CHAPTER 2 0 Mobile Payments Go Viral M-PESA in Kenya Ignacio Mas and Dan Radcliffe -PESA is a small-value electronic payment and cash to and withdraw cash from their accounts by exchang- store-of-value system in Kenya accessible from ing cash for electronic value at a network of retail stores. ordinary mobile phones. It has seen exceptional Second, it allows users to transfer funds to others, to pay Mgrowth sin ce its introduction in March 2007. Now in bills, and to purchase mobile airtime credit. Retail stores are use by 9 million customers—40 percent of Kenya’s adult paid a fee by Safaricom each time they exchange cash for M- population—the system processes more transactions PESA credit on behalf of customers. All M-PESA transac- domestically than Western Union does globally. M-PESA’s tions are authorized and recorded in real time using secure market success is the result of the interplay of three fac- short messaging service (SMS) and are capped at $500. tors: preexisting country conditions that made Kenya a M-PESA registration is free, as is making deposits into conducive environment for a successful mobile money the system. Customers are charged flat fees of approximately deployment; a clever service design that facilitated rapid $0.403 for person-to-person (P2P) transfers and bill pay- adoption and early capturing of network effects; and a ments, $0.33 for withdrawals (for transactions under $33) business execution strategy that helped M-PESA rapidly and $0.013 for balance inquiries. Individual customer reach a critical mass of customers, thereby avoiding the accounts are maintained in a server that is owned and man- adverse chicken-and-egg (two-sided market) problems aged by Vodafone, but Safaricom deposits the full value of that afflict new payment systems. its customers’ balances in the system in pooled accounts in two regulated banks. Thus, while Safaricom issues and man- ages the M-PESA accounts, the value of the accounts is fully M-PESA IN A NUTSHELL backed by highly liquid deposits at commercial banks. M-PESA (“M” for mobile and “PESA” for money in Rather than paying customers interest on the balance in Swahili)was developed by mobile phone operator Vodafone their M-PESA accounts, Safaricom sets aside a small per- and launched commercially by its Kenyan affiliate Safari- centage of account balances in a not-for-profit trust fund. com in March 2007.1 To access the service, customers must The purpose of these funds has not yet been decided. first register at an authorized M-PESA retail outlet. They are M-PESA’s function as a retail payment platform is then assigned an individual electronic money account important because it reaches a large number of people com- linked to their phone number and accessible through an pared with other financial services outlets in Kenya (figure application stored on the subscriber identification module 20.1).4 There are now nearly five times as many M-PESA (SIM) cards of their mobile phones.2 The application has outlets in Kenya as there are PostBank branches, post two main functions. First, it allows customers to deposit offices, bank branches, and automated teller machines 353 Figure 20.1 Outlets Offering Financial Services in Kenya M-PESA trials. DFID’s role in spotlighting the need for mobile payments and funding the early risk demonstrates 100,000 100,000 good practice for donor funding. 16,900 A snapshot of M-PESA after three years 10,000 outlets The speed and extent to which M-PESA has been deployed of 1,510 in Kenya is remarkable (figure 20.2). The number of cus- 1,000 800 840 440 tomers hit the 9 million mark in November 2009, less than Number three years after the service was launched. This number of customers represents 60 percent of Safaricom’s customer 100 base, 40 percent of Kenyan adults, and 23 percent of the country’s total population.5 By other measures, too, M-PESA has a deep reach in Kenya.6 The number of retail stores at which M-PESA users Sources: Central Bank of Kenya, Kenya Post Office Savings Bank, and can cash in and cash out now totals 16,900, of which nearly Safaricom. half are located outside urban centers. M-PESA now han- dles $320 million in P2P transfers per month. On an annu- alized basis, this is equal to roughly 10 percent of Kenya’s (ATMs) combined. M-PESA’s presence in rural areas is par- gross domestic product (GDP).7 An average of $650 million ticularly important, because access to financial services in in cash deposit and withdrawal transactions is made at such areas is limited, and the ability to use existing retail M-PESA stores every month, with an average transaction stores as M-PESA cash-in/cash-out outlets reduces