 12 - 13 Cat Q: Name the horse color with a yellowish or gold body, black points, and no dorsal stripe A: buckskin Source: Colorado Page 13 Cat Q: Name two colors that always have a dorsal stripe. A: dun, grulla, red dun Source: Colorado Page 14 - 15 Cat Q: Which teeth are present in a male horse but usually absent in a mare? A: tushes (or bridle teeth or canines)( NOT wolf teeth) Source: Colorado Page 18 Cat Q: How old is a horse when the seven year hook becomes visible? A: 7 years Source: Colorado Page 18 Cat Q: Starting with the withers, name the parts of the topline of a horse. -
List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below. -
Chapter Rd Roadster Division Subchapter Rd-1 General Qualifications
CHAPTER RD ROADSTER DIVISION SUBCHAPTER RD-1 GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS RD101 Eligibility RD102 Type and Conformation RD103 Soundness and Welfare RD104 Gait Requirements SUBCHAPTER RD-2 SHOWING PROCEDURES RD105 General RD106 Appointments Classes RD107 Appointments RD108 Division of Classes SUBCHAPTER RD-3 CLASS SPECIFICATIONS RD109 General RD110 Roadster Horse to Bike RD111 Pairs RD112 Roadster Horse Under Saddle RD113 Roadster Horse to Wagon RD114 Roadster Ponies © USEF 2021 RD - 1 CHAPTER RD ROADSTER DIVISION SUBCHAPTER RD-1 GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS RD101 Eligibility 1. Roadster Horses: In order to compete all horses must be a Standardbred or Standardbred type. Roadster Ponies are not permitted to compete in Roadster Horse classes. a. All horses competing in Federation Licensed Competitions must be properly identified and must obtain a Roadster Horse Identification number from the American Road Horse and Pony Association (ARHPA). An ARHPA Roadster Horse ID number for each horse must be entered on all entry forms for licensed competitions. b. Only one unique ARHPA Roadster Horse ID Number will be issued per horse. This unique ID number must subsequently remain with the horse throughout its career. Anyone knowingly applying for a duplicate ID Number for an individual horse may be subject to disciplinary action. c. The Federation and/or ARHPA as applicable must be notified of any change of ownership and/or competition name of the horse. Owners are requested to notify the Federation and/or ARHPA as applicable of corrections to previously submitted information, e.g., names, addresses, breed registration, pedigree, or markings. d. The ARHPA Roadster Horse ID application is available from the ARHPA or the Federation office, or it can be downloaded from the ARHPA or Federation website or completed in the competition office. -
Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices
1 Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices 2 Appendix 1. Full breed list, listed alphabetically. Breeds searched (* denotes those identified with inherited disorders) # Breed # Breed # Breed # Breed 1 Ab Abyssinian 31 BF Black Forest 61 Dul Dülmen Pony 91 HP Highland Pony* 2 Ak Akhal Teke 32 Boe Boer 62 DD Dutch Draft 92 Hok Hokkaido 3 Al Albanian 33 Bre Breton* 63 DW Dutch Warmblood 93 Hol Holsteiner* 4 Alt Altai 34 Buc Buckskin 64 EB East Bulgarian 94 Huc Hucul 5 ACD American Cream Draft 35 Bud Budyonny 65 Egy Egyptian 95 HW Hungarian Warmblood 6 ACW American Creme and White 36 By Byelorussian Harness 66 EP Eriskay Pony 96 Ice Icelandic* 7 AWP American Walking Pony 37 Cam Camargue* 67 EN Estonian Native 97 Io Iomud 8 And Andalusian* 38 Camp Campolina 68 ExP Exmoor Pony 98 ID Irish Draught 9 Anv Andravida 39 Can Canadian 69 Fae Faeroes Pony 99 Jin Jinzhou 10 A-K Anglo-Kabarda 40 Car Carthusian 70 Fa Falabella* 100 Jut Jutland 11 Ap Appaloosa* 41 Cas Caspian 71 FP Fell Pony* 101 Kab Kabarda 12 Arp Araappaloosa 42 Cay Cayuse 72 Fin Finnhorse* 102 Kar Karabair 13 A Arabian / Arab* 43 Ch Cheju 73 Fl Fleuve 103 Kara Karabakh 14 Ard Ardennes 44 CC Chilean Corralero 74 Fo Fouta 104 Kaz Kazakh 15 AC Argentine Criollo 45 CP Chincoteague Pony 75 Fr Frederiksborg 105 KPB Kerry Bog Pony 16 Ast Asturian 46 CB Cleveland Bay 76 Fb Freiberger* 106 KM Kiger Mustang 17 AB Australian Brumby 47 Cly Clydesdale* 77 FS French Saddlebred 107 KP Kirdi Pony 18 ASH Australian Stock Horse 48 CN Cob Normand* 78 FT French Trotter 108 KF Kisber Felver 19 Az Azteca -
