KE N TA RC H A E O LO G I C A LS O C I E T Y

newnewIssue number 56ss ll ee tt tt ee Springrr 2003 HO L L I N G B O U R N E Inside 2-3 New Books Library Notes FOUNDER’S HOARD 4-5 n Sunday 12th January 2003, artefacts might remain to be recovered, Lectures, Courses, David Button, a metal detec- and in the hope that part of the hoard Conferences & Events torist from Sittingbourne, might remain in situ, an excavation of 6-7 was detecting on farmland the findspot was organised. This took Saxon Stirrup near . As the place on the weekend of 1st to 2nd light was fading he recovered March, and was led by Andrew Roman Shipwrecks a length of copper alloy Richardson and Simon Mason of 8-9 blade, and then, about 12m away, a KCC Heritage Conservation. Stuart Notice Board large socketed axehead, also of copper Ca kebread, SMR officer with Heritage 10-11 a l l o y. Both were clearly of Bronze Conservation, also assisted, along ‘Ideas & Ideals’ Age date. with volunteers from KC C, Laud’s Aspiritions & The scope of the Treasure Act had Area Archaeological Group, Puritan Convictions been extended on January 1st to the Archaeological Society, 12-13 include two or more associated prehis- the Archaeological Society and YAC toric base metal finds. Realising that Giles Guthrie, curator of Maidstone New Screen for the blade and axehead were possibly Museum. David Button also took part, part of a dispersed hoard, and therefore along with fellow detectorist Te r r y St Marys, Eastwell could constitute treasure, David tele- Bo d i l y. The excavation was filmed by the 14-15 phoned Andrew Richardson, the Finds BBC as part of their forthcoming series Sandhurst Stained Liaison Officer for Kent, who is based “Hidden Treasure”, which is due to air Glass Windows with Kent County Council. It was Top: The BBC crew film as the hoard (below) in September. Letters to the Editor agreed to meet at the site the following begins to emerge. An area 4m by 4m was excavated by 16 Wednesday afternoon, along with the hand in the centre of the zone where Paul Ashbee fa r m e r, Michael Summerfield. Upon arrival ty. The regularity of the breaks, combined most of the finds had been made, but no fur- the positions of the two findspots were with the presence of the cakes, suggested ther artefacts were recovered from this located and marked, and a sweep of the area a smith’s (founder’s) hoard of scrap trench, and no features were noted. Sweeps around these was made by metal detector. metal. The finds were deposited in the across the general area by the four metal Further signals were immediately noted, British Museum the following day, and it detectorists present revealed only a few and these were plotted and then dug. This was confirmed that this hoard represent- finds, notably a silver coin of Elizabeth I in resulted in the finding of a further 11 ed the first find in the country to fall with- very good condition, but no further Bronze Bronze Age artefacts, consisting of 4 socke t- in the scope of the extended Treasure Act. Age artefacts were found until about 3pm on ed axeheads, 4 lengths of double-edged A further sweep of the area some Saturday 1st, when Gill Davies located a blade, 2 ‘cakes’ and part of one sword or days later, using a more powerful detector, so c keted axehead downhill from the scatter dagger handle. All the objects were of cop- resulted in the finding of one further found previously. Further finds were then per alloy, and all were incomplete, the axe- ingot and part of a sword handle, bringing located in a very concentrated area, and heads having either the end of the blade or the total number of artefacts recovered to more signals were noted. It seemed probable the end of the socket broken off in antiqui- 15. These were all found within the that the source of the hoard, or indeed a sec- ploughsoil, which consists of heavy grey ond hoard, had been located, and the fol- clay no more than about 30cm deep. The lowing day a trench was opened around the finds were distributed across a roughly area of these finds. In addition, the first Your AGM information cr e s c e n t-shaped area about 15m by 10m trench was extended in the hope that more (and Annual Report) is inside across, and clearly represented a hoard material might be recovered from this area. that had been dispersed by the action of In the event, no further Bronze Age artefacts - we hope to see you there! the plough. where recovered from the latter trench, but Given the possibility that further continued on page 2

Spring 2003 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 continued from page 1 consisted of three socketed axeheads, all Bronze Age, circa 800 BC. It is hoped that placed vertically, blade downwards, with a further fieldwork on the site will be carried the articulated burial of a small horse, asso- complex of cakes, spearheads and a blade out in the near future, and it is expected ciated with prehistoric pot sherds and an wedged in between them. These were that the finds will eventually be acquired by iron object, was located. At the site of recorded and photographed before lifting, Maidstone Museum under the Treasure Act. Saturday’s finds, however, three cakes and and the soil from the small pit that they The credit for the discovery of this an axehead which had been disturbed by were placed in was collected and bagged for important find lies with David Button, ploughing, were found distributed around later analysis. It was not until about 8pm whose decision to call for archaeological an in situ group of metal work. The latter on the Sunday night that the in situ hoard assistance after making the initial finds BOOKS & was eventually lifted, and the exca v a t i o n allowed the recovery of the in situ material, LIBRARIES could not have continued without the and the accurate plotting of all find spots. assistance of local resident Mr Gordon This was a text-book example of the bene- BOOKS & Reeves, who kindly provided lights and a fits to be gained by all from co-operation LIBRARIES ge n e r a t o r. between metal detectorists and archaeolo- A total of 35 late Bronze Age metal gists, and shows the value of the work of BOOKS & artefacts have now been recovered from the the Portable Antiquities Scheme in foster- LIBRARIES site, comprising 12 axeheads or parts of ing such co-operation. The excavation was BOOKS & axeheads, 6 lengths of blade, 2 spearheads, also an exemplary piece of community 2 sword/dagger handles and 13 cakes. The ar c h a e o l o g y, with individuals from several LIBRARIES finds are comparable to the material recov- different groups giving up their time and BOOKS & ered from the Monkton hoard in Thanet, working together for the benefit of Ken t ’ s and fall within the Carp’s Tongue Complex heritage. LIBRARIES Stray socketed axe near the in situ hoard. in d u s t r y, which dates to the very end of the Andrew Richardson BOOKS & LIBRARIES A Journey to Medieval of special local interest. Contains the BOOKS & has been written primarily for young complete text of 70 poems all compre- LIBRARIES NE WB O O K S readers (11 to 14 year olds). It is also hensively annotated on content and con- BOOKS & A Journey to Medieval Canterbury - sure to appeal to the interested adult text with a substantial historical and crit- Andy Harmsworth and Canterbury looking for a reliable, lively introduction ical Introduction. LIBRARIES Archaeological Trust. £4.95 (plus 50p to the subject. ’This is a MS. collection of enormous BOOKS & p&p per copy if ordering from Teachers - A Journey to Medieval interest to all scholars of the early mod- Canterbury Archaeological Trust) Canterbury will be a valuable resource ern period, historians as well as literary LIBRARIES This latest publication for your teaching programmes; in par- specialists. The poems are of an intrinsic BOOKS & from the Tr u s t ’ s ticular for those at Key Stage 2 quality that justifies publication even if Archaeology in involved in Local History studies one disregards their political and social LIBRARIES Education Service and Key Stage 3 teachers engaged significance. It is the latter, however, BOOKS & takes you on a jour- in The Medieval Realms. that provides the most compelling reason ney back in time, 52 pp B&W, 2 colour lami- for publication. St Nicholas’s poems con- LIBRARIES telling a story created nated soft back, A4. stitute a meditative journey covering one BOOKS & from a wealth of sur- Available from of the pivotal periods of English history, LIBRARIES viving buildings, arte- Canterbury Archaeological from Civil War to Restoration and facts and documentary Trust, 92a Broad Street, beyond’. BOOKS & sources. It begins with a Canterbury CT1 2LU Tel: Prof. Tom Cain, University of LIBRARIES taste of Anglo-Saxon life 01227 462062 Fax: 01227 Newcastle upon Tyne preceding the arrival of Duke 784724 email: BOOKS & William of Normandy in 1066. [email protected] LIBRARIES You then witness the impact on Copies also available from the city made by the Canterbury Museums and BOOKS & Norman Conquest and how Canterbury local bookshops. LIBRARIES was transformed into a thriving com- mercial centre during the Middle Ages A t Vacant Hours - Poems BOOKS & or Medieval period. Exactly where your by Thomas St Nicholas and his Av a i l a b l e LIBRARIES journey through Medieval Canterbury family, edited by H. Neville Davies from University of ends is not too certain as you will see... 1-902459-32-6 £40.00 Hard Birmingham Press, The book has a clearly presented covers xlvii + 492pp University of University of text and numerous quality illustrations Birmingham Press B i r m i n g h a m , and photographs which combine to A compilation of work by a 17th E d g b a s t o n , make this a valuable resource and essen- century Kentish poet from Ashford, a Birmingham B15 2TT. tial companion to Roman Canterbury, by well-educated puritan lawyer who lived Tel: 0121 4146836 Fax: 0121 the same authors. from 1602-1668. Many of the poems are 4714691 email: [email protected] Something for everyone!

