L Naval Weapons Center L CHINA LAKE

' ~r ~~~--t TECHNICAL SERIES 45-029-72

[ GEOTHERMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY I I- A NATIONAL PROGRAM [ [ by

[ Carl F. Austin, Ward H. Austin, Jr., and [ G. W. Leonard r[ ~BSTRACT. The major portion of the geothermal prospect called the Coso Thermal Area lies within the instrumented test ranges of the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif. In developing plans for scientific L utilization of the Coso Thermal Area, the state-of-the-art of geothermal science and technology was reviewed. The review indicated that the· development of geothermal deposits for the purpose of generating elec [ tricity, providing heat, and obtaining raw materials was a technology in its infancy, with critical aspects subject to uncertainty. This study has resulted in a proposal for a national geothermal science and technology advancement program which will be accomplished by gathering L scientific and engineering data from five selected sites representing each of the five principal types of geothermal deposits that are known or hypothesized. L Naval Weapons Center l CHINA LAKE. CALIFORNIA • SEPTEMBER 1971

L DISTRIBUTION LIMITED TO U.S: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY; TEST AND EVALUATION; 9 SEPTEMBER 1971. OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT MUST BE REFERRED TO THE NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER.

' ~L

--- --·-··------~------,_., '·-· ,. [ I L CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . 1

Geothermals Defined 4 r Granitic Stock Systems 4 l. Basaltic Magma Systems 13 Metamorphic Zone Systems 13 Wet Geothermal Gradient Systems 20 [ Dry Geothermal Gradient Systems 20

The National Program 20 Program Goals . 21 [

Goal Number 1 - A Computer Model 22 Granitic Stock Systems 22 [ Recommended Deposits for Exploration 81 Plan for Accomplishing Goal No. 1 . 82 Goals Related to Model Utilization 84 [ Energy Conversion Technology 86

Time and Cost Estimates to Implement a National Geothermal Program . . 87 Phase I. Detailed Survey ...... •. 87 Phase II. Detailed Studies of Selected Granitic Stock Type Deposit (Coso Thermal Area) ... 88 [ Phase III. Five Year Core Drill and Testing Program for Selected Granitic Stock Type Deposit (Coso Thermal Area) ...... • . . . • . . . • . . . 89 [ Phase IV. Modeling of Selected Granitic Stock Type Deposit With Associated Testing Program of Pro duction, Injection, Environmental Control, etc. 90 Phase V. Basaltic Magma System Research Program 90 [ Phase VI. Hetamorphic Zone Geothermal System 90 Phase VII. Wet Geothermal Gradient System 90 Phase VIII. Dry Geothermal Gradient System . 90 [ Phase IX. Hodeling and Test Programs Related to Areas Outside of Selected Granitic Stock Deposit . . 91 Phase X. Cost Estimate to Develop Hot Water Energy Conversion (Delegated to Industry). 91 [ Cost Summary ...... 92 Conclusions and Recommendations 93 L Appendix: Location of Thermal Springs and Wells A-1 [ Bibliography ...... B-1 ' [ ii l INTRODUCTION i \ The increasing national concern over the ecologic impact of electric r- power generation with both fossil fuel and nuclear driven plants, and the increasing problem of low cost fossil fuel and nuclear fuel depletion, L has swung the national interest toward the development of geothermal resources. Geothermal resource development is significantly hampered by the fact that geothermal science and technology are generally in their [ infancy. Conflicting theories regarding sources of heat and the mecha nisms of heat transfer fail to yield adequate guidance for exploration and development programs. Drilling for geothermal steam in the United States has been generally unsuccessful and has been marred by blowouts or other accidents. A significant improvement in geothermal state-of the-art is not expected in the near future unless a comprehensive_ joint government-industry research program is undertaken for the purp·ose of I providing the needed basic knowledge for the major types of geothermal deposits found in the United States.

The United States government oHns all of a geothermal prospect in eastern California called the Coso Thermal Area. Figure 1 shows the location of this deposit in relation to major population centers and other potential geothermal sites in California and Nevada. Three fourths L of this deposit (of the locally active heat cells) is located within the confines of the Naval Weapons Center (~•c) and the remaining one fourth is on public domain administered by the Bureau of Land Management. Figure 2 shows that portion of the Coso Thermal Area on ~C instrumented test ranges .

[ The Naval Weapons Center believes the Coso Thermal Area may be of national importance and should be kept as a unit so that:

1. The actual potential of the area as a geothermal resource can be identified.

2. Fundamental technical dat-a, which will be of value in establish l ing regulations and procedures for the exploitation of other geothermal areas throughout the United States, can be obtained from the Coso area I and given Hide distribution. 3. The programs of study and investigation to develop the funda mental technical data can evolve as cooperative efforts betHeen the Department of Interior, National Science Foundation, Atomic Energy Com mission, and other interested state and federal government agencies as well as public utility and private pO>ler companies. I I \_' 4. If the area is found to be of economic value as a power source, plans can be developed for commercial exploitation of the available power.

I 1 I- 116' 114' IDAHO ,. 6A_ •7 .21 •" 228.'" " ' ;oo "'I ;• •'" ". ' •"' ,..'' I"''"'' ' "' •.,c I . J.4 I'

,j 1C: 1~ It;

~ c .l13A " ...

1 ..... 1 I J"' '" '1 • I ' •"' '" • • " "' "' ""'" •" " •""' •'" .... •'"

0 50 100 150 200 MILES

OG_~_..::"c__ __l"OOL__ __l"50L___~200} KILOMETERS "'

FIG. 1. (from Waring) California and Nevada Showing Location of Potential Geothermal Sites. (See appendix for names of springs.)

2 r 1

R38E ( T20S l + + + ' ' r ----~\'.,;;..Lr---'-r-R-39' E I ' -if38E--Lr7 -- ·- . T21S / i ' T21S ( + I + t ~\ + [_ I i \ I >- : ' + I + 0:: -1- + \ + + ', z~ !: \\,. + + \ + :l -1- + + ... -..+ + + , ) 0 ' ... , ID ' ' + / ' ' [ rr + W + + + + +',+ t II ----= : ' 1 r- ' ' I +: +- + ~ t + + + + +\ : [ I : \ : --1--+-t---t-----4 ------1------t-----+---- -+------+-----+---- '+ \ R38E ! R39E \1 \. T2~S + l + + T ~2S + + It ' : I: I : I : \. + ' "!-.._+ t' + + + + + /'/t """""""" ---r: --"""' ,, .... , I :1 f + + + + + ~ ... +__ _+.,...... + + ( + + + 0 ' I ~ MILES ----MARGIN OF THERMAL AREA

\ FIG. 2. Margin of the Locally Active Heat Cells of the Coso Thermal Area in Relation to NHC Boundaries (from L NWC Tech Series 64-168).

! . '! The Center is interested in multiple use of the property under its responsibility, and believes that this can be accomplished through careful planning and management so that the principal mission of the Naval Weapons Center will not be impaired nor will the usefulness of its uniquely instrumented ranges be degraded for weapon evaluation.

The intent of this paper is to propose a national geothermal program and to show how the Coso Thermal Area could be used to support the national program. Preliminary cost estimates for a national geothermal technology program are presented.

GEOTHERMALS DEFINED

A geothermal deposit can be defined as any geologic environment with sufficient heat content to enable the extraction of energy such as electric power from geothermal steam or fluids. With present day tech nology these deposits consist of areas of steam emission, hot water emission, fumarolic- and volcanic-type gas emissions (other than from active volcanoes or contemporary lava flows), mineral springs of any temperature, mineral deposition indicating young-to-recent liquid and gas leakage of the preceding types, and young molten rock intrusions at modest depths. To date, most industrial exploitation attempts have been carried out in areas of apparent igneous intrusive activity. Dominant features are doming and arcuate patterns related to magma chamber emplacement and subsidence. Expanding the industrial approach of the past few years, which has been limited to the development of only one type of deposit (granitic stock), a total of five fundamental geothermal deposit types can be defined. These are: 1 1. Granitic stock · heat sources . 2 2. Metamorphic zone heat sources . . 3 . 3. Basaltic magma heat sources 4 4. Wet geothermal gradient heat sources 5. Dry geothermal gradient heat sources Figures 3 through 7 illustrate these deposit types schematically.

1stock ~ an underground accumulation of molten rock of less than L~Q square J.lP.ies cross section. 2Metamorphic - involving the processes of recrystallization under heat and pressure. 3Magma - molten rock. 4Geothermal gradient the rate of temperature rise with increasing depth in the earth.

4 r

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FIG. 3. Generalized Block Diagram of a Graniti~ Stock Heat r 'I Source Type of Geothermal Deposit Showing the Main Magmatic Chamber (a) (Batholith), Smaller Stocks and Apophyses (b) Which Result in Localized Geothermal Cells, and Hydrothermal Alteration Which Provides Seal to Entrap Hot Fluids (c). (Not to scale.) l

5 FIG. 4. Generalized Block Diagram of a Metamorphic Zone Heat Source Type of Geothermal. (a) Deeply folded sediments undergoing recrystallization. (b) Fault zone acting as conduit. (c) Deep magmatic zone.

6 r . I

r I

I It FIG. 5. Generalized Block Diagram of a Basaltic Magma Heat Source Type of Geothermal Deposit.

~ ..

7 [ r [

L 1 GULF COASTAL PLANE L c

. '\~\ \- "I

j__

r' .. L I l

FIG. 6. Generalized Block Diagram of a Wet Geothermal Gradient Heat Source Type of Geothermal Deposit.

f l I L

1\. 8 L L ,- i

[ COASTAL PLAIN

1 f_,

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FIG. 7. Generalized Cross Section of a Dry Geothermal Gradient Heat Source Type of Deposit \Vith Superimposed Depth-Temperature Curve. t._ I I .I' '

9 r GRANITIC STOCK SYSTEMS

A granitic stock type of geothermal system is by definition a deposit ! for which the heat source can be shown (or hypothesized) to be an intru sion at relatively shallow depths and with a composition that is not basaltic (i.e., generally acidic to intermediate in compositions). The surface evidence may be magmatic leakage in the form of perlitic domes as at the Salton Sea and Coso, as flows and ash deposits as at the Geysers and Wairakei (see Fig. 8 location map) or typical volcanic fluid leakage [ as at Larderello, Italy. The location of the controlling or primary magma system can be readily observed on high altitude photographs in the form of closed arcuate patterns in the form of ellipses comprised of fracture, [_ alteration, intrusion and collapse patterns. These primary magmatic chamber patterns range from 25 to 30 miles in length and 15 to 20 miles in width. Within the controlling primary pattern are smaller patterns generally 4 to 6 miles in diameter. These smaller circular to elliptic r patterns are believed to represent the surface expression of underlying stocks and apophyses of stocks, and mark the active geothermal cells ' suitable for exploration. One of the prime reasons granitic stocks seem to provide the best possibilities for economic development is the rela L tive abundance of hydrothermal alteration which provides a seal or cap rock under which high temperatures and pressure can accumulate. Figure 9a shows an unretouched photograph of a portion of the granitic stock geothermal at the Coso Thermal Area, while the same area, with the structural pattern included is shown in Fig. 9b.

The economic recovery of electric energy and of by-product chemicals I. from granitic-stock-type geothermal deposits has been underway since 1905 when the Italians began successful operation of a lm< pressure 40 horse power generator on geothermal steam at Larderello, Italy. This same L overall area now has over 400 megm

The economic potential of granitic-stock-type plants has been further demonstrated at the Big Geysers in California where geothermal drilling, started in 1928, culminated in commercial operation of a generating plant in the late 1950's. The operations at the Big Geysers have an L anticipated goal of more than 1000 megawatts of generating capacity.

Other geothermal generating plants of this type that are now on line j include: the Wairakei, New Zealand site with a capacity of 170 megawatts, the Pauzhetsk and Kunashir plants on the Kamchatka peninsula of Russia with a 29 megawatt capacity and the Matsukawa, Onikobe, Otake and Hachimanti plants in Japan with a total capacity of 50 mega>Tatts. In l the Hestern United States alone, the authors have personally examined over 250 granitic-stock heat-source-type geothermal deposits, and this

5 Rocks high in silica content are called "acidic11 in composition.

10 [ l. c------,~-~ ,.------, ,--~ ~ r-: r----1 r-; l] r-: r---- '

THE GEYSERS

CERRO PRIETO 'q ··~ f-' f-' '() /\ . .v~-:';.;..,·../(,;i!.~-· -~,, ..... (:j '~ ~ -·AA~O u "l:i t;7 ' • • '

.-'- .,

LHL 159171 FIG. 8. World Map Showing the Location of The Geysers, Cerro Prieto, Wairakei and Larderello.

tJ Thermal. Area. View 9b shows the major ~) structural features indicating the heat source locations. (Photogeology by Ward Austin, 18 July·l971.)

12 number is less than one-half of the presently knmm prospects in the eleven western states. Outside of the western states (but still within the United States) this type of deposit appears widespread in Alaska and also appears to be present in the southeastern United States. Figures 10 through 12 show thermal springs distribution in the United States.

BASALTIC MAGMA SYSTEMS

Basaltic Magma Type

Basaltic-magma-type geothermal systems have developed l

In the case of extremely recent to ongoing vulcanism associated heat sources, the problems of reservoir mechanics become very severe. For areas such as Island Park in Idaho, the geology appears _favorable as the source is large, and it appears well capped and to have had high aqueous extrusions indicating a more than adequate fluid content for the purposes of heat transfer.

Basaltic systems represent the potential heat source for vast regions of the world. To date, other than for shallow unsuccessful drilling in porous rocks in Hawaii, the concept of basaltic-magma-type geothermals is completely untested. An additional problem in purely basaltic areas is their limited water content and hence the reduced amount of hydro thermal activity and resultant failure to form a seal or cap rock under which high temperatures and high pressure can develop. Figures 13 and 14 show basaltic magma heat source distribution in Hawaii and Idaho respectively (some of the Idaho hot springs are related to basaltic activity), and Fig. 15 shows details of the Island Park Caldera which is basaltic or basaltic/differentiate mixed in nature.

METAHORPHIC ZONE SYSTEMS

Metamorphic zone geothermal systems are defined as those geothermals whose energy transfer media are the result of either regional or local metamorphic processes which need not have any closely associated igneous intrusive activity. Broad areas of regional metamorphism can be demon strated for past geologic time, but by their very nature (deep burial), the present day location of deep metamorphic zones must be based on less

13 112" 108" 100"

------a

44'

I 1 I J I 18 22} I I NEW. MEXICO 23, I' ' 38 I J

TEXAS

0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS ' I \ •

FIG. 10. (from Haring) Western Part of the Conterminous United States Showing Location of Thermal Springs. The large majority of these springs are related to granitic-stock heat sources. (See appendix for names of springs.)

] ME X I C

FIG. 11. (from Waring) Eastern Part of the Conterminous United States Shm-ling Location of Thermal Springs. Only the springs in Arkansas appear to be granitic stock heat source type deposits on the strength of present evidence. (See appendix for names of springs.)

15 PL .. ., EXPLANATION R ... I !'I G E Therm•l·" sprinl'

Vole~~• no

0 100 200 MILES

0 100 200 KILOMETERS

>-' 0'

GULF OF AILASKA

PAC IF

176° 180° 176° 172° 28 29 ISLANDS 34;pft5"!lllf~~ ·~ALEUTIAN •• ;lO 32 l • <.'1'3 .. )l ~:J(..,•.. e e A 52" ·•~>"':~...,...... , r;.r37 ~·... , 31 .33

FIG. 12. (from Waring) Alaska Showing Location of Thermal Springs and Volcanoes. The springs of the Alaskan panhandle are granitic heat-source type as are those studied to date in detail in the interior. The island arc areas are generally basaltic heat-source type deposits. (See appendix for names of springs.)

.__...j ..____/ _____! ~------' '-----' ------~ - - - ·---' ~OKAI

LAN At\:)

EXPLANATION

2Q•r----+---

9 50 100 MILES L~-;'-~~·---;,;,.:;:----,:100::-;K;-:Il~~METERS ?,,, I

Adlpted from H1mmond At1••.1948

FIG. 13. (from Waring) Hawaii Showing Location of Thermal Springs and Thermal Wells. All sites are considered basaltic magma heat source type. (See appendix for names of sites.)

17 117" 115" 111" ~ '-'z) ' -= ' ' •• ----~ ·'

M 0 N T A N A

]

43 l J 1 0 50 100 KILOMETERS '-'--~-'--'----' Bn• !rom U.S. G-olollc:al Surv•y W.S.P. 679-B I I

FIG. 14. (from Waring) Part of Idaho Showing Location of Thermal Springs. (See appendix for names of sites.) I

·'l

J .....T s

FIG. 15. The Island Park Caldera of Idaho. (Data taken from Hamilton.)

19 .I than direct observation. The production of hot fluids from deeply folded sediments or from the margins of mountain fold belts would be considered to represent production from a metamorphic zone. To date no metamorphic geothermal systems have been delineated by industry or explored by drill ing in the United States with the possible exception of the Glenblair Fort Bragg area where an industrial drilling operation in the mid 1960's was defeated by the flow of plastic rock prior to reaching geothermally significant depths. An example of a former metamorphic zone would be the great Rhodesian copper deposits which are believed by some geochem ists to represent the passage of metamorphic fluids in former geologic I times.

WET GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT SYSTEMS

The wet geothermal gradient systems are those where deeply circu lating ground water is heated by the normal geothermal gradient, to reemerge as hot water. This type of geothermal can develop in deeply folded sediments and in deep fault zones (with attendant frictional heating). Examples of deep burial of sediments with resultant heating of the enclosed fluids can be seen in the oil field brines of the Gulf Coast and the hot springs of New York, Virginia, and Georgia. No wet geothermal gradient type of deposits have been developed other than for shallow drilling in support of spas or resorts.

DRY GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT SYSTEMS

A dry geothermal gradient system is one where rocks of limited porosity and permeability are heated, but there is no fluid for heat transfer. A randomly located drill hole on the northern Atlantic coastal plain would be in either a wet or a dry geothermal gradient system, depend ing upon the availability of pore space fluids at depth. No dry gee thermals have been developed to date though some deep petroleum tests and possibly some deep drill holes in mining areas might qualify for this type of deposit.

THE NATIONAL PROGRAM .I

In order to achieve a rapid rate of geothermal development for the purposes of offsetting and perhaps reducing present trends in atmospheric pollution, nine specific goals related to finding and safely developing and producing energy from the five fundamental ·types of geothermal deposits must be achieved in as little time as possible. All of the information gained in achieving these goals must become public knowledge rather than be proprietary. This program outlines the broad approaches which will attain the nine major goals outlined below. Certainly there are many more detailed steps, but the general approaches are shown.

! PROGRAM GOALS

The potentials and the problems of geothermal deposits must be considered in the light of the present state-of-the-art. Such deposits can and do produce relatively pollution-free electricity but do so with certain potential problems. Fresh water may be a by-product as at the Geysers in California. On the other hand, steam production may be accompanied by corrosive brines or by dense metal bearing brines as at Niland, California. To quote an official at Larderello which has a capacity of over 400 mega,•atts from the district, they have three prod ucts: electricity, borax, and rust, with the borax bearing fluids being both corrosive and incompatible with local agriculture and the rust representing chemical and pov1er plant corrosion.

At tvTO localities in the '"estern United States, geothermal develop ment has resulted in the cratering of public roads and in one instance a passenger in a motor vehicle was scalded fatally. At one western geothermal location, arsenic in effluents has been a serious problem. Any attempts at developing geothermal deposits must consider in detail the effects of the loss of control of a well on the surrounding region and in the case of areas with live streams, of the effects on downstream water users of dumping large amounts of corrosive and poisonous brines as the result of an accident.

A national program of geothermal development should have the follow ing specific goals which are intended to place enough knm,ledge in the public arena to enable the rapid, safe, and efficient development of this nation's abundant geothermal resources. These major goals are:

1. Develop computer models of the five principal types of. geothermal deposit. These models should be designed to handle more than one type of host or reservoir rock and are intended to yield predictions on host rock and contained fluid properties with depth, lateral dispersion from the heat source, and Hith time including paleoclimatic variation.

2. Develop production techniques which minimize or can adequately solve the problems of in-the-well and in-the-host precipitation of solid minerals.

3. Develop production techniques involving both fluid extraction and fluid injection but which do not yield destructive seismic activity as a by-product.

4. Based upon computer models developed for a given type of deposit, develop reinjection programs for waste brine disposal which do not lead to pollution problems in adjacent or overlying culinary or low salinity '\Vaters.

21 5. Develop production drilling and field management concepts based upon successful computer modeling with the model programs used to ensure the best use of contained geothermal fluids and the maximum energy and metals recovery from the deposit.

6. Develop stimulation techniques for deposits or portions of deposits in which fluid-based heat transfer within the deposit is absent l or too limited for commercial utilization.

7. Develop energy conversion techniques for the conversion of energy in hot water into electric energy. I

8. Develop operating environmental criteria for the various major life zones in which geothermal deposits occur in the United States.

9. Develop exploration and identification techniques for the various types of geothermals. In particular, for the case of granitic stock heat source geothermals, develop a temporal identification methodology to enable the recognition in the field of heating, active, and declining geothermal systems. For all types of geothermal systems, establish the effects of varying paleoclimates upon the surface chemical and remote sensing signatures (aerial photos, infrared photos, etc.)

GOAL NUMBER 1 - A COMPUTER MODEL ] To achieve a workable computer model of each of the five deposit types will require the selection of a "type example" which is undeveloped (preferably on public domain), and which is in a geographic environment amenable to effluent control in the event of accident. The question of what constitutes a type deposit will no doubt be argued vehemently by proponents of each of the many geothermal concepts '"hich have appeared in print. Once a type deposit is selected, it should be set aside from J normal commercial development until such time as the various goals delineated have been reached or have been deemed as beyond the foresee able state-of-the-art. Five deposits are desired.

GRANITIC STOCK SYSTEMS I The three most famous geothermal deposits in the world and the three most successful in terms of steadily increasing production levels are Larderello, Italy; Wairakei, New Zealand; and Big Geysers, California. These three deposits are compared for the purpose of showing a common ality of structural setting. In addition the geology of seven other areas is discussed in some detail - indicating the similarities between j their geology and that of the three main producers. These are the Coso Hot Springs, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California; Niland,

J Imperial Valley, California; Cerro Prieto, Mexico (55 miles south of Niland); Long Valley (Casa Diablo), California (125 miles north of the Coso Hot Springs); Mono Lake, California; Beowawe, Nevada; and Island Park, Idaho (see Fig. 1, 16, 17, and 18 for locations). The geologic evidence in hand indicates that nine of these areas are related to granitic magma. The Island Park, Idaho area is included to demonstrate that structural details that are related to subsidence and doming are common to both basaltic (basic) and granitic igneous extrusive activity.

Comparison will be by discussion of the following points:

1. Dimensions of the apparent batholithic magma chambers through the use of aerial photos (primary thermal cell).

2. Dimensions of local surface hot areas (local thermal cell) apparently related to smaller intrusions or apophyses which rise above the main magma chamber.

3. Stratigraphy of the prospect area with a discussion of the host (reservoir) rock and the seal (cap) rock.

4. Local seismic activity which may be related to movement of magma, collapse into the partially depleted magma chamber or impending eruption.

· 5. Developed area in relation to the local thermal cell of item 2.

6. Maximum steam and hot water production as an indicator of the ground water flow.

7. Rainfall as an indication of the recharge of the ground water system. Note that apparently 2 to 3 times as much water (hot or steam) can be produced from a local thermal cell as is indicated currently by ground water and rainfall analysis.

8. Chemical analyses of waters associated with the producing or prospect areas.

9. Mineral deposition in the producing or prospect areas.

Magma Chambers

In early 1963 one of the writers, while consulting for a private company, pointed out from aerial photos and direct aerial observations that the 23 x 12 mile Long Valley - Casa Diablo Hot Springs area might be a volcanic caldera collapse area giving an indication of the position of a partially depleted magma chamber. McNitt, Mining Geologist, California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Report 75 in late 1963 published an account of his interpretation of the Long Valley depression (shmm on Fig. 19). McNitt states the following:

23 l

TASM N SEA l l

J PACIFIC 0CEA 1

EXPLANATION

Thermal·" sprina J .. , Solfatarlc"' volcano ~ Rhyolite (Pliocene to Recent)

Andesite (Miocene to Pliocene) 0 -100 200 MILES 0 100 200 KILOMETERS

FIG. 16. (from Haring) Locations of New Zealand Hot Springs. (See appendix for names of sites.)

24 14"

T RIA -; \.,. '-"'~l~- a . 1D.

0 100 200 MIL~ '--cot=1~00~=200§'~KILOM~~~

DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL SPRINGS IN ITALY 16. 18°

EXPLANATION

Thermal•" spring 3/ii" .,.. Approximate location of thermal spring •U7 Active volcano

0'--~-~-~_:1"00_:______C2::i00 MILES

0 100 200 KILOMETERS '"PANTELLERIA I Ad•ptad !rom Hammond All .. 1948

FIG. 17. (from Haring) Italy Showing Location of Thermal Springs. (See appendix for names of sites.)

25 EXPLANATION

Th•rm•l·" ~rlnc .... ~·-~u ' I \ ~-, I I I ·" 32" 1- '7 / { ~ t..,OJo hl11t.\ Actin vote.no

Solfatllric• volcano

TEXAS

"'~C> .,. GULF IOF MEXICO N .,. "' C>

REVILL.AQIGEDO ISLANDS (To Stilt• of Coli~•)

SPOUtlna: spr1np 1,3, 5,ti, 7,1,t,~ c-~ Bollin• Sprln•• 2 4, 10.11 Hot pools 12. 15 Mud Vo~noe• 13, 11 Hot w.ter wen 17

FIG. 18. (from Waring) Mexico Showing Location of Thermal Springs and Principal Volcanoes. (See appendix for names of sites.)

·..__._; ~ '--- ~ '------' '----' '----' ~ FIG. 19. (from Tocher, et al) Generalized Geologic Map of Owens Valley Region.