120-Day Mustang Challenge Faq's
FAQ 120-Day Mustang Challenge 120-DAY MUSTANG CHALLENGE FAQ'S Where did these six mustangs come from? These horses were the offspring of wild horses managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The mothers were captured off of BLM land and taken in by Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary. The six geldings were born and raised in North Dakota on the sanctuary. Mary Behrens, in partnership with the Free Rein Foundation, has adopted the Mustangs, transported them to Huntington Beach and will jointly oversee the Mustang Challenge, with the ultimate goal of finding them loving, forever homes. Where does the Mustang come from? American mustangs are descendants of horses brought by the Spanish, beginning in the 16th century. Feral populations became established, especially in the west. These interbred to varying degrees with other breeds, for example, escaped or released ranch horses, racehorses, and other thoroughbreds. Modern populations, therefore, exhibit some variability depending on their ancestry. What are the characteristics of the American Mustang? The physical traits of wild herds can vary quite a bit, and there was a time when characteristics associated with early Spanish strains -- e.g., a short back and deep girth and dun color -- were preferred. Most are small, somewhere between 13 and 15 hands. How do Mustangs live? Mustangs live in large herds. The herd consists of one stallion, around eight females and their young, though separate herds have been known to blend when they are in danger. A female horse, or mare, and a stallion that is over six years of age lead the herd. -
Model Equine Photo Showers Association
NOTICES: Volume 15 Champ show underway! JUL-SEPT 2015 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER Holiday contest deadline EDITOR: Elizabeth Jones extended! DISTRIBUTION: Marie Phillips Time for Elections! http://mepsa1.tripod.com Prepare for 2015-16 season! FEATURE: Hunter Derbies MEPSA is an educational group for model horse enthusiasts, promoting the hobby of model horse mail-in photo showing. The purpose of this newsletter is to provide information to showers who do not have internet access. It is mailed free of charge (courtesy of Marie Phillips). The newsletter is also available by email and on the website as a secondary source of information and updates for all members. NEWS Mini CM contest won by Lynette Sayers. Thank you to all entrants. Most of the entries were sold to raise money for the championship show. What’s your favorite holiday? Holiday contest - Deadline extended to August 15. This is a fun one! Choose your favorite holiday: Halloween, Christmas, Hanukkah, July 4 … whatever. You can make a costume; customize a holiday horse or a prop. This contest is wide open and is bound to be a lot of fun! Donations: It is not too late to sponsor a class or a division in the championship show. If you sponsor a class ($5 or a prize of approx. that value) then the winner in the class of your choice will win your prize, and you will be listed in the results as the sponsor of that class. Division sponsorship is $20 or a prize of that value to be awarded to the Grand Champion of your choice. -
AHC PAST Act Frequently Asked Questions
PREVENT ALL SORING TACTICS ACT OF 2013 (H.R. 1518) Frequently Asked Questions What is the Horse Protection Act and why was it enacted? The Horse Protection Act (HPA or Act) is a federal law that was passed in 1970 to stop the cruel practice of “soring” horses that was occurring in sectors of the horse show industry, primarily the Tennessee Walking Horse and Racking Horse industry. In the 1950s, some horse owners and trainers who wanted to improve their horses’ chances of winning began to sore their horses as a shortcut in place of longer and more conventional training methods. As this practice spread, public concern over the practice led to the passage of the federal law. What activities does it prohibit? The federal law prohibits the showing, sale, auction, exhibition, or transport of horses that have been “sored.” The HPA was passed in 1970 in response to the growing practice of soring