How Much, How Fast?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
T Antarctic Ce Sheet Itiative
race Publication 3115, Vol. 1 t Antarctic ce Sheet itiative :_,.me.-1: Science and ;mentation Plan iv-_J_ E -- --__o • E _-- rz " _ • _ _v_-- . "2-. .... E _ ____ __ _k - -- - ...... --rr r_--_.-- .... m-- _ £3._= --- - • ,r- ..... _ k • -- ..... __= ---- = ............ --_ m -- -- ..... Z Im .... r .... _,... ___ "--. 11 1"1 I' I i ¸ NASA Conference Publication 3115, Vol. 1 West Antarctic Ice Sheet Initiative Volume 1: Science and Implementation Plan Edited by Robert A. Bindschadler NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Proceedings of a workshop cosponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., and held at Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland October 16-18, 1990 IXl/_/X National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Management Scientific and Technical Information Division 1991 CONTENTS Page Preface v Workshop Participants vi Acknowledgements vii Map viii 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Climatic Importance of Ice Sheets 4 3. Marine Ice Sheet Instability 5 4. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Initiative 6 4.1 Goal and Objectives 6 4.2 A Multidisciplinary Project 7 4.3 Scientific Focus: A Single Goal 7 4.4 Geographic Focus: West Antarctica 7 4.5 Duration: A Phased Approach 8 5. Science Plan 10 5.1 Glaciology 10 5.1.1 Ice Dynamics 10 5.1.2 Ice Cores 16 5.2 Meteorology 19 5.3 Oceanography 23 5.4 Geology and Geophysics 27 5.4.1 Terrestrial Geology 27 5.4.2 Marine Geology and Geophysics 28 5.4.3 Subglacial Geology and Geophysics 30 6. -
Rapid Transport of Ash and Sulfate from the 2011 Puyehue-Cordón
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE Rapid transport of ash and sulfate from the 2011 10.1002/2017JD026893 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (Chile) eruption Key Points: to West Antarctica • Ash and sulfate from the June 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption were Bess G. Koffman1,2 , Eleanor G. Dowd1 , Erich C. Osterberg1 , David G. Ferris1, deposited in West Antarctica 3 3 3,4 1 • Depositional phasing and duration Laura H. Hartman , Sarah D. Wheatley , Andrei V. Kurbatov , Gifford J. Wong , 5 6 3,4 4 suggest rapid transport through the Bradley R. Markle , Nelia W. Dunbar , Karl J. Kreutz , and Martin Yates troposphere • Ash/sulfate phasing, ash size 1Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, 2Now at Department of Geology, Colby distributions, and geochemistry College, Waterville, Maine, USA, 3Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA, 4School of Earth and distinguish this midlatitude eruption Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA, 5Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of from low- and high-latitude eruptions Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 6New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Socorro, New Mexico, USA Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 Abstract The Volcanic Explosivity Index 5 eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCC) in central Chile, which began 4 June 2011, provides a rare opportunity to assess the rapid transport and Correspondence to: deposition of sulfate and ash from a midlatitude volcano to the Antarctic ice sheet. We present sulfate, B. G. Koffman, [email protected] microparticle concentrations of fine-grained (~5 μm diameter) tephra, and major oxide geochemistry, which document the depositional sequence of volcanic products from the PCC eruption in West Antarctic snow and shallow firn. -
Integrated Tephrochonology Copyedited
U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies; USGS OFR-2007-xxxx, Extended Abstract.yyy, 1- Integrated tephrochronology of the West Antarctic region- Implications for a potential tephra record in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Ice Core N.W. Dunbar,1 W.C. McIntosh,1 A.V. Kurbatov,2 and T.I Wilch 3 1NMGB/EES Department, New Mexico Tech, Socorro NM, 87801, USA ( [email protected] , [email protected] ) 2Climate Change Institute 303 Bryand Global Sciences Center, Orono, ME, 04469, USA ([email protected]) 3Department of Geological Sciences, Albion College, Albion MI, 49224, USA ( [email protected] ) Summary Mount Berlin and Mt. Takahe, two West Antarctica volcanic centers have produced a number of explosive, ashfall generating eruptions over the past 500,000 yrs. These eruptions dispersed volcanic ash over large areas of the West Antarctic ice sheet. Evidence of these eruptions is observed at two blue ice sites (Mt. Waesche and Mt. Moulton) as well as in the Siple Dome and Byrd (Palais et al., 1988) ice cores. Geochemical correlations between tephra sampled at the source volcanoes, at blue ice sites, and in the Siple Dome ice core suggest that at least some of the eruptions covered large areas of the ice sheet with a volcanic ash, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of volcanic material provides precise timing when these events occurred. Volcanic ash from some of these events expected to be found in the WAIS Divide ice core, providing chronology and inter-site correlation. Citation: Dunbar, N.W., McIntosh, W.C., Kurbatov, A., and T.I Wilch (2007), Integrated tephrochronology of the West Antarctic region- Implications for a potential tephra record in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Ice Core, in Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World – Online Proceedings of the 10 th ISAES X, edited by A. -