27 "The gravity data shown in Fig, 20 (attached) indicate that Long Valley is a structural depression as well as a physiographic basin, and is bounded on all sides by steep faults. The structural depression is also elliptical in shape, 23 miles long and 12 miles wide. The Cenozoic deposits in the depression increase gradually from a thickness of less than 5,000 feet on the east. (Pakiser, 1961, p. 253) Pakiser has interpreted Long Valley to be "a volcanic tectonic depression caused by subsidence along faults, following extrusion of magma from a chamber at depth." . . . • . . McNitt con tinues with, "An aeromagnetic survey of the region disclosed a sharp magnetic high having a relief of from 2500 to 5000 gammas, located over the center of Long Valley (Pakiser, 1961, p. 252). This mag netic anomaly roughly corresponds to a local positive gravity anomaly l which has a relief of about 10 milligals, as compared with a 60 milligal negative anomaly over the major part of the Long Valley depression. The calculated depth to the upper surface of the mag netic body is about 3000 feet below the valley floor, which places the top of the body in the upper part of the Cenozoic section as determined by gravity methods. This mass of dense and magnetic material may represent the buried volcanic or intrusive rock which is the heat source for the various thermal springs in Long Valley." (Cas a Diablo included). l The writers note at this point that if this magnetic mass is the heat source then the Long Valley area and Casa Diablo are at an advanced age in the geothermal cycle, A molten heat source ••auld be expected to give ] a magnetic low, not a high. At the Geysers an airborne survey for a private company showed a magnetic low. Note that Casa Diablo is still very active seismically so there still may be molten magma remaining in the partially depleted chamber and collapse may still be going on. At Mono Lake 25 miles north of Long Valley, the Mono Lake basin appears to have had a history similar to Long Valley. The Mono Lake Depression is 20 x 12 miles. Very few seismic epicenters are reported in the Mono Lake area and this may well indicate that the Mono Lake Depression is at an J advanced age in the geothermal cycle and is essentially dead with only some residual heat left. The GRI-Getty-Southern California Edison 6500 foot deep proposed test scheduled for August 1971 will drill out under J the center of the lake from a shoreline location in Sec 17-TIN-R27E. It will be interesting to see what temperatures are encountered, if steam or hot water are found, and if they are, if there is a rapid decline in productivity because of the possible relatively lower tem perature of the heat source.

Continuing with McNitt's writeup he states,

"Rinehart and Ross (written communication, 1962) are of the opinion that the thermal activity at Casa Diablo Hot Springs, as well as in most of the Long Valley area, appears to be localized along steeply dipping to vertical faults that trend north to north west. The writer (McNitt) believes that arcuate faults (underlined

28 J 119"00' EXPLANATION D Cenowie clastic deposita

Pleistocene Bishop tuff of Gilbert (1938) • . ~. Cenozoic rhyolite and quartz latite 1++1 ~ 37"45' Cenozoic andesite and bualt . D " Pre-Tertl&Ir rocb DCJCJ Vertical fault hued on ceophysic:al evidence N

"' ---25Q-:::::---26a--- Gravity contour c-towr i1Uen1ull0 •iUigah 0 Gravity..... low Hot springs numbers refer to table 2 ·. :Stf.F?f?A '' > ,> Gilbert (1941) l7"o45' ' ' ' ~' ''. ¥ ' : ' "' .. t: A1 1.:)~ Rinehart and Ross ~:r:-g (1957. unpublished) -- ~ Q. "' c c ·~ 37"30' 37"30' 119"00' 118"45' 118"30' 11')"00' 111!"30' INDEX TO FIGURE SHOWING GEOLOGY SOURCES

0 Yl 1 .2 3 o4 5 MILES

DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

FIG. 20. (from McNitt) Gravity Anomaly of the Long Valley Structural Depression. by Austins) trending to the northwest from Casa Diablo Hot Springs are suggested by the configuration of the contact between the Tertiary rhyolite and younger Pleistocene units. Moreover, inspec tion of aerial photographs strongly suggests that collapse structures enclosed by arcuate faults are common in the Long Valley depression. If this is correct, then there is a striking similarity between the geologic structure of the Casa Diablo thermal area and the graben structure at The Geysers in Sonoma County."

In September 1966, Mr. Roger Chapman of the California Division of Mines and Geology published a Gravity Map of the Geysers Area in Mineral Infor mation, Vol. 19, No. 9. This map, Fig. 21, shows an elliptical 20 milligal negative anomaly which is 21 miles long and 17 miles wide. The writers in preparation for this report assembled a photo index mosaic of the Geysers Area and found a major elliptical photo anomaly 21 miles long and 15 miles wide: In the case of The Geysers - the long axis of both the aerial photo and gravity ellipses runs North-South at an angle of 45 degrees to the NW trend of the Franciscan metasediments and volcanics as shown in Fig. 22 and 23. Fracturing, faulting and alteration are just in the initial stages along the edges of the Geysers "Magma Chamber." l Therefore the Geysers are at an early stage and probably are still heat ing up in contrast to Long Valley (Casa Diablo) and Mono Lake which appear to be in late stages of development. Figures 24 through 27 illustrate specific features at the Big Geyser area.

As an additional demonstration of the pattern which should be looked for in aerial photo exploration for geothermal prospects, the Island Park 1 Caldera of rhyolite and basalt in Eastern Idaho is cited. This area is described by Warren Hamilton in the USGS Prof. Paper 504c 1963, and is shown in detail in Fig. 15.

Hamilton states that, "The Island of the Snake River Lava Plain, is an elliptical collapse structure 18 x 23 miles in diam eter that "ras dropped from the center of a shield volcano composed 1 of rhyolite ash flows. The western semicircle of the Caldera margin is a single scarp in the northtvest and a ·composite scarp in the southwest. (Note by writers- Scarp is 1200 feet high). J Rhyolite domes and lava flows were extruded along the western rim during and after the period of collapse. The eastern semicircle of the Caldera scarp has been covered completely by rhyolite ash flows, domes, and lava flows that ,;rere extruded along it. The caldera is filled in upward succession by rhyolite ash flows, interbedded rhyolite ash flows, olivine-basalt lava flows, and flows of olivine basalt alone. Rhyolite domes protrude through the basalt .•. The Island Park Caldera is part of the Snake River Yellowstone province of intense Pliocene and Quaternary volcanism of olivine basalt and rhyolite. In this province, as in other bimodal volcanic provinces, rhyolite and basalt erupted from vents interspersed in both time and space, and simul-taneous eruptions of

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FIG. 22. Unretouched Composite Photomosaic of The Big Geysers Geothermal Area.

32 i

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FIG. 23. Photomosaic of Fig. 22 With the Arcuate Patterns Outlining the l Batholith (Corresponding to a Gravity Low~' and the Smaller Granitic Stock Centers Called Local Geothermal Cells. (Photogeology by Ward Austin, 12 July 1971.)

33 FIG. 24. Looking North Across Big Sulfur Creek Toward The Geysers Power Plant and Showing Roads to Well Sites. Note the two prominent elliptic patterns marked, one of which is an alteration pattern. The pattern which shows the edge of the main underlying batholith is also marked.

34 I

[

FIG. 25. A Closeup of the Elliptical Alteration Pattern of Fig. 24 Showing the Three Power Plant Locations (Arrows). This elliptic pattern is considered the surface expression of the under lying granitic stock heat source for this local geothermal cell.

35 FIG. 26. Looking Northwest Down Sulfur Creek Past a Large Elliptical Pattern Southwest of the Elliptical Alteration Pattern Shown in Detail in Fig. 25. Again note the border structures which mark the western edge of the main batholith.

36 I l . [

- [

FIG. 27. A Closeup of the Nearer Elliptic Pattern at the Bottom of Fig. 26.

l I l . 37 l both from the same or nearby vents are known to have occurred. In the Island Park Caldera, the eruptive sequence and geometry suggest that the large magma chamber contained liquid rhyolite overlying liquid olivine basalt.

Several kinds of evidence indicate that the rhyolite of this and other bimodal volcanic provinces has formed by differentiation of basaltic magma."

In his description of other recognized collapsed calderas, Hamilton refers to the Lake Taupo collapse depression just south of the Wairakei Geothermal field (15 x 20 miles) as shown in Fig. 28 (Grange, 1937), and an oval collapse depression 14 x 28 miles in the volcanic San Juan Moun tains of Colorado (Leudke and Burbank, 1962).

It seems apparent therefore that the means for recognlzlng the limits of a geothermal area (i.e., the outline of the parent magma chamber and the outlines of local cells) have been available for some time though unused. The problem has been that most workers have concentrated on hot springs and the local area immediately surrounding the springs. No aerial photo work has been done, or if it has, it has been in too limited an area to outline the limits of the magma chamber area of interest. Although conveptional scale aerial photography can be utilized in mosaic form to outline 20 x 15 mile or larger features as has been done in this study, the photo anomalies in many cases are so. subtle that a torn-edge-type mosaic disturbs and can confuse the interpreter. Ideal photos would be high altitude at a scale of 1:250,000 or about 1 inch= 4 miles. This would enable an entire anomaly to be seen on one photo. Such photos could be taken using a high altitude photo reconnaissance plane with a short focal length lens. When Skylab is operative, unclassified satel lite photographs can be taken which will be especially valuable in deter mining-the limits of magma chambers related to geothermal deposits and their associated hot springs, as shown by the Gemini III photo S-65-18741 in Fig. 29a and b at an average scale 1:1,500,000 or about 1 inch= 24 miles. As has been noted by other interpreters of satellite photography, the advantage of the extreme high altitude is the elimin'ation of cultural details which can confuse or obscure the surface geological picture and an accentuation of subtle surface anomalies which on conventional scale photos might be missed. As an example, in the highly developed Imperial Valley, culture obscures the aerial photo pattems which appear to out line the limits of the magma chamber supplying the heat for the Niland geothermal steam and brine field, and only the very experienced photo interpreter can readily see the pattem. On satellite photos such as Fig. 29 even untrained observers can see the elliptical patterns. Lacking vertical satellite photography, a photomosaic has been used to develop the elliptic geothermal cell pattems south of the Salton Sea. These are shown in Fig. 30a and b. Figure 31 shows gravity and magnetic data for this area.

38 ,---- ~ ,------.--- .--- ~ ,---.

New Zealand's Main New Zealand's Main Thennal Area Thermal Area ··~

w "' "

FIG. 28. Photo of a Raised Relief Map of New Zealand's North Island Showing Major Elliptic Patterns Reflective of Intrusive Centers at Depth. _,_ 0

(a) (b)

FIG. 29. NASA Satellite Photography From Gemini III of the Cerro Prieto and Salton Sea Areas Showing Prominent Elliptic Patterns Which Outline Centers of Geothermal Activity. I i

I I

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L _.J'<_ See Gemini III ...... ~·~~--=· -.. ~~- Photo S-65-1874 (Fig. 29) I (a) (b)

EIG. 30. Photomosaic of the Salton Sea Geothermal Area Showing the Surface Expression of the Underlying Granitic Stoc~ Heat Source and Magma Chamber Outlines. (Photogeology by Ward Austin, 12 July 1971.) I l l Bouguer-···-- trOYity, "''''' f+-1000) , __ ----900---- Mavnttlc Intensity, ool'hmat --,

Boundry of C02 field 0 I 2 • 4 Scolt In mi\11 TIIS

Salton Sea

TI2S

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RI2E R 13E R 14E R 15 E FIG. 31. (from McNitt) Gravity and Magnetic Data for the Salton Sea Geothermal Area.

vl/_;: ~, .... '·i ~- J .:' f•*A• "' T ,,{

42 Using extreme high altitude or satellite photography, the thermal springs of the United States could be rapidly evaluated and the limits of the heat source magma chambers plotted within approximately 1 years time. The total number of magma related springs recognized to date are listed by state as follows:

Hot springs Estimated number significant (specific locations primary thermal cells State in appendix) (Batholiths)

Alaska 70 15 Arizona 21 7 Arkansas 6 2 California 182 20 Colorado 44 15 Hawaii 8 5 Idaho 196 15 Montana 40 9 Nevada 152 15 New Mexico 38 5 Oregon 86 11 South Dakota 4 1 Utah 57 5 Washington 16 4 Wyoming 116 6 Total 1,006 135

An estimate of the total number of significant magma chambers (primary thermal cells) which might be plotted by using high altitude type photography is 135. This could best be accomplished by selecting 250 center points for high altitude photos. The photo mission might take an average of 2 days per state or a total of 30 days including retakes. The actual time would depend on weather conditions, but if properly scheduled should take no more than 60 days. Interpretation time would probably average two areas per day or an estimated total of 1,000 man hours (about 7 months). Drafting and report time would add another 3 months so the entire project could be completed in 1 year. Larger scale aerial photographs, 1 inch= 1 mile and 6 inches = 1 mile, will be used for the detailed exploration of areas of interest selected for possible geothermal development.

43 I I Comparison of Areas

With the introduction to the use of aerial photos as an exploration l tool, the 9 points used in the comparison of 10 areas will be reviewed.

1. Dimensions of possible magma chambers (Primary Thermal Cells or Batholiths) through the use of high altitude photography, combinations of overflights and relief or topographic maps have been determined as follows: Dimensions of primary thermal Area cell (Batholith) I a. Larderello 35 x 25 miles (see Fig. 32) b. Wairakei 20 x 15 miles (see Fig. 28) c. The Geysers 20 x 15 miles (see Fig. 23) d. Coso Hot Springs, NWC 24 x 16 miles (see Fig. 9)

e. Niland 25 x 20 m~les (see Fig. 30) f. Cerro Prieto 36 x 26 miles (see Fig. 29, 33) g. Long Valley, Casa Diablo 23 x 12 miles (see Fig. 19, 20) h. Mono Lake 20 x 12 miles (see Fig. 19) i. Beowawe 35 x 25 miles (see Fig. 44) j. Island Park Caldera 23 x 18 miles (see Fig. 15)

2. Dimensions of local surface hot areas (local thermal cells related to stocks or apoplyses which rise above the main magma chamber) have been identified as follows: Area Dimensions of local thermal cell

a. Larderello District, 3 productive cells 6 X 9' 6 X 7 and 6 x 7 miles J b. Wairakei 5 X 6 miles

c. The Geysers 4 X 6 miles J d. Coso Hot Springs, NWC 4 X 6 ~iles e. Niland 6 mile diameter f. Cerro Prieto 6 x 7 miles g. Long Valley (Casa Diablo) 5 mile diameter h. Mono Lake 5 x 6 miles J i. Beowawe 3 to 7 mile diameter j. Island Park Caldera 5 x 6 miles

44 0 /

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- J \ I l FIG. 33. Structural Pattern of the Cerro Prieto District Showing Local Geothermal Cells and Approximately Two Thirds of the Underlying Batholithic Pattern.

46 3. Stratigraphy of the Prospect Area with a note on the host (reservoir) and seal (cap rock).

a. Larderello (Fig. 34)

Lower Jura to Oligocene: Shales, Serpentines and exotic blocks of rock 250 to 400 feet (impermeable seal) Unconformity Upper Triassic: Anhydritic dolomite, limestone (cavernous) - 160 to 1200 feet thick (very permeable reservoir) Permian: Quarzites and schists - unknown thickness Carboniferous: Phylladic schists and gneiss Deepest test Cantiera #12: Total depth 9,020 feet in gneiss High temperatures only in the reservoir rock indicating the center of the heat source is off to one side (see Fig. 32)

b. Wairakei (Fig. 35-37)

Quaternary Pumice - 80 to 200 feet Breccia - 175 to 250 feet Huka formation - 300 to 700 feet Siltstone, pumiceous sands tone, diatomite ,(impermeable seal) Waiora formation - 2,800 feet Pumice breccia, nonwelded lapilli, crystal and vitric tuff, fractured (permeable, primary and secondary reservoir rock) Wairakei ignimbrite - unknown thickness Welded crystal tuff permeable in fractures only Deepest test - 4,000 feet

47 l

Scale 1: 100 000

l J

I I lleogene

11111111111111 "Schiotoee c~o• l ~ OligoceDe - Cret.ceouo - Juraooic - L1aoo1c J ~drite oeriea 1 J

FIG. 34. (from Burgassi) Section of the Geotectonic Scheme of the Larderello Region. Note the cross sectional similarity to the general block diagram of the granitic stock heat source deposit of Fig. 3.

48 BAY OF PLE TY

Rhyolite .. ·.. . Hot Sprlugs ..• ,..

FIG. 35. Location Map Showing Hot Springs and Rhyolite Extrusives of the Wairakei'Area of New Zealand. (From J. Healy in Volume 2, New Sources of Energy, United Nations, 1961.) 49 e Roecn1ly actiw rhyolite d<>mc ~Hoi""""" pumice: pyroclouicdcpo

FIG. 36. Generalized Geological Map of the Wairakei Area. (From G. I.J. Grindley in Volume 2, New Sources of Energy, United Nations, 1961.)

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51 c. The Geysers (Fig. 21, 22 and 23)

Case (1) Northside of a fault; area of initial development around surface hot springs, deepest test - 8,690 feet Jura - Cretaceous meta-sediments and meta-volcanics Franciscan formation, (a) Hydrothermally altered graywacke - 0 to 400 feet This is seal portion of the self- scaling reservoir pointed out by G. Facca in Bulletin Volcanologique Tome XXX 1967 p. 271-273.

(b) Highly fractured and less altered gray<

Case (2) Southside of fault Hith no surface hot springs Jura-Cretaceous. Meta sedimentary and volcanics Franciscan formation - 0 to 4,500 feet deep Altered graywacke Siltstone facies (impermeable seal) - 2,000 feet thickness (4,500 - 6,500 feet) Highly fractured less altered graywacke (reservoir rock) - From 6,500 feet to total depth J

d. Coso Hot Springs, NHC (Fig. 9 and 38 through 42)

Only one shalloH test has been drilled here so details are lacking for depths beyond a few tens of feet in exposed granites and beyond a depth of 375 feet in alluvium covered granites. Quarternary alluvium 185 feet l Heathered cretaceous granite 24 feet Altered granite 65 feet Hydrothermally altered granite 5 feet Slightly altered granite 20 feet Heavily fractured altered granite 25 feet Hydrothermally altered granite with clay 10 feet Altered granite 40 feet j Total depth 375 feet

52 I I I ,1/

I.I l l

. l)

FIG. 38. Looking North-Northwest Across the Coso Thermal Area From Sugarloaf (Glass Mountain) to Owens Lake in the Distance. The Sierra front is in the upper and left portion of the photo which clearly shows the dome-like topography of the Coso area. Arrows mark the three major areas of steam leakage with Devils Kitchen on the west, ·.] the Nicol area in the center, and the Coso resort area on the right.

53 I ]

FIG. 39. North Portion of the Coso Thermal Area j With Haiwee Reservoir and Owens Lake on the Left. Subsurface ground water recharge enters the Coso area from Rose Valley on the left. Owens Lake (dry and saline playa) provides potential storage l for well effluents of possible value to industry.

54 i ~_j FIG. 40. Looking Northwest Along the Wilson Canyon Fault Zone and Airport Lake Playa. This northwest trending fracture is the southern boundary of the active Coso thermal area (see mosaic of Fig. 9).

55 ' )

FIG. 41. Looking Northwest Along the Projection of the Wilson Canyon Fault Zone to the North'"est. Note the prominent alignment of the fault in Hilson Canyon, Airport Lake Playa which is bounded by faulting, and the alignment of crushed zones (valleys and meadows) extending west into the ' l Sierra to well beyond the south fork of the Kern River. This fracture zone is the southern bound ary of the currently active geothermal cells. The strong C02 leakage of this zone near Little l Lake (Soda Hill) substantiates the hypothesis that local geothermal activity in the Coso thermal area has moved progressively south with time. I

56 FIG. 42. Looking Southeast From the Coso Thermal Area to Beyond Searles Lake (upper right portion of photo). Shown in detail are complexly step faulted basalt-flows which are marginal to both extensive collapse of eastern part of Coso thermal area and arcuate fractures further east. See mosaic of Fig. 9 for detailed structural relations in basalt flows.

57 Dr. G. Facca reports in the Bulletin Volcanologique, Tome XXXIII-1, 1969, p. 119-112 in his article on Geophysical Investigations in the Self Sealing Geothermal Fields that: : I "Mr. J. B. Koenig reports that in the Coso Hot Springs area, detailed magnetic traverses have resulted in the recognition of magnetic signatures" of the major rock types in the area, and in : l the probable recognition of their hydrothermally altered equivalents. Hydrothermal alteration is expressed as magnetic lows, due to destruction and removal of magnetite from the rocks by heated fluids. l In some areas, in a linear zone to the west and especially south of Coso Hot Springs, magnetic lows in areas of relatively fresh granite are believed to be caused by concealed or buried hydrothermal alter ation. That is, areas in which the heated fluids did not ascend to the present surface. ' 1 Geochemical traverses have determined mercury "leakage" along zones of heat alteration at the surface. Similar traverses will be necessary over the areas of "blind" magnetic lows. l A test well drilled into the fault zone to a depth of 375 feet revealed intense hydrothermal alteration, and a shallow, probably perched water table. Alteration of granite rocks has resulted in kaolinization of feldspar, and destruction of mafic minerals. Quartz, alone, remains unaffected.

Electrical resistivity and gravimetric surveys have been planned J for the area. Three conclusions can be pointed out from the observations in J the Ahuachapan (El Salvador) and Coso geothermal areas:

(1) Rock alterations can be usefully investigated by resis tivity and magnetic surveys and the two methods should be used 1 concurrently.

(2) The self-sealed areas in volcanic rocks can be detected by those low-cost geophysical methods, once the self-sealing process has been demonstrated by the geochemical investigations.

(3) The geochemical investigations are needed in programming and interpreting the geophysical surveys. The geological and geo chemical studies are the starting points of any geothermal explo ration programme." l l

58 I'

e. Niland, Imperial Valley, California (Fig. 3Q, 3L an~ 43)

Plio - Pleistocene Non marine sediments 1,685 feet .. ~ Upper Miocene Harine Imperial formation 1,800 feet Claystones with oyster shell reefs Alverson andesite 320 feet Middle Hiocene Split Mountain formation 1,521 feet drilled Non marine clastics Total depth 5,326 feet

The envelope of hydrothermal alteration started in this well at 4,700 feet.

Note that there are five volcanic domes along a 5-rnile-long east [ northeast trending arc. The composition is acidic, with one obsidian dome pnd four pumice and perlite domes (similar to those found at the Coso Hot Springs, N\VC).

. 'II f. Cerro Prieto, Mexico

75,000 kw plan under construction. There has been no detailed report on Cerro Prieto yet. It is known that the development is adjacent to a volcanic hill and that the sedimentary section should be similar to that found at Niland (Fig. 33) and the origin and heat source are of the same type.

15 wells drilled to 4,500 feet. Average well 500,000 lbs/hr brine of which 120,000 lbs per hour flashes to steam. The estimated water flow rate is 255 gal/sec. j ] J 59 l l

I FIG. 43. View of Niland Geothermal Area Looking Southwest and Showing Areas of Volcanic Eruptions ) Which Prove the Granitic Stock Heat Source Nature of this Geothermal Deposit.

., I l

60 g. Long Valley (Casa Diablo Hot Springs)

Wells penetrate a mixture of hydrothermally altered sediments and rhyolite, Of the nine wells drilled at Casa Diablo in modern times, [ some data has been found regarding eight of them. Well Total depth,- ft Endogenous 1 630 Endogenous 2 810 Endogenous 3 570 Endogenous 4 513

( Endogenous 5 405 I Endogenous 6 756 Endogenous 7 650 r Chance No. 1 1,200 Data from drillers logs show:

Endogenous No. 1 - grey white opalite, 201-205 and 205-218 feet [ Endogenous No. 2 - grey and white or grey opalite, 191 to 291 feet Endogenous No. 3 - at 144-254 ft is clay sand, 276 feet rhyolite, 453-455 grey rhyolite, 455-457 grey rhyolite, bottomed in green brown opalite and geyserite Endogenous No. 4 - brown and grey clay and gravel 0-38 feet, 224 feet in grey and white opalite

! h. Mono Lake Well reportedly drilled, no production. Expect Quaternary lake deposits, Quaternary rhyolite, andesite, basalt, etc. similar to mate [ rials exposed by the 59,813 foot long Los Angeles Hater and Power Co. (LAWP) tunnel beneath and through the Mono Craters. This tunnel, driven at depths of up to 2,000 feet, cut volcanics, sediments and granite rocks and was largely below the water table which was highly charged with • co 2

i. Beowawe (Fig. 44 and 45)

Bedrock is basaltic andesite. A private firm has drilled several l shallow steam wells on the south rim of a 5 mile diameter collapsed dome. l 61 •

(a) (b)

FIG. 44. Photomosaic (a) and Mosaic With Structural Patterns (b) Showing Both the Outline of the Batholith at Beowawe and the Local Geothermal Cells Above the Batholith. (Photogeology by Ward Austin, 12 July 1971.)