date of Friday 30th to the question (postcard please) to the CO M P E T I T I O N May will each E d i t o r, at 55 Stone Street, Tu n b r i d g e receive a copy of the Wells, TN1 2QU. We have 4 copies of ‘Sheerness book, containing ‘Which ship, featured in the book, Naval Dockyard & Garrison’ by David over 200 images was a survivor from the time of the T.Hughes (Tempus Publishing £11.99) recounting the history Napoleonic Wars?’ A clue – the book to give away to members. The first 4 of the dockyard and gar- was featured on the New Books page correct answers drawn after the closing rison. Send your answer of the last Newsletter! Spring 2003 2 lection of booklets, pamphlets, ing, on the 10th of May last, from the cuttings and other ephemera of ground where he was employed with LI B R A RY towns and villages in Kent. This others, adjoining to St Au g u s t i n e ’ s collection is housed in the Library Gaol, Canterbury, being a prisoner, NOTES in files under the name of each charged with felony there. location, alphabetically arranged. WILLIAM FRY, alias FIELD Some of the more important items (whom since our advertisement we ACQUISITIONS FROM have already been put on the have learnt, is better known by the KENNETH GRAVETT’S Library book and visual record appellations of Civil Billy, and Sleepy GRANTS & i n d e xes, but the bulk of the Billy, and is noted for drinking an LIBRARIES LIBRARY material in the files remains to be incredible number of successive glasses listed. of spirits, and half pints of beer) and GRANTS & Over 100 books, booklets and The Volunteers are sorting and who answers the following description, LIBRARIES pamphlets, bought from the listing the various types of mater- viz. Library of the late Ke n n e t h ial in each file, to form an index Five feet five and a half inches GRANTS & Gravett, have now been indexed which will be added to the exist- high, 38 years of age, stout made, an LIBRARIES and placed on the Library shelves. ing Library index, and made avail- awkward gait, dark brown hair, hazel GRANTS & These are all concerned with the able through the KAS website eyes, sallow complexion, has worked as history and archaeology of town, ww w. ke n t a r c h a e o l o g y.ac. So far, a labourer, and recently received a LIBRARIES village and hamlet localities in the Volunteers have reached the severe cut on the fleshy part of one of GRANTS & ancient Kent. They were acquired letter “S”, and we hope to com- his arms, a little below the elbow, to fill in some of the gaps in the plete the whole process by the end which has either left a considerable LIBRARIES existing Library stock. The items of this year. When achieved, a scar, or is not yet healed up; says he was GRANTS & include church histories and valuable resource will have been born at Littlebourne, near Canterbury, descriptions, broader local made more readily available to and is well known in and around that LIBRARIES histories of named locations, and local historians. city, as a common depredator. It is sup - GRANTS & histories of great houses and We should be glad of more posed he is either employed by some manors and of the families which Volunteers to undertake this work, farmer in houghing, or other work, in LIBRARIES lived in them. Among the loca- and to help with further work we the vicinities of Canterbury, or on the GRANTS & tions covered by these additions to have in mind in bringing the con- Isle of Thanet, or lurking about in LIBRARIES our stock (chosen at random) are tents of the Library to a higher their grounds to pilfer any thing that - Rolvenden (parish and hundred), standard of availability. Anyone may come his way; it is therefore hoped GRANTS & Eltham (palace), Knockholt, willing to spend a morning or for the sake of public justice, that any LIBRARIES Molash, Ringwould, Kingsdown, afternoon on a regular basis, say person meeting with a fellow answer - Ifield, St. Margarets Bay, Milton once a week, fortnight or month, ing to the above description, will cause GRANTS & Regis, Sellinge, Beckenham, on this sort of work in the Library, him to be secured and lodged in any of LIBRARIES Erith, , should contact the Hon. Librarian his Majesty’s Gaols, or delivered to the Bethersden, Chiddingstone, Dept- on 01795472218, or on email: Keeper of St Augustine’s Gaol, GRANTS & ford, Hildenborough, Meopham, D R . F H . PA N T O N @ g r o v e - e n d - Canterbury where they will immedi - LIBRARIES Upchurch, and Wilmington. tunstall.fsnet.co.uk ately receive a reward of FIVE GRANTS & GUINEAS, together with all expenses. N.B. Whoever is known to har - LIBRARIES Five Guineas for Sleepy Billy . bour or secrete the above-mentioned GRANTS & GORDON WARD felon after this public notice will be Here is an extract from the prosecuted to the utmost rigour of the LIBRARIES COLLECTION Gordon Ward collection which law. GRANTS & might amuse, and illustrate how Volunteers from among the life has changed since 1809! William Field was indeed bap- LIBRARIES KAS membership are spending tised in Littlebourne, in 1766. He GRANTS & afternoons in the Library working Littlebourne – LIT014 was one of several children born to compile an index of the Gordon A press-cutting annotated to Abraham and Ann Field who LIBRARIES Ward Collection. Dr. Gordon Ward, ‘1809’ (presumably by Gordon had been married in Littlebourne GRANTS & a prominent member of the KAS Ward) reads as follows:- in 1760. We can perhaps forgive LIBRARIES and a Kentish Historian and him for taking a small liberty with Antiquarian working in the early FIVE GUINEAS REWA R D his age. His mother died when he GRANTS & to mid 19th century, built up a col- Escaped about ten o’clock in the morn - was 8. LIBRARIES GRANTS & LIBRARIES RE S E A R C H&P U B L I C AT I O NG R A N T S The Canterbury Archaeological resulting in publication. asked to name a referee with whom the Society has limited funds available Please apply in writing to the sub-Committee making the grants with which to support individuals Honorary Secretary (address below) by could consult. If successful, you would researching the archaeology and Monday 30th June 2003. Your letter be expected to account for the money history of the Canterbury district. should mention your qualifications, spent and give a copy of any article, It is envisaged that grants would the nature and length of your research, pamphlet etc. to the Society’s Library. not normally exceed £500 each the amount you are applying for, any and would be awarded annually. additional funding anticipated and Mrs Jean Crane (Hon.Secretary CAS) Preference would be given to work proposals for publication. You may be Dane Court, Adisham CT3 3LA Spring 2003 3 Le c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events

From its medieval origins many Thursday 24th April ~ The KAS EVENTS generations of the Toke family Royal Scots in the Gulf 1990- and subsequent owners have 1991 by Laurie Milner from the embellished and added t o Research & Information Booking forms for KA S Godinton and the result is a Department at the Imperial War LECTURES events appear on page 5 charming house whose history is Museum opposite. revealed through the variety of 7.45pm in the Ad u l t EVENTS its style, taste and furnishings Education Centre, Av e b u r y CONFERENCES Church and Monastery in from the 14th century to the pre- Avenue, Tonbridge. £2 for non- & COURSES An g l o - S a x on and Medieval sent day. members, visitors welcome. Society ~ Saturday 26th LECTURES April from 10am. Conference KAS New Horizons Lecture Isle of Thanet EVENTS organised jointly by the KAS and Season Archaeological Society Canterbury Christ Church ‘Problems in Archaeology’ by Thursday 24th April ~ CONFERENCES University College. Alan Ward ~ Saturday 7th ‘Underground Kent’ & COURSES June at 2.30pm in the Ramsey by Rod LeGear of the Kent KAS ‘LECTURES IN THE Lecture Theatre, Christ Church Underground Research Group. LECTURES LIBRARY’ University College, North Thursday 3rd July ~ EVENTS Kent Sources I by Dr Holmes Road, Canterbury. ‘Aviation in Thanet’ by David CONFERENCES Jacqueline Bower ~ As both an amateur and a Collyer Saturday 3rd May professional archaeologist, the Thursday 18th September ~ & COURSES Kent Sources II by Dr speaker has come across many ‘The Jutes in Kent – Myth or LECTURES Jacqueline Bower ~ problems within the discipline. Reality?’ by Andrew Saturday 28th June Notwithstanding the fact that Richardson EVENTS Both Lectures take place in many archaeologists are not All at 7.45pm (doors open CONFERENCES the KAS Library in Maidstone actually ‘normal’(!), and finance 7.15pm) in St George’s School, Museum, starting at 11am. always problematic, this lecture Westwood Road, Broadstairs. & COURSES Tickets £2.00 for each lecture. will try to concentrate on prob- £3.50 on the door or £3.00 in LECTURES lems of interpretation and logis- advance (please enclose a SAE) KAS Churches Committee tics connected with sites. from the Events Secretary, TAS, EVENTS Outing ~ Saturday 3rd May . Crampton Tower Yard, High CONFERENCES The Churches Committee The KAS Summer Excursion Street, Broadstairs, CT10 2AB & COURSES invites you to visit Allhallows ~ 6th–23rd June to the Wye tel: 01843 860209 Church and St. Margaret’s Valley & Kilvert Country. LECTURES Church, High Halstow. We meet Visiting, amongst others, University of K e n t ~ T h e EVENTS at Allhallows Church at 1.45 for Goodrich and Chepstow Castles, Annual Darwin Lecture 2pm. The charge for the talks Hereford Cathedral & the Mappa Friday 9th May ‘Neander- CONFERENCES and tours is £2 per person plus Mundi, Abbey Dore and Tintern thals: brutes or brothers?’ by & COURSES 50p for tea at High Halstow. Abbey, the 12th century Kilpeck Professor Christopher Stringer, Money for both visit and tea church and Berrington Hall. the Natural History Museum, LECTURES should be paid in advance by Based in the Chase Hotel, Ross- . 6pm in the Lord EVENTS April 20th. Please note that on-Wye, a Georgian building set Brabourne Lecture Theatre, Allhallows church which we are in 11 acres of grounds. For more Keynes College, University of CONFERENCES visiting will be destroyed if the details of this wonderful trip see Kent at Canterbury. Admission & COURSES airport at Cliffe is built. The page 15 of the last Newsletter or free. LECTURES whole marshland scenery, which contact Joy Saynor, Excursions Professor Stringer is a lead- will also be destroyed, can be S e c r e t a r y, Friars, Shoreham, ing international authority on EVENTS seen while in transit. Sevenoaks TN14 7TD tel: 01959 Homo sapiens neanderthalis CONFERENCES 522713 and has written extensively KAS AGM ~ Saturday 17th comparing Neanderthal & COURSES May. Details of this appear on lifestyles to those of early mod- LECTURES the pull-out section at the cen- ern humans. tre of this Newsletter. OTHER EVENTS FROM EVENTS AROUND THE COUNTY Further information on CONFERENCES KAS Summer Social Evening 01227 764000 ext 7829/3004 & COURSES ~ Saturday 31st May To Godinton House, Great OTHER LECTURES Chart, Ashford, with buffet sup- per. Great Chart Church 4pm, Tour of House 5.30pm (after Sevenoaks Historical Society normal closing hours). £15.00. Thursday 24th April ~ We will visit Great Chart Church Children of National T ru s t to ‘meet’ the To ke family Houses by Heather Woodward through their many memorials at St Nicholas, Sevenoaks. £1.50 and then proceed to their home. for non-members. Godinton House is one of the most important houses in Kent. Tonbridge Historical Society Neanderthalis left and Sapiens right.

Spring 2003 4 Surveying. They also offer local OTHER COURSES excavation work and field trips ‘ C H U R CH AND MONASTERY IN ANGLO - SAXON AND in Britain to Bath & the Roman MEDIEVAL SOCIETY’ Archaeology with the Cotswolds and Hadrian’s Wall, Saturday 26th April from 10am. University of Kent and abroad to the Bay of Naples Archaeology can be studied and Roman Provence. For fur- Name……………………………………………………………………...... at various levels with the ther details see the flyer Ad d r e s s … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … University of Kent on its well- enclosed in this issue or established part-time pro- tel: 01795 532548 email: ………...... grammes. The prospectus is i n f o @ kafs.co.uk or log onto Please supply ……...... tickets @ £8.00 KAS members now available. Applications are www.kafs.co.uk. ……...... tickets @ £10.00 non-members very welcome from anyone who Cheque for £………enclosed made payable to the Kent Archaeological Society wishes to study for a university Please enclosed a 8x4 inch SAE for the return of your tickets, time table and qualification in the subject. OTHER EVENTS campus map. The part-time evening pro- Send this form to: Prof. Sean Greenwood, History Dept., (Conf.tickets) grammes leading to the Thanet Archaeological Canterbury Christchurch University College, North Holmes Road, Canterbury CT1 1QU Certificate in Archaeological Society Studies (at Canterbury) and the Saturday 15th November ~ Diploma and BA in Meet the Local Archaeological Studies (at Archaeologists Canterbury and Tonbridge) are Displays, slide shows, talk to KAS CHURCHES COMMITTEE OUTING recruiting for entry in the archaeologists, make a Saturday May 3rd. I would like to meet at Allhallows at 1.45 for 2pm September 2003. mosaic, bookstall and refresh- Programmes in Classical & ments. 2.30-4.30 at St Peter’s Archaeological Studies, History Church Hall, St Pe t e r ’ s , Name...... ………………………………………. & Archaeological Studies are Broadstairs. Admission £2.00 Address...... ………………………... also run in the daytime on the on the door. University’s Canterbury .…...... Campus. They can be followed Young Phone...... ……………………………………………………………... on either a full or part-t i m e Archaeologists’ with the basis. Museum of I enclose £...... for visit I enclose £...... for tea Demonstrable aptitude and Sunday 20th July ~ National Cheques to Kent Archaeological Society commitment are more impor- Archaeology Days Event ~ ‘100 Replies to Philip Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, tant than formal qualifications Years of Transition’ Tonbridge TN12 5JJ (01622 871945) [email protected] for entry to the Certificate in 11am – 4pm in the Museum of Archaeological Studies. Kent Life, Cobtree, Lock Lane, For further information, Sandling, Maidstone. contact the Unit for Regional Life in the late Iron Age and Learning, Keynes College, beyond with the coming of KAS SUMMER SOCIAL EVENING University of Kent, Canterbury Rome. Come and meet the tribe Saturday May 31st. 4.00 Great Chart Church. 5.30 Godinton House. CT2 7NP. Tel 0800 9753777 (24 of the Cantiaci, make a pot, be Please send .....tickets for the Social Evening. I enclose £...... hours). Email: part- woad-painted, taste ancient [email protected] recipes, make Roman sandals, Name...... ………………...... design a chariot, create Celtic Address...... ……………………….. The Kent Archaeological and Roman jewellery and much Field School offers many more. Display of artefacts of ...... practical archaeology courses the period from Maidstone including Field Wa l k i n g , Museum, some for handling, Phone...... email……………………………… A r c h a e o b o t a n y, Ae r i a l and information stands from I would like help with transport...... Photography, Bones & Burials, archaeological groups. A great Cheques to Kent Archaeological Society Prehistoric Woodwork and family day out, not be missed. SAE to Mrs.M.Lawrence. Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, Tonbridge, Kent TN12 5JJ (01622 871945) [email protected]

KAS NEW HORIZONS LECTURE SEASON ‘Problems in Archaeology’ by Alan Ward on Saturday 7th June in Canterbury KAS ‘LECTURES IN THELIBRARY’ Please supply ...... ….... tickets @ £2 KAS members Kent Sources I by Dr Jacqueline Bower on Saturday 3rd May ...... tickets @ £3 non members Please supply …...... tickets @ £2 each Kent Sources II by Dr Jacqueline Bower on Saturday 28th May Name………………………………………………………………………... Please supply ...... tickets @ £2 each Address……………………………………………………………………… Name...... ………...... Address...... Advance tickets from the Box Office, Canterbury Bookings, 12/13 Sun Street, The Buttermarket, Canterbury CT1 2HX tel: 01227 378188 fax: ...... 01227 378101 email: [email protected]. Tickets are on sale at the Box Office until 11.30am on the day of the Please enclose a SAE with your cheque and send to Denis Anstey, event, thereafter any remaining tickets available at the door 86 Malling Road, Snodland ME6 5ND

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Spring 2003 5 “AH O R S E M A NR I D I N GB Y ” his beautiful Late Saxo n famous Battle. stirrup mount has appeared Wrong direction you say? Not on one of our field surveys at all, the defending Saxons did in Lenham Parish. It is in not know exactly where the good condition, made of Normans would land (we do in SAXON copper alloy (bronze to hindsight) and they may well STIRRUPS & most people) and has traces of have come this way. gilding; so in its original condition Ceiwin said it would have SHARP EYES was very fine indeed! It was posi- been set with the two holes down- SAXON tively identified by Ceiwin wards…but I have drawn it this Paynton, the BBC Finds Officer way up because the stylised face STIRRUPS & who was on another site in the definitely looks like a bear. The SHARP EYES Maidstone area during the week- ears are too short for a wolf. SAXON end we found it. Maybe the Thane rode with his Who was the Saxon who lost two bears looking up at him? STIRRUPS & it? One can only surmise of All we can definitely say is SHARP EYES course. But say the leather was that a Late Saxon lost one stirrup worn on a long ride to Yorkshire mount….a horse-man riding SAXON then back here to Kent, by….on the way through Lenham. STIRRUPS & finally breaking off on the way The Late Saxon Stirrup Mount. SHARP EYES down to Sussex…to another Lesley Feakes SAXON STIRRUPS & Reproduction in the Newsletter may lead to other KAS members, SHARP EYES SH A R P EYES SUCCEED AG A I N with their wide knowledge, being SAXON able to help. Images can be his old photograph which ing from the 1890s to the 1930s emailed to the Editor or posted STIRRUPS & appeared in the last issue based on the height of the trees, with an accompanying SAE for SHARP EYES was recognised by many the position of the haystacks, their safe return. members as when the flagpole was erected, SAXON church, barn and even the existence of the washing Charing STIRRUPS & Archbishop’s Palace from lines which apparently were gone the rear view. Thank you, by the time of the 1st world war. SHARP EYES amongst others, to John Moon, The definitive answer as to date is SAXON Tim Baine Smith, Bryan still missing! Goldsmith and John Physick for STIRRUPS & your information. There has been Do you have an old photo SHARP EYES much debate over the age of the which you believe to be of local SAXON photograph, with estimates rang- origin but can’t identify? STIRRUPS & SHARP EYES SAXON DO YOU RECOGNISE THIS SPOT? STIRRUPS & This idyllic scene is one of many images held in the KASlibrary collection which have no provenance. Do you recognise the house or bridge? If you do know the location of either please contact the editor at 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU SHARP EYES SAXON STIRRUPS & SHARP EYES SAXON STIRRUPS & SHARP EYES

Spring 2003 6 THE ROMAN SH I P W R E C K SP R O J E C T collaboration between JD Hill of the British Museum and a team from Southampton University (Michael Wa l s h , Justin Dix and Jon Adams) was ROMAN set up in 2000 to search for SHIPWRECKS Roman wrecks in British waters. Surprisingly, no Roman vessel has & EARLY ever been located at sea, the only discov- DRAMA eries we have being 3 abandoned hulks in London, a riverboat in Wales and one in ROMAN Ireland, and a hull destroyed by fire in St Left: A Roman pot found in the wreck and SHIPWRECKS Peter Port, Guernsey. above: the approximate location of the find. However, massive quantities of & EARLY pottery have appeared in fishermen’s nets A study of the existing recovered diverse forms. Speculation has the DRAMA off the North Kent coast at Herne Bay, in pottery continues, aiming to produce a original cargo comprising between 4,000 Pudding Pan and Pan Sand, some 4 kilo- new catalogue of all samian vessels recov- and 10,000 vessels. ROMAN metres apart. These place names probably ered from the ‘Pudding Pan wreck’. It is Other finds in the area suggest more SHIPWRECKS derive from the Roman ‘pans’, shallow hoped to produce a detailed picture of a than one lost cargo. An amphora con- & EARLY bowl-shaped samian ware vessels which cargo of samian pottery en route to taining some 6000 olive pips is consid- have emerged over the last two hundred Britannia. This will enable comparison ered a separate entity as production of DRAMA years; at least 400 complete samian ves- with quantities and qualities of samian the type ceased by AD125/150; medieval ROMAN sels of various forms have been plotted to found on sites around the country. The and Tudor pottery also suggests a num- date, with a date of around the mid 2nd study will consider the numbers of vessels ber of historic wrecks. SHIPWRECKS century. The distinctive wear pattern of in the cargo and the range of forms, how We hope to bring you updates of this & EARLY recovered material suggests that the cargo the cargo was stacked inside the ship, fascinating project in future Newsletters. is still stacked in an inverted position on where the vessels originated – from one Information taken from DRAMA the seabed and that it has not been source or many, and if one potter was w w w. a r c h . s o t o n . a c . u k / Re s e a r c h ROMAN seriously disturbed by modern fishing producing a particular, or many /PuddingPan 25/2/03. SHIPWRECKS techniques. The preservation of this ‘coherent’ wreck site may be due to deep & EARLY sand or silt covering. The area is the first DRAMA of 3 to be targeted in the search for an KE N TA D D E DT O‘ E A R LY original wreck. ROMAN Pioneering methodologies using SHIPWRECKS modern technology enabled maritime EN G L I S HD R A M A’ SE R I E S archaeologists to search for a wreck sys- Kent: Diocese of Canterbury. ed. James The REED volumes for Kent include & EARLY tematically. A sonar survey of a large area M. Gibson. Records of Early English Drama. extensive evidence of the New Romney pas- DRAMA of seabed, combined with other data, 3 vols. University of Toronto Press and The sion play and the Canterbury marching ROMAN such as fishermen’s approximate find- British Library, 2002. ISBN: 0-8020-8726-4. watch with pageants and over 3000 pay- spots, narrowed down the range of poten- $500 (Canadian). ments to travelling minstrels, players, and SHIPWRECKS tial targets. In total 27.75km2 of seabed Records of Early English Drama bearwards sponsored by royalty or nobility, & EARLY was surveyed and identification of 450 (REED), an international research project evidence found in monastic accounts and in potential targets made. Eventually whit- based at the University of Toronto, aims to the chamberlains’ accounts, borough minute DRAMA tled down to 26 positive identifications, a establish the context for the great drama of books, quarter sessions records and other ROMAN number of the targets were proved geo- S h a kespeare and his contemporaries by civic records from the city of Canterbury and logical, but a considerable proportion examining the external historical evidence the ten ancient towns in the diocese of SHIPWRECKS were archaeological, including a hitherto for drama, secular music, and other commu- Canterbury. Parish churchwardens’ accounts & EARLY unknown 20th century fishing vessel nal entertainment and ceremony from the and extensive ecclesiastical court records wreck, a large group of barrels (perhaps Middle Ages until Puritan legislation closed also document the existence of parish play- DRAMA 17th –19th century) and two 2000lb the London theatres in 1642. REED editors ers, morris dancers, May games, and other ROMAN WWII German parachute mines, subse- search for this evidence in the records of folk celebrations. All evidence of these dra- SHIPWRECKS quently exploded by a Royal Navy dispos- parishes and towns, civil and ecclesiastical matic and ceremonial activities has been al team. courts, and in personal papers such as wills, transcribed from the original sources, edited, & EARLY The information was digitised in a diaries, and letters. Through its fresh exam- and presented with explanatory notes, trans- DRAMA GIS package by Graeme Earl of the ination of these historical manuscripts, lations, and general introduction in the University of Southampton, drawing REED has already clearly established the usual Records of Early English Drama for- ROMAN together topographical information from rich dramatic background of Shakespeare mat. The resulting volumes of Kent: Diocese SHIPWRECKS Admiralty charts, current and flow charts and other sixteenth-century dramatists and of Canterbury form the largest county collec- from the Coastguard Agency, net fasten- has demonstrated the need to rewrite com- tion to be published thus far in the REED & EARLY ing locations and fishermen’s findspots. pletely the history of early English-speaking series. In 2001 a watching brief, in cooperation theatre. Volumes in the series so far include with Whitstable’s oyster fishermen, mon- York, Chester, Coventry, Newcastle upon Volumes can be ordered from The itored catches dredged from the seabed. Tyne, Norwich, Cumberland/We s t m o r l a n d , British Library, c/o Turpin Distribution The exercise enabled Michael Walsh to Gloucestershire, Devon, Cambridge, Services Ltd., Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, record the type of seabed material H e r e f o r d s h i r e / Worcestershire, Lancashire, Herts SC6 1HN. Telephone: 01462 687550. brought up by dredging and thus provide Shropshire, Somerset, Bristol, James M. Gibson lives in Maidstone and a clearer idea of the ease of identification Dorset/Cornwall, Sussex, and the recently works as a freelance researcher and writer of Roman pottery. published Kent: Diocese of Canterbury. and archivist of the Rochester Bridge Trust. Spring 2003 7 ROVING REPORTER FOR SALE MEMBERSHIP MATTERS Are you in touch with ‘heritage There is a box of A4 filing happenings’ in your area? I would NOTICE sheets for a manual photo- Many thanks to all of you l i ke to create a team of roving graphic indexing and record who have paid your subscrip- BOARD reporters for the Newsletter, each system in the KAS library at tions promptly. If you pay by NOTICE responsible for a specific area of Maidstone Museum. They standing order please check Kent. Your mission would be to were purchased some time ago your bank statements to ensure BOARD explore local venues such as but the system was never used. that you are paying the correct NOTICE libraries, museums and other clubs, Each A4 punched sheet has amount and only making one to find out ‘what’s on’ in your area space for two photographs payment. Please contact me if BOARD that might be of interest to KAS and written details. Anybody you have any queries. NOTICE members. Local history or archae- interested in purchasing them We only accept payments by ology society events, lectures, exhi- should contact the Hon. BOARD standing order as this is far bitions; all these would be relevant Librarian, Frank Panton on :- simpler than the Direct Debit NOTICE items. You would then send a list 4 method. times a year for inclusion in the Telephone: If you have not done so BOARD Newsletter. I am grateful to several 01795 472218 already please consider signing NOTICE people who have volunteered a Gift Aid form as this enables BOARD already; the areas already covered or Email: the Society to claim back the are Sevenoaks and Otford, DR.FH.PANTON@grove- tax you have paid on your NOTICE Tonbridge and Hildenborough, and end-tunstall.fsnet.co.uk income from which you paid BOARD Rochester. the subscription. I have plenty Can you help? Please contact or write to Grove End, NOTICE of forms and you need only me at the address or telephone Tunstall, Sittingbourne, send a SAE to me to receive one BOARD numbers on the back page for fur- Kent ME9 8DY swiftly. ther details. Shiela Broomfield NOTICE The Editor BOARD NOTICE CONTACT ADDRESSES BOARD NOTICE KASMembership, Hon. General Secretary, Hon. Treasurer, BOARD Mrs Shiela Broomfield, 8 Woodview Andrew Moffat, Three Elms, Robin Thomas, 1 Abchurch Yard, NOTICE Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Woodlands Lane, Shorne, Abchurch Lane, London TN11 9HD Email: Gravesend DA12 3HH Email: EC4N 7BA Email: BOARD [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] NOTICE BOARD NOTICE ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION BOARD NOTICE The KAS in and continue for two week (non-members BOARD conjunction with weeks. £35) and £40 two NOTICE the Trust for The e xcavation is weeks (non-members BOARD Thanet Archaeology , open to people aged £50). NOTICE are to continue with 16 years and above. For enrolment or the e xcavation of Participants can further details BOARD the Roman site at attend for the two please contact: NOTICE Abbey Farm, week period or David Bacchus, BOARD Minster, near either one of weeks. Telford Lodge, NOTICE Ramsgate for a Registration fee Roebuck Road, BOARD seventh season. for members of the Rochester ME1 1UD Work will com - KAS or the Thanet tel: 01634 843495 NOTICE mence on Sunday Archaeological email:d_bacchus BOARD 24th August 2003 Society is £25 one @talk21.com

Spring 2003 You and Your Society 8 KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP

We hope to bring you commit- Committee has given advice to equipment, such as the resistivity tee news in each future issue of enquirers from several parishes meter and theodolite, to local NOTICE the Newsletter. on a) the compilation of parish groups for use on their projects. guides or larger publications and For further details contact BOARD Place-Names Committee b) on architectural matters shed- Chris Pout on 01227 860207. NOTICE Kent Archaeological Society ding light on the history of cer- Place-Names Committee has ten tain church buildings. Writing up and archiving the BOARD members at present, all of whom Church visits in April, June records of past excavations. NOTICE have focussed their attention on and October attracted both Another matter under consid- the five year gestation of a six vol- members of the Society and non- eration are the excavations that BOARD ume opus on Kent place-names. members. St Lawrence and St have been undertaken within the NOTICE You will understand that this is an Peter on Thanet, the Quake r ancient boundary of Kent since endurance race. The editor will be Meeting House at Rochester, the 1945, and have not been written BOARD Dr Paul Cullen, their academic Synagogue at Chatham and the up. It is proposed that these sites NOTICE advisor, now in position at the parish churches of Wrotham and be dealt with in the following BOARD Institute of Name-Studies at the Mereworth were studied. way. University of Nottingham. Part of The database of all present For sites which have been NOTICE the work has already been done and past places of worship in the recorded reasonably well and the BOARD by Paul, by the late Dr John county has proceeded slowly. We excavator is keen to get the site McNeill Dodgson and his stu- await more information from written up, small grants will be NOTICE dents at University College, several parts of the county. made to assist with the costs. BOARD London, and by hosts of people A far-ranging series on major Where it is unlikely that the who have contributed material developments in the shaping of excavation will ever be written NOTICE now stored in Nottingham. Dr worshipping communities is up, but records of the work still BOARD Cullen stressed that all, dead or being published in the exist, the aim is to get these NOTICE alive, will be acknowledged and Newsletter. records (or copies of them) thanked for their efforts, and that Philip Lawrence (Chair) deposited in the K.A.S. archive BOARD more help is always welcomed. before they are lost or destroyed. NOTICE He is interested in the elements of Fieldwork Committee. The Ringlemere Bronze Age a name, the origin, any tie with a Excavation. gold cup is now on display at the BOARD landscape feature, any link with An ongoing aim of the com- British Museum (see Newsletter NOTICE the language of the first settlers mittee is to give members of the No 53) etc, from the first mention till the society an opportunity to par- David Bacchus (Secretary) BOARD end of the 19C, but will leave 20C ticipate in live excavations. The NOTICE names for local historians to grap- committee has approached the Membership & Publicity ple with. issue with the following initia- Committee BOARD Anita Thompson (Secretary) tives: The committee comprises NOTICE (a) By holding an annual members who have different BOARD Education Committee excavation, in association with roles in promoting the member- Brian Cousins has resigned as the Trust for Thanet ship of the society, providing NOTICE Chair of the Education A r c h a e o l o g y, at th e Ro m a n o - activities for members and BOARD Committee after three and a half British site at Abbey Fa r m , attracting publicity. Most impor- years in the post; his successor is M i n s t e r- i n -Thanet. For the tant is the Membership Secretary NOTICE in the process of being appointed. Society this project began in who has efficiently computerised BOARD The Committee is supporting the 1996. Enrolment for 2003 is her records. New membership Kent Churches website project led going well. rose by a record 150 last year. NOTICE by Canterbury Archaeological (b) Supporting county Publicity has been boosted by the BOARD Trust and is awarding a £2,000 excavations such as the 2003 new format of the Newsletter and start-up grant. It is envisaged dig of the Bronze Age barrow at by an extra edition. The Young NOTICE that Society members will be Ringlemere Farm, Nr. Archaeologists Club is also repre- BOARD contributing to its content. Sandwich. The site to be dug sented and reports some 90 NOTICE The Committee has also agreed with the participation of members in Kent with around 25 to contribute to National volunteers. For further attending monthly meetings. BOARD Archaeology weekend this sum- details contact David Bacchus Activities for KA S m e m b e r s NOTICE mer by supporting activities on 01634 843495 Email: include the lecture series with the organised by the North Downs [email protected]. addition of a new series held in BOARD Young Archaeologists Club. (c) Encouraging local the library, day excursions to NOTICE Marion Green (Secretary) groups by making small grants places of interest plus a five day towards the cost of their exca- summer excursion, and Spring BOARD Churches Committee vations. and Christmas social events. In the past year the Churches (d) Loaning the Society’s Margaret Lawrence (Chair)

You and Your Society Spring 2003 9 ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the sixth of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are.

LAUD’s LA U D ’ SA S P I R AT I O N S& ASPIRATIONS & PURITAN PU R I TA NC O N V I C T I O N S CONVICTIONS n 10th January 1645 ing Mary’s reign, with nearly fifty of with the Church of Rome. Differing LAUD’s William Laud, Archbishop of the martyrs coming from East Kent. concepts of the nature of the Canterbury, was executed for In the early 17th century many peo- Eucharist were involved. In 1551 ASPIRATIONS treason by order of the Long ple were still handing down oral his- Rome had formally endorsed tran- & PURITAN Parliament. The trial of the tories about their relatives named in substantiation and the mass as the Archbishop, like that of the Foxe’s book, while prayers of thanks- Most Holy Sacrifice – hence the altar. CONVICTIONS King some four years later in 1649, giving for deliverance from the The reformers regarded the commu- LAUD’s has been universally interpreted by Armada and the Gunpowder Plot nion as a commemoration of the ASPIRATIONS historians as a mock trial. Thus were offered annually in many Lord’s supper and thus around a Hugh Trevor-Roper, in his biography churches. In the winter of 1640-1 table. This very real fear, of reconcil- & PURITAN of Laud, felt it unnecessary to deal in rumours about catholic agitators iation with Rome, which should not CONVICTIONS detail with the legal process, ‘for his were circulating freely in London be underestimated, and such com- whole life was objected against and the provinces, and the accusa- plaints about railed altars were LAUD’s him’.1 It has become a matter of tion that the King was unwittingly directed in 1640-1 to Pa r l i a m e n t ASPIRATIONS debate whether the Archbishop or in the grip of a catholic plot was from some of the parishioners in Charles I was the prime instigator of repeated in all of the major public Boughton under Blean, Capel, & PURITAN the religious changes which took statements made by the House of Chatham, Dartford, East Peckham, CONVICTIONS place after Laud’s election to Commons in these months. Charles Horsmonden, Maidstone, Minster in Canterbury in 1633, but in essence I’s marriage to the French catholic Thanet, Molash, Monkton, LAUD’s Laud was guilty of following the lead Princess, Henrietta Maria in 1625; Rolvenden, Stourmouth, , ASPIRATIONS of his royal master. Together King the recent welcome given to the Tonbridge, Woodchurch, and & PURITAN and prelate had promoted high papal ambassador at the English . church or Arminian policies, which court and the promotion of These fears were reinforced in CONVICTIONS were strenuously opposed by the dis- Arminian church policies, all provid- Kent by Laud’s contentious attempt LAUD’s senting, puritan wing of the English ed further evidence that the King in the 1630s to disperse the Church, as well as by more moderate was in the grips of a catholic independent congregations of the ASPIRATIONS individuals afraid of rapprochement intrigue. stranger communities, the French & PURITAN with Rome. On the scaffold Laud As Archbishop, Laud had over- and Dutch Protestants, in thus defended himself against the seen the implementation of many of C a n t e r b u r y, Maidstone, and CONVICTIONS charge, amongst others, of ‘bringing the Church policies which had given Sandwich in order to bring them into LAUD’s in of popery’, which had been lev- rise to fears about a Catholic resur- conformity with the practices of the elled against him by parliament. gence. Chief amongst them was the English Church.2 At the trial Laud ASPIRATIONS To understand the tremendous so-called ‘altar policy’ of the 1630s. was accused of suppressing these & PURITAN fears that this accusation aroused, Since the reign of Edward VI wood- congregations in order to create dis- CONVICTIONS we must remember that since the en communion tables had gradually cord between the English Church Henrician Reformation Englishmen replaced stone altars in the majority and the continental reformed LAUD’s and women had been subjected to a of parish churches. As Archbishop, Churches to give ‘Papists’ the advan- ASPIRATIONS century of anti-papal and anti- Laud presided over the new policy of tage in the ‘overthrow, and extirpa- Roman catholic polemic. This had railing in the communion tables tion of both’. In his scaffold speech & PURITAN been produced by the crown, the ‘altarwise’ at the east end of parish Laud defended his actions as CONVICTIONS Church, scholars, and politicians. At and cathedral churches. There were a Archbishop from the smear of pop- the heart of this anti-catholic range of reasons why parishioners ery and claimed that he had aimed to LAUD’s rhetoric lay historical events, which might oppose this policy, which was maintain ‘uniformity in the external ASPIRATIONS had helped to define as an a clear break with reformed practice. service of God according to the doc- & PURITAN emergent Protestant state, and The new altars and rails of the 1630s trine and discipline of the Church’. which had taken on a semi-mythical were for example costly and the bur- Uniformity was the basis of the CONVICTIONS importance. They included the har- den of payment fell on the parish- Elizabethan Church Settlement and LAUD’s rowing stories of the three hundred ioners. This was also an extra task was perceived by the Crown as the or so early Protestants burnt as for the churchwardens, who were basis for religious and political sta- ASPIRATIONS heretics in the reign of Mary Tudor responsible for supervising the rail- bility in the realm. Since 1559, and & PURITAN and enshrined in John Foxe ’ s ing and for raising the payments for earlier, those who refused to conform famous Book of Martyrs. There was materials and labour. The puritans, to the officially defined faith of the CONVICTIONS also the repulsion of the Spanish however, saw the altar policy as more land faced prosecution in the church Armada in 1588 and the discovery of than simply a matter of decency. or secular courts. Eighty years later the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. We They saw it as a return to the tradi- Charles I presided over a state in must remember that in Charles I’s tions of the pre-Reformation Church which there was little room for polit- reign these events loomed large in and it inspired fears amongst the ical or religious toleration. The exe- recent memory and that the diocese puritans, and even those of a more cution of Laud went ahead after the of Canterbury had witnessed one of moderate frame of mind, that the first large-scale Parliamentarian vic- the highest levels of persecution dur- King was considering reconciliation tory at the battle of Marston Moor in Spring 2003 10 1644, when the King’s military ting down on church decoration and self as ‘a most loyall subiect’ both to defeat began to look a real possibili- abolishing the powers of the Church ‘the late King’ and to Charles II.3 ty. The evidence used to convict the hierarchy. These issues were closely The reformation of church build- Archbishop was certainly biased, but related to, and mirrored by, political ings had been a central demand of we should not simply gloss over it. arguments about the extent and the puritan agenda since the Indeed, the various charges against nature of royal power. The nature of Elizabethan Settlement and was jus- him dramatically illustrate the this division can be further appreci- tified by reference to the second intense hostility which had built up ated by a consideration of the clerical commandment. At the Reformation against the Crown and Church in careers of Wilson and Culmer, the the removal of church images and LAUD’s Charles’s reign and which led, ulti- best documented of the suspended stained glass had been promoted by ASPIRATIONS mately, to a political and religious Kent clergy. By 1640 both Wilson and the Crown, but the iconoclasm of the revolution in England in the 1640s. Culmer had become convinced that 1640s was entirely different in that it & PURITAN Amongst those who testified the Church needed radical reform. In was aimed at a royal regime which CONVICTIONS against the archbishop at his trial particular like other puritans, they had seemingly condoned the reintro- were two puritan clerics from Kent, wanted to see the abolition of episco- duction of altars and a variety of LAUD’s Thomas Wilson of Maidstone, and pacy and its replacement with a church imagery in the 1630s. Image- ASPIRATIONS Richard Culmer of Minster in presbyterian system without bish- breaking in the civil war period was Thanet. Their involvement empha- ops. These changes were introduced not therefore solely a religious phe- & PURITAN sises the ways in which religious ten- by Parliament in 1646 after Charles nomenon, it was also a powerful CONVICTIONS sions between puritans and the I’s defeat in the First Civil War, but in challenge to the political power of LAUD’s Church authorities had been gather- Kent a presbyterian system was the King. ing in the parishes throughout never fully operational, perhaps Charles of course was not a ASPIRATIONS Charles I’s reign. Both Wilson and because of the strong survival of sup- tyrant, neither was he the helpless & PURITAN Culmer had a very specific charge to port for the established Church in pawn of a Catholic Plot. Nor was make. They complained that in the Kent, but also because of the William Laud a traitor and a papal CONVICTIONS mid-1630s they had been suspended strength of the independent sects agent. Both men died because they LAUD’s from the exercise of their ministry by there, especially in the Weald and in symbolised the old regime, a regime the Archbishop for not reading the towns in East Kent, including Dover, which could not accommodate oppo- ASPIRATIONS King’s Declaration concerning lawful Sandwich and Deal. Even the parlia- sition or toleration. Their deaths & PURITAN Sports on the sabbath, more popular- mentarian Directory of Pu b l i c opened the way to the abolition of CONVICTIONS ly known as The Book of Sports, to Worship introduced in 1645 to episcopacy in 1646 and the monar- their congregations. This alone was replace the Book of Common Prayer chy in 1649. Yet the puritan revolu- LAUD’s not enough to substantiate a charge was not fully embraced in the tionaries, who overthrew these insti- ASPIRATIONS of treason, but it was part of a wider parishes of Kent. tutions, were not themselves advo- attempt to portray Laud as a reli- Wilson and Culmer were fairly cates of toleration. The republican & PURITAN gious persecutor and as a supporter close in age and both had served as regimes of the 1650s outlawed both CONVICTIONS of a ‘popish conspiracy’ against the ministers since the 1620s, but they Catholicism and Anglicanism and Church and state. In 1633 all parish were very different in character. tried to curb the spread of new reli- LAUD’s clergy had been required to read the Wilson was to gain a formidable rep- gious sects such as the Quakers. At ASPIRATIONS Book of Sports from their pulpits or utation as a sober, moderate puritan the Restoration Charles II reimposed face disciplinary action. Puritan cler- cleric, and as a unifying force in the Uniformity on the nation and the & PURITAN ics objected to the Book, because it town of Maidstone, while Richard puritans once again found them- CONVICTIONS encouraged what they saw as frivo- Culmer had the reputation of an selves arraigned before the courts. It LAUD’s lous pursuits after Sunday services. interfering hothead and a promoter was not until the passage of the These included dancing, archery, of division, which has survived to the Toleration Act of 1689 that the dis- ASPIRATIONS leaping, and vaulting. The present day. Culmer is also famous as senting churches were given a legal & PURITAN Declaration also endorsed May the man who attacked the images in guarantee of freedom of worship. It games, with their attendant may- Canterbury Cathedral in 1643, when was a far-sighted measure that could CONVICTIONS poles and Whitsun Ales. In Kent amongst other things he personally not have seemed possible to the par- LAUD’s three other clerics, besides Wilson smashed a stained glass window ticipants in the religious disputes of and Culmer, were also suspended for depicting Thomas Becket. To ensure the 1630s and 1640s. ASPIRATIONS not reading the Book, John Player of that this act did not go unattributed, & PURITAN Kennington, Thomas Hieron of Culmer at once published a justly Dr Jacqueline Eales Herne Hill, and Lawrence Snelling of notorious book about his activities Reader in History CONVICTIONS Paul’s Cray. Puritan clerics such as ‘Cathedrall Newes from Canterbury’ Canterbury Christ Church University College. LAUD’s these preferred a quiet and sober (London 1644). Culmer was acting ASPIRATIONS sabbath observance, which included officially in response to a parliamen- a second sermon in the afternoon tary ordinance, but the tensions that Dr Eales is author of Community and & PURITAN and the catechising of the youth in his actions caused in the cathedral Disunity in Kent: Four Lectures on Kent CONVICTIONS the parish. It was not the case that precincts were reflected by the fact and the English Civil Wars, 1640-1649 puritans objected to all dancing and that the parliamentarian mayor of (Keith Dickson Books, 2001). Available at LAUD’s other pastimes, the central issue was Canterbury, John Lade, provided a £5.99, including post and packa g i n g , ASPIRATIONS whether such sports were appropri- guard of soldiers to protect the icon- from Keith Dickson Books, Unit 9, The ate to the sabbath or not. oclasts. William Cooke, a Canterbury Shipyard, Upper Brents, Faversham, Kent & PURITAN The suspension of the five Kent cordwainer, was one of those who ME13 7DZ. CONVICTIONS ministers for refusing to read the resisted the destruction in the cathe- Book was not just a personal griev- dral and at the Restoration he peti- 1 H. Tr e v o r- Ro p e r, Archbishop Laud, ance, it emphasised the fact that a tioned the Dean and Chapter for 1573-1645 (London, 1940). deep religious and cultural division compensation for the ‘most violent 2 J. Bulteel, A Relation of the Troubles of was widening in Charles’s reign. The blowes’ dealt to him by Culmer and the Three Forraign Churches in Ke n t puritan agenda in the 1640s was not ‘his company’, which had subse- (London 1645). only concerned with long-term goals quently prevented him from follow- 3 Canterbury Cathedral Archives, DCC of promoting a plainer liturgy, cut- ing his trade. Cooke described him- Petitions 232. Spring 2003 11 YOUNG ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN KENT

ollowing the T h a n e t branch’s visit to Margate’s Shell Grotto last summer, YOUNG members spent the summer holiday collecting shells. ARCHAEOLOISTS During their monthly meet- INKENT ings in the autumn, they designed and made shell panels. Making YOUNG them highlighted many of the ARCHAEOLOISTS problems faced by the builders of the Grotto, whoever they were and IN KENT whenever it was. Making the YOUNG shells fit the design or vice versa ARCHAEOLOISTS was hard enough in good light on a flat horizontal surface. What was IN KENT it like, the members wondered, if YOUNG you were working in a damp chalk cave with only candles for light? ARCHAEOLOISTS Jack McGowan, Michael Bryant, Above: Members busy INKENT Reece Dawson, John and Andrew Pegwell Bay and drawing artefacts and YOUNG Gillen and Elizabeth Mabb hopefully have a left: a great example showed off their panels at a TAS visit from a of a handaxe by Jack ARCHAEOLOISTS lecture in November, when archae- Viking. Early Standen, aged 10. IN KENT ologist Emma Boast also presented signs indicate that the YAC branch member of the their Sagas look YOUNG year award to Andrew Gillen. like being exciting Over the last ARCHAEOLOISTS Later some of the members and and thought pro- 3 years the their leaders returned to the Shell voking. branch has been IN KENT Grotto and presented the panels to Jose Gibbs involved with YOUNG the owner, Sarah Vi c ke r y. The various activi- panels were displayed in the North Downs ties and an ARCHAEOLOISTS Grotto until early March and fea- YAC has spent the ongoing survey IN KENT tured in the local paper. chilly months in in the parish of So what next? Members are our base at Maidstone Museum. Thurnham; Mike Perrin’s talk YOUNG now putting their literary skills to We have played ‘Archaeologist’s about the history of the area added ARCHAEOLOISTS the test by writing Viking Sagas from Mars – the Dustbin Game’, further to the knowledge of the INKENT for the annual national YAC com- asking members to visualise them- members. A visit by an Ancient petition. This has involved reading selves as visiting aliens and work Technology specialist, Pat Carter, YOUNG from the Orkneyinga Saga and out the lives of humans from the enabled the members to manufac- ARCHAEOLOISTS finding references to the Vikings contents of their bins. The ‘Toad in ture cords and braid them into in Thanet. Later in the spring we the Hole’ food packaging caused intricate designs based on evi- IN KENT plan to visit the Viking ship at much merriment! dence from various sites. We were YOUNG fascinated to see her reproduction Bronze Age Egtved ‘miniskirt’. ARCHAEOLOISTS It was a privilege to have the IN KENT use of the KAS library in Maidstone Museum for our YOUNG March meeting, where members ARCHAEOLOISTS discovered how artefacts were INKENT drawn for reproduction and produced their own versions, and YOUNG then heard from Denis Anstey ARCHAEOLOISTS how computer applications can be used in archaeology. IN KENT In April we are excavating at YOUNG Stelling Minnis windmill, search- ing for its predecessors, and in ARCHAEOLOISTS May, a group of 60 members and IN KENT families are visiting West Stow and Sutton Hoo (with privileged access onto the burial mounds) for our annual ‘day out’. Our ‘National Archaeology Days’ event in July will be held in the Museum of Kent Life – further Above: Some of the many exciting panels made during the autumn. details appear on page 5.

Spring 2003 12 NE WS C R E E NF O RS TM A RY’S, EASTWELL atthew Saunders, were moved in 1968. These are the monument). In the south-west Hon.Director of the elaborate tomb chest to Sir chapel (marked on Alan’s plan as Friends of Friendless Thomas Moyle (died 1650), anoth- ‘mortuary chapel originally south Churches, has respond- er tomb chest put up between porch’ and where an explanatory ed to Alan Ward’s arti- 1623 and 1628 to Sir Moyle Finch interpretation board has been put NEW cle on this church in (died 1614) and another known to up) used to be the Neoclassical the last Newsletter with an be by Nicholas Stone to Sir monument to Emily, Countess of SCREEN update. Designed by Ro b e r t Heneage Finch of 1632 (a wall Winchelsea and Nottingham of FOR George and made by Charles 1850 by Lawrence MacDonald. Normandale of Hampshire, a new Matthew was keen that visitors to EASTWELL screen has replaced the previous the remains know that although NEW utilitarian but unsightly brick the church, chapel and connect- infilling. Costing in total around ing walls belong to the Friends, SCREEN £20,000 (including the clearance the churchyard is maintained FOR of bricks), all but a fraction of this (extremely well) by the local EASTWELL was borne by the Cottam Wi l l parish council. Trust. This is a fund administered NEW by the Friends for ‘the purchase of Out with the old (below) and in with the SCREEN objects of beauty to be placed in new (left). ancient Gothic churches for the FOR furtherance of religion’. EASTWELL Information about this (or the Friends in general) can be NEW obtained from St Ann’s Ve s t r y SCREEN Hall, 2 Church Entry, London FOR EC4V 5HB. Splendid monuments used EASTWELL to be housed in the church which NEW are now on display in the Victoria & Albert Museum to where they SCREEN FOR EASTWELL DO YOU NEW ww w. k e n t a rc h a e o l o g y.ac RECOGNISE THIS SCREEN SPOT? FOR Publish your archaeology, history or records paper on the internet with the EASTWELL Kent Archaeological Society This interior scene is one of many images NEW Your paper must relate to the archaeology and history of the ancient county of Kent* held in the KASlibrary collection which SCREEN have no provenance. Do you recognise the Editorial approval place or any of the objects? FOR Refereed If you do know the location of either please EASTWELL contact the editor at 55 Stone Street, NEW You retain the copyright but authorise that the paper be held for download for private Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU or academic use SCREEN FOR Each author accepted is given a page on the site. The page will include a photograph of the author and a brief biography EASTWELL which the author may ask to be updated at any time NEW Short abstract required SCREEN

Accepted notation system of your choice FOR EASTWELL The website is funded by the Society, an educational charity. Your first submission should be on floppy disk or CD readable on the PC platform and accompanied by a completed submission form. All submissions should be addressed to Joy Sage, KAS Internet Publishing, Museum and Bentliff Art Gallery, Museum Street, Maidstone, Kent ME14 1LH, England. Once accepted as a contributor, further papers may be sub- mitted by email.

Once a paper has been accepted, it will be turned into an Adobe® Acrobat® file for download. The paper will remain available on the site until withdrawn by you. Special arrangements may be made to cater for records databases to be searched online.

* This effectively means the following local authority areas: Kent, Medway and the London Boroughs of Bromley, Lewisham and Greenwich.

Spring 2003 13 15th Century Stained Glass at Sandhurst

n the south aisle of St ry with the visor of the bascinet especially that which now bears his Nicholas Church, Sandhurst raised to show his face. He holds a name, ‘St Anthony’s fire’. An Order are two windows which hold lance in one gauntleted and one of Hospitallers of St Anthony was glass dating from the fif- bare hand and thrusts its point formed c. 1300 and they would 15th teenth century. Both win- into the mouth of a dragon whose ring a small bell to attract alms. CENTURY dows are reconstructions; a tail curls round his right leg. Below The bells were then hung round brass inscription on a win- St George is part of another figure animals’ necks to protect them STAINED dow sill tells us the work was car- ( f i g . 5 ) in a gown, with what from disease. Two wills, of Robert GLASS AT ried out in 1929 in memory of appears to be a scourge in his K r y a r, 1487, and Richard Sone, members of the Cleland family. The hands. The scourge is the attribute 1529, leave money for a lamp to SANDHURST glass was moved from the north St Boniface but there is insufficient burn before the image of St 15th aisle, where some fragmentary evidence here to make a positive Anthony in Sandhurst church. CENTURY glass remains in the tracery of the identification. The figure of the abbess (fig.8) north window. This aisle is still One can, however, be more is dressed as a nun with veil and STAINED known as the Betherinden Chapel positive about the remaining two wimple and an overmantle. In her GLASS AT and, according to a notice in the figures in the right hand light, right hand is an abbesses’ staff and church, was built by one Sir each framed within a twist of in her left, a book with a decorated SANDHURST Richard de Betherinden, who died cable. Newman identifies them as cover. Her halo is filled with lines 15th in 1455. Hasted says that in the a priest and an abbess, an attribu- and is more prominent than that of glass in the chapel there were for- tion repeated by later writers, e.g. St Anthony (St George either did CENTURY merly effigies and arms of this by June Osborne in Stained Glass in not have one or it got lost in the STAINED family, and also that there was England (1981). However, although reconstruction). This is almost cer- once in Downe church a memorial the dress of the figures is that of a tainly St Clare, the foundress of the GLASS AT for John Berenden, citizen, wool- priest and an abbess, both have present Order of the Poor Clares, SANDHURST draper and chamberlain of haloes so they must be more than which is based on the teachings of 15th London, who died in 1445. mere ecclesiastics. They must be St Francis. Born in Assisi c. 1194 Not enough glass survives to saints. The priest figure (fig.6) car- she became abbess of a convent CENTURY enable one to draw any clear con- ries a Tau (T) cross staff and at his there in 1215, a convent she was STAINED clusions on what the 15th century feet trots a pig, wearing a belled never to leave although Clare nuns glazing scheme at Sandhurst collar (fig.7) , both attributes of St spread throughout Europe. She GLASS AT might have been, but there is suffi- Anthony of Egypt. died in 1253. SANDHURST cient to make out one partial and St Anthony was born in Upper As Newman says, the four almost complete figures. On Egypt in the third century; he dis- 15th the east wall of the south aisle, in tributed his wealth among the CENTURY the middle light, is the golden poor and led a hermit’s existence winged figure of St Michael (fig. in the desert for many years. On STAINED 1). His face is now largely obliter- the back of the choir stalls in GLASS AT ated but his streaming hair, with a Carlisle Cathedral is this painted three-stemmed flower rising from inscription: Then liveth he in wilder - SANDHURST a band on his forehead, fills a dec- 15th orated halo. He wears the habit of CENTURY a priest, