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Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi

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Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi THE LOVING HEART OF A MOTHER OR A GREEDY POLITICIAN? Media representations of female presidents in Liberia and Malawi Master’s Thesis University of Jyväskylä Department of History and Ethnology Master’s Programme in Development and International Cooperation Major Subject of Ethnology May 2016 Elina Sihvonen JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Faculty of Humanities Department of History and Ethnology Tekijä – Author Maiju Outi Elina Sihvonen Työn nimi – Title The Loving Heart of a Mother or a Greedy Politician? Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Ethnology Master’s Thesis Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages May 2016 97 Tiivistelmä – Abstract This study examines the media representations of two female heads of state in Africa – President of Liberia (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf), and former President of Malawi (Joyce Banda). The study aims at gaining understanding of how various media sources from Malawian, Liberian, African and the international media have represented Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as well as how the female presidents have represented themselves in media. The research questions focus on gender and leadership: 1.) How has gender defined the political leadership of African female presidents: Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, according to English-language media sources? 2.) How has gen- der defined the presentation of these presidents in the media? The data consists of altogether twenty-seven news articles (including newspaper articles, interviews, columns, doc- umentaries) and fourteen YouTube videos by Malawian, Liberian, African, and the international media, as well as Ellen Johnson Sirleaf’s memoir, and the website of Joyce Banda Foundation. The research data is analyzed using the methods of rhetorical analysis, critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, as well as taking into account the narratives of the presidents. The theoretical approach of the study is based on Africana womanism by Clenora Hud- son-Weems, and Nah Dove. Africana womanism has an Afrocentric perspective when it comes to dealing with Af- rican women’s issues, and this particular theory highlights the role of African women and motherhood in society. The themes identified from the research data are: women and leadership; motherhood; African womanhood; Life story; the nicknames of female presidents; globally revered vs. internal criticism. The media representation regarding both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf contained a strong emphasis on gender in the context of leadership, and motherhood. There seems to exist a strong connection between good leadership and motherhood, not only within the media, but in the statements made by the presidents themselves as well, and occasionally also by local women in Malawi and Liberia who were interviewed about Banda and Johnson Sirleaf. The differences between the interna- tional and African (Malawian, Liberian) media pertained to criticism of their leadership. The international media also placed more emphasis on their gender, whereas local media were more critical of their leadership skills, and perceived them as typical self-serving, greedy African politicians. From the representations there also emerged a strong em- phasis on African womanhood, and particularly the grass-roots level support for Liberian and Malawian women to the female presidents. However, in the context of Joyce Banda’s representation it was pointed out that the mutual support of women does not exist at all political levels, meaning that the women who operate at the highest levels of the political sphere have not supported her. The representations of Joyce Banda’s and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf’s lead- ership are influenced by local political and cultural settings which take into account gender roles, the economic situation of the country, as well as the relationship between Africa and the Western world Asiasanat – Keywords female presidents, Africa, Liberia, Malawi, politics, gender and leadership, representation, media, rhetorical analy- sis, critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, Africana womanism Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX Jyväskylä University Digital Archive Muita tietoja – Additional information JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Tekijä – Author Maiju Outi Elina Sihvonen Työn nimi – Title The Loving Heart of a Mother or a Greedy Politician? Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Etnologia Pro Gradu Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Toukokuu 2016 97 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Pro gradu-tutkielmassani tarkastelen miten kahta afrikkalaista naispresidenttiä - Liberian presidentti Ellen Johnson Sirleafiä, ja Malawin presidentti Joyce Bandaa on kuvattu mediassa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ymmärtää miten eri medialähteet (malawilaiset, liberialaiset, afrikkalaiset ja kansainväliset mediat) ovat kuvanneet kahta naispresi- denttiä, ja miten naispresidentit ovat tuoneet itsensä esille mediassa. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat keskittyneet suku- puoleen ja johtajuuteen: 1) miten sukupuoli on määritellyt afrikkalaisten naispresidenttien poliittisen johtajuuden englanninkielisten medialähteiden pohjalta? 2.) miten sukupuoli on määritellyt kyseisten presidenttien esittämisen mediassa? Aineisto koostuu yhteensä kahdestakymmenestäseitsemästä malawilaisista, liberialaisista, afrikkalaisista, ja kansain- välisistä media-artikkeleista (mukaan lukien lehtiartikkelit, haastattelut, dokumentit) ja neljästätoista YouTube-vide- osta, sekä Ellen Johnson Sirleafin muistelmateoksesta, ja Joyce Bandan järjestön nettisivuista. Tutkimusaineisto on analysoitu kriittisen diskurssianalyysin, retorisen analyysin, sekä temaattisen analyysin avulla, ja analyysissä on myös otettu huomioon naispresidenttien kerronta. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys perustuu Clenora Hudson Weemsin, ja Nah Doven afrosentriseen Africana womanism-teoriaan, mikä painottaa afrikkalaisen naisen ja äitiyden merkitystä yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimusaineistosta tuli esille seuraavat teemat: naiset ja johtajuus; äitiys; afrikkalainen naiseus; elämäntarina; naispresidenttien lempinimet; maailmanlaajuinen arvostus vastaan kotimaan kritiikki. Molempien naispresidenttien kuvaus mediassa painottui vahvasti sukupuoleen poliittisen johtamisen yhteydessä, sekä äitiyteen. Mediakuvauksissa tuli esille hyvän johtajuuden ja äitiyden välinen vahva yhteys, joka ilmeni niin naispresidenttien omassa kerronnassa kuin myös toisinaan malawilaisten ja liberialaisten naisten kommenteissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat miten afrik- kalaisen (malawilaisen, liberialaisen) ja kansainvälisen median välillä esiintyi eroavaisuuksia liittyen naispresident- tien johtajuuden kritisoimiseen. Kansainvälinen media painotti enemmän presidenttien sukupuolta, kun taas paikal- linen media kritisoi enemmän heidän johtamisen taitoja, ja pitivät heitä tyypillisinä, ahneina ja itsekkäinä afrikkalai- sina poliitikkoina. Afrikkalaisella naiseudella, ja varsinkin malawilaisten ja liberialaisten naisten ruohonjuuritason tuella naispresidenteille oli myös vahva painotuksensa naispresidenttien mediakuvauksissa. Naisten välistä solidaa- risuutta ei kuitenkaan esiintynyt kaikilla tasoilla, sillä varsinkin Joyce Bandan yhteydessä tuli esille se, että naiset jotka toimivat politiikan ylemmillä portailla, eivät olleet tukeneet Bandaa. Joyce Bandan ja Ellen Johnson Sirleafin johtajuuden kuvaamiseen vaikuttavat paikalliset poliittiset ja kulttuuriset kontekstit, joihin liittyy myös sukupuoli- roolit, maiden taloudellinen tilanne kuin myös Afrikan ja läntisen maailman välinen suhde. Asiasanat – Keywords naispresidentit, Afrikka, Liberia, Malawi, politiikka, sukupuoli ja johtajuus, representaatio, media, retorinen ana- lyysi, kriittinen diskurssianalyysi, temaattinen analyysi, Africana womanism Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX Jyväskylän yliopiston julkaisuarkisto Muita tietoja – Additional information Table of contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. Theoretical framework: Gender in Africa ………………………………………… 5 2.1 Patriarchy ……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.2 African masculinities…………………………………………………………... 12 2.3 Africana Womanism…………………………………………………………… 13 3. Methods……………………………………………………………………………… 16 3.1 Rhetorical analysis……………………………………………………………... 16 3.2 Critical discourse analysis……………………………………………………... 18 4. Data…………………………………………………………………………………....21 4.1 Media coverage…………………………………………………………………. 22 5. Liberia………………………………………………………………………………... 26 5.1 Liberia: facts and history……………………………………………………… 26 5.2 Society and ethnicity…………………………………………………………… 29 5.3 Liberian women and politics…………………………………………………... 31 5.4 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf…………………………………………………………... 34 6. Malawi………………………………………………………………………………... 37 6.1 Malawi: facts and history……………………………………………………… 37 6.2 Society and ethnicity…………………………………………………………… 40 6.3 Malawian women and politics………………………………………………….41 6.4 Joyce Banda…………………………………………………………………….. 46 7. Analysis: media representations of female presidents of Malawi and Liberia….. 48 7.1 International media on Joyce Banda…………………………………………..48 7.2 Malawian media on Joyce Banda………………………………………………54 7.3 African media on Joyce Banda………………………………………………....62 7.4 Joyce Banda’s portrayal of herself……………………………………………..65 7.5. International media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf………………………………..70 7.6 Liberian media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf………………………………………74 7.7 African media
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