62 . \ [ l

l )

FIG. 45. Looking Southeast Across Beowawe and Illustrating a Local Geothermal Cell (circular pattern) and the Far Rim of the Batholith Pattern. l

..l J J 63 .J j. Island Park Caldera

If drilled in collapsed part of the Caldera. \

Upper Pleistocene \ Basalt flows I I Basalt flows interlayered with rhyolite ash flows Rhyolite ash flows Rhyolite domes The one warm spring reported is in sec. 6, T. 9N., R. 44E. adjacent to the Warm River and located on a rhyolite dome. I

4. Local Seismic Activity )

a. Larderello Active area b. Wairakei Very active area c. The Geysers Active area d. Coso Hot Springs, NWC Active area e. Niland Active area f. Cerro Prieto Active area g. Long Valley Cas a Diablo Very active locally J h. Mono Lake Very little activity reported i. Beowawe (No data) j . Island Park (No data)

5. Developed area in relation to local thermal cell of Item 2

a .. Larderello District 10 sq miles out of three cells totaling 67 sq miles b. Wairakei 7 sq miles in 35 sq mile area l c. The Geysers 10 sq miles in 30 sq mile area Note that since steam has been found east of The Geysers in the Castle Rock area adjacent to Anderson Springs (temp. 63°F), cooler spring areas should be investigated as well. d. Coso Hot Springs, NHC Undeveloped - would estimate 15 sq miles in 36 sq mile area

64 ~ ) I

r,. e. Niland Shut in. 6 sq miles in area of 19 sq miles f. Cerro Prieto 1/2 sq mile in estimated 20 sq mile area g. Long Valley, Estimate 1 sq mile in area of Casa Diablo 15 sq mile h. Mono Lake Undeveloped i. Beowawe Less than 1 sq mile in 20 sq I mile area j. Island Park No investigation and no drilling

6. Maximum production as an indication of the ground water flow I ' a. Larderello - 365,000 kw 160 wells produce steam at the calculated rate of 740 gal/sec. I Surface water is scarce. Despite the obvious excess of with . ·' drawal over local rainfall recharge the field has been producing since 1912. Note that it has been calculated that for a 25,000 kw plant about 1,000 to 2,000 gpm of water is required or 16 gal/sec. For Larderello this would be 240 gal/sec with a local estimated recharge of only about 32 gal/sec. Obviously there must be additional water available from some source and even allowing for some flow from outside the area it is almost essen tial to call on fluids expelled from the magmatic heat source. Steam temperature - 266 to 446°F Steam pressures - 71 to 390 psig

b. Wairakei- 160,000 kw In 1961 a test of the 7 sq mile field showed a flow of 230 gal/ sec of 15% steam and 85% hot water with less pressure drop than expected. Obviously there is some water coming into the system l not related to the local ground water. Well depths - 574 to 3,200 feet Steam and hot

c. The Geysers - 83,000 kw with 633,000 kw projected (Will probably exceed 1,000,000 kw) The current production estimate is 80 wells producing with the potential flo

65 d. Coso Hot Springs, NWC- Untested Unknown. The estimated 160 gal/sec ground water flowing into the area far exceeds the known outflow and an interesting question is ''Where has the water gone?"

e. Niland-Imperial Valley - Undeveloped l Estimate that the nine completed wells could produce steam and hot water at the rate of 92 gal/sec. Note that the first well produced 5,700 lb/hr of steam and 250,000 lb/hr of hot water.

f. Cerro Prieto - Unknown I

g. Long Valley (Casa Diablo) - Undeveloped

Temp, Pressure, Steam, Water Well No. * OF psig gal/sec gal/sec Endogenous No. 1 298 39 2.31 15.80 l Endogenous No. 2 358 38.5 1.50 7. 77 Endogenous No. 3 315 30 0.63 11.00 Mammoth No. 1 270 7.5 0.83 15.70 5.27 50.27 *Note that wells were tested singly, ·not all at the same time.

Total fluid flow equivalent 55.54 gal/sec from less than 1 sq I mile of area.

h. Mono Lake - Unknown

i. Beowawe - Unknown Five shallow wells drilled produced steam and water but were rapidly plugged by bore hole precipitation of.solid minerals.

j. Island Park- Unknown

7. Average rainfall as an indication of water recharge (exclusive of ground water migration) I

a. Larderello 29 inches b. Wairakei 50 inches (calculated to be equiv. to 61 gal/sec recharge) c. The Geysers 36 inches

66 -r ' d. Coso Hot Springs, NWC 5 inches e. Niland 2. 3 inches f. Cerro Prieto 4.0 inches g. Long Valley Casa Diablo 5. 0 inches h. Mono Lake 5.0 inches i. Beowawe 6. 45 inches l j. Island Park 12 inches (estimated) 8. Chemical analysis of waters associated with geothermal systems.

Tables 1 through 9 give the chemical analyses of waters associated with the nine areas. No data are available on I the Island Park area. 9. Mineral deposition in the producing or prospect areas

a. Larderello The Larderello district was originally developed as a source for boric acid. Mercury, antimony and sulphur deposits are reported.

b. Wairakei Pyrite is the only metallic sulfide identified at Wairakei. . .I:J Some sinter contains a little gold and silver. There have been incidents of livestock deaths north of Wairakei because of the high arsenic content in some of the thermal waters.

c. The Geysers

) The Mayacamas quicksilver district lies adjacent to the south edge of The Geysers area and turbine condensers consis J tently produce small quantities of metallic mercury. Table 10 gives results of analyses of samples from various locations at j The Geysers. d. Coso Hot Springs Table 11 gives results of analyses of samples from the Devils Kitchen and Coso Resort steam wells.

e. Niland Table 12 gives results of analyses of samples from two locations at Niland.

f. Cerro Prieto - Unknown

·-JI

67 ------

g. Long Valley (Casa Diablo) Table 13 gives results of analyses of samples from two locations at Casa Diablo. l

h. Mono Lake Table 14 gives results of an analysis of tufa samples from Mona Lake.

i. Beowawe Table 14 gives results of an analysis of samples from the Beowawe Geysers. l j. Island Park- Unknown

68 TABLE 1. Chemical Analyses of Waters Associated With Larderello, Wairakei and The Geysers Areas in ppm. 8 Location: Larderello, Italy Well #4 Wairakei, N.Z.b Well #5 Wairakei, N.Z.c The Geysers, Calif.d The Geysers, Calif.e Water Type.: S04HC03 (C1) C1 HCOJ-S04 HCOJ-804 Acid Sulfate System Type: hot water hot water vapor dominated (?) vapor dominated vapor dominated

Si0 386 191 66 225 2 ... Al Trace ...... 14 Fe Trace ...... 63 Mn ...... 1.4 As ...... Ca ... 26 12 58 47 Mg 5.0 < 0.1 1.7 108 281 Na 56.6 1,130 230 18 lZ K 32.0 146 17 6 5 Li ... 12 1.2 ...... NH4 19.0 0.9 0.2 111 1,400 H ...... 9.5 HC0 89.7 670 176 0 3 35 co ... 0 (?) . \0 3 ...... "' 137.4 so4 35 11 766 s. 710 C1 42.6 1,930 2. 7 1.5 0.5 F ... 6.2 3.7 ...... Br ...... NOJ ...... B 13.9 26 0.5 15 3.1 H S 2 ... 1.1 0 0 ... Total Reported 396.2 3,750 1,140 1,330 7,770

pH ... 8.6 6.7 neutral 1.8+- Temperature, °C 300 228+- high 100 boiling (?) ----- 8 Deepest well of hot-water field on south border Larderello steam fields (Cataldi and others, 1969). Original analysis in ppa, supplied by R. Cataldi, 1970. bTypical of shallow Wairakei system; 375 meters deep with maximum temperature of 24s•c (Banwell and others, 1957). Analysia by Wilson; also contains 11 ppm free co (Wilson, 1955; quoted in White and others, 1963, p. F40). 2 cWestern part of Wairakei field (Wilson, 1955, quoted in White and other•, 1963, p. F47). Similar to •ome water. of vapor-do.inated systems; 467 meters deep, maximum 21rc at 271 meters. ~itches Cauldron, White and others, 1963, p. F47, modified from Allen and Day, 1927. eDevils Kitchen, White and others, 1963, p. F46, modified from Allen and Day, 1927. 1 ' I

TABLE 2. Analysis of Fluid Emissions in the Coso Thermal Area. I

Coso bath Coso mineral Constituent mud, % water, ppm I

Si0 50.50 458.0 3 l Al 0 20.16 570.4 2 3 Fe o 1.44 13.6 2 3 I Ti0 0.80 2 CaO 0.68 (

CaS0 227.6 4 MgO 0.20 ' l

MgS0 5,153.0 4 ] K 0 1.45 2 K 95.8 2so4 l Na 0 0.45 2 -] NaCl 3.8

Cl 0.13 Na 1,840.0 J 2so4 B205 nil nil l P205 trace 0.7 S0 1.39 3 I C0 0.42 2 Total dissolved I 8,362.9 solids I

70 TABLE 3. Analysis of Waters in the Coso Thermal Area.

Location and water appearance

Main spring, Mud bath pit, Main spring area, estimated% residue ppm estimated% residue

Analysis Small Stone- Main stream Concrete Stone- cribbed Edge of Spring South 1876 1910 spring, east of pier, iron- cribbed well, east pond, north end, end, clear shelter, stained well, clear of shelter, deep red milk white clear clear red -

Constituent: Na ...... 49 81 .1-1 1 1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 .1 .1-1 K ...... 11 12 1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 .1-1 Li ...... trace ...... NH4 ...... trace ...... Ca ...... 45 59 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Mg ...... 2.4 34 1-10 1-10 1-10 1 1 1 1 1-10 Fe ...... 122 83 1 1-10 1-10 1 1 1 1 1-10 AI ...... 201 56 10 1-10 1 1 1 1 1-10 1-10 H ...... 16 12 ...... 504 ...... 2,308 1,400 ...... ·No 3 ...... trace 0 ...... CJ ...... trace 40 ...... C03 ...... 0 0 ...... 802 ...... 0 ...... P04 ...... trace trace ...... Si04 ...... 411 ...... Si ...... 1-10 10 10 1-10 1 1-10 1 1-10 Mn ...... 1 .1 .1 .1 .01-.1 .01·.1 .01 .1 Sr ...... 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .01-.1 .1 Cu ...... 01-.1 .01-.1 .01-.1 .01 .01 .01-.1 .01·.1 .01-.1 Zn ...... - .01-.1 .01 .01 .01 ·. .01 .01 .01 .01 Ba ...... 01 .01 .01-. 1 .1 .01-.1 .01 .001·.01 .01 8 ...... - . .. .01-.1 .01-.1 .01 .01 .01 .001-.01 .01 .001-.01 Pb ...... 01 ... .01 . .01 .01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .01 Sn ...... 01 .01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001 .001 .001-.01 .001-.01 v ...... 01 .001 .001 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001 .001 .001 Ti ...... 01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001·.01 .001-.01 Ni ...... 01 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001-.01 .001 Cr ...... 001-.01 .001 .001·.01 .001 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 Bi ...... 001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 Ga ...... 001 ...... Be ...... trace trace trace trace ...... trace trace Ag ...... 0001-.001 .0001 .0001-.001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 Total dissolved solids, ppm ... 2,754.4 2,188 7,000 2,300 4,100 3,700 3.600 4,300 6.900 10.000

71 TABLE 4. Recent Analysis of Waters at Coso Thermal Area. - Location and date

22/39-4K3 Coso No. 1 Analysis 22/39-7J1 22/39-4K5 22/39-4K4 Condensed 22/39-4K2 drilled well Spring, 1960 Well, 1961 Well, 1961 steam from Spring, 1960 at 375 h, well, 1960 1967° I Constituent, ppm:

Si02 ...... 326 306 326 203 202 50 Fe ...... 28 9.0 5.5 0.06 0.09 0.15 AI ...... 44 3.8 2.3 0.11 1.4 ... Ca ...... 18 44 28 17 98 72.8 Mg ...... 81 19 12 6.2 25 0.5 Na ...... 14 36 30 25 81 1,764 l K ...... 28 9.2 8.8 8.6 23 154 HC03 ...... 134.2 C03 ...... 84 504 ...... 1.450 1,270 947 133 528 38 Cl ...... 375 275 1 6.5 2,790 F ...... 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 3.70 .NOa ...... 3.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 8.1 7.1 B ...... 0.6 ... 0.11 ...... 48 Mo ...... 1.7 ... 0.8 ...... 0.0 Li ...... 0.1 ... 0 ...... P04 ...... 0 0.10 ...... 0.4 Br ...... 1.8 3.4 ...... As ...... 0 0 ...... Mo ...... 0.004 0.004 ...... I ...... 0.003 0.006 ...... Cu ...... 0.0 ·Total dissolved solids, ppm .... 2,260 2,060 1,070 443 1,030 l,744 J pH ...... 2.:i 1.2 2.1 4.5 4.0 8.9 Temp., °F ...... 206 115 173 201 78 240

a NWC analysis.

72 j I TABLE 5. Analysis of Fluids and Alteration Products in the Coso Thermal Area.

Locat,ion

Resort, Resort, ·Devil's Devil's Resort, Devil's shallow shallow Kitchen, Re-:-ort, Kitchen, shallow Kitchen, Analysis well next well at green red clear steam siliceous to fault old steam siliceous mud pool well residue scarp bath residue

% Residue on evaportation to dryness %of sample

Constituent: Si ...... 10-100 10-100 10-100 10-100 10-100 10-100 10-100 Fe ...... 3-30 3-30 3-30 .1-1 1-10 1-10 AI ...... 1-10 1-10 1-10 3-30 1-10 3-30 3-30 Ca ...... 3-3 .1-1 .1-1 1-10 .03-.3 .01-.1 .1-1 Mg ...... 1-1 .3-3 .3-3 .3-3 .01-.1 .003-.03 .1-1 Na ...... 03-.3 .3-3 .1-1 1-10 .01-.1 .03-.3 .1-1 K ...... 3·3 .1-1 .1-1 3-30 . .. .3-3 .3-3 Mo ...... 0003·.003 .0003-.003 ...... Zn ...... 003-.03 .01·.1 ...... Sn ...... 01·.1 .001·.01 .001-.01 .003-.03 Co ...... 001-.01 . .. .0003-.003 . .. Sc ...... 0003-.003 . .. .0003-.003 .003-.03 y ...... 001-.01 . .. B ...... 3-3 .03·.3 ... .1·1 .01·.1 .003-.03 .001-.01 Mn ...... 003-.03 .03·.3 .03-.3 .1·1 .001-.01 .0003-.003 .003-.03 Ag ...... 0003-.003 Cu ...... 003-.03 .01-.1 .003-.03 .01-.1 .003-.03 .003-.03 .003-.03 Ti ...... 03-.3 .1-1 .1-1 .1·1 .1-1 .3·3 .3-3 Sr ...... 01-.1 .003·.03 .003-.03 .003-.03 .01-.1 .03-.3 .03-.3 Ni ...... 003-.03 .0003·.003 .0003-.003 .003-.03 .001-.01 .003-.003 .001-.01 v ...... 001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .003-.03 .003-.03 Pb ...... 001-.01 .001-.01 .003-.03 .03·.3 .001-.01 .01-.1 .003-.03 Ba ...... 003-.03 .01·.1 .01-.1 .01-.1 .01·.1 .3·3 .03-.3 Ga ...... 001-.01 .001·.01 .001-.01 .001-.01 .0003-.003 .003-.03 .001-.01 Cr ...... 0003-.003 .0003-.003 .0003-.003 .001-.01 .0003-.003 .001-.01 .003-.03 Zr ...... 0003-.003 .003-.03 .003-.03 .003-.03 .01-.1 .03-.3 .003-.03 Be ...... 0003-.003 .001·.01 .0003-.003 ...... Total dissolved solids, ppm . . . . 2.500- 2.800 2.800 2,700 ...... pH ...... 1.5 4.5 4.5 ...... Temp., °F ...... 176 203 203 ......

73 ·l I

TABLE 6. Water Analysis of Samples From Coso No. 1 Drill Hole Taken at Depth of 375 Feet.

Sample 1 was taken from the well discharge (clear water) at completion of drilling after blowing the well with compressed air for over 1 hour. Samples 2 and 3 were teken after the well was idll3 for 7 months. Sample 2 is from the first and t:1ird bailer, and Sample 3 from the 13th and 14th bailer. I Sample No. Data 2 3 I Data: Sample t&ken ...... 27 Jun. 67 Mar. 68 Mar. 68 Analysis ...... 12 Jul. to 16Apr.68 16Apr.68 3 Aug. 67 Temp., °F ...... 240 287 287 Constituent, ppm: Ca •• 0 •••••••••••••••• 72.8 359.0 74.4 l Mg ...... 0.5 0.6 1.0

Na •••••••••••••••••• 0 1,764 2,808.0 1,632.0 K ...... 164 172.0 244.0 ca3 ...... 84 50.4 77.4 HC03 ...... 134.2 0.0 0.0 504 ...... 38 216.0 52.8 Cl ...... 2,790 3,681.0 3,042.0 N03 ...... 7.1 trace trace N02 ...... negative negative Si02 ...... ····· ..... 50 27.0 164.0 F ...... 3.70 1.60 2.20 8 ...... 48 57.42 71.60 Fe ...... ····· ...... 0.15 Mn ...... 0.0 P04 ...... ········ .... 0.4° 0.23 0.88 l cu ...... 0.0 OH ...... 76.2 1.7 Br ...... 4.67 2.55 As ...... 0.94 7.50

NH4 ...... trace trace Hg ...... 1.4 0.0 Synthetic detergents, apparent ABS ...... 0.290 Total dissolved solids, ppm ...... 5,744 6,894.0 5,228.0 pH ...... 8.9 9.8 8.5 Analytical laboratory ...... Navy Horn kohl Hornkohl a Ortho. j

74 .I I

i TABLE 7. Analyses of Fluid From Wells in the I Salton-Mexicali ·Geothermal Province.

Salton Sea Cerro Prieto geothermal field geothermal field

I. I. D. No. la I. I. D. No. 2b M-Sc M-8c

Sodium 50,400 53,000 5,820 6,100 Potassium 17,500 16,500 1,570 1,860 ~I ) Lithium 215 210 19 17 Ribidium 135 70 ...... Calcium 28,000 28,800 280 390 Magnesium 54 10 8 6 Stronium 400 440 ...... Barium 235 250 ...... Iron 2,290 2,000 0.2 ... Manganese 1,400 1,370 ...... Zinc 540 500 ...... 9.lc 15c • I Boron 390 390 Chlorine 155,000 155,000 10 ,420 11,750 ] Fluorine 15 ...... Bromine 120 ... 14.1 14.3 ] Iodine 18 ... 3.1 3.2 Silica 400 400 740 770 Sulfate 5.4 ... 0.0 0.0 b Hydrogen sulfide 16 . . . 700 ... Bicarbonate > 150 690b 73 890 Carbon dioxide ...... 1,600 ...

Total as reported 258,973 259,000 19,018 21,915

~ite, 1968, Table 1. b Halgeson, 1968, Table 1; HC0 calculated from total co of 500 ppm; 3 2 J total sulfur given as 30 ppm. cSpiewak, et al, 1970, Table II; boron calculated from H Bo . J 3 4 75 J J TABLE 8. Chemical Constituents of Fluids From Casa Diablo Wells in ppm.

Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Mammoth Endogenous Endogenous No. la No. 1b No. za No. lb No. 4C No. 4d

Si0 250 278 256 292 200 0.8 2 Ca ... 2 . .. 30 4 . .. Mg . . . tr . . .. tr...... Na 380 236 375 247 308 5 K 47 62 45 71 32 ... 1 Li . . . 4 ... 3 0.3 . .. Fe . . . 5 . . . 4 ...... I Al . . . 2 . .. 1 ...... J B I ... 60 . .. 49 11 0.3 Cl 276 266 276 301 227 5 l so4 61 108 62 124 96 2 H S 11 2 ...... 14 J F ...... 20 . ..

NH2 ...... 0.1 0.5 C0 ...... 180 205 2 l As ...... 0.2 . .. pH 8.86 7.5 8.61 8.0 6.5 4.9

Analyst: Abbot A. Hanks, Inc., San Francisco. a Sample taken from

76 TABLE 9. Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Water Residue from Mono Lake and Beowawe.

Location Emission spectrographic Clear Watera Clear Waterb analysis, % Sample from Sample from Mono Lake Beowawe

10 - 100 Na Na,Si

3 - 30

1 - 10 B K

.3- 3 B

.1- .1 Mg Li

• 03 - .3 Si,Li A1

.01 - .1 Al Mg,Ca,Fe

.003 - .03 Ca W(?) ,Cu

.001 - .01 Cu Ti,V,Mo,Sr

.0003 - .003 Fe Cr,Ba,Ni,Ga,Mn

C0 seep on north shore of Mono Lake, in line with Paohoe ~ear 2 Island and Mono Craters. Temperature 88.5°C, pH 9.5, dissolved solids 63,900 ppm. b Beowawe Geysers, Nevada, Magma #1 well. Temperature 95°C, pH < 1. 0, dissolved solids 920 ppm.

77 TABLE 10. Analyses of Sinter Samples of Mineral Deposition at The Geysers.

Location Emission spectrographic Old well on 200 ft Upstream On Wild Well Main Springs on Castle Rock analysis, % a hillside from resort bath Flat Central Flat Springs

10 - 100 ... Mg,Si Si Si,Fe ' Al 3 - 30 B,Na,Si,Fe Al Mg Al Si,Fe 1 - 10 Mg Fe,Ti Fe ... K • 3 - 3 Al,K,Ca ' K,Ca Al K,Ti Ti ...., 00 .1 - 1 ... Na,Mn B,Ca ...... 03- .3 Ti,As,Pb,Li Cr,Ni Ti,Cr,Ni,Na Mg,Ba Cr,Ba,Na .01 - 1 Cr,Ni,Cu B,Ba,Cu ... Na,Cr,V,Zr,Ca V,Sr,Mg,Ca . 003 - .03 V ,Mn, Sr ,Ba Co,V,Sr,Zr V,Mn,Cu,Sr Cu Ga .001 - .01 Co,Sn Sc Co,Ba Sr,Sc,Ni,Mn Mn,Ni,Cu,Zr,Sc .0003 - .003 Zr,Ga Ga,Ag Ga,Sc Ga ...

a01d hot spring deposit - cinnabar and native mercury.

,___,_ ~ L~-~ ~ TABLE 11. Analyses of Mineral Deposition at Coso.

Location Emission spectrographic Devils Coso Resort analysis, % Kitchen Steam Wells (sinter sample) (red gunk sample)

10 - 100 Si Si 3 - 30 Al Al 1 - 10 Fe Fe .3 - 3 K,Ti,Ba K,Ti .1 - 1 Mg,Na,Ca .03 - .3 Sr,Na,Zr Ba,Sr .01 - .1 Pb,Ca .003 - .03 B,Mg,V,Cu,Ga Cr,Y,Pb,Sn,Mn,Cu,Zr .001 - .01 Cr,Y,Sn B,Ga,Ni_,Sc .0003 - .003 Mn,Co,Ni,Sc Ag

TABLE 12. Analyses of Mineral Deposition at Niland.

Location Emission spectrographic Discharge pipe of Mud volcano 1/2 mile east analysis, % Sportsman #1 well of Sportsman #1 well (sinter sample) (mud sample)

10 - 100 Si Na 3 - 30 Fe,Cu 1 - 10 B,Na,Ca .3 - 3 Al,K,Mn K,Si .1 - 1 Ag,Sb B,Ca,Al .03 - .3 As ,Li ,Mg Mg .01 - .1 Ba,Ti,Pb,Ga,Be Sr ,Li,Fe .003 - .03 Zn,Sr,Y Ti .001 - .01 Ge,Zr Ba .0003 - .003 Bi,Mo,Cr,V,Sn,Ni,Yb Mn,Cu

79 TABLE 13. Analyses of Sinter Samples of Mineral Deposition at Casa Diablo.

Location Emission spectrngraphic Springs near -I Little Hot Creek analysis, % south center of Mammoth Travertine Springs Long Valley

10 - 100 Si,Ca Si,Ca . 3 - 30 1 - 10 Al .3 - 3 K,Mn .1 - 1 Fe,Sr,Na,Mg B,K,Fe,Na,Mn,Al,Mg .03 - .3 B,Ti Sr .01 - .1 Li,Ba Ba,Li l .003 - .03 Cu,Be Ti .001 - .01 Zr Be,Ni,Cu .0003 - .003 Ag,V,Cr,Ni v l -1

TABLE 14. Analyses of Mineral Deposition at Mono Lake and Beowawe. J Location Emission spectrographic b Mono Lakea Beowawe Geysers _j analysis, % (tufa sample) (sinter sample)

10 - 100 Si,Ca Si 3 - 30 Mg,Al 1 - 10 Na,K,Fe Al,Ca,Fe .3 - 3 Mg,K,Ti,Na I .1 - 1 B,Ti .03 - .3 Sr,Ba B,Mn,Sr,Ba,Zr .01 - .1 Mn,Li .003 - .03 V,Zr Ga,Cu .001 - .01 Ni,Cu,Ga V,Y,Pb .0003 - .003 Cr,Co,Y,Pb Cr,Sc,Be,Ni,Sn

aFrom tufa mound on north shore of Mono Lake near COz vent. I b From three fourths of the way east along geyser cliff. J

80 RECOMMENDED DEPOSITS FOR EXPLORATION

Granitic Stock Heat Source

The Coso Thermal Area has been shown to be structurally and chemically analogous to the three major producing geothermal regions of the world. Coso, proposed for the granitic stock heat source type deposit, is chosen on the basis of favorable geology, ready access, single ownership, lack of surface land use conflicts (other than m,rc test programs), and the availability of waste fluid storage areas. With proper control and management, the proposed geothermal program at Coso can be performed in a manner that will not impair either the geothermal development of Coso or the principal mission of the Naval Weapons Center which is dependent on the continued uninterrupted use of the unique and extensively instru mented test ranges present.

Basaltic Magma System

With the exception of an unsuccessful drilling attempt in Hatvaii (low pressure due to porosity of the host rock, and lack of seal in the form of alteration and deposition) basaltic magma systems remain untried. Two types of basaltic systems can be envisioned; a simple purely basaltic magma of a limited size and depth as in the upper portion of the Hawaiian Islands or a large complex basaltic/rhyolitic system such as Island Park, Idaho. Because of the fuel costs of Hawaiian Island power generation, this basaltic environment is recommended as a type deposit, with the actual site to be chosen on the basis of recent vulcanism and exposed structure.

Metamorphic Zone Geothermal Systems

The Glenblair area of California has been mentioned as one example of a probable metamorphic zone geothermal deposit. As a thermal area for study and possible use as a type example, the hot springs area on the French Broad River some 40 miles northwest of Asheville, North Carolina is presently recommended. The exposed surface rock for this site is a Cambrian dolomite. The temperature of the hot springs ranges from 92 to ll7°F with a flow of 30 gallons per minute. Although these springs are insignificant per se, they indicate an area of higher than normal heat flow. Whether the slight thermal expression is due to frictional heating or reflects leakage from deep metamorphic action tapped by existing fault zones will remain a moot question until the area is explored at depth. l,Tet Geothermal Gradient Sys terns

Numerous oil tests in the Gulf Coast area have been dry holes from the petroleum point of vietv yet have the capability of producing large quantities of hot brine. Industry should be canvassed to determine a suitable 25,000 foot total depth "dry" oil well test hole suitable for use as a wet geothermal gradient test site.