Rapid Cenozoic Glaciation of Antarctica Induced by Declining
letters to nature 17. Huang, Y. et al. Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks. Science 294, Early Cretaceous6, yet is thought to have remained mostly ice-free, 1313–1317 (2001). 18. Chen, C.-L. Elements of Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics (Irwin, Chicago, 1996). vegetated, and with mean annual temperatures well above freezing 4,7 19. Wang, J., Gudiksen, M. S., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. Highly polarized photoluminescence and until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary . Evidence for cooling and polarization sensitive photodetectors from single indium phosphide nanowires. Science 293, the sudden growth of an East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) comes 1455–1457 (2001). from marine records (refs 1–3), in which the gradual cooling from 20. Bagnall, D. M., Ullrich, B., Sakai, H. & Segawa, Y. Micro-cavity lasing of optically excited CdS thin films at room temperature. J. Cryst. Growth. 214/215, 1015–1018 (2000). the presumably ice-free warmth of the Early Tertiary to the cold 21. Bagnell, D. M., Ullrich, B., Qiu, X. G., Segawa, Y. & Sakai, H. Microcavity lasing of optically excited ‘icehouse’ of the Late Cenozoic is punctuated by a sudden .1.0‰ cadmium sulphide thin films at room temperature. Opt. Lett. 24, 1278–1280 (1999). rise in benthic d18O values at ,34 million years (Myr). More direct 22. Huang, Y., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. GaN nanowire nanodevices. Nano Lett. 2, 101–104 (2002). evidence of cooling and glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene 8 23. Gudiksen, G. S., Lauhon, L. J., Wang, J., Smith, D. & Lieber, C. M. Growth of nanowire superlattice boundary is provided by drilling on the East Antarctic margin , structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics. -
Asynchronous Antarctic and Greenland Ice-Volume Contributions to the Last Interglacial Sea-Level Highstand
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3 OPEN Asynchronous Antarctic and Greenland ice-volume contributions to the last interglacial sea-level highstand Eelco J. Rohling 1,2,7*, Fiona D. Hibbert 1,7*, Katharine M. Grant1, Eirik V. Galaasen 3, Nil Irvalı 3, Helga F. Kleiven 3, Gianluca Marino1,4, Ulysses Ninnemann3, Andrew P. Roberts1, Yair Rosenthal5, Hartmut Schulz6, Felicity H. Williams 1 & Jimin Yu 1 1234567890():,; The last interglacial (LIG; ~130 to ~118 thousand years ago, ka) was the last time global sea level rose well above the present level. Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) contributions were insufficient to explain the highstand, so that substantial Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) reduction is implied. However, the nature and drivers of GrIS and AIS reductions remain enigmatic, even though they may be critical for understanding future sea-level rise. Here we complement existing records with new data, and reveal that the LIG contained an AIS-derived highstand from ~129.5 to ~125 ka, a lowstand centred on 125–124 ka, and joint AIS + GrIS contributions from ~123.5 to ~118 ka. Moreover, a dual substructure within the first highstand suggests temporal variability in the AIS contributions. Implied rates of sea-level rise are high (up to several meters per century; m c−1), and lend credibility to high rates inferred by ice modelling under certain ice-shelf instability parameterisations. 1 Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 2 Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. 3 Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway. -
The Evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-8151, 2017 EGU General Assembly 2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Jean-Baptiste Ladant (1), Yannick Donnadieu (1,2), and Christophe Dumas (1) (1) LSCE, CNRS-CEA, Paris, France ([email protected]), (2) CEREGE, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France An increasing number of studies suggest that the Middle to Late Eocene has witnessed the waxing and waning of relatively small ephemeral ice sheets. These alternating episodes culminated in the Eocene-Oligocene transition (34 – 33.5 Ma) during which a sudden and massive glaciation occurred over Antarctica. Data studies have demonstrated that this glacial event is constituted of two 50 kyr-long steps, the first of modest (10 – 30 m of equivalent sea level) and the second of major (50 – 90 m esl) glacial amplitude, and separated by ∼ 200 kyrs. Since a decade, modeling studies have put forward the primary role of CO2 in the initiation of this glaciation, in doing so marginalizing the original “gateway hypothesis”. Here, we investigate the impacts of CO2 and orbital parameters on the evolution of the ice sheet during the 500 kyrs of the EO transition using a tri-dimensional interpolation method. The latter allows precise orbital variations, CO2 evolution and ice sheet feedbacks (including the albedo) to be accounted for. Our results show that orbital variations are instrumental in initiating the first step of the EO glaciation but that the primary driver of the major second step is the atmospheric pCO2 crossing a modelled glacial threshold of ∼ 900 ppm. -
Sea Level and Climate Introduction
Sea Level and Climate Introduction Global sea level and the Earth’s climate are closely linked. The Earth’s climate has warmed about 1°C (1.8°F) during the last 100 years. As the climate has warmed following the end of a recent cold period known as the “Little Ice Age” in the 19th century, sea level has been rising about 1 to 2 millimeters per year due to the reduction in volume of ice caps, ice fields, and mountain glaciers in addition to the thermal expansion of ocean water. If present trends continue, including an increase in global temperatures caused by increased greenhouse-gas emissions, many of the world’s mountain glaciers will disap- pear. For example, at the current rate of melting, most glaciers will be gone from Glacier National Park, Montana, by the middle of the next century (fig. 1). In Iceland, about 11 percent of the island is covered by glaciers (mostly ice caps). If warm- ing continues, Iceland’s glaciers will decrease by 40 percent by 2100 and virtually disappear by 2200. Most of the current global land ice mass is located in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets (table 1). Complete melt- ing of these ice sheets could lead to a sea-level rise of about 80 meters, whereas melting of all other glaciers could lead to a Figure 1. Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana; sea-level rise of only one-half meter. photograph by Carl H. Key, USGS, in 1981. The glacier has been retreating rapidly since the early 1900’s. -
West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core Climate, Ice Sheet History, Cryobiology
QUARTERLY UPDATE August 2009 West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core Climate, Ice Sheet History, Cryobiology 2009/2010 Field Operations Our main objectives for the coming field season are: 1) To ship ice from 680 to ~2,100 m to NICL 2) Recover core to a depth of 2,600 to 2,900 m The U.S. Antarctic Program will be establishing a multi year field camp at Byrd this season to support field operations around Pine Island Bay and elsewhere in West Antarctica. The camp at Byrd will complicate our logistics because the heavy equipment that will prepare the Byrd skiway will be flown to WAIS Divide and driven to Byrd, and a camp at Byrd will make for more competition for flights. But this is a much better plan than supporting those operations out of WAIS Divide, which would have increased the WAIS Divide population to 100 people. Other science activities at WAIS Divide this season include the following: CReSIS ground traverse to Pine Island Bay Flow dynamics of two Amundsen Sea glaciers: Thwaites and Pine Island. PI: Anandakrishnan Ocean-Ice Interaction in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica. PI: Joughin Space physics magnetometer. PI: Zesta Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Program. PI: Weidner Polar Experiment Network for Geospace Upper atmosphere Investigations. PI: Lessard Artist, paintings of ice and glacial features. PI: McKee IDDO is making several modifications to the drill that should increase the amount of core that can be recovered each time the drill is lowered into the hole, which will increase the amount of ice we can recover this season. -
A Review of Ice-Sheet Dynamics in the Pine Island Glacier Basin, West Antarctica: Hypotheses of Instability Vs
Pine Island Glacier Review 5 July 1999 N:\PIGars-13.wp6 A review of ice-sheet dynamics in the Pine Island Glacier basin, West Antarctica: hypotheses of instability vs. observations of change. David G. Vaughan, Hugh F. J. Corr, Andrew M. Smith, Adrian Jenkins British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council Charles R. Bentley, Mark D. Stenoien University of Wisconsin Stanley S. Jacobs Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Thomas B. Kellogg University of Maine Eric Rignot Jet Propulsion Laboratories, National Aeronautical and Space Administration Baerbel K. Lucchitta U.S. Geological Survey 1 Pine Island Glacier Review 5 July 1999 N:\PIGars-13.wp6 Abstract The Pine Island Glacier ice-drainage basin has often been cited as the part of the West Antarctic ice sheet most prone to substantial retreat on human time-scales. Here we review the literature and present new analyses showing that this ice-drainage basin is glaciologically unusual, in particular; due to high precipitation rates near the coast Pine Island Glacier basin has the second highest balance flux of any extant ice stream or glacier; tributary ice streams flow at intermediate velocities through the interior of the basin and have no clear onset regions; the tributaries coalesce to form Pine Island Glacier which has characteristics of outlet glaciers (e.g. high driving stress) and of ice streams (e.g. shear margins bordering slow-moving ice); the glacier flows across a complex grounding zone into an ice shelf coming into contact with warm Circumpolar Deep Water which fuels the highest basal melt-rates yet measured beneath an ice shelf; the ice front position may have retreated within the past few millennia but during the last few decades it appears to have shifted around a mean position. -