deploy- size of approximately $33. Nearly one-fifth of Safaricom air- ment costs, provides greater convenience, and lowers the time purchases are now conducted through M-PESA. cost of access compared with other financial services outlets. M-PESA’s bill pay function, launched in March 2009, has Importantly, both private and public actors were been popular: 75 companies now use M-PESA to collect pay- involved in creating and enabling M-PESA. The idea of ments from their customers. The biggest user, the electric M-PESA was conceived by a London-based team within utility company, reports that roughly 20 percent of its 1 mil- Vodafone. This team believed that mobile phones could play lion customers now pay through M-PESA. At least two banks, a central role in lowering the cost of access to financial ser- Family Bank and Kenya Commercial Bank, are now using vices for poor people. The idea was then developed by the M-PESA as a mechanism for customers to either repay loans Safaricom team in Kenya, which customized it and oversaw or withdraw funds from their banks accounts. And 27 com- a very focused execution. The Central Bank of Kenya, in par- panies are using M-PESA for bulk payment distribution. ticular the Payments System Group, helped to enable the launch of M-PESA by allowing a mobile operator to take the Customer perspectives on M-PESA lead in providing payment services to the general population. Following the first FinAccess survey in 2006, which showed A survey of 3,000 M-PESA users and nonusers conducted in very low levels of bank penetration in Kenya, the central bank late 2008 shed considerable light on the profile of M-PESA’s was determined to explore all reasonable options for correct- early adopters and customer usage patterns. Compared with ing the financial access imbalance. It worked in close partner- nonusers, the average M-PESA user is twice as likely to have ship with Vodafone and Safaricom to assess the opportunities a bank account (72 percent versus 36 percent) and is wealth- and risks involved prior to the launch of M-PESA. Conscious ier (65 percent higher expenditure levels), more literate, and that premature regulation could stifle innovation, the Central better educated (Suri and Jack 2008). Early adopters of the Bank of Kenya chose to closely monitor and learn from early service also appear to be experienced with banking services M-PESA trials and to formalize regulations later. and fairly savvy with technology, which probably makes Finally, the United Kingdom’s Department for Interna- them more keenly aware of the convenience of M-PESA rel- tional Development (DFID) played an instrumental role in ative to alternative financial services. the creation of M-PESA within Kenya, first by funding the Figure 20.3 highlights the ways customers report they use organizations that made the FinAccess survey possible, and M-PESA. More than half the sample use the service primar- then by providing seed funding to Vodafone for early ily for sending and receiving money, a use consistent with 2 CHAPTER 20: MOBILE PAYMENTS GO VIRAL M-PESA IN KENYA Figure 20.2 Growth of the M-PESA Customer Base 10 9 8 millions) 7 (in 6 5 4 customers of 3 2 1 Number 0 Source: Safaricom. Figure 20.3 How M-PESA Customers Use the Service Ninety-eight percent of M-PESA users are happy with the service, according to the 2008 survey, and 84 percent Pay bills, 2% claim that losing M-PESA would have a large, negative effect Store/save money None of these, 1% on them (Suri and Jack 2008). Figure 20.4 illustrates how for emergencies, 14% customers compare M-PESA with alternative services. In all Buy airtime for categories—speed, convenience, cost, and safety—customers someone else, reported better service with M-PESA than with other forms 8% of financial services. Receive money, 28% M-PESA’s service evolution M-PESA’s original core offering, the P2P payment, enabled Buy airtime for customers to send money to anyone with access to a mobile myself, 14% phone. Importantly, it opened up a market for transactions that previously were handled largely informally—through Store/save Send money, money for personal trips, friends, and public transport networks (“per- 25% everyday use, sonal networks” in figure 20.5). Although many transactions 14% carried out under M-PESA, such as sending a portion of salary earned at the end of the month to relatives, can be characterized as scheduled payments, others allow people Source: Suri and Jack 2008. to draw on a much broader network of family members, friends, and business associates to access money when required. Thus, in addition to providing a large measure of M-PESA’s broad market positioning.