81 I

Dry Geothermal Gradient System

A dry geothermal gradient system may be difficult to predict in advance, i.e., a random drill hole is either wet or dry. As there is a great need for power in the New York area, a "dry" test well is recom mended for the southern central Long Island area. This well will pene -I trate initially wet sediments but should be drilled well into the base ment, for a total depth in excess of 20,000 feet. If dry zones are found, methods of extracting heat can be tested (if wet throughout, the well is simply an additional wet test site).

PLAN FOR ACCOMPLISHING GOAL NO. 1

To achieve computer models of each of the "type deposits"_ selected, a series of exploration steps should be carried out on initially undis turbed deposits. Freedom from disturbance is considered to be both an absence of deep holes, the presence of little or no shallow drilling, and a general absence of overlying construction. For each "type deposit" the surface evidence and the remote sensing signature should be detailed l by means of:

1. Photogeology using color and black and white photos from both l fixed wing aircraft and satellites

2. Infrared imagery from both fixed wing aircraft and satellites.

3. Surface geologic mapping

4. Trace element dispersion patterns (Hg, , H B, etc.) J co 2 2s, 5. Gravity surveys

6. Magnetic surveys 7. Resistivity surveys I 8. Alteration pattern mapping

9. Age dating of extrusives (where applicable)

10. Reflection and refraction seismic surveys

11. Ground noise and microseismic surveys

12. Isotope studies of leakage fluids l

82 Following the detailing of the surface of the undisturbed deposit, an extensive core drilling program should be conducted. This drilling should be a grid pattern of holes with a minimum of 50% coring. Data obtained from these holes would enable the three-dimensional modeling of the deposit under study. Data developed would include:

1. The subsurface geology

2. The thermal gradients throughout the deposit

3. The fluid chemistry

4. The host (reservoir) rock mineralogy and alteration patterns.

5. The cap rock or seal. Is the site a self-sealing situation by mineral deposition or alteration, or is it an impermeable bed

6. The internal structure of the specific local thermal cell in the case of granite-stock type deposits

7. The marginal structure of the local cell and of the main doming feature as well

&. The geometry of the magma chamber and the depth to active magma

9. The porosity and permeability of the cell rocks and the surround ing rocks

10. The pattern of ground water movement, both within and adjacent to the individual cell and the overall deposit itself and its margins. Included in this general concept are the problems of deep liquid COz circulation as well as local subsurface zones of boiling and condensation,

Upon completion of the core hole drilling (for modeling data) each major exploration target concept in a given deposit should be drilled at least once with a production size drill hole. In the case of the deep dry hole planned for Long Island, New York, the one drill hole will provide an adequate answer to most questions of subsurface environments expected, though added holes will be needed for interpretational reliability. In the case of the Coso Thermal Area at least three environments must be tested as a minimum. These are feeding structures (necks) beneath per litic domes, fracture intersections, and relatively unfractured blocks of ground, all selected from data developed through aerial studies, geo physical anomalies, and detailed ground studies.

The construction of the models will be for the purpose of achieving a program (deck of cards) which can be queried as to the best ways of developing a given deposit, realizing that the real life "type deposit" modeled must be updated after each new drill hole and data return in any prospect under development.

83 GOALS RELATED TO MODEL UTILIZATION

With the exception of the energy conversion technology (of Goal 7), all of the remaining goals are closely related to the problem of model utilization.

Goal No. 2 is to achieve a workable solution to the problem of solids (or gels) precipitation in or near the subsurface borehole. Pro duction sized bore holes are to be drilled and operated at various depths and under various flow rates. Data obtained would be from in-the-well conditions plus that obtained from over coring the producing portions of selected holes. Since precipitation is a time dependent phenomena, this portion of a test program would have a significant power by-product potential, for time spans measured in terms of months to years. Testing would also include the mechanical and chemical aspects of on-line bore hole cleaning and the applicability of both chemical and nuclear frac turing methods.

Goal No. 3 is to achieve production techniques involving both fluid extraction and fluid reinjection that do not yield seismic activity of an unwanted severity. Production can lead to significant changes in reservoir pore fluid pressures. These can lead to seismicity because of pore collapse and general subsidence. This problem has been widely encountered in petroleum and ground water production and has been recog nized as a significant problem in the massive desalination of geothermal fluids proposed by Rex for the Imperial Valley. Reinjection can result in loss of slip surface cohesion combined with slip surface lubrication.

The latter aspects of the problem are most critical. Ever since the apparent triggering of earthquakes near Denver, Colorado by the Rocky J Mountain Arsenal disposal well, deep reinjection proposals have met with resistance on the part of both the public and the scientific community. The threat of triggering seismic events in some types of geothermal areas ] is especially severe. Such areas include the granitic stock and basaltic magma type deposits in particular. When geothermally active, a granitic stock deposit shows seismic activity as well. New Zealand's Wairakei area is very active seismically. The Coso area is seismically active especially along the southwest border. Casa Diablo, as a case in point is extremely active, yet the Mono Craters area is relatively inactive. This raises an interesting question in terms of exploration - Are seismi cally inactive geothermal (granitic stock type) sites too old to warrant exploration? Current drilling at Mono may provide a partial answer. In any event, deformed geothermally active sites are meta-stable at best. Pro J grams to study injection phenomena in particular will be largely empirical until a rather voluminous data base is established. Production/injection studies will include the monitoring of pore pressures versus seismicity versus rock stresses stored (inherited) and generated. Test programs to achieve this goal should be carried out in relatively unpopulated areas.

84 Goal No. 4 is to achieve reinjection technology that does not endanger adjacent or overlying culinary water supplies. Such a program will involve the construction of test wells in various rock types ulti mately, but much of the initial testing can utilize fracture porosity alone. The problem is the detailed aspect of where and how waste brines or waste gasses travel after being injected into some form of permeable host.

Goal No. 5 is the heart of the national program insofar as the management of resources on the public domain is concerned. Using the model developed, derive well spacings and production rates for the test field for various maximum conditions - maximum electric output for various time frames, maximum chemical output, maximum by-product water output, maximum acceptable seismicity, maximum acceptable surface or·ecologic disruption, etc. These concepts would then be tested by operating the field over extensive time spans, again yielding significant electro chemical-aqueous by-products for industrial/public utility disposal.

Goal No. 6 is to develop suitable stimulation techniques for deposits or portions of deposits in which fluid based heat transfer is inadequate or missing. The various methods worth considering include nuclear chimney formation, chemical explosive fracturing, chemical treatment, or the introduction of a more mobile heat transfer fluid.

Goal No. 8 is to develop operating environmental criteria which can be matched to the local geothermal field environment. Operating require ments in a foggy, densely vegetated coastal region of California may be quite different than those for an arid desert environment in Nevada or an arctic tundra region in the Aleutian Islands. These criteria must include atmospheric heating, noise, gaseous waste dispersion, humidity (fog and ice from geothermal tests have resulted in a number of auto mobile wrecks and in one fatality in California), and effluent discharge including the results of a potential loss of well control. In the cases of nuclear stimulation or the use of an exotic heat exchange fluid (open system), the environmental burden can be especially severe.

Goal No. 9 is to develop exploration criteria for each of the "type deposits". Given adequate modeling the appearance at the surface and the remote sensing signatures can be predicted with the passage (or deletion) of time. In particular, for the granitic stock and basaltic magma type deposits which are based on time dependent variables, an understanding, no matter how crude, of how a given deposit would have looked before and will look in the future will enable much more meaningful interpretation of exploration data. In particular, for the Western United States which has undergone two recent pluvial periods (approximately 4,000 and 10,000 years ago) the prediction of the effect of these pluvials on upper reser voir conditions and the recovery rates from these flushing or confining conditions can be of great exploration (and developmental) importance.

85 ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY

Goal No. 7 is to achieve practical and economically attractive methods of converting the energy stored in hot water into electricity. J These conversions may be "pure" systems or "hybrid" systems. An example of the latter would be solar/geothermal combinations, A system may be weather dependent, for example, operable only in the winter months or in the nonirrigation season when extra cooling water is available. The system may be a combination fossil fuel or nuclear plant, with the fluids used as preheat in the fossil fuel system and the fluids evaporated to near dryness in the nuclear plant combination. I

1 J J

86 j TIME AND COST ESTIMATES TO IMPLEMENT A NATIONAL GEOTHERMAL PROGRAM

PHASE I. DETAILED SURVEY

Ia. Preliminary High Altitude National Evaluation

Aerial photos (scale 1 inch = 4 miles) Alaska; Arizona; Arkansas; California (including The 1- Geysers, Coso Hot Springs, Niland, Casa Diablo, and Mono Lake); Colorado; Hawaii; Idaho; Montana; Nevada; New Mexico; Oregon; South Dakota; Utah; Washington; and Wyoming r 250 target sites covering 1,006 thermal springs (1) Photo mission of extreme high-altitude- type aircraft and best available camera, scale of 1:250,000 or about 1 inch= 4 miles Time 2 months $150,000 (2) Photo interpretation, 7 months, 1,000 hours 25,000 (3) Map drafting and report preparation, [ 3 months 17,000 (4) Preliminary national inventory of geo thermal resources of the USA completed l in 1 year Total Item Ia $192,000

L lb. Detailed Aerial Photo Study of the Selected Granitic Stock Type Deposit for the National Experimental Site (Coso Thermal Area)

(1) Aerial photos, scale 1 inch = 1 mile, 6 inches = 1 mile I Time 3 days 2,000 (2) Photo interpretation, time 2 months (l photo interpretation) 8,000 (3) Report and map preparation,. time 1 month 5,000 I Total Item Ib $ 15,000

87 / I I / J ' / .. · Ic. Infrared Study of 600 Square Miles of Selected Granitic Stock Type Deposit

(1) Infrared scan (2) Infrared mosaic $50,000 (3) Interpretation, maps and reports

TOTAL PHASE I $257,000

PHASE II. DETAILED STUDIES OF SELECTED GRANITIC STOCK TYPE DEPOSIT (COSO THERMAL AREA) (To start simultaneously with Phase I)

(1) Surface Geology, 25% completed, will correlate with new aerial photo study and review Time to complete 1 year 75,000 (2a) Resistivity Study Time to complete 3 months 20,000 (2b) Gravity Study, 1/2 vehicle, 1/2 helicopter 1,000 square miles 1/2 mile spacing Time to complete 4,000 stations, 2 months helicopter and car + 50,000 1 month map * (2c) Magnetic Study (ground) 1/2 vehicle, 1/2 helicopter, 1,000 square miles, 1/4 mile spacing Time to complete 3 months (2d) Mercury Sniffer Survey Airborne with helicopter 15,000 (2e) Geochemical Sampling - Alteration Zone Study Includes water and sinter in addition to sampling at all stations where read ings are made for Item 2a through 2d Time 1 year 60 , 000 (3) Airborne spectrometer and magnetic survey (to start after completion of Step II-2). Data will be digitized, 1/4 mile flight line spacing. Esti mate 2,400 miles. Estimate 2 months to complete 30,000

TOTAL PHASE II 250,000

*Most economic if done simultaneously.

88 PHASE III. FIVE YEAR CORE DRILL AND TESTING PROGRAM FOR SELECTED GRANITIC STOCK TYPE DEPOSIT (COSO THERMAL AREA)

(1) Plan 100 (50% cored) cased with instrumen tation and control equipment installed for geothermal observation holes. All holes 5,000 feet total depth, to be electric and radioactivity logged.

Time allotment per hole is 60 days with 5 rigs operating Initial 10 core holes $ 2,250,000 Est. $225,000 each Second 10 core holes 2,000,000 Est. $200,000 each Final 80 core holes 14,000,000 $175,000 each Testing procedures 7,500,000 with 5 work-over rigs operation $25,750,000 Time to complete Drilling 4 years Testing Completed in 5th year

(2) Upon completion of Core ·Hole Program Plan five deep tests with production potential Note: Plan for 12,000 feet but may end up drilling lesser depths Deep Production Hole Ill $3,000,000 Est. time 10 months 12,000 feet Deep Production Hole 112 2,000,000 Est. time 8 months 12,000 feet Deep Production Hole 113 1,500,000 Est. time 7 months 12,000 feet Deep Production Hole 114 1,000,000 Est. time 5 months 12,000 feet Deep Production Hole 115 1,000,000 Est. time 5 months 12,000 feet $8,500,000

TOTAL PHASE III DRILLING AND TESTING $34,250,000

89 l

PHASE IV. MODELING OF SELECTED GRANITIC STOCK TYPE DEPOSIT WITH ASSOCIATED TESTING PROGRAM OF PRODUCTION, INJECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ETC. (Includes flow tests, production tests, etc.) $10,000,000

PHASE V. BASALTIC MAGMA SYSTEM RESEARCH PROGRAM (Hawaiian Islands)

(1) Detailed aerial photo study Oahu and Hawaii (scale 1 inch = 1 mile) Time 1 month $ 4,000 (2) Deep Test probably at Kaneohe Marine Air Station 20,000 ft test capability Time 1 year 3,996,000

TOTAL PHASE V $4,000,000

PHASE VI. METAMORPHIC ZONE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM I (French Broad River, North Carolina)

(1) Detailed Aerial Photo Study (scale 1 inch = 1 mile) Time 1 month $ 4,000 (2) Deep Test - 20 ,000 feet 3,996,000 TOTAL PHASE VI $4,000,000 J PHASE VII. WET GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT SYSTEM (Gulf Coast, Louisiana) ] Deep wet geothermal gradient test. Take over and test abandoned 25,000 ft dry hole. This drill hole must be cased to total depth and allowed to set 1 year to reach temperature equilibrium. J

TOTAL PHASE VII $1,500,000

PHASE VIII. DRY GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT SYSTEM (East end of Long Island) J Deep dry geothermal gradient test. Alternatively take over an Atlantic Coastal dry hole which could be taken to 20,000 feet ending in dry basement rocks.

TOTAL PHASE VIII $3,000,000

90 J PHASE IX. MODELING AND TEST PROGRAMS RELATED TO AREAS OUTSIDE OF SELECTED GRANITIC STOCK DEPOSIT

TOTAL PHASE IX $5,000,000

PHASE X. COST ESTIMATE TO DEVELOP HOT WATER ENERGY CONVERSION (DELEGATED TO INDUSTRY)

TOTAL PHASE X Unknown

. I i l . .J

.. l •. l l J 91

I J l

COST SUMMARY

First Year I I I a $192,000 I Ib 15,000 Ic so,ooo Essential Immediately $257,000 II (1) $ 75,000 (2a) 20,000

(2b)} 50,000 (2c) (2d) 15,000 (2e) 60,000 (3) 30,000 $250,000

TOTAL FIRST YEAR $507,000

Second Through Sixth Year ] III (1) $25,750,000 (2) 8,500,000 ]

TOTAL SECOND THROUGH SIXTH YEAR $34,250,000

Seventh Through Tenth Year IV $10,000,000 v 4,000,000 ] VI 3,000,000 VII l,SOO,OOG I VIII 3,000,000 IX 5,000,000 X unknown J

TOTAL SEVENTH THROUGH TENTH YEAR $26,500,000

GRAND TOTAL 10 YEAR PROGRAM $61,257,000

NOTE: Every effort should be made for interested companies to support 50% of the cost of the program from the middle of Phase III through Phase IX and the entire cost of Phase X. The anticipated government costs for the 10 year period should not exceed $31,000,000.

92 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. A National geothermal program must provide for the rapid advance ment of science and technology in the areas of geothermal field location and development. This National program will require the cooperation and support of the Department of Interior, National Science Foundation, Atomic Energy Commission and other state and federal government agencies, as well as participation by public utility and private power companies.

2. The suggested National program of geothermal development is intended to place enough knowledge in the public arena to enable the rapid, safe, and efficient development of this nation's abundant geo thermal resources and has the following specific goals:

a. Develop computer models of the five principal types of geo thermal deposit. These models should be designed to handle more than one type of host or reservoir rock and are intended to yield predictions on host rock and contained fluid properties with depth, lateral disper sion from the heat source, and with time including paleoclimatic ~ariation.

b. Develop production techniques which mlnlmlZe or can adequately solve the problems of in-the-well and in-the-host precipitation of solid minerals.

c. Develop production techniques involving both fluid extrac tion and fluid injection but which do not yield destructive seismic activity as a by-product.

d. Based upon computer models for given types of deposits, develop reinjection programs for waste brine disposal which do not lead to pollution problems in adjacent or overlying culinary or low salinity waters.

e. Develop production drilling and field management concepts based upon successful computer modeling with the model programs used to ensure the best use of contained geothermal fluids and the maximum energy and metals recovery from the deposit.

f. Develop stimulation techniques for deposits or portions of deposits in which fluid based heat transfer within the deposit is absent or too limited for commercial utilization.

g. Develop energy conversion techniques for the conversion of energy in hot water into electric energy.

h. Develop operating environmental criteria for the various major life zones in which geothermal deposits occur in the United States.

93 i. Develop exploration and identification techniques for the various types of geothermals. In particular, for the case of .granitic stock heat source geothermals, develop a temporal identification metho dology to enable the recognition in the field of heating, active, and l declining geothermal systems. For all types of geothermal systems, establish the effects of varying paleoclimates upon the surface chemical and remote sensing signatures (aerial photos, infrared photos, etc.).

3. Type deposits reconnnended for development and suggested sites are: I ' a. Granitic Stock Heat Source - Coso, California

b. Basaltic Magma Heat Source- Kaneohe~' Hawaii

c. Metamorphic Zone Heat Source - near Asheville, North Carolina l d. Wet Geothermal Gradient Heat Source - Gulf Coast, Louisiana

e. Dry Geothermal Gradient Heat Source - Long Island, New York

4. The five principal types of geothermal deposits can blend into one another so that many deposits will be difficult to classify clearly prior to detailed study. The least uncertain is the granitic stock heat source because of the prominent elliptic structural pattern that is consistently associated with these deposits.

5. The greatest priority should be placed on developing a complete understanding of the granitic-stock heat-source type of deposit, since this is the deposit type that industry will develop first and for which development and production guidelines are already needed.

6. The Coso Thermal Area of Eastern California is recommended for study and development as a typical granitic-stock heat-source type of geothermal and is of the same structural pattern as the three currently producing large fields of the world.

7. The recommended geothermal program, exclusive of such special test studies as nuclear stimulation and hot water energy conversion will require 10 years and cost an estimated $61,260,000. Phases I, II, and to mid III should be government funded. Phases mid III through IX should be overall one-half industry and one-half government funded. Phase X should be industry funded.

8. A great volume of useful information and theory will be developed throughout the life of this project. Though the final end product is envisioned as a series of computer models that can be queried regarding

94 _)I exploration and development questions, the use of these models will not have to wait until the program is completed. Rather, the models envi sioned are to be available from the start of the program and will grow in detail and accuracy as the exploration and testing of each of the type deposits proceeds so that a very precise final model will be available at the end of the program.

9. Upon the completion of the test and development program, the selected granitic stock heat source test site would be expected to go on line as a highly instrumented generating site yielding long term data that could also be made available for new RDT&E programs as technology progresses.

95 i l l I I . l I I J· J ]

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l I l I

I -~ l Appendix LOCATION OF THERMAL SPRINGS AND WELLS (Data from Waring) -l Arizona (Fig. 1) California (Fig. 1)

No. No...... "" Name ot Joeatfon .....on Name or location

Pakoon (PahKnn) BprinJ, on tributary of Bee. ~. T. 15 N., R. 8 E., 14 mHes south Grand: Wuh, 18 mJ.lel DOrth of Cot.Mo east of Happy Camp. River. 2 Klamath Hot Springs (Shovel Creek 2 Bee. 23, T, 30 N., R. 23 E., 6 mlle111 south of Springs}, 20 miles northeast of Ager, Hoover (Boulder} Dam. .... 4.5 miles northeast of Ager _ ------~---- I Lava Warm Springs, near Lava Falls Raplda in the Orand Canyon of the I Near toy of Mount Shasta, 11 miles north Colorado River. east o Sisson. Bec.33, T, 18 N., R.IO W., 26mllea south· lA North of Big 01ass Mountain ______west of Kingman. Pothole Spring, 3li miles northwest of Al Bee. 32, T. liS N.:1 R. 6 E., 10 miles north • turas. ' east of Camp verde. Near Rattlesnake Creek, 9 miles west to Verde Hot Springs, 0.5 mile northwest of • Alturas. • Cbllda. Essex Springs, in sec. 10, T. 42 N., R. 11 E 7 & miles south of St. Johns.------ • 8 Castle (Monroe) Hot Springs, In sec. 3, 7 Warm Spring Valley, 16 miles west of Al T. 7 N., R. 1 W., on Castle Creek, 60 turas. mllea: south of Prescott. Kelly's Hot Spring, in sec.~ T. 12 N., Salt Banks, In sec, 33, T. 6 N., R. 17 E., • R. 10 E., 4 miles northeast oi Canby. • 30 mJles west of Whiteriver. Near Canyon Creek, 15 miles southwest of 10 Soda Warm Spring, In &ee. 13, T. 6 N., • Altura.,, R. 10 E., 23 mUe.s wea:t of Whiteriver. 10 Ui mUes southeast of Alturas ______11 Little Hot Spring Valley, 25 miles north !I Agoa Caliente Springs, In see. 19, T. li 8., west of Bieber. R. 10 W., 16 mlles northeast of Palomas. 12 Near Bidwell Creek, 1 mile north1V85t of .! 12 Bee. 3.5, T.IS 8., R. 19 E., 3 miles north of Fort Bidwell Aravaipa. II Boyd Spring, on east side or Upper Lake, 1J Near Gila River, 3 mlles north of Fort 12 mtles southeast of Fort Bidwell. Thomas. .. Near southwest side of Upper Lake, 4 lndli,n Hot Springs, 8 mUes northwest of miles north of Late City. Pima. " Near Bonito Creek, in T. 4 S., R. 27 E., Near south end of Upper Lakt, 12 miles 25 miles east of Fort Thomas. .. " northeast of Cedarville. 16 T.Clifton 4 B., HotR. 28 Springs E., 10 miles ______west ofMorencL _ Sec. 12, T. 43 N ., R. 18 E .. near north end 17 of Middle Lake, 12 mlles northeast of 18 AguaJlto (Quitabaqutto), near Mexican " Cedarville. border, 17 Leonard SprinRS,In sec.7, T. 43 N., R. 17 ,. Hooker's Hot Springs, in sec, 6, T. 13 8,, E., 11 miles northeast of Cedarville. R. 21 E., 10 miles northeast of Cascabel. 18 Sec. 1, T. 42 N ., R. 16 E., and sec. 6, T. 42 J 20 Agua Caliente Spring, in sec. 13, T. S., N"• R. 17 E., li miles east-northeast of '"' R. 13 E.,ll miles east of Amado. Cedarville. 18A Cedar Plunge, li miles northeMt of Cedar 21 Sec.7, T.18, 8., R.31 E., 6mllessouthwest j ville. of Paradise. · J 10 Benmac Hot S~"~rlngs, in sec. 18, T. 42 N., R. 17 E., li miles east ol Cedarville. 20 Menlo Wann Srrings, in sec. 7, T. 39 N., R. 17 E., li mtles south-southeast of Eagleville. 21 Near southwest side of Lower Lake, 8 mile..<; south-!>outheast or Eagleville. 22 Bare Ranch, 12 miles south-southeast of Eagleville. , Arkansas (Fig. 11) Kosk Creek, 65 miles northeast or Redding. " Big Bend Hot Springs, in sec. 36, T. 37 N., No. " . R.l W • on Name or location ,. Uprer Mill Creek, 1 mile northwest of Torhet Hot Springs (No. 26). Tophet (Souran, Sunan) Hot Springs, on .J •• southwest side or t.a~~en Peak, 63 miles ·- northea~t of Red Blutr. 27 Bumpas Hot Srrtn~. on south side or I Rlce'11 Spring, on Mud Creek.------Lassen Peak, 60 miles northeast or Red 2 Hot Springs ... ------Bluff. 28 Bassett Hot Springs, 2.6 miles east-north east or Bieber. 20 Stonebreaker Hot Springs, 6 miles east ~outheast or Bieber. Big Chalybeate Spring, lUi miles north 20A Tlrton Srrings .... -. --.-•• --..... ---.• --. • east of Hot Spring~~. 30 Shaffer (Branbecks) Hot Springs, near Sec. 17, T. 4 s .. R. Z1 W., near the Llttie north shore of Honey Lake. Missouri River. 31 Amedee Hot Springs, near Amedee rail· Sec.I9, T. 4 S., R. 24 W .. in OOdo!Caddo road stntlon. • River at Caddo Gap. 32 Hl~hrock Spring, 10 miles enst-11outheast 6 Sec. 12, T. 5 8., R. 26 W., at Redland of Amcrlee. Mountain. 33 Morgan Hot Springs, 63 miles northeast of Red Ulutf.

A-1 California (Contd.) California (Contd.) .. Devll's Kltch£>n, 1.5 miles west of Drake 72 The Geysers, 18 mUea eut-eoutbeut ot Hot sr,rlnRS \No. 36). Cloverdale, Hot B1•r ng Val ey, 0.5 mile west or Drake 1 .. Sprln~~:s Hot (No. 36). .. Dmke Hot Springs, 6 miles southeast of ~en Peok nod 70 miles northeast of Red Blutf. 37 Bollin!!: Brrlng (Tartarm) Lnke, 1 mtle ,. Sulphur Creek, 21 mllea soutbe&at of south of Drake Hot S)lrings (No. 36). Cloverdale. 1 .. Terminal Geyser, 3.6 mtleutb· .. Soda Bay Springs, at base of Mount Ko west of Soledad. noctl. Slate's Hot SpriDgs, In sec. 9, T. 21 S., .. Near southwest shore or Clear Lake, 10 .. R.3E. miles east of Kelseyville, Dolan's Hot Springs, 7 ml1011lrom Slate's .. Hot Springs, Sulphur Bank (Hot Dolata) Hot Springs, 10 miles north-northwest of Lower Lake. .. Paso de Robles Mud Bath Bprinp, 2.lS j " miles north or Paso Robles. Howard Springs, 28 miles north-northwest .. Paso de Robles Hot Springs, 1n southwest •• of Calistoga. part or Paso Robles, Seigler Springs, 30 miles north-northwest 0'1 Banta Ysabel Springs, 4 miles soutbeast cl •• or Calist.oga, Paso Robles. eo Gordon Hot Spring, 28 mtles north-north .. Cameta Warm Spring, 30 mllee southeast west of Calistoga. or Paso Robles. 61 Spiers (Copse!) Springs, 24 miles north- 08A Ban Luis (Sycamore) Hot Spring, 8 miles_ northwest o Calistoga, ~ sooth-southwest or San Luis Obispo 62 Qastle (M1lls) Hot Springs, 25 miles north .. Peebo Warm Springs, lti miles southWest northwest or Calistoga. of San Luis Obispo. 63 Anderson Springs, 22 miles north-north 100 Newsom's Anoyo Grande Warm Springs, west or Calistoga, 2.6 miles east or Anoyo Grande. .. Harbin Springs, 20 miles north-northwest 101 Las .Cruces Hot Springs, 4 miles north of or Calistoga. Gavlota station, .. :Ceadshot Springs, 28mlles west-southwest ofW1lliams. 102 Ban Marcos (Mountain Olen, Cuyama) .. Blancks Hot Springs, 27 miles southwest Hot Springs, 20 miles northwest of or Williams. Santa Barbara. 67 J"ones Hot Springs, 26.5 mtles southwest of 103 Montecito (Santa Barbara) Hot Sprinp, 6 Williams. mUes northeast of Santa Barbara. 67A Manzanita Quickstlver Mine ______104 Bee. 4, T. 6 N., R. 26 W,, 1 mile east of Wtlbur (Simmons) Hot Springs, 26 miles Mono Creek and 12 miles northeast of .. Santa Barbara. soutbwest or Williams. 106 Sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. 26 W. 4 miles north of .. Elgin Quicksilver Mine, 30 miles west 1 southwest of Williams, Santa Ynet: River ana 16 miles north· 70 Hoods (Fairmount) Hot Springs, Hi miles east or Santa Barbara, west·nortbwest of Cloverdale. 106 Vicker's Hot Springs, in Matll1Ja Canyon, 9 miles northwest of Norrlholl. 71 Stagg's Hot Springs, 9 miles west-south 107 Stingley's Hot Springs, 8,6 miles north· west or OeyservUle. west of Nordbotl'. J

A-2 California (Contd.) California (Contd.)

108 Matll!Ja Hot Springs, 6 miles northwest or ... Near Little Lake, 18 miles south of Halwee. Nordhoff. ... Panamint Valley, 4 miles north of Ballarat. 100 Wheeler's Hot Spring;_ 7,5 miles north northwest of Nordhon. ... Yeoman Hot Springs, In ~ec. lt. T. 21 N., 110 Willett Hot Spring, In sec. 31, T, 6 N::.. R. R. 7 E., 5 miles northeast or L.abrlskle, 20 W ., 24 miles north-northwest of ~-m ... 2 miles north of Tecopa_-·------·--·--- more. lll Sespe Hot Springs, in sec. 21, T. 6 N.:.R. 1<7 Resting Spring, 5.5 miles northeast of 20 W ., 22 mUes north-northwest of .r·m Tecopa. more. ... 2 miles northeast or Kernville._-----·-·--- 112 Elizabeth Lake Canyon, 13 mlles north northeast of Castiac station. ... Netlls llot Spring (Agua Caliente), 7 112A Encino Ranch (Seminole) Hot Springs•••• miles south-southwest of Kernville. Clear Creek (Hobo) Hot Springs, In sec. '"' 25, T. 2i S., R. 32 E. 112B Radium Sulphur Spring, 1n nOl'tbwestern ... Delonegha Springs, 45 miles northeast of pnrt of Los Angeles. Bakersfield. 1120 Bimini Hot Spring, In northern part of Los 162 Dem()l'rat Springs, 40 miles northeast of Angeles. Bakersfield. 113 Grover's Hot Spring~~, 4 miles west of ... Williams Hot Springs, 16 miles northeast Markleeville. of Caliente. 113A Valley Springs •• -----__ ••• ..: ••••• ------1M Saratoga Springs, 15 miles west of Sperry railroad station. 114 Fales' Hot Springs, In sec. 24/ T. 6 N., R. .. Paradise Springs, 25 miles north of Daggett. 23 E., 13 miles northwest o Bridgeport. . na Buckeye Hot Spring, In sec. 3, T. 4 N., R. .. Soda Station Springs, in sec. 14, T. 12 N., ~E., .5.0 miles west-southwest of Bridge . R.8 E. port. 167 Newberry Spring, In sec. 321 T._o N., R. 3 n• Sec. Zl, T. 5 N., R. 25 E., 1.6 miles south E;, 600 yd south or Newoerry railrood east of Bridgeport. station. 1118 Tyiers Bath Springs, In Lytle Canyon, Hi mUes northwest of San Bernardino. 117 Ul miles south-southeast of Bridgeport ___ _ ... Sec. 15, T. 3 N., R. 3 W.1 in Deep Creek 118 Warm Springs Flat, 6 mlles southeast of Canyon, 16 miles soutneast or Victor Bridgeport. ville. 110 Bee. 201 T. 4 N., R. 26 E., near Mormon 100 Sec. 14, T. 3 N., R. 3 W.1 1n Deep Creek Cree11:, 7 miles southeast of Bridgeport. Canyon, 15 miles soutr.east of Victor 1:10 Paoha Island In Mono Lake ______ville. ... Mooo Basln Warm Spring, on east edge of 101 Harlem Hot Spring, ti miles north-north- Mono Lake. east of San Bernardino, 122 Bee. 13, T. 3 8., R. 28 E., 5 roUes northeast Waterman Hot Springs, 6.5 miles north of Casa Diablo Hot Springs (No. 123). 162 northeast or San Bernardino. 123 Casa Diablo Hot Springs, ln sec. 32, T. 3 Arrowhead Hot Springs, 7 miles north 8., R. 28 E.J.on U.s. Highway 395. northeast of San Bernardino, ... Casa Diablo .1:1ot Pool, in sec. 36, T. 3 B., 162A !Urbita Hot Springs, 1 mile south of San f5ia~o.E., 3 miles northeast of Casa Bernardino. 163 Sec. 34, T. 1 N., R. 2 W.,ln Santa Ana ... The Geysers, in sec. 30, T. 3 8., R. 251 E.- Canyon, 12 miles east-northeast or San Bernardino . 126 Whitmore Warm Springs, tn sec. 18, T. ... Near Baldwin Lake, .ro miles southeast of 4 S., R. 29 E. VIctorville . 127 Benton Hot SprLrtgs, In sec. 2.r... T. 2 8., R. ... Fairview Hot Spring, 7 miles southwest 31 E., 300 yd northwest of .Henton po11t or Santa Ana, office. 111<1 San Juan Capistrano Hot Springs, 13mlle5 127A Bertrand Ranch.------ northeast of San Juan Capi.strano. 128 Reds Meadows Hot Springs, 10 mllea 167 Olen Ivy (Temescal) Hot Spring, 11 miles ,·· southwest of Mineral Park. south-southeast of Corona. ... Fish Creek Hot Springs! in sec. 9, T. ll s., 188 Wrenden (Bundys Elsinore) Hot Springs, · R. Zl E., at head ofF sh Valley. 225 yd north of Elsinore depot. 130 Sec. 16, T. 7 8., R. 'IT E., on South Fork .. Elsinore Hot Springs, 50 yd north of . Elsinore depot. of San Joaquin River. 181 Blaney Meadows Hot Springs, 1n sec. 10, 170 Murrieta Hot Springs, oi miles east--north· T. 8 8.~.-...R. 28 E. east or Murrieta, 132 Mercey ttot Springs, Z5 miles south of 171 Pllares Hot Spring, 8 miles northeast of Dos Palos. Perris. 133 Fresno Hot Springs, on branch of Waltham 172 Eden Hot Springs, 9 miles southwest of Creek, 18 miles west of Coalinga. Beaumont. ... · South Fork of the Middle Fork of Tule 172A Highland Springs ______-----·----··-·-· River, 27.6 miles east-northeast of Portersville. . 173 Oilman (San Jacinto, RelleO Hot Springll, ... Jordan Hot Springs, 65 miles north of 6 miles northwest or San Jacinto. Kemvllle. 17< Sohoha (Ritchey) Hot SpringS, 2.6 miles ... Monacbe Meadows, 1( miles southwest northeast or San Jacinto. of Olancha. 137 California (Deer Crook) Hot Springs ______174A Desert, in 1100.30, T. ZS., R • .l E------·-· 138 . Keough Hot Springs, 8 miles south of B~hop. 174B Lucky Beven, 2 miles southeast of Desert. ... Saline Valley, 10 miles northeast of Saline Valley Borax Mine. Palm Springs, 6 miles south or Palm 130A Skinner Ranch.. •. ______---____ ---_ "' Sprln~s station, :_l 176 Dos Pahnas Spring, on northeast side of ... StBinlnger Ranch (Grapevine) Springa,in Salton Sink, 6 miles east of Salton rail Grapevine Canyon, 60 miles northeut road station, of Keeler. 176A Hot Mineral WelL------·-·-·------·- l

A-3 J ]

California (Contd.) Colorado (Contd.)

Ill 'TT~.Sprlnp, In sees, 7and8, T.l88., Bee. JS. T, 41 N., R. 1J W., 200 yd aoutbeast of Dunton Store. 182 :Fish Springs, on west side of Saltoll Be&, " lr0118Pr1n&, 0.76 tnlle north of IUeo ...... ; 11 m.Uea south of Mecca. "' Wqon Wheel Gap Sprinp...... Salton volcanoes ••• ------.---•••••••••••• .. ., Bee. 211. T. as N., R.1 w., 28 miles northeast of Pacoea Bprinp. ' l .. B~w·a Sprtnc, 1 mnes north or Del Norte • .. Pinkerton Sf'rlnp, In :oec. 26, T. 37 N., R. 9 W ., 14 miles north of nuranr;o• Tripp BrrlnR-~, 10 miles north or Duranr;o• .. Trimble Brrlngs. g miles north of Durana:o•. Colorado (Fig. 10) ., Seo.8, T. 36 N., R. 4 W., 30ml1es'ftltof Patt:tn srrtn.n (town). .. 12 miles northeast of Pacoea Bprinp (town) • Pagosa Srrtnp (town): Name or looMlon .. Pagosa Hot Sprinp ______

Well. ------.. 3 miles routheast of Pagosa Srrlngs (town) . Juniper Hot Springs, In NC. H, T. 8 N., Wann Sulrhur srrtng, on the South Fork R.~w. . " of the Navajo River, 7 miles east or 2 Routt Hot Springs, 7 miles north of Steam Chromo. boat Springs (No. 2A). .. A~ CaUente srrtng, In T. 36 N., R. 8 2A Steamboat Springs.------•• ---__ ••• ------E., 2 mlletl southwest of CaruUn• .. Mcintyre (Los Ojos) Wann Brrtngs, tn 3 Hot Sulphur Springs•••••••••••••••••••••• :JeC.l3, T. 36 N., R.lO E., 8 mlleseut of LaJara, Dexter Sprlnr:, tn Me. U, T. 36 N., R. 11 Moffat (Eldorado) Spring, 12 miles 110uth: E., 12 miles east of La Jara. · l ' west of Boulder. • Hot Soda Springs at Idaho Sprtnp •••••••• • Glenwood Springs.••••.. ---••• -----••• ___ • l 7 Blr Dotsero Spring, on north bank of Colorado River 1.5 mlles downsb.eam from Dotsero. Florida (Fig. 11) • A val&nche Springs, near Avalanche ••.•••• Conundrum. Spring, 16 miles aouth of No.Ion Name Or location • A'"'"'...... 10 Alkali Springs, near north end of bridge over the Gunnison River at Au.sttn. 11 See. 21, T. 13 8,, R. 89 W., 10 m.Ues east of Bomel'!let. Warm (Big) Salt iprlng, 8 mlles.aorth 12 Ranger (Cement Creek) Spring.. 1.5 miles west o{ Murdock. above mouth or Cement Cree~~:. J 13 Sec. 18, T. US., R. St W., 2. .5 miles above month of Cement Creek. Waunlta (Tomlchl) Hot Springs, on Hot " Springs Creek, 28 miles east of Gunnison. Cebolla (Powderhorn) Hot Springs lOJo de los Caballos), 6 mUes south of Powder " horn. 16 Rhodes Spring, 8 miles southwest of Fairplay. . Georgia (Fig. 11) 17 H~~~~~~t Springs, 25 miles east of 18 Mound Soda (Currant Creek) Spring, 20 mUes northwest of Parkdale. No. 19 Cottonwood (Buena Vista Hot) Springs, on N am• or location tl miles west of Buena Vista. · .,. 20 Mount Princeton \HeY\\'ood Hot, Chalk . Creot Hot) Spr ngs, 3 miles west of Nathrop. 21 Poncha Springs •••. ------•• ----. __ Lifsey (Pine Mountain) Sprlng, & mtlel south of Zebulon. Wellsville Warm Spring, 5 miles north 2 Taylor Sprlng, 2mlleseastofL!fsey (Pine " west of Howard. Mountain) Spring (No.1). 22A Canon City: Thundering Springs, near Thunder sta Near east end of Royal Gorge of • tion, 3 mlles south of Molena. Arkansas River. 600 yd south or Thundering Springs Fremont Natatorium •••.• ------ 23 Cbamberlaln (Mineral) Hot Springs, in ' (No.3). sec.12, T. {6 N., R. 9 E., 5·mnes south of Barker Spring, 8 mles south--110utheast of VIlla Grove. • Molena. Valley View (Orient) Hot Srrings, In sec. Warm Springs, 0.5 mile west of Warm 31, T. t6 N ., R. 10 E .• 7 miles southeast • Springs (town). of Villa Grove. 7 Parkman Spring, 3 miles southeast of J Red Creek (Siloam, Parnassus) Sprin!tS, 12 Warm Springs (No.6). mUes southwest or Pueblo. 8 Tom Brown Spring, 2.5 miles northeut of "2ti Gey~.er Warm Spr.in~&. at Placerville •• ---- Chalybeate. 27 Orv.ls (Ridgway, uncomrahgre) Hot 0 " o::fa~ Ilo~ 8~~~~~~~~:-~~~~~~~~: ... J A-4 Idaho (Fig. 14) Idaho (Contd.) ...---.,&o~.'a"1.'T"".1~2~N~.,>a•.••~E'.-.n~ou_;'smr.-.cnfi~• 1.5 miles southeast of Alpha. No.on 1 Name or location 41 Bee. 23, T.13 N., R. 10 E .. 0.6 mtle south- ngure west of mouth of Bear Valley Crook. 4.2 Sec. 30, T. 14. N., R. lOE., 0.25 mile from mouth or Dag~~:er Creek. t3 Sec. 13, T. 14. N., R. g E., on Bulphl.b' Wier Creek Hot Springs, tn sec. 13, T. 36 Creek. N.,R.UE. 44: Sec. 34.1 T. llS N., R. 10 E., near mouth of 2 Colgate Springs, In sec. 9, T .36N., R.12E. SuJpnur Creek. 3 Jerry Johnson's Hot Springs, In sec. 7, T. 46 Sec. 26, T. 16 N ., R. 10 E., near Middle 36 N.J..R.I3 E. Fork or Salmon River. Horse vreek, 4 miles southeast or Jerry 4& Bee. 17, T. 16 N., R. 10 E., on branch of Johnson's Hot Springs. Indian Creek near Chinook Mountain. Stanley Hot Spring, In 5('('.• 6, T. 34 N., U Bee. 20, T. 16 N., R. 12 E.,10 mlles north • R. 10 E., near Boulder Creek 4 miles of Greyhound. upstream from junction with Lochsa 48 Sec.16, T. 17 N., R.11 E., Smiles 80Uth of River. Roosevelt. 6 Stuart Hot SprlngJ.In sec. 4, T. 32 N., R. 49 Bec.28, T.17N., R.13E .. on Middle ForJr: 11 E., on Llnk vreek 5 mUes upstream of Salmon River, 2 miles UPI!Itream from from Junction with Selway River, mouth of White Creek. 7 Sec. 4, 'r. 33 N ., R. U E., 11 miles south· 80 Sec. 17, T. 25 N., R. 17 E., on HorMI Creek west or Elk Surrmlt ranger station. 25 miles northwest of Shoup. 8 Martin Creek Hot Springs, In sec. 25, T. •i Bee. 32, T. 2{ N., R. 17 E., 17 miles west 31 N., R. 11 E., 3.5 miles west of Wyltes ofShoup. · Peak. .. T. 22 N ., R. 18 E., on west side of Copper Sec. 14. T. 29 N., R. 12 E., 2 mlles south King Mountain. • or Grouse Peak, .. Boo. 22, T. 23 N., R. 22 E., 6 miles north of lO Red River Hot Sprln~s, In sec. 10, T. 28 Carmen. N., R. 10 E., 10 m:les northeast of Red .. Bee. 26, T. 19 N'J R. 14. E., 1 mile east of River ranger station, Mormon Rancn. ll Barbt's Hot Springs, lnsec.13, T. 2li N., R. .. Bee. 19, T. 17 N., R. 14. E., near Cache 11 E., on Salmon River 200 yds below Creek 4. miles 'ifstream from its mouth. mouth of Hot Springs Creek. .. Be&~i~?'·I6N., . HE., on Warm Sprin~ 12 Sec. 7, T. :UN., R. 4. E., 2 miles north or Salmon River. Bee. 1, T. 16 N., R. 15 E., 6 mtles north 13 RlgRins Hot Spring, in sec. 13, T. 24. N., R. " west of Parkm- Mountain. 2 E., 10 miles east of Riggins. .. Bee. 15, T. 15 N., R. 16 E., neat Parker I< Burgdorf Hot Spring, in sec. l, T. 22 N., R. Mountain. ., In Kronk Canyon of Salmon River 10 miles northwest of " Salmon River 40 miles south of Salmon. Meadows. 17 Sec. 2'1, T. UJ N., R. 2 E., 3 miles northea.o;;t .. S6C. IS. T. 16 N., R. 21 E., at upper end of of Mendows. Kronk Canyon of Salmon River 3 miles 18 Sec. 2, T. 15 N ., R. 1 E., 1.25 miles north of downstream from mouth of Pahsimerol mouth of Warm Spring Creek. River. 19 Sec, 33, T. 16 N., R. 2 E., 15 miles east .. Warm Spring Creek, 4. miles southwest of of Cottonwood. Lemhi lndifm Agency. 2\l T. 17 N., R. 5 W .,In Snake River Canyon .. Sec. 4, T. 15 N ., R. 25 E., 10 mlles west of upstream from mouth or Brownlee Leadore. Creek. .. Sec. 9, T. 7 N ., R. 1 E., 1 mile southwest of 21 T.ll N., R. 5 W., on Monroe Creek 6 miles Sweet. northeast of Weiser. 67 T. 1 N., R. 3 W., on east side of Snake 22 Sec. 11, T. 21 N., R. 5 E.,I2 milP-S west of River 1 mile east of Enterprise. . Shiefers. .. T. 4 N., R. 2 E., on west bank of Squaw 23 Sec. 15, T. 20 N., R. 5 E., 15 miles south Creek 3 miles north or Bol..«e. west of Shlefers. .. 1'. 3 N., R. 2 E., on Cottonwood Creek 1 Sec, 35, T. 20 N., R 7 E., on South Fork or mile west of Boise. · Salmon River 7 miles south of Shie(ers. 70 Bot~e Hot Springs, InT. 3 N., R. 2 E., 4.5 " Sec. 25, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., on South Fork of miles southeast of Boise. Salmon River 25 miles north of Knox. 7l Sec. 29, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., near Orand VIew __ "26 Sec. 17, T. IS N., R. 8 E., near mouth of 72 sec. ro, T. toN., R. a E., 14. miles north Riordan Creek. of McNish ranger station, 'rl T. 15 N., R. 3 E., 10 miles north of Cascade. 70 Sec. 32, T. 10 N., R. 4 E., a miles north 28 T. 16 N., R. -f.E:.t on Gold Fork River 25 west of Garden Valley, miles north of t.:ascade. Sec. 6, T. 8 N., R. 5 E.l on South Fork of Sec. I, T.l6 N., R. 6 E., on South Fork of " Payette River 10 mi es east of Garden " Salmon River 15 miles north of Knox. Valley. 80 Sec, 17, T, 15 N., R. 6 E., 6 miles north of 78 Bee. z. T. 8 N., R. 5 E., 0.5 mile west of Knox. Danskln Creek. 31 Sec. 14, T. 15 N., R. 6 E., 6 miles northeast 70 Sec. 11, T. 8 N. R. l'i E., 1.5 miles east of of Knox. Boston &: Idano1 power plant. 32 Sec. 11, T. 14 N., R. 6 E., 4. miles east of 77 Bec ...31, T. 9 N ., R. 6 E., 0.25 mile west of Knox. Pfue Flat. 33 Sec. 14., T. 14 N ., R. 6 E .. 4. miles southeast 78 Sec. 311 T. 9 N.{ R. 8 E., on north side of of Knox. eoutn Fork o Payette River. .. T. 14 N., R. 3 E., 0.25 mile from Cascade.. 711 Kirkham Hot Springs, in sec. 32, T. 9 N., R. 8 E., on South Fork or Payette River. Sec, 2, T.12 N., R. 5 E .. on Middle Fork of 80 Bonneville Hot Sprints, 1n sec. a1, T. 10 .. N., R. 10 E,, on Warm Spring Creek. Payette River 12 miles east of Alpha. 36 Sec. 11, T. 12 N., R. 5 E., near Middle 81 Sacajawea Hot Springs, In sec. 30, T. 10 Fork of Payette River. N.1 _R. 11 E., near mouth of Bear Creek. 37 See, 15, T. 12 N., R. 5 E., near Middle 82 T. 6N,, R. 5 E., 6mlles southwest of Idaho Fork of Payette River, City. 38 Boiling Springs, in sec, 22, T. 12 N., R. 5 .. Nevin Spring, sec. 1, T. 3 N., R. 6 E., near E., near ~Hddle Fork of Payette River. mouth of Cottonwood Creek. Sec. 28, R. 13 N ., R. 6 E., near null Creek .. Twin Springs, on north side of Middle 16 miles east of Alpha. Fork or Boise River dOWillltream from " mouth of Browns Creek.

A-5 Idaho (Contd.) Idaho (Contd. .. Bassett Hot Spring, upstream from Log· 125 Bee. 9, • 3 N., R. 11 es eas o Iring Gulch, on north side or Middle Featberville. l!'ork of Boise River. Sec, 24, T.4N., R.ll E., on Willow Creek, .. Bee. k T. UN., R.ll E., 2milesnorthwest "' 10 miles northeast of Fenthervllle. of ureyhound. 127 Bee. 13, T. 3 N., R. 11 E., on South Fork 1 87 Sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 13 E., 6 miles east or of Boise River 10 miles east of Feather Cape Horn. vtllo. 88 Bee. 33, T.14 N., R.13 E., to miles south 128 Bee. li, T. 2 N., R. 10 E., 6 miles aouth of west of Casto. Feathervllle. .. eec. 1.5, T.to N., R. 12 E., near Stanley__ _ 128 Bee. 33, T. 3 N ., R. 10 E., f.ll miles south .. Sec. 36, T. 11 N., R. 13 E.iinear mouth of of Feathervllle. Yankee Fork of Salmon lver. ... Bej:a.~:r· 1 N., R. 10 E .• north of FilJblng Sec. :M, T. 11 N ., R. U E./ 4 mJies east of •• mouth of Yankee Fork o Salmon River. 131 Hot (Ranch) Springs, In sec. 16, T. 3 S., .. Bees. 22 and '1:1, T. 11 N., R. lol E., 6mlles R. ~E., 10m lies east of Mountain Home. east or mouth of Yankee Fork of Salmon 131A Daugb('rty's (Lattle's) Hot Spring, 111 River. miles north of Glenns Ferry. j .. Sec. 19, T. 11 N., R. 1ti E., on Salmon 131B Hot Spring, 1 mile east of King HUI ______River 1 m.lle upstream from Sunbeam Dam. ... Bee. 1, T. 4 N ., R. 14 E .. on Bl~t Smoky .. Sec. 3, T. 10 N ., R. 13 E., 2 mlles south of Creek 8 miles north of Canietown. mouth of Yankee Fork of Salmon River. 131 Sec, 321 T. 4 N., R. 14 E., on Big Smoky .. Robinson Bar Ranch Hot Springs, In sec • Creek 8 miles northwest of Carrietown, 34, T.ll N., R.lli E.,atmoutho!Wann ... Sec. 18, T. 3 N ., R. 13 E., on South Fork of Spring Creek. Boise River near mouth of Bear Creek. 1 .. T. 10 N., R. lli E., near mouth of Hot 136 Sec. 30, T. 3 N., R. 14 E., on Little Smoky Creek. Creek 8 miles :~authwest of Carrletown. VI Loon Creek Hot Springs, InT. 11 N., R. Wasewlck Hot Springs, In sec. 28, T. 3 N., 111 E. "' R. 14 E., 6 miles southwe.!t of Carrie .. T.10 N.~-.R.lll E., nearheadofLoon Creek. town . .. Sec. 19{ T, 10 N., R. 16 E., on Slate Creek 137 Wardrop Hot Springs In aeo. 29, T. 1 N., O"ml es upstream from its mouth. R. 13 E., on Corral Creek 2 mUN north of 1 100 Sulllvan Hot Springs, In tee. '1:1, T. 11 N ,, Corral. R. 17 E., on Sullivan Creek 3 mlles west 131 Sec, 14, T. 1 N., R. 111 E., II miles north of of Clayton. Blaine. 101 E'ec. 18, T, 9 N ., R. 14 E., on the Salmon ... Bee. 34, T. 1 S., R. 13 E., 6 mllee lOUth of River. Corral. 102 Pierson Hot Spring, In sec. '1:1, T. 8 N., R. HO Russian John Hot Springs, In 1!100, 33, T. e J loiE. N., R. 16 Ei' near WOOd River 18 mll811 103 Seca. 30 and 31, T. 8 N ., R. 17 E., on East northwest o Ketchum. . FOrk of Salmon River. 1<1 Easly Warm.Sprlngsf In &ee. 11, T. II N., 104 Sec. 6, T. 1 N,, R. 17 E., on East Fork of R.16 E., on souths de of Wood. River 10 Salmon River. miles northwest of Ketchum. ... Beardsley Hot Bprlngs,lnl"ec. 23, T.14 N., ... Guyer Hot Springs, in sec. 111, T. 4 N., R. R. 19 E. on east batik of Salmon River. 17 E .. 2.6 mUea w.eat of KetChem. 106 Sulphur C'ree!.f/.!~g,ln sec. 26, T, 14 N., R. 21 E., 16 northwest 9( Ooldberc. ... Sec. 36t T. 4 N., R.16 E., on Warm Spring 107 T.13N,, R. 20 E.,on WarmSprlngsCreet CreeK 11 miles southwest of Ketchum.· Clarendon Hot Sprln~,lnsec. 2!1, T. 3 N., 10 miles southeast of Challis. R. 17 E., on Deer Creek 6 miles west of 108 T. 9 N., R. 27 E., In Little Lost River '" HAlley. Valley. Hatley Hot Springs, in sec. 18, T. 2 N., R • I South side of Middle Fork of Boise River/ ...... 18 E. 2.6 miles southwest or Bailey, 0.25 mile downstream from mouth o Sheep Creek. ... Lava Creek Bot Sprlnv, in sec. 24, T.1 B., R. 17 E., near Magic Reservoir, 110 Sheep Creek Bridge Spring.! on Middle 1{7 Condie Hot Sprlnp, In sec. 14, T, 1 8., R. Fork of Boise River at 1::1heep Creek 21 E., near Carey. Bridge. 111 ... Sec. 211, T, 11 N ., R. 32 E., 10 miles south of Reed Spring, on Sheep Creek near Its Edie. . I mouth. 112 Smith Cabin Springs, on both sides of ... Bee. 34, T. 10 N ., R. 33 E., 18 miles west of Dubois. Middle Fork of Boise River upstream from junction with North Fork. 160 Lldy Hot Springs, in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 113 Loftus Spring, on north side or Middle 33 E. 16 miles west or DuboilJ. Fork of Boise River downstream from 161 See. 6, T. 9 N., R. 44 E., near Warm River. mouth of Loftus Creek, 162 Heise Hot SprlnR:, in sec. 211, T. 4 N., R. 11{ Crevice Spring, on north :.:ide of Middle 40 E., on South Fork or Snake River at Fork or Boise River downstream from Heise. mouth of Vaughn Creek. ... Plncock (Lime Kiln) Hot Sprln.,:, In aec. 8, Vaughn Spring, on south side or Middle T, 6 N ., R. t3 E., 8 miles south ol Can Fork of Boise River upstream from yon City. mouth of Vaughn Creek. Sec. 29, T. 1 N., R. 43 E.l on Fall Creek 4 I 116 ... Nlnemeyer Springs! on south side of miles nnrthw£".st nt Jrw n, Middle Fork of Bo se River downstream rrom mouth of Big Five Creek, ... Alpine Hot Sprtnp, In sees. 18 and 1i!• T • 117 2 s ..~.R. 46 !·1 on eastside or South ort Pool Creek Spring, on north sldeo!Middle of ~make Hlver 11 mlles northwest ot Fork of Boise River upstream from Alpine, . . mouth of Pool Creek. Bees. 13 and 24, T. 2 S'l. R. 4li E., on west 118 South side or Middle Fork of Boise River side of South Fork of tlnake River 3 miles upstream from mouth or Straight Creek. "' southwest of Blowout. 11• Dutch Frank's Springs, on south side of Lincoln Valley Warm Springs, In sec. 3G. Middle Fort of Boise River downstream T. 3 B., R. 37 E., 3 miles south or old from mouth of Dutch Frank's Creek. Fort Hall. 120 Granite Creek Springs, on Middle Fork of Boise River, In sec. 4, T.li N., R. 9 E., ... Enterprise, 1n T. 1 N., R. 3 W --·----·--- 8 miles east of Narton. ... Given's Hot Springs, InT. 1 B., R. 3 W., 121 T. 5 N., R. 9 E., on both sides of Middle on soutb Bide or Snake River near mouth Fork or Boise River, 0,2.5 mile upstream of Reynolds Creek. from mouth or Granite Creek. l ..A Toy Ranch, In sec. 29.1. T.ll8.hR.11!L ____ _ 122 Sec. 36, T. 6 N., R. 9 E.,on south side or 160 Bee. 14, T. 6 8., R. 3 J!i., on S oofty Creek Middle Fork or Boise River, O.li mile near Orand VIew, downstream from mouth of Granite 161 Rose brier SPring, in sec. 32, T. e B., R •. ll I Creek. E., on L1ttle Valley Creek 10 mttea 123 Bee. 32, T. 6 N., R. 12 E., 2 miles east of southeast or Comet. Atlanta. Bee. 24, T. 1 a., R. 4 E., near bead Of 12{ Sec. 10, T. 3 N., R. 10 E .. 0.11 mlle north .. . Little Valley Creek. east or Featbervute. l A-6 J ,I Idaho (Contd.) Massachusetts (Fig. 11) 101 Bruneau Hot BDrinp:, In !lee. 21,. T. 7 8., R. tl E., near lfot Springs post omoe on west side or Bruneau Valley. No. IM Bee. 22, T. 78., R. 6E.,In Bruneau Val1eY~ Name or location 1.. Trammel's Hot Springs, In !IEic. 7J, T. '78., ,..,.."" R. 8 E. In Bruneau Valley. 1.. Bee. 36, T. 7 8,, R. 8 E., on eaat ban1c of Bruneau River. 107 Hot Creek Springs, In !100. 3, T, 8 8., R. t1 8and8prlng,2mUeuoutboiWUUomotown.f E., 11 miles south of Bruneau. t 1.. Bee. 3, T. 8 8., R. 6 E., In Bruneau Valley downstream from mouth of Hot Crook. 100 Bee. 2il, T. 8 8., R. 7 E., 100 yd down stream from Buckaroo diversion dam In Bruneau Valley. IOOA Indian (Bat) Hot ~ngs.ln !tBC. 33, T. 12 I rtiV:.: 7 E., on est F«ri:: ot Bruneau I.. B Kitty's Hot Hole, 10 mllea 1100thweat ol. Three Creek. Montana (Fig. 10) 110 White Arrow Hot Springs, in aee. 31, T. { B., R. 13 E., near tnanche. m Blanche Crater Warm Sprtnp. 1.11 mBes No. nottbeMt ol White Arrow Hot Sprlnp on N arne or locatloD: l (no. 170). 172 Tschannen Warm Springs, 2 miles south ..... aut of White Arrow Hot Bprlnp (no. 170). 173 Bee. 30, T. 8 B'..L R. lol E., on Lsland tn Salmon Falls ureek near AusUn. Camu Hot Springs, In see. 3, T. 21 N., 17< . Ring's Hot 8Ddng, in sec. 31, T. 8 8., R. 14 R.:uw. l 2 Bee. 4, T, 21 N., R. 2f W., 1 mile wett of E. on south side or Snake River. Camas. 170 Banbury Hot Bprin~. In sec. 33, T. 8 8.1 R. 14 E., no south bank or Snoke River t 3 Sec. tl, T. 18 N., R. 26 W., 4 miles IIOUth of .nllos upstream from mouth or Salmon Paradise, River, Granite (Lolo)Hot Springs, 8 mllee tooth Polson Sprinr, in T. 9 R., R. 13 E., In • west of Woodson. canyon or Salmon River 8 miles up Warm Bprinr• Creek, 8 mUes north of stream from mouth of river. • GlliTison. 177 Sec l0 .T. 13 A., R. 1S R., on Rock Creek Sun River (Medicine) Hot Bprinp, on 10 m.ues1 south or Btrlckf'r. • North Fort of Sun River 30 milet b7 178 Artesian City Hot Sprtnp, In sec. 8, T. road west of Augusta. 12 8., R. 20 E. 7 Helena Hot Springs, 2 mlles west of Helena. Poulton Warm Spring, In sec. 8, T. 13 B., Blr: Warm Sprlnga, In 1100. 24, T. 38 N., R. 21 E., 9 miles northwe.<.t or Oakley. • . A. 26 E., 6 miles 110uth ofLodrepole. '1811 Land Sprln,;, In sec. 7, T. 13 B., R. 23 E., Little Warm Springs, in sec:.. 32~ T. 26 N., 6 miles northea!t or Oakley. • R. 2t1 E., g mile~ lOuth of LOOgepole. 181 Thoroughbred Springs, in sec. 21, T. Ul8., 10 Warm8prlng,lneec.1tl, T.l7 N., R.18 E., R.19E. on. Warm Spring Creek 12 miles north of 182 Oakley Warm Bprlng, In sec. 'J/1, T. 14 8., Lewistown. R. 22 R., II miles south of Oakley. II Sec. 19, T. 12 N., R. 23 E. on Durphy 181 s~i~tJ&.H 8., R. 2li E., 1 mllesouthweet Creek, 3 mlles south of Ty1 er. 12 Medicine Root (Weeping Child) Hot IM Frazier Hot Spring, In see. 23, T. lti B., Springs, on Weeping Child Creek, 15 R. 26 E. 6 miles southwest of Bridge. miles southeast of Hamilton. 1.. Bridger ii'ot Sprlnr, In sec. 11, T. 11 B., II Sec. 31, T. 1 B., R. 22 w., 4 miles eut of R. 2li E., 6 mlles northeast of Albion, Slate Creet station. 180 Soc. 22, T. 11 B., R. 26 E., 4 miles north If OallottlY (Ross' Hole, Medicine) Hot CB!It of Albion. Sprtngs, In sec. 16, T. 1 B., R. 1tl W., 4 187 Bee. ltil, T. 9 8., R. 28 E., near Lake Wal miles south of Camp Creek station. . cott. 15 Warm Springs, near Warm Springs rail 180 Fall Creek Warm Springs, ln sec. 2til T. road station, 10 mllet northeut of til B., R. 2til E., 8 mlles northeast of Yale. Anaconda. 10 Anaoonda Bot Sprinp, a mtlet eut of 180 Indian Hot Springs, In sec. 19, T .. 8 8., Anaoonda. R. 31 E., on south stde of Snake River. 17 Orepon Hot Sprinp, 15 miJel w•t of 100 Lay!\ Hot Sprlng!!t 1n T. til.S., R. 38 E., on Butte. both sides of rortneuf River 2 mlle!J south of Lava, 18 Alhambra Hot Springs, 17 mlles south of IOOA 8 mlles northwest or McCammon______Helena. 101 T. 10 B., R. 40 E., on west side of Bear 10 Boulder Hot Sppngs, 3 miles southeast of River at south end of Gentile Valley. Boulder. lOlA Downata Hot Sprlngl', 4 miles southeast of 20 Pipestone Springs, 20 miles southeast of Downey. Eutte. 102 T. 8 S., R. 42 E., In canyon or Blackfoot 21 Bedford Springs, on north side of Indian River. Creek 3.5 miles northwest of Townsend. 101 Bear River Soda (Beer) Springs, In Kimpton nvarner) Warm Springs, on .. branch ot Crow Creek, 7 mlles west or T. 9S., R. 42 E. Toston. 104 T. 14 8., R. 36 E., 2 miles southw~t of 22A Big Spring, on east bank of Missouri Malnd. River 4 miles southeast of Toston. 106 T. 16 s., R. 36 E., 12 miles southeast or Plunket's (Moekel, Nave's Warm) Malad. Spring, at head of Warm Creek, 10 1.. Bear Lake Hot Spring:~, near northeast " miles southwest of Toston. shore of Bear Lake and 16 miles south of .. White Sulphur (Brewer's) Springs ______Montpeller. J

A-7

] ]

Montana (Contd.) Nevada (Contd.)

12A Near base of We!t ftank or Black Rock .. Big Hole Hot Springs, at 1Mkson••••••••• Ran••· 13 Elkhorn Hot Springs, in sec. 29 • T. S., T. 37 N., R. 25 E., on southeast side of l 4 .. 1 Black Rock Range. R. 12 W ., on Miller Creek 6 m11es north of Polarls. T, 37 N ., R. 26 E., In arm of Black Rock Desert. Z7 Ziegler Hot Sprinp, near .Apex .••••••••••• ",. Van Rlper,ln T.36N., R.2t E., on south Lovell Springs, in sec. 21, T, 8 B., R. 9 W., west side of Black Rock Range. 9 miles southwest of Dlllon. 16 T, 36 N ., R. 25 E., at south end of Black Rock Range, 10 miles southeast of Divi I "' Brown (Ryan Canyon) Springs, In sec. 30, .. sion Peak. T. 8 8., R. 9 W., 11 miles southwest of Dillon. l7 Bees. 16,211 24, 34, T. 36 N., R. 26 E., on 10 west boraer of Black Rock Desert. Bartel's Hot Springs, at Bllverstar ------18 2 miles north or Winnemucca.... ------ 11 Clark's Warm (Potosi Hot) Springs, on 10 Golconda IIot Springs, InT. 36 N., R. 4.0 south hranch of Wtnow Creek, 6 mllea E. south of Pony. lOA Blossom Hot Spring, In sec. 10, T. 35 N ., Hapgood (Norris) Hot Springs, on Hot R. 43 E., 8 miles north of Valmy. .. lOB BDrlng Creek near Norris. 100 .. Puller's Hot Springs, on upper Ruby lOD !Humboldt Rlv" Valloy •••.....••••...... Creek, 10 mlles northwest of Virginia City. tOE Sec. 18, T. 12 S., R. 1 E., 3 miles south· !OF l .. lOG west of Cliff Lake. 20 T.39N., R. tO E., at head of South Fork of .. Bozeman (Ferris, Matthews) Hot Springs, Little Humboldt River• on WIC'$t Gallatin River, 7 mtles west of 2l Sec.30, T. 45N., R.M E.,SmUessoutheast Bol~•'!'lD, of Mountain City. .. Hunter's Hot Springs, 20 miles north68St Sec. 23, T. 46 N ., R, 56 E., liS miles east or of Livingston. .. Mountain City. 1 1.15 miles north of Contact______17 Emigrant Gulch Warm Springs {Chico 22A Spring), on Emigrant Creek near Chico. 22B Mineral (San Jacinto) Spring.------ .. Corwin Hot Springs, In sec. 25, T. 8 B., 23 See. 22, T. 47 N ., R. 68 E., on west sldo of R. 7E. Bear Creek Springs, tn sec. 19, T. g B., R. Goose Creek, .. Nne Sprlngt in sec. 30, T. 47 N., R. 70 E., g E., 3 mllt'.s south or Gardiner. .. on east stae of Goose Creek. I Antl.erson's Sprlnll, In sec. 29, T. 3 8., R. 13 E .• nel\t' Boulder Creek 3 miles south .. Gamble's Hole, In sec. 10, T. 46 N., R. IHI "' E., on east side of Goose Creek. west or Hubble. .. Sec. 26, T. 46 N., R. 69 E., at head or main fork of Spring Creek, "11 T. 4.1 N., R. 69 E.1 at south end of Thou· sand Springs Vruley. 1 28 Hot Creek mining district InT. 39 N., R. 60 E., on Marys River 15 miles north of Deeth. .. Cress Ranch, in sec. U, T. 38 N., R. ISQ E., Nevada (Fig. 1) 8 mHes north of Deeth. .. Sec. 21, T. 38 N 'f R. 62 E., In Emigrant Canyon, 4.2 m1 es north or Wells. l No. 30A 5,5 mlles north of Wells.------on Name or location Metropolis. ______..... 30B 1 T. 46 N ., R. '11 E .. 12 miles west of Pine Forest Range. 30D H. D. Ranch.------2 Bog Ranch Hot Bprln~r5, on north side of 31 Hot Sulphur Springs, T. 33 N., R.li3 E., 9 Thousand Creek Valley 6 mnes south· miles northwest of Carlin, west of Denio, Oregon. 32 Elko Hot Springs, InT. at N., R. 5.5 E., 1 3 T. f7 N., R. 31 E., south of Steens Moun mile west of Elko. tain. T. 33 N., R. 58 E., 8 miles southwest of T. ·15 N;, R. 32 E., 12 miles no~b of Ma- .. Fort Halleck. son's \;rosslng of Quinn River. T. at N., R. 62 E., neao Warm Creek in ' T, 45 N ., R. 32 E., 11 miles north of Quinn .. Independence Valley •• River (town). a

A-8 -I

Nevada (Contd.) Nevada (Contd.) I 43 Buckbrush Sprin~, in T. 29 N., R. 19 E., Soc. 6, T. 16 N ., R. 32 E., 20 mlles southeast on west side of moke Creek Desert. " of Fallon. .. Rotten Eg~ Spring, in T. 29 N., R. 19 E., 76 bzenhood Ranch Springs, in T. 36 N., R. on sout west side of Smoke Creek 45 E., 25 miles north of Battle Mountain. Desert. 46 Round Hole Spring, in sec. 31, T. 29 N., 77 White Rock Spring, In sec. 8, T. 33 N., R. R. 19 E., on southwest side of Smoke 47 E., 2 miles west of Rock Creek. Creek Desert. 77A Beowawe Oehsers, in sec.li, T. 31 N., R. .. Ross Spring, InT. 28 N., R. 20 E., at south 48 E., in W lrlwind Valley 8 miles west end of Smoke Creek Desert• of Beowawe. ., T. 28 N., R. 21 E., near north end of .I Pyramid Lake. .. Fish Spring, in T. 26 N., R.. 19 E., 10 miles 78 Sec. 24, T. 29 N ., R. 41 E., in Buft'alo northwest of Pyramid railroad station. Valley 25 miles southwest of Battle T. 26 N., R. 20 E., on northwest side of Mountain (town). Pyramid Lake. 70 Mound Spring, in sec. 7, T. 28 N., R. 4-i " T. 27 N., R. 23 E.kon northwest shore of E.~n Reese River valley 25 miles south Wlnnemu~ca La e. of attle Mountain (town). "51 T. 26 N ., R. 23 E., on west shore of so Sec. 23, T. 27 N ., R. 43 E., 1 mUe north of Winnemucca Lake. Hot Spring Ranch ln Reese River vane·y. I 81 T. 24 N '{ R. 22 E., on Anaho Island In Sec. 26, T. 27 N., R.43 E., at Hot Spring " Pyram d Lake. Ranch. .. Cottonwood Spring, In sec. 26, T. 23 N., 82 T.27 N., R.47 E.,10milessouthofLander. R. 21 E., in Warm Spring Valley 3 miles south of Dewey. 83 T. 22 NV R. 47 E., near north end of T. 21 N., R. 24 E., In Dead Ox Canyon 12 Grass a1ley. roUes south of Dixon. .. T.18 N., R. 39 E., In Smith Creek valley ,."' Lawton Hot Springs, 6 miles west of Reno. 6 miles north of Hot Springs. . Sec. 25, T. 17 N ., R. olO E., on weS:t side of "A Moma Springs, 2 miles south of Reno..... " Smith Creek valley. "B Huffaker Springs, 5 miles southeast of 86 Spencer Hot Springs, in T.17N., R.46 E., . Moana bathing resort. 18 miles southeast of Austin . "c Zoleg~l Springs, 3 mlles southwest of 87 Sec. 14, T. 16 N., R. 45 E., 20 miles south· Huffaker Springs (no. 55B). east of Austin. 650 Da Monte Springs, 1.5 miles east ofZoleggl 88 Horseshoe Ranch Springs, 1 mile north· Sprln'R. east of Beowawe. ME Mount ose, 10 miles south of Reno ...... 88A ·Sec. 2, T. 29 N., R. 48 E., In Crescent MF Reno Hot S~rlngs, 10.5mllessouth of Reno. Valley 12 miles south of Beowawe. · .. Steamboat .. prlngs, in sec. 33, T. 18 N., •• Sec. 12, T. 28 N., R. 52 E., at head of Ho~ R. 00 E., 1I miles south of Reno. · Creek, 14 miles north of Mineral. .. Carlottl Ranch Springs, in sec. 24, T. 28 Bowers Mansion (Franktown Hot) SprlnJ; N .. R. 52 E., 10 mile-s north of Mineral. " 10 mlle.'l north of Carson City, "A Brufley's (Mineral Hill) Hot S&rlngs, In· .. T. 19 N., R. 23 E., 10 miles southwest of :;t~7~t~~:· R. 52 E., 7m esnorth~ Wadsworth. Carson (Swift's, Shaw's) Hot Springs, 2 Fl~n Ranch Springs, in sec. 5, T. 25 N., miles north of Carson City. " . 53 E., in Diamond Valle-f. "60A Nevada State Prison ______OlA Siri Ranch Scrtng, in sec. 6, . 2ol N., R. 00 Walley's (Genoa) Hot Springs, 6 miles · 63 E., In D amend Valley. northwest of Minden. OIB Sadler (Big Shipley) Sprln~ In sec. 23, 61 Hind's Hot Springs, In sec. 16, T. 12 N., T. 24 N., 52 E., In Dlamon VaU~f" R. 23 E., near Simpson. 010 Sulphur Springs, In sec. 36, T. 23 'b R. 62 Wabuska Springs, InT. 15 N., R. 25 E., 62Ed on Sulphur Springs Ranch In Ia· 1 mile north of Wabwka. mon Valley. .. Butte Spring in T. 33 N. R. 26 E., at OlD Jacobson Ranch Springs, on east side of north end olHot Springs Butte, 25 miles Diamond Valley. southwest or Sullfbur. Sec. 15, T. 24 N., R. 47 E., on west t'llde of 6aA Near Humboldt iver, 2 miles north or " Grass Valley.· Mill City. .. Sec. 33, T. 24 N ., R. 48 E., on east side of Grass Valley. .. Leach's (Pleasant Va1ley) Hot Springs In 03A sec. 35, T. 32 N., R. as E., in Grass Val- Bartlne Hot Sprlngst In sec. 5, T. 19 N., ley 25 miles south of Winnemucca. R. 50 E., in Ante ope Valley 35 miles Guthrie (Nelson) srrln~s, In sec. 3~ T. west or Eureka. 32 N ., R. 38 E., 2 miles south of In· 038 Clobe Hot Spring, in sec. 28, T. 18 N., R. " nemucca. 50E.,in Antelope Valley, ol5mllessoutb· west or Eureka. .j 030 Sara Ranch Sprlngs:F In sec. 7, T. 16 N., R. 66 Kyle's Hot Springs, In sec. 2, T. 39 N., R. 53 E., at head of Ish Creek. .. Collar and Elbow Sprlngbin sec. 'Zl, T. • 66A M1fi:·k~~~l~~-~~~~~~~-~~-~~~~:~.t~- N.\ R. 65 E., near nort end of Steptoe Valey. 67 Sec.1, T. 25 N(i R. 36 E., near north end(lf .. Cherry Creek (Young's) Hot Springs, In Salt Marsh Osobb) Valley. T. 23 N., R. 63 E., 1.2mlles southwest of 88 Sou (Gilbert's) Hot Springs, -in sec. 29, Cherry Creek (town) In St~toe Vall\{. T. 26 N., R. 38 E., near north end of .. Shellbourne Hot Springs, In • 23 N ., . Salt Marsh (Osobb) Valley. 63 E., about 100 rt from Cherry Creek rene Br.

103A Williams Hot Sprines,ln see. 33, T. 13 N., 144 Bennetts Spring3, In T. 2 S,, R. M E., g R. flO R., 12 mJies northwest of PrP!!ton. miles west of Panaca. 104 Preston Sprinp, in sec. 1, T., 12 N., R. 61 144A Delmue's Spring:~, IOmiJesnorthot Panaca E. U4B Flatnose Ranch ______---______.------1.. Panaca SPring, In sec. 4, T. 2 8., R. 68 E __ 105 Lund Spring, in sec. 33, T. 12 N., R. 62 E .. 1.. Caliente llot Sprlng.J. in T. 4 8., R. 87 E., 0.2.5 mile north of ualiente. 100 Wllliil Sulphur Sprin~, In T 11 N R 147 Hlko Spring, In sec. 22, T. 4 8., R.I!O E--- OS E., at hE'ad of Warm Cret-k ., · 107 Bb: Sprln~. InT. 11 N., R. fi9 E~.ln Snake 1<8 Crystal SprlnJ!,",l mile northwest of Hlto .. Valley, 15 mllel south of Baker. 107A Bee. 30, T. 10 N., R. 70 E., at bead of Big 1f0 Ash (Alamo) Spring, 4 miles south of Sprln~ Creek. Hlko, 108 Double Sprin~r, in T. 13 N., R. 29 E., 3 1.. T. H S., R. 615 E., a miles west of Moapa._ miles north of Walker Lake. 100 Ber. 4, T. 7 N., R. Z1 E., Otl. East Walker 101 Indian Spring, In sec. 16, T. II' 8., R. 68 River, 20 miles west of Hawthorne. E., I mile south of Indian Spring rail· 110 T. 6 N., R. 35 E., at BodavUJe ••..•••••.••• road station. 162 Las Vegas Springs, in T. 20 8,, R. 61·E., 111 Waterworks Sprinn, in see. 22, T 2 8 R. 2 miles west of Las Vegas. 39 E .. af Silver Peak. ' ., ' Alkali Bprln~, In sec. 26, T. 1 B., R. 41 E., 11 mllrs northwest of Ooldfteld 113"' Wedell Springs, In sec. 7. 1'. 12 N., R. M E., 12 miles southeast of Rawhide. 11< T.l4N., R. 43 E., I mile east or McLeod's Ranch in Bi~ Smoky Valley 11• Gendron Sprlnlt:, In T. 14 N: R." (3 E., · near MiiiE'tt In Big Smoky Valley. 110 Charnock (Big Blue) Sprinvs, InT. 13 N., New Mexico (Fig. 10) R. '-'E., near Charnock Ranch 117 Bee, 14, T. 11 N., R. 42 E., In Blli Smoky Valley, 14 miles south of Millett. No. ] 118 Darrom:;h Hot Springs, in Sf'C. 17, T. 11 Name or location N;, R. 43 E., on Darrough Ranch in Big •• Smoky Valley...... 110 Beg; ~oTis~4 N., R. 47 E., 2miiessoutheast· · Diana's Punch Bowl, In sec. 22, T 14 N 1 See. 32, T. 11 N ., R. 2 W ., 10 miles south ] R. 47 E., S·miles south of Potts. · '' of Shiprock. 121"'' Fish SJ)llngs, In sees. 26 and 35, T. 11 N ., R. 49 E., in Fish Creek valley Sec. 8, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., 15 miles north of 122 Sec. 32, 'l'. 13 N., R. 56 E., 5 miiCs north ot Duckwater, • Newcomb. 122 Bee. 16, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., 4. miles north Indian Springs, InT. 7 N., R. 42 E., near • or Newcomb. Ban Antonio. Bee. 23, T. 25 N ., R. 8 E., 0,715 mile north· T. 7 N., R. 51 E., on Hot Creek 8 miles northeast of Tybo. • west of La Madera. 12.1"" SeC. 24, T. 25 N ., R. 8 E., I mile north· T. 4 N ., R. 50 E., near south end of Hot • east of La Madera. Creek valley. Sec. 26, T. 25 N ., R. 8 E., 0.25 mile north of 128 Lock's Springs, in sec. 15, T. 8 N. R. 5.5 • La Madera, E., on west side of Railroad v8bey 3J 7 Bee. 30, T. 25 N., R. 8 E., 1 mile south· miles southwest of Currant. west of La Madera. 127 Chimney Springs, In sec. 16, T. 7 N., R. 8 OJo Caliente Springs, 12 miles northwest 55 E., In Railroad ValleY 6 miles south of Barranca, of Lock's Springs (No. 126). Togay Springs, in sec. 33, T. 19 N., R. 115 128 Blue Eagle Spri.ngs, in sec. 11, T. 8 N., R. • W., 20 miles ea.<~t of Tohatchle. 67 E., on east side of RailrOad Valley 18 10 Murray Spring, in sec. 29, T. 20 N., R. 8 miles south of Currant. E., 15 miles north ot Ierne& Springs 1211 Kate Spring, In sec. 14 T. 8 N., R. 67 E.,· (town). l 0.75 mile south of Blue Eagle Springs 11 Ban Antonio Springs, In sec. 7, T. 20 N., (No. 128). R. 4 E.! on San Antonio Creek 20 miles 130 Butterfield Springs, In sec. Zl, T. 8 N., north o 1eme:t Springs (town). R. 57 E., on east side of Railroad Valley. 12 Sulphur Springs, In sec. 3, T. HI N ., R. 3 131 Bacon Springs, In sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 67 E., 12 miles north of Jemez Springs E., on east s1de of Railroad Valley. (town). Soda Dam Springs, In sec. 115, T. 18 N., I 132 Bullwhacker Sprinl!.", in sec. 28, T. 7 N., .. R. 57 E., on eastside of Railroad Valley. R. 2 E., In Canyon de San Diego, 2 133 Willow Springs, in sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 07 miles north of Jemez Hot Spring~ (No. E., on east side of Railroad Valley. 15), McCauleY Spring, in sec. 4, T. 18 N. R. 13< Mormon Springs, in sec. 33, T. 9 N R. 61 .. 1 E., 5 miles west of White River ., 3 E., 7 miles north of Jemez Bprmgs 13 snrin~-iD.-i'- Jemez Hot Springs (Ojos Callentes), In 9 N., R. 62 E., near White River' ' sec. 22, T. 18 N ., R. 2 E., 12 miles north 186 White River Valley (Flag, Sunitys!de) of Jemez (pueblo). Springs, in sees. 28, 31, and 32, T. 7 N., 16 Phillips Springs, in T. 16 N., R. 1 W., 10 miles west ot Jemez (pueblo) and 1 mile fao6;h!:· on Whipple and Hendricks northeast of Rio Salado. 137 Hot Creek Ranch Springs, In sec. 18, T. 6 N ., R. 61 E., In White River valley 8 17 Indian (Jemez) Sprlnp, tnT. 16 N., R. 2 miles southwest of Sunnyside. E. 2 mtles north of San Ysidro. 138 Hicks Hot Springs, In T, 11 8 R 47 E 18. Ban Ysidro Hot Bpr.lnn, tnsee. 8, T.l5 N., 5 miles north of Beatty. ., · ·• R.l E., 7mJle.'lsoUtbwestof8an Yaldro. Springs, in sec. 22, T. 17 8., 10 San Ysidro Warm Springs, in 86CS. 3, G, 10, "'' As:&.~~~ow T.15N.,R.1E, J ... Pahrump Springs, In sec. 14, T. ro 8., R. .. L8s Vegas Hot Springs., 6 mJies nortbwMt 53 E., on Pahrump Ranch. of Las vegas. 141 Manse Sprlnu, in sec. 3, T. 21 s., R. ME., on Manse Ranch. .. OJo Caliente Springs, In sec. 21, T. 8 N., 142 Geyser Ranch Springs, in T. 8 N R. 65 R.20W. 12mllessouthw61!tofZunJ. E., 5 miles east of Patterson. ., 22 Quelltes M'lnera1 Bprinr, 1n T. 8 N.l R. 2 143 T. 5 N., R. 70 E., on Hammond Ranch.·- W., on north aide of-Ban Joee Rver 2 miles northwest of Qu~Utes.

A-10 New Mexico (Contd.) Oregon (Fig. 10) .. 8oe6rro WannBprlnp~ Umlleuoutbweat or Socorro. Sefl~ci'!' 2 8., R. g E., in orsterol Mount -I .. OJo CaUente1 1n sec. 31, T. G 8., R. 7 W.,l6 miles nortnwest of MontJcello. Mount Hood Warm Springs 1n sec. 24, T. .. Sec. 23, T. 12 B., R. 20 W., 1 mDe aoutb of 3 S., R. SJ.i E., on south srde of Mount Pleasanton. ' Hood . .. Bee. 30'--T. 11 8., R. 12 w., 1 mile aoutb of Bee. 25, T. 6 S., R. 6 E., on the Claokamu DD .11ar Ranch. • 71 Sec. 19 T. 12 S., R. 13 w., on Diamond River. -I Creex1 near Its mouth. Carey (Amtln) Hot Springs, In seo. 30, T. 28 Sec.~~ T. 13 S., R. 16 w., near Turkey 6 8., lt. 7 E., on the Claokamas River. Creex. Bagsby Hot Springs, In sec. 26, T. 7 S., R . • 5 E., on Hot Springs Creek:4 mllel!lsouth See. 3, T. 14 S., R. 16 W ., on Turkey Creek of Thunder Mountain. " 3 mile!! above It! confluence with the Breitenbll!lh Hot Springs, In seo. 20, T. 0 Olla River. • 8., R. 7 E., on tha Breitenbll!lb Rivet. Gila Hot Spring.;, tn !ec. fi, T. 13 B., R. 13 7 Warm Springs, In sees. 19 and 20, T. 8 8,, W., on the Gila River near Diamond R.l3E.,on WarmSprings Rlver9ml161!1 Creek. north-northeast of Warm Springs Indian II Sec. 3, T.l3 S., R.13 W., on the 011a River. Agency. .. Sec. 20, T. 13 W .• R. 13 W., on the Gila 8 Lehman Hot Springs, In sec.1, T. 58., R. River. 33 E., on Camas Creek. .. Sec. 16, T. 14 B., R. 14 W., on the GJla Hideaway Springs, in T. 5 B., R. 33 E., 7 River. • miles southwest of Lehman Hot Spiings I .. Hud:ron·~ Hot Springs, 4 miles northwest (No.8) . of Mimbres. 10 Sec. 6, T. 1 S., R. 39 E., 2 miles northeast .. Apachf' Tejo Warm Springs, 7 miles north or Summerville . of Whitewater, 11 Hot Lake, In T, 4 S., R. 39 E., 10 miles ~] .. Faywood Hot Springs, In T. 20 8., R. 11 southeast or La Grande. W., 6 mile.~ northeast of Faywood. Medical Springs, In sec. 24, T. 6 8., R. 41 Hot Springs (Palomas), near Truth or " E., 20 miles north-northeast of Baker. "' Consequences. Ritter (McDuffee) Hot Spring, sec. 8 T. " 8 8., R. 30 E., on north bank or Mladle1 .. Radium Hot Sprlnp;s, near Radium Fork or John Day River. Spring,., railway station 17 mU&I north of Hot Sulphur Sprlnp;, In sec. 35\ T .10 8. R. Las Cruces. 32 E., on Camp Creek 6 m Ies soutn1 or Susanville. ,. Bear Gulch Spring, In sec. 11, T. 16 8., R. 31 E., near Canyon Creek 10 miles south of Canyon City, Blue Mountain Hot Springs, In sec. 13, T, 14 8. R. 34 E., near mouth of Reynolds " CreeK1 10 miles south or Prairie City. 17 Bam-0 Mineral Springs, In sec. 2, T, 12 8., R. 43 E., 4 miles southeast of Durkee. 17A Radium Hot Spring, In sec. 28, T. 7 B., R. 39 E., 10 miles northwest or Baker. New York (Fig. 11) 17B Barn-O Spring, In sec.16, T. g 8., R. 40 E., near Baker. 18 Belknap Hot Springs, In sec. 11, T. 16 B., ~~· Name or location I; R.6 E.,6mileseaatofMcKenzie Bridge. ,. Foley Springs, In sec. 28, T. 16 S., R. 6 E., 4.5 miles southellSt or McKen~ie Bridge. -·-~-·~------20 Sec. 7, T.I7 s., R. ii E., on the South Fork of McKen·,Je River, 8 miles southwest Lebanon Warm 8prlng,27mllessouthea.st ~~ of M cKen •ie Bridge. of Albany. 21 Wall Crook Hot Springs, In sec. 26, T. 20 8. R. 4 E., 10 ..5 mUes northeast of Oak· rlage.1 22 Winlno (McCredie) Springs, In sec. 36, T. 21 s., R. 4 E., 11 miles east or Oakridge. ,. Kitson Springs, in sec. 6, T. 22 S., R. 4 E., 8 miles southeast of Oakridge. Umpqua Warm Spring, In sec, 20, T. 26 S., R. 4 E., on Umpqua River 5 miles " south or Potter Mountain. North Carolina (Fig. 11) ,. Jackson (Bybee) Hot Springs, 2 miles northwest of Ashland. .. Sec. 31, T. 24 S., R. li~S E., In Summit No. Lake Valley. on N &me or location 27 Klamath Hot Springs, at Klamath Falls .• llgme 28 0.5 mile northeast or Olene ••.•.. ------Hot Springs, on French Broad River 40 I I miles northwest or AshevUle. J .l

l A-ll Oregon (Contd.) Oregon (Contd.) 28A Taylor Warm Spring, 2 miles esst of Olene. Houston Hot Springs in sec. 21, 1'. 40 s., 28B Crystal Springs, 1 mile south or Olene ____ _ " R. 24 E., 3 miles east or Warner Lake .. Oregon (Turner) Hot Springs, In sec. 10, post office . Sec. 14, T. 22 8., R.32J.i E., i7milesnortb ~o:~·e,_R. 13 E., 10 miles southeast or "A east of Burns. 211A Smith's Hot Spring, In sec.IO_, T. 408., R. 13 E., 9.5 miles southeast oJ Bonama. .. Mlllpond Spring and other springs tn sees. 30 Wilkerson's Warm Springs, 1n sec. 6, T. 36 and 33, T. 23 B., R. 30 E. 40 8., R. 14 E., 13 miles southeast of Bonan~a. 62A 0.76 mUe south of MJllpond Spring (No. l 31 Robertson's Springs, in sec. 18, T. 38 B., 02). R. Hi Eu. in Horselly Valley 8 miles 62B 'Goodman Spring, 1 mile south of Mlllpond south of .1:dy. Spring (No. 62). 32 Paulina Springs, In sec. 26, T. 21 B., R.l2 620 3.6 miles southwest of MU!pond Spring E., near north shore of Paulina Lake. (No. 52). 33 East Lake Hot Springs, tnsec. 29, T.21 B.,. 62D 1.6 miles east of spring No. 6,20 ...... ~--- R. 13 E., on south shore of EBSt Late. Sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 32 E., near Twelve .. 62E mtle Creek 20 miles southwest of Paul Baker Spring, 1.6 miles southeast of sp;rlng Ina. No. 52D. Sand Springs, in sec. 35, T. 21.i B., R.l9 E., .. Crane Hot Spring, in sec. 34, T, 24 S., R. 5 miles northeast of Fossil Lake. 33 E., near Crane Creek Gap 4 miles northwest or Crane. .. Sec. 32, T. 26 B., R. 18 E., on west shore .. Sec. 23, T. 22 S., R. 36 E., on the west of Christmas Lake. side of Middle Fork of Malheur River 37 Ana River Springs, In sec. 6, T. 30 B., R. 8 miles northwest or Riverside. 17 E., 7 mtles north of Bummer Lake .. Bee. 16, T. 2.5 s .._R. as E., on the west post office. side of South !"Ork of Malheur River .. Buckhorn Creek Springs, in sec. 5, T. 30 8 miles north of Venator• s., R. 17 E., 9 miles north or Bummer .. Sec. 12, T. 26 S., R. 27 E., near south Lake Post Office. shore of Silver Lake. .. Johnson Creek Springs, in sec. M, T, 29 S., Sec. 33, T. 26 S., R. 28 E., a.ll mlles ea,t R. 17 E., 12 miles northeast of Bummer " of Iron Mountain. Lake post office. .. Double-0 Spring, in sec. 34, T. 26 8., R. .. Thousand Springs, in sec. 19, T. 30 B., R • 28 E., 1.5 miles west or Double-0 Ranch . 18 E., on east side of Bummer Lake Double-0 Barnyard Spring, in sec. 33, T. Valley. •• 26 8., R. 28 E., on Double-0 Ranch . 1

A-12 Oregon (Contd.) Texas (Fig. 10)

17 Vaie Hot S~rlngs,ln sec. 20, T. 18 B., R. 46 --1 E., on t e south side of tl>e Malbeur No. River 0.6 mile east or Vale. on Name or location ,. Sec. 31, T. 17 S., R. 47 E., on the Malheur River 3 miles west of Ontario. ,. Mitchell Butte Hot sgrtngs, In sec. 12, T. "'""' 21 B., R. 4.5 E., on t e Owyhee River. 80 Deer Butte Hot Spring, in sec. 14, T. 21 B., -I R. 46 E., on the Owyhee River. Near bank of the Rio Grande, at lOUth !I end of Quitman Mountain. North Black Willow 8prtnr; In ~~ee. 25, T. 2 Near bani: of the Rio Grande, 2 mues east 21 8., R. 45 E., on the wyhee River Quitman n~ Sniveley's Ranch. oftheaouth end of MoUDtahl. South Black W11low Spring, In Bee. 3&, T. .. Hot Spring Cree~ 6 miles east of the Rio 1 21 8., R . .:; E., on the Owyhee River. • Gnnde and 7 mneenortbeutof Rutdo-. .. Bee. 10, T. 23 8., R. « E., on the Owyhee River 2 miles downstream from mouth I of Dry Creek. .. Bee. 20, T.24 B., R. 37E., near South Fork of Malheur River 6 mlle.s south of River· side. . 8ti Sec. 18, T. Z1 B.i R. 43 E., on the Owyhee I River 30 ml es northwest of Jordan 8

A-13 ]

Utah (Contd.) Virginia (Fig. 11) 18 CastUla Mineral SDrlngs tn T. 9 s., R. 3 E., In Spanish l'ork 6anyon 15 miles No. south or Provo. on l 10 Bee, 14! T. 8 s., R. 5 E., on Diamond Creek Name or location 16 m les east of Sprlilgville. ,..,. lOA 12 miles northeASt of Jensen, In canyon of Green River. ' .. H. otBprin~,ln T.llS., R. 14 W., at north end of Flsb Springs Mountains and a Limestone Springs, neaz- Compton••••••.. miles north-northeast or Fish Springs (town), 2 ·warm Sprlng,l mUesouthofBrldgewater. 21 Big Spring, in T, 11 8., R. 14 W., 1 mlle 3 Dice's Spring, 1 mile southeast or Burke- 110utheast of Hot Springs (No. 20). town. 22 Fish Springs, In T.ll s., R. lol W., 4mlles Flttgerald Spring, neaz- Middle River 110utheast of Hot Sprln~ (No. 20} and 3 • Bridge, 2.26 miles west of Fort Defiance. miles east of Fish Springs (town). Bragg Spring, 2.26 miles northeast of Bolar. 23 Bee. 33t T. l4 B., R. 18 W., on Miller's • Bolar Spring, 3 mUes northeast of Bolar... Ranen 8 miles south of Trout Creek. •7 Warm Sulphur Springs, at Warm Springs .. Abraham Springs in T. 14 B., R. 8 W., on (town). Fumarole Butte, Ul miles north-north· 8 Hot Springs, at Hot Springs (town) •....•. west of Delta. .. Sec. 31{ T.15 s. R. 19 w.,ln Snake Valley Healing (Rubino Healing, Sweet Alum) 1 mt e west o1 Gandy. · • Springs, at Healing Springs (town). l .. Bee. 9, T.l6S., R. 18 W,,in Snake Valley 2 10 Mill Mountain Springs, at Panther Gap miles south or Foote's Ranch. 1.5 miles west of Goshen. 'ZT Knoll Springs, in sec. 11, T.18S., R.18 w.1 l1 Rockbridge (Rockbridge Alum, Strick in Snake Valley 12 mUes 110utheast 01 ler's) Springs at Rockbridge Baths 10 Bmithvllle. miles north of Lexington. · .. Bee. 24, T. 22 B., R, 6 W., 3 mUes north· 12 Layton (Keyser's) Springs. on the Jackson west or Hatton. River tl miles south of Falling Spring .. Brewer's Springs, in secs.l3 and 24, T. 16 (No. 13). 8., R. 2 E., 1 mile northw81!1t of Wales, 18 Falling Spring, 8 miles south of Heeling Sprin~ (No.9). 30 Lowry's Spring and Squires' Spring In Sweet Chalybeate Springs, 3 miles north sec. 23, T. 18 8., R. 2 E., 3 miles aoutb ot of Sweet Chalybeate. Manti. " Lee Carter Spring, l.S mUes northeast of 31 Livingston Warm Springs, In sec. 13 T. Sweet Chalybeate. 18 s., R. 2 E.,l mile south of Manti. c. B. Hunter Spring, 0.5 mile north of 32 MantiSprtngs,lnsec.!7.rT.188., R.3 E., .. Sweet Chalybeate• 2 miles southeast or Manti. R. 0. Stone Spring, at Sweet Chalybeate. 33 Morrison fjprlng, In sec. 36.t T. 18 8., R. Sweet Chalybeate Sprtntt, at Sweet 2 E. 2 mUM northeast or tlterJing. Chalybeate. .. GunnisOn Spring, in sec. 18, T, lV 8., R. 1. !Lith!& (Willlon Thermal), on Mill Creek 1 E. 3.25 mllee eaat of Gala. 17 Bluerldge {Buford's Gap) Spr.lnP, at· .. Nlnemlle Warm Spring, In sec • .f, T.19 s., Butord'a Gao. R.2E. .. Bee. 32, T. 20 S., R. 2 E., 8 miles northeast 18 New River Whlte Sulphur Springs, at of Redmond. 37 Redmond Springs, In sees. 11 and 12, T. ] 10 u~:~;;;stP~lnskl Alum Springs, at Bassin, 21 S., R.I W., near Redmond. 8.6 miles north of Pulaski. .. Salt sr,rtng, In ~ec. 17!. T. 21 S., R. 1 E., 20 McHenry's Spring, near the North Fork 2 ml e.'l northeast or tlnllna. of the Holston Rlver. .. Oak Spring and Christianson Spring, In sec. I, T. 22 8., R. 2 W., 2 miles west of Aurora. 40 Herrin's Hole Spring, In sec. 23. T. 23 8,, R. 2 W., I mile north of Glenwood. Cove Springs, In sec. 27, T. 23 B., R. 2 W ., " I mlle.'l west of Glenwood. .. Richfield Hot Springs, In sec._26, T. 23 B., R.3W. · Washington (Fig. 10) .. Indian Spring and Parcel Creek Bprlng,ln sec. 25, T. 23 S:.r.. R.2 W., nea.r Glenwood. J .. Bee. 6, T. 24 S., H. 2 W., 2 miles southeast No. or Rlcbfl.eld. · Bee. 25, T. 24 S. R. 3 W., 6 mlles south of on Name or location .. l1gure Richfield. .. Jericho Spring, In sec. 6, T. 26 B., R. 3 W., 2 miles northeast of Joseph. Johnson Spring, In sec. 27, T. 26 B., R. J 3 W., 2 miles southeast of Monroe. Baker Hot Spring, In sec. 30, T. 38 N., "48 Cooper Hot Springs, In sec. 15, T. 25 B., R. 9 E., on east side of Mount Baker. R. 3 W ., 0.6 mile east of MOnroe. 2 Sol Due Hot Springs, in sec. 32, T. 2D N., .. Joseph Hot Springs, in sec. 23, T. 26 B., R. 9 W., 14 miles (by road) southwest of R. 4 W ., 1 mile l!'outheast of Joseph. Crescent Lake. !50 Sevier Spring, In sec. 32, T. 26 8., R. 4 W. Olympic Hot Springs, In sec. '17, T. 2D N., ' R. 8 W., 11.6 miles (by trail) southwest .. Roosevelt (McKean's) HOt Spring, tn of Elwha post office. T. 27 B11 .R. 9 W., on west slope of Sulphur Creek Spring, In sec. 30hT. 32 N., . Mineral MOuntains 16 miles northeast of • R. 12 E., 1 mile north or Sulp ur Creek Mi1ford. Shetter. Warm Springs, sees. 21 and 28, T. 30 8., White Chuck Hot Springs, in sec. t T. 30 R. 12 W ., 2 miles south-southwest or • N., R. 12 E., near the White 6buck " Thermo railroad siding. River. .. Radium (Dotson's) Warm Springs. In San Juan Hot Springs, tnsec:. 25, T. 28 N., • R. 11 E., on the North Fork or Skyko· ~cin~'rs~il:. B., R. 9 W ., 1 mlle east of mish River 5 miles east of Galena. .. La Verkin Hot Springs. on Rio VIrgin 2 7 Scenic (Great Northern) Hot Springs, tn miles north of Hurricane. sec. 28, T. 26 N., R. 13 E., 5 miles west .. T. 37 S., R. 7 W., 26 mlles southwest of or scenic. · I Panguitch. 8 McDaniels Hot Springs, in sec. IS, T. 23 N.t.R.ll E. 06 Undine Springs, InT. 25 8., R. 17 E., in Hot t!Prlngs,in sec. 21, T. 20 N., R. 9 E., Labyrinth Canyon of the Green River. • at Hot Springs railroad station. . Warm Spring Canyon near Its junction 10 ClerC Spring, In sec. S, T. 17 N., R. 20 E., " with "Narrow Canyon" or "Dark 8 miles east of Ellensburg. J Canyon" of the Colorado River. 11 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs, tn sec. ~-T. 14 N., R. 10 E., neaz- south base of Mount Rainier. A-14 -I Washington (Contd.) West Virginia (Contd.) 12 Sec. 9kT. 11-~~·.• R. lti E., on tbe North, 71 Old Sweet Springs, at sweet ~:~pnnp For of Simcl'}6 Creek. (town). 12A North slope of Mount St. Helens•••••••••• Salt Sulphur Spring!! (town): 12B Crater of Mount Adams ______28 Salt Sulphur Spring______

13 Nicolai Spring, in see. 15, T~ 11 N., R. 23 Iodine Spring. ______; ______E., 10 miles north of Sunnyside. Right Fork or Trout Branch, 6 miles Fee. 16, T. 6 N., R. 13. E., 0 miles south .. .. southeast of Gap MUI!. east or Glenwood 30 , Upstream from Ewln Run (cold) Spring, .. Blockhouse Mlneml Springs, In sec 121 T . 7 miles southeast or Gap Mlllll. 4 N., R. 14 E., 8 miles west of Oolaen de.Ie. 16 Cascade Warm (Moffet's Hot) Springs, lnsec.l6, T. 2N., R. 7 E., near Cascade,

West Virginia (Fig. 11) Wyoming (Fig. 10)

No. No. on Name or location ,..,.on Name or location "] 6oure Manacea (Irondale) Spring, at Irondale••• Boiling (Hot) River, 0.8 mile north northeast or Yellowstone Park Head· 2 Glllls (Iron Magnesium) Spring, at Terra quarters. Alta. Mammoth (White Mountain) Hotsprlngs, 3 Berkeley Springs, at Berkeley Springs • 0.5 mile southwest of Yellowstone Park (town). Headquarters. Swan Pond Spring, li mlloo east of Mar· 8 miles east or Obsidian Clfft______• tlnsburg, · • Northeast base of The Landmark ______North Branch of Walker Spring, l.li mlles • Near east side of Lake of the Woods ______• south of Harpers Ferry. • 0.5 mUe southeast of Lake of the Woods ••• 6 Bhannondale Sprlngs,li miles southeast of •7 Amphitheater Springs, 0.8 mile west of Charles Town: Lake olthe Woeds. Blue (Black) Sulpl;lllr Spring••••.••••• 7A Clearwater Springs, 1 mile southwest of Amphitheater Springs (No. 7) and 0.6 Red Sulphur Spring______mile northwest of Roaring Mountain. 7 Everett Fruit Farm, 6 miles southeast of 7B Pool in crater of Semi-Centennial Geyser, Romney, near Obsidian Creek 0.6 mile south of Cold Stream Run, 1 mile west of Cold Clearwater Springs (No. 7A). ' Stream (town). Whiterock Sprln2-s,1 mile south--southeast Capon (Cacapon) Springs, at Capon ' of Lake of the Woods. • Springs (town). · Bljab Spring, 0.4 mile northwest of • Frylngpan Springs (No. 10). 10 Warm (Bolling) Spring, t miles south of OA Frylngpan Springs, 2 mlles northwest of Wardensville. Norris Junction. ] 11 Big Spring, 0.5 mile southwest of Harman. 10 Congress Pool, 0.3 mOe southwest ofNorrta 12 · Trout Rock Spring, 3 miles south of Junction. Hopevllle. lOA Crater or Monarch Geyser, near Congress 13 Arbogast Farm, 3 miles north of Onego ••• Pool (No. 10). .. Roaring Springs, 1 mile north of Onego ..• · 11 Geysers In Norris Geyser Basin: .. Roaring Springsl at Circleville.------·--· Ebony Geyser_------·--- .. Near mouth ofTnorn Creek, 2milessouth _j of FrankUn. Echinu.s Geyser------ 17 Big Springl _on Big Spring Fork 3 mUea . west of Lmwood. Etnerald Spring•••• ------·---- Dunmore Drinking (Reece Prichard) Spring, 0.8 mile southeast of Dunmore. Fan Gey88r ------ 18 Ledge Geyser.-----·----~------ MeadowSprlng, 0.5 mile eaSt of Dunmore•• !Upper Sprinr-, at Dunmore••••••••.....•.• Mud Geyser···------.. Mill Run Spring, 2.6 miles southwest of Steamboat Geyser....• ------ Frost. 20 Guy Run, 4 miles southwest of Frost.•••. - V alentlne Geyser----- __ ------21 Peter McCarthy Springs on Erown:'l I CreeJr .li miles northeast l)f Huntersville. 100 It northwest of Valentine Geyaer - 22 8. P. CWTY (Nap's Creek) Spring, at Huntersville. Vixen Geyaer _----·------·------ 23 Ruckman Run, 6 miles east of Hunten~ vllla. Whirligig Gey88r •••••.. ---·------'--- Minnehaha Springs, at Camp Minne 12 Sylvan Springs, in Gibbon Meadows 8.& haha, 4 miles southeast of Huntersville. miles southwest or Norris Junction. J " Piercy's Cave Spring, 2 miles northwest Gibbon Hill Geyser, near east aide or .. 11 of Asbury. Gibbon Meadows at root of southwest 26 White Sulphur Springs (town): aide of Gibbon Hill. Black Sulphur Spring ______.. Artists Paintpot!l, at foot of northwest side of Palntpot Hill. ] White Sulphur Spring._------ .. Gey~ Springs, at foot of e&~~t slde of Palntpot Hill. White Sulphur Chalybeate Spring ••.. Big Spring ______• ______. __ •• ----__ . __ . Sterett Spring ______._. ______. __ ,. Monument Oeyeer In Monument Geyser Basin 1 mile west-southwest of Palnpot Hill.

A-15 .J Wyoming (Contd.) Wyoming (Contd.)

A-16 ]

I ! Wyoming (Contd.) Wyoming (Contd.) Snake Bot Springs, near the Snake River Near head of tributary tO Broad Creek, l.IS -I 5 mtles upstream from con11uence with miles east of Whistler Geyser and Lewis River. Joseph's Coat Springs (No. 72). • 48 Near mouth of Basin Creek, 3 mlles south Near head of tributary to Broad Creek, 2 ol Heart Late. miles southeast of Whistler Geyser and .. Near Snake River, 0,6 mile downstream Joseph's Coat Springs (No. 72). from mouth of Basin Creek. Hot Springs Basin, 1.5 miles north. of ... Washburn Hot Springs, 1.8 mileS south Wapiti Lake. east of Dunraven Pass Ranger Station. "70 Near tributary of Miller Creek, 2.7 mllee northwest of Saddle Mountain. 77 Near tributary of Lamar River, !U xniles BuJphur Creek 8prlngs,1.3 miles upstream west-southwest of Saddle Mountain. " from mouth of Sulphur Creek and 2 78 Near head of Moss Creek, a miles south ~-1 miles south-southeast of Dunraven P8SB southwest of Whistler Geyser and Ranger Station, Joseph's Coat Springs (No. 72). Near mouth of Sulphur Creek, 3 miles 70 Bog Creek Springs, near bead of Bog south-southeast of Dunraven PaM Creek, a tributary of Sour Creek. Ranger Statton. 80 Head of unnamed tributary of Sour Creek, .. 0.6 mile northeast or Inspiration Point, on 1.5 miles no~theast of Bog Creek Springs I both ::oides of Yellowstone River. (No. 79). .. Forest Springs, 1.2 miles east~outbeast 81 Along unnamed tributary of Sour Creek, of Canyon Lodge at the Yellowstone 2 miles east of Bog Creek Springs (No. l River Fall!!. 71J). .. 0.5 mile south of Nonis-Canyon Road and 82 Sour Creek Springs, 2.3 miles west of Fern -f miles west-southwest of Canyon Ran Lake. ger Statton. 83 Ponuntpa Springs, 0.6 mile southwest of VIolet Springs, on tributary or Alum Fern Lake. Creek 6 rnlles !outhwest of Canyon .. Near east end of Fern Late ______Ranger Station, .. Near northwest end of White Lake______67 Highland Bot Springs, on tributary of .. Near southeast end of White Lake ...... Alum Creek 3.6 mile!! southwest of 87 The Mudkettles, near Pelican Creek 1.5 Violet .Springs (No. lie) and 1.1 mllea miles east of southeast end of White north·northea!"t of Mary Late. Lake. 68 The Mushpots _1 mile southeast of the .. Alum Creek Springs( 2 miles east of High 1 land Bot Springs No. 57). Mudkettles (No. 87). I 1 mile southeast of Highland Bot Springs .. Near west end of Sulphur Hills, 1.8 m.lles (No. 67) and 1 mile northeast of Mary south of Stonetop Mountain. "" Late. Elk Antler Creek Springs ______.. Ebro Springs, 2.5 miles south-!outbwest of Stonetop Mountain. ••01 8u1phur Spring. (Crater Bills Gey$8r) Vermilion SprJngs, near Pelican Creek, 1 .. 1 mile west of Yellowstone River ana 2.3 miles south or Stonetop Mountain. f miles flouth of Canyon Ranger Station. 02 Pellcan Springs, at confluence of Pelican 01A Crater BJIIs Mudpots, on Lake-Canyon and Raven Creeks. Road near mouth of Elk Antler Creek. Beach Springs, on shore of Mary Bay of 01B Dragon's Mouth f!prlng, on Late-Canyon " Yellowstone Lake. Road 6 miles (by road) northwest of .. Turbid Springs, near south end of Turbid Fishing Bridge, Lake. jMud Volcano, near Dragon's Mouth ., Steamboat Springs, on northeast shore of ] 010 lM~erB~y~~:-~:~:: ______. Yellowstone Lake at Steamboat Point. .. Butte Springs, on northeast ~bore of Yellowstone Lake, 1.5 miles southeB!!t OlD Sulphur Caldron, on northeast Fltfe of Yel of Steamboat Point. lowstone River nearly opposite Dragon's 07 DeMaris (Cody) Hot Springs, f miles Mouth Spring (No. 61B) • southwest of Cody. .. Near west shore of West Thumb of Yel ] lowstone Late, 2 mlles north of Thumb Ranger Station, .. Near west shore of West" Thumb of Yel .. T. li:'i N ., R., 94 W ., in Sheep Canyon of lowstone Lake, 1.6 miles north-north the Bighorn River near mouth of Five west of Thumb Ranger Station, Springs Creek. .. Near Thumb Ranger Sta"tlon, on west .. T. 53 N., R. 94 W., near upper end of shore of West Thumb of Yellowstone Black Canyon of the Bighorn Rl>er. Lake: 100 Bee. 8, T. 48 N., R.lls W., near the Snake Thumb Pelntpots______------River 2 miles south of boundary of Yellowstone National Park. King Geyser ______. 101 T. a9 N ., R. 116 W., near the Snake River 4 mJies downstream from mouth of Lakeshore Geyser.------. Hohak River. Occasional Geyser ______. 102 Granite Hot Springs, In sec. 6, T. 39 N ., R.113 W. 103 Near west bank of Salt River, 2.5 miles Twin Geysers. ---~------. north or Auburn. 10< Bee. 2, T. 38 N., R.UO W., on the Green .l Fishing Cone Spring, offshore from River near Wells. Thumb Palntoots. 1.. T. a2 N ., R. 107 W ., near Fremont Butte. J .. Near Yellowstone River, 1 mile down 106 Near Warm Spring Creek 4. miles north· stream from mouth of Lamar River. west of Dubois. ..A Calcite Springs, in canyon of Yellowstone 107 Near mouth of Little Warm Spring Creek, River I mile downstream from mouth of 3 miles southwest of DuboiB. Tower Creek. 108 Fort Washakie Hot Springs, in sec. 2, T. 66 Near Lamar Rlver.r.. 1 mile north-north-. 18., R. 1 W ., 24 miles west of Riverton. west of mouth of l;Behe Creek. T. 30 N., R. 97 W., f miles southwest of 67 Wahb Springs, in Death Gulch 2.2 miles 100 upstream from mouth of Cache Creek. Halley. 68 Near Deep Creek, 0.4 mile upstream from 110 T.29N., R. OOW.,nearSweetwater River mouth of Shallow Creek. 12 miles southwest or Myersv1lle. 6\l Near Deep Creek, a miles upstream from 111 Big Horn (Thermopolis) Hot Springs, on mouth of Shallow Creek. the Bighorn River at ThermopoJiB. 70 Near Deep Creek, 4 miles upstream from mouth or Shallow Creek. lllA 3.5 miles northwest of Tbennopoll.e, near 71 Near Deep Creek, 6 miles upstream from sulfur deposits. mouth of Shallow Creek. 112 Sec.35, T.a2N., R.86 W.,onHorseCreet Whistler Geyser, near west ba.nk of Broad near Independence. 72 !Joseph'sCreek aCoat miles Springs upstream _____ from :. ______Its mouth. _

A-17 J Wyoming (Contd.) Alaska {Contd.) l

118 AloovaHotSprlngs, in T.30N., R.83 W., '11 On Twelvemlle Creek••••••• 1n Fremont Canyon of the North Platte I 28 Attn Island .. ------River. . 29 Little Sltkln Island •••••••••• 114 T.31 N., R. 71 W.,neartheNorth Platte 30 Semisopochnol (Semlsel- River 9 miles south or Douglas. sopochnol) Island. Saratoga Hot Springs, in T. 17 N., R. M 31 At Hot Springs Bay on w. Tanaga Island. "'110 10 mile& northwest of Laramie••••• ------32 At base of volcano on KAnaga Island. 33 Near White volcano on Adak (Adath) I!Iand. M Great Blttln Island ______.]

36 Near Conical volcano on Atka (AthkB) Island. Alaska (Fig. 12) 36 Near Klluchef volcano on Atka (Athka) I!lland. 37 About 6 miles from Kor6vin No. Bay on Atka (Athka) ...... on Name or location 38 BeguamIsland •Island ______39 At base of volcano on Chugtnadat Island. Near head of Reed River•••• 40 Kagamil Island •••• ------41 Northeast or Vsevldol vol 1 2 On upper course of Alatna River. cano on UIJ1118k Island. 3 Near head of Selawik River. t Arctic, on Hot Springs Creek. 42 Central part of Umnat Island. 1 43 Near Hot Springs Cove on Umnak Island. l5 Nearinmachuk River...•••• 6 Kruzgamepa, 70 miles north of Nome. « Bogoslof and New BogOslol Islands. 1 7 Near Kwlntuk Rlv~------41S Makushln volcano on Un alaska (Unalashka, Oona 8 On tributary or Sweepstake lashka) Island. Creek. 46 Akutan Island, Including Horner, 0.76 mile north of springs at head of Long _] • Yukon River. Creek and In Hot Springs Bay valley. 47 Islet northwest of Akutan 10 Melozltna, 16 miles north of Island. Kokrlnes. 48 Islet southeast of Akutan Island. 11 Little Melozltna, 'n miles 49 Near Pogromnl volcano on north ot Rub roadhouse. Unlmak Island. ISO Near Morzbovol (Morshe· 12 On Ray Rlvert 36 miles vol) vlllage. above Its moutn. ISl Amagat Island, near Mor 13 On tributary of Innoko zbovol Bay. River. IS2 Near Pavlov volcano •••••••• .. Baker, near north bank or Tanana River. J 63 Near Balboa BaY-----·------54 Port Moller.------15 Hutllnana, 8.6 miles east of Eureka post office. ISIS Near Port Heiden ______16 Near Little Mlnook Creek ••• 66 Southwest shore of Becharof Late near base of Mount Peullt. 17 Near Tolovana Rlver•••• ---- IS7 Near Katmal Pass______18 Cberia, 62 miles east-north east of Fairbanks. 58 Near Mount Katmal, in cluding those ln Valley or Ten Thousand Smokes. 1 19 42 miles southwest of Circle•• IS9 WestForkotDouglasRiver, 25 miles west or Cape Douglas. 20 On Big Windy Creek, in 60 NearsboreofLituyaBay __ _ canyon. 61 Near head or Mud Bay______21 On upper Flat Creek ______62 Near Nlka Bay•••• ------J 22 About 20 miles north or 63 North shore of Li.sla.nstl In- Glacier. let. 23 About 8 mileS west or 64 4 miles above head of Glacier. Tenakee Inlet. 24 On Otter Creek,. 10 miles 66 Hoonlah, 76 yd from shore.. .. southeast of Idltarod. in I 25 Near Tuluksak River, Whltefl.sh Lake area. 66 Near North Arm ol Peril 26 Near head of Ophir Crook, Strait. 1n Whltefl.sh Lake area. 67 Tenakee, on north shore of Tenakee Inlet. 68 3 miles east of head of Fi.sh Bay. J

A-18 Alaska (Contd.) Italy (Fig. 17)

89 Baranof. •• ------· • No• 70 Sitka, near shore 16 miles on Name or location south of Sitka. limn n Near north aide of Out Bay-- 72 North side of Btlklne Rlvert 18 mlles northeast Ol Italian penlNJUia and Wrangell. 73 Shake's, 20 miles nortbeMt •malllalancll of WrangeU. 1 Pre-St. Didier (Ban Deal~ 7t South side of BIIJrlne River, derlo). 8 miles north or Wrangell. 2 T6 South end of Vank Island, Counnayeur------~------~- 8 miles west of Wrangell. 3 Craveggia (Comano).~~~-- I 76 Balley BaY------MMino••. ______-~-- __ • Bormlo ______------San Pellegrino ______77 North bank of Unut River •• OA• Comano ______--___ _ -I 18 r; miles. aoutbeast of SaD 7 Monratcone ______------) Cove. N Belllllland ••.•••••..•••••... 8 Birmione, In Lago dl Garda. Caldlero•••• ----_. -~-~-~- -- 10• Abano BagnL------~-- 11 Battaglla. ______. _. _. _

I Montegrotto _____ • ___ --- -~- 12 13 Monteortone.Val Calaono ______------~-~- _ Hawaii (Fig. 13) Lamplano .. ______10" Montafla. ______---~- ___ _ 17 Callla.no •••.. ----••• ------18 San Nazario dl Burgundi No. (Sannazzaro). oo Name or location 10 Ca,gteggto ____ ------..... 20 Voghera (Rivanuano) ____ _ 21 Vlnadlo ______22 ValdlerL ~- _. _------~- AcquL • _____ -~-- ______Matd Ch.ntJ 23 Acqua' Banta (Liguria West part of Molot:ai " Province). I!land. .. Balso Maggtore~~-~------26 Pegllo. ______. ____ . ------2 Mouth of Ukumehame Z1 Sant'Andrea dl Medeeano. Canyon on Maul b land. 28 Fomovo dl Taro••• ~~------l ,. Leslgna.no de Bagnl ______j .. Miano•.•• ~-~------Tablano.• ~--. _____ •• ------1 On shore at Kawaihae ••. 32 CornlgUo. ____ -~---~- ______2 Near shore at Kailua •.•• "33 EquJ, Fivlzzanooommune. .. Castel San Pletro~------3 In and near crater of .. Imola. ______~ _. ----~-~- __ Mauna Loa volcano. .. PieveRiolo .• Fasctana ___ •• ------~-- ______t Crater of Kllaueo. vol 37 cano, 38 Torrlte. ------~-~-~---~- --- 30 Porretta •. ______-~---~- __ _ Bagnl d1 Lucca______& 0.6 mile northwest of .. J PuuKube. " MontecatlnL ..• ______6 Near north base of Puu Kukaehill. 7 On shore 3 mlles south .. Monsumma.no ______of Kapoho. Ban Olullano ______~-~---- .. ~-- Agnano Plsano ______8 NearWidwelawelaPotnt. .. VIcascto. ______J .. Pomarance (Val deCeclna). J '1 J

A-19 J l

Italy (Contd.) Italy (Contd.)

A-20 l

New Zealand (Fig. 16) New Zealand (Contd.)

No. l on Name or location Sf Watotapu Valler•------ftgure &5 Oraket Korato, on banks of Walkato River.• 3 miles soutbwe.st ot Kaitobe __ 2 Ngawha (Ohaewat). ------a& Ohak:i, near Waikato River--·

37 Wairak~ 6 miles north of Lake 'l"aupo.1 1Kamo ...... Rotokawa (Rotokaua), near north shore of small lake.a 3

Puhlpubl ••••••••••••••••••••••. 3~ Walora, near head of valley ___ _ t Helensvllle on shore of lrai- para Haroor.1 1 li Waiwere, on sea coast ______«< Taupo, beside Walkato River • G Great Barrier lslMd •• ______41 Te Pulli: •••••••••••••••...•••••• 7 Taputapu, in stream bed near shore. 42 South end or Lake Taupo: • 8 Near Wigmore stream, 0.26 Near and at Tokaanu •.•••• 9 Orua,mlle onfrom beach. shore. ______Walhi, 2 miles west or To 10 Miranda, on west border of kaanu. Haurakl Plain. 43 Ketetahi, on north :O.ank of 11 ·Te Maire, 5 miles west of Lake Tongariro volcano. Whangape (Wangape). « Tarawora, on east margin of 12 Motukanae,ln Lake Waikare .. V(llcanlc plateau. 45 Morera (Nuhaka), in stream J 13 Purirl.------valley. 48 Maruia, on f!;fBvel plain of 1' Near north and west shores of Maruta River. Mayor Island. lli Near tributary or WaJkorea 47 Near Lewis River.------stream. 48 Hanmer, nE'ar south bl156 or ] 16 Banks of Walngaro stream ____ _ Kaikoura Mountains. 17 Banks of Waltoa Rive-r_------49 Hurunl River (Hot Spring Creek). 18 Te Aroha, at west base of Te 50 Bank or Huruni River, near l Aroha Mountain, Lake Sumner. 51 Upper Haupiri River Valley •• . J 19 Katlkati, near Tauranga .52 Near Otebaka River••••••••••• Harbor. 63 Near Otlra River______M Frazer, on east bank or Taipo :rt Okauia, on banks of small River. stream, 55 Cedar Flat, near Toaroha 21 Matamata, on banks of small River. stream. 56 Near Kokatabl River •••••••••• J 22 Okorolre, on banks of Wal.hou River. 23 White Island.~---·············. 57 Mungo River Valley """ :K West part or Whale Island ••••• mouth or Brunswick 0 reek. 68 Near Wanganui River ferrr-~-- j 25 Beach west of Kawhla •••... ~~- ~ Banks or w'anganui River ••••••

26 Taheke, at bead of two ravines. 60 Along Hot Spring Creek n~r junction with Wangaliul River. ZT Tildtere, near Lake RotoitL •• - 61 Bed or Wataroa River ______J 28 Wr.ltangl, between Rotoma 62 Near upper Waiho !tiver: Hans spring. ______and Rotoehu Lakes. I Drilled welL------· 29 Near Tarawera River-----·---- 63 Along upper Fox River.•.••••• 64 Along upper Copeland River: SeveralWelcome small Flat. springs ______.•••••• _ Awakerl, near north base of MOunt Edgecumbe. 31 Whakarewarewa, near south 65 Banks Peninsula, from Heath end of Lake Rotorua.' cote Valley (3 miles north of Lyttelton) to 10 mlles south· west or Lyttelton. J 32 Near Lake Rotomahana •--····- 66 Thnaru. _------·-·-- 67 60 miles southwest ot Tlmaru •• 33 PaeroaNorthern area: • group ______

Southern group •• ------

A-21 l ] l .l

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J J I - I BIBLIOGRAPHY

A major aspect of the National Program proposal has been a concerted effort to establish state-of-the-art for geothermal science and technology. Many firms and individuals contributed to this background through discus sion and review of both individual and corporate approaches to geothermal development. The bulk of the literature reviel< for geothermal develop ment has been published and the list of over 570 reports reviewed is not duplicated. This listing and the resulting theories developed appeared in: l . I Austin, Carl F. "Selection Criteria for Geothermal Prospects," papers presented at the AIME Pacific Southwest Mineral Industry Conference, 5-7 May 1965, Sparks, Nevada. Part C, Report 13, Nevada Bureau of l Mines, Reno, Nevada, 1966. Pp. 93-125.

Additional documents that are not listed in Report 13 but which provided -l data in support of the studies presented are tabulated below.

Aamodt, Lee. A Proposal for Utilizing Low Yield Underground Nuclear Explosions for Economical Production of Geothermal Power, (review of draft copy). j American Oil Shale, Battelle-Northwest, Westinghouse, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. A Feasibility Study of a Plowshare Geothermal Power Plant, April 1971.

] Anonymous. Wairakei, R. E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1964.

Austin, Ward H. Jr. and Melville C. Erskine, Jr. Geothermal Steam and Brines - A Proposal for Exploration and Development, unpublished technical report, June 1963.

Barends, Maxine. "U.N. Seeks New Sources of Energy for Use in Developing Countries," Mechanical Engineering, August 1967. J California Division of Mines. "Gravity Map of Geysers Area," MIS, September 1966.

Chapman, Roger. Bouguer Gravity Map of Santa Rosa AMS Sheet, Calif. J Scale 1/250,000, unpublished. ------Bouguer Gr'avi ty Map of Ukiah IIJ.1S Sheet, Calif. Scale 1/250,000, J unpublished. Craig, H. "Isotopic Composition and Origin of the Red Sea and Salton Sea Geothermal Brines," Science, 23 December 19 66.

B-1 ] Department of Water Resources. "Crustal Strain and Fault Movement Investigation, Faults and Epicenters in California," Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 116-2, January 1964.

Facca, G. "Geophysical Investigations in the Self-Sealing Geothermal Fields," Bull. Vola. Vol. XXXIII, 1969.

------Recent Development of Geothermal Energy, Worldwide Geothermal Exploration Co., Los Angeles, Calif.

------The Challenge of the Geysers, presented at API field meeting at The Geysers, California, 4 June 1970.

Facca, Gioncarlo and Franco Touani. "Theory and Technology of a Geothermal Field," Bull. Vola. Vol. XXVII, 1964. l Facca, G. and F. Touani. "The Self-Scaling Geothermal Field," Bulletin Volcanologique, Tome XXX, 1967.

Geothermal Resources Board. The Economic Potential of Geothermal Resources in California, State of California, January 1971.

Geysers Geothermal, (Map), State of California, Division of Oil and Gas, 12 June 19 71. Gridley, G. W. Geothermal Power, Science in New Zealand. J Hamilton, Warren. "Geology and Petrogenesis of the Island Park Caldera of Rhyolite and Balalt, Eastern Idaho," U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 504-C, Washington, D.C., 1965. J

Helgeson, Harold C. Complexing and Hydrothermal Ore Deposition, Pergamon Press, New York, 1964.

James, Russell. Second Generation Geothermal Power, New Zealand Engi neering, 15 June 1968. J Koenig, James B. "Geothermal Development," Geotinues, March 1971.

Lovering, Thomas S. "Some Problems in Geothermal Exploration," Mining Engineering, September 1965. McEwan, William s. Bomb Damage Survey of Larderello and Castel Nuovo J Electric Power Plants and Related Chemical Factory, Engineering Division, Ordnance Section, Twelfth Air Force, 1944.

Middleton, W. M. Natural Steam Corp., Mammoth, California, unpublished J technical report, January 1963. J

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Naval Weapons Center. Geologic Investigations at the Coso Thermal Area, by Carl F. Austin and J. Kenneth Pringle. China Lake, Calif., NWC, June 1970. (NWC TP 4878.)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Earth Photographs from Gemini III, IV and V, NASA, Washington, D.C., 1967.

Park, Charles F. Jr. and Roy A. MacDiarmid. Ore Deposits, W. H. Freeman l and Co., San Francisco, 1964. Rex, Robert W. Investigation of Geothermal Resources in the Imperial -~ Valley and Their Potential Value for Desalination of Water and Electricity Production, University of California, Riverside, -] Calif., 1 June 1970. Rex, Robert W. and Leroy F. Eriksen. Geothermal Steam - the Untapped P~uer Source, presented at ASCE National Structural Engineering Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 23 April 1971. l Sheppard, Simon M. F., Richard L. Nielsen and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr. "Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Minerals From Porphyry ] Copper Deposits," Econ. Geology, June-July 1971. ------"Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios of Clay Minerals from •.. l Porphyry Copper Deposits," Econ. Geology, November 1969. Tocher, Don, Pierre St. Amand, Rene Engel, Roland Van Huene, Paul C. Bateman and Donald C. Ross. Guidebook for Seismological Study Tour, US NOTS, China Lake, August 1963.

Waring, Gerald A. Thermal Springs of the United States and Other Countries of the World - A Summary. Revised by Reginald R. ] Blankenship and Ray Bent all, U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D.C. , 19 65' p. 492. ' j White, Donald E. "Environments of Generation of Some Base-Metal Ore Deposits," Econ Geology, June-July 1968. ] White, D. E., L. J. P. Muffler, and A. H. Truesdell. "Vapor-Dominated Hydrothemal Systems Compared With Hot Water Systems," Econ Geology, January-February 1971.

Wilcox, Dr. Hm

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