of horses to cultivate an accentuated gait on some horses for showing or sale. The Act and its enforcement have traditionally been aimed at those sectors of the walking horse show industry that push for a particularly accentuated gait, known as the “big lick” or “performance” gait, while showing. What is soring? According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA or the Department) the agency that enforces the HPA: “Soring is a cruel and inhumane practice used to accentuate a horse’s gait. Soring may be accomplished by irritating or blistering a horse’s forelegs through the injection or application of chemicals or mechanical devices that cause irritation. -
Horse Sale Update
Jann Parker Billings Livestock Commission Horse Sales Horse Sale Manager HORSE SALE UPDATE August/September 2021 Summer's #1 Show Headlined by performance and speed bred horses, Billings Livestock’s “August Special Catalog Sale” August 27-28 welcomed 746 head of horses and kicked off Friday afternoon with a UBRC “Pistols and Crystals” tour stop barrel race and full performance preview. All horses were sold on premise at Billings Live- as the top two selling draft crosses brought stock with the ShowCase Sale Session entries $12,500 and $12,000. offered to online buyers as well. Megan Wells, Buffalo, WY earned the The top five horses averaged $19,600. fast time for a BLS Sale Horse at the UBRC Gentle ruled the day Barrel Race aboard her con- and gentle he was, Hip 185 “Ima signment Hip 106 “Doc Two Eyed Invader” a 2009 Billings' Triple” a 2011 AQHA Sorrel AQHA Bay Gelding x Kis Battle Gelding sired by Docs Para- Song x Ki Two Eyed offered Loose Market On dise and out of a Triple Chick by Paul Beckstead, Fairview, bred dam. UT achieved top sale position Full Tilt A consistant 1D/ with a $25,000 sale price. 486 Offered Loose 2D barrel horse, the 16 hand The Beckstead’s had gelding also ran poles, and owned him since he was a foal Top Loose $6,800 sold to Frank Welsh, Junction and the kind, willing, all-around 175 Head at $1,000 or City OH for $18,000. gelding was a finished head, better Affordability lives heel, breakaway horse as well at Billings, too, where 69 head as having been used on barrels, 114 Head at $1,500+ of catalog horses brought be- poles, trails, and on the ranch. -
News Release Michigan Equine Survey-1996
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Great Lakes Region News Release Michigan Equine Survey-1996 The inventory of equine in Michigan as of June 1, 1996, 130,000 head, was unchanged from 5 years earlier. While the total number was steady, there were substantial changes in counts by breed. The number of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds fell by 30 and 20 percent, respectively. The number of Morgans, half-Arabs, Saddlebreds and various breeds of ponies also declined. By contrast, the inventories of quarter horses, paints/pintoes, warmbloods & European breeds, draft horses, Appaloosas and Tennessee Walkers and Arabians all increased. The top 5 counties in equine count were Oakland, Washtenaw, Jackson, Livingston and Wayne. The total value of equine was estimated at over $400 million. The equine industry has a sizeable labor force. There were 6,500 people who worked full-time on equine operations during the year ending May 31, 1996. These were principally the family members and owners of those facilities. Those equine facility operators also had 1,100 full-time paid employees during this time period and hired 4,400 part-time and seasonal workers. In addition, equine operators used the services of veterinarians and farriers 100,000 and 110,000 times, respectively, during the year ending May 31. Equine Population: Inventory by Operation Type Total Type of Operation Number of Operations Equine Boarding Stables 550 10,000 Breeding Farms 1,500 22,000 Crop and Livestock Farms 5,500 20,000 Racehorse Training Stables 450 6,000 Private Residences 18,500 55,000 Riding Stables (camps, resorts, rentals) 200 4,000 Show Horse Training Facilities 600 7,000 Equine Centers or Academies 100 2,000 Other Equine Operations 1 100 4,000 Total 27,500 130,000 1 Includes racetracks, therapeutic riding facilities, polo clubs, hunting clubs, etc.