GSA TODAY • Southeastern Section Meeting, P
Vol. 5, No. 1 January 1995 INSIDE • 1995 GeoVentures, p. 4 • Environmental Education, p. 9 GSA TODAY • Southeastern Section Meeting, p. 15 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • North-Central–South-Central Section Meeting, p. 18 Stability or Instability of Antarctic Ice Sheets During Warm Climates of the Pliocene? James P. Kennett Marine Science Institute and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 David A. Hodell Department of Geology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 ABSTRACT to the south from warmer, less nutrient- rich Subantarctic surface water. Up- During the Pliocene between welling of deep water in the circum- ~5 and 3 Ma, polar ice sheets were Antarctic links the mean chemical restricted to Antarctica, and climate composition of ocean deep water with was at times significantly warmer the atmosphere through gas exchange than now. Debate on whether the (Toggweiler and Sarmiento, 1985). Antarctic ice sheets and climate sys- The evolution of the Antarctic cryo- tem withstood this warmth with sphere-ocean system has profoundly relatively little change (stability influenced global climate, sea-level his- hypothesis) or whether much of the tory, Earth’s heat budget, atmospheric ice sheet disappeared (deglaciation composition and circulation, thermo- hypothesis) is ongoing. Paleoclimatic haline circulation, and the develop- data from high-latitude deep-sea sed- ment of Antarctic biota. iments strongly support the stability Given current concern about possi- hypothesis. Oxygen isotopic data ble global greenhouse warming, under- indicate that average sea-surface standing the history of the Antarctic temperatures in the Southern Ocean ocean-cryosphere system is important could not have increased by more for assessing future response of the Figure 1. -
The Antarctic Contribution to Holocene Global Sea Level Rise
The Antarctic contribution to Holocene global sea level rise Olafur Ing6lfsson & Christian Hjort The Holocene glacial and climatic development in Antarctica differed considerably from that in the Northern Hemisphere. Initial deglaciation of inner shelf and adjacent land areas in Antarctica dates back to between 10-8 Kya, when most Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had already disappeared or diminished considerably. The continued deglaciation of currently ice-free land in Antarctica occurred gradually between ca. 8-5 Kya. A large southern portion of the marine-based Ross Ice Sheet disintegrated during this late deglaciation phase. Some currently ice-free areas were deglaciated as late as 3 Kya. Between 8-5 Kya, global glacio-eustatically driven sea level rose by 10-17 m, with 4-8 m of this increase occurring after 7 Kya. Since the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had practically disappeared by 8-7 Kya, we suggest that Antarctic deglaciation caused a considerable part of the global sea level rise between 8-7 Kya, and most of it between 7-5 Kya. The global mid-Holocene sea level high stand, broadly dated to between 84Kya, and the Littorina-Tapes transgressions in Scandinavia and simultaneous transgressions recorded from sites e.g. in Svalbard and Greenland, dated to 7-5 Kya, probably reflect input of meltwater from the Antarctic deglaciation. 0. Ingcilfsson, Gotlienburg Universiw, Earth Sciences Centre. Box 460, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden; C. Hjort, Dept. of Quaternary Geology, Lund University, Sdvegatan 13, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. Introduction dated to 20-17 Kya (thousands of years before present) in the western Ross Sea area (Stuiver et al. -
S41467-018-05625-3.Pdf
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05625-3 OPEN Holocene reconfiguration and readvance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Sarah L. Greenwood 1, Lauren M. Simkins2,3, Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt 2,4, Lindsay O. Prothro2 & John B. Anderson2 How ice sheets respond to changes in their grounding line is important in understanding ice sheet vulnerability to climate and ocean changes. The interplay between regional grounding 1234567890():,; line change and potentially diverse ice flow behaviour of contributing catchments is relevant to an ice sheet’s stability and resilience to change. At the last glacial maximum, marine-based ice streams in the western Ross Sea were fed by numerous catchments draining the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here we present geomorphological and acoustic stratigraphic evidence of ice sheet reorganisation in the South Victoria Land (SVL) sector of the western Ross Sea. The opening of a grounding line embayment unzipped ice sheet sub-sectors, enabled an ice flow direction change and triggered enhanced flow from SVL outlet glaciers. These relatively small catchments behaved independently of regional grounding line retreat, instead driving an ice sheet readvance that delivered a significant volume of ice to the ocean and was sustained for centuries. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden. 2 Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. 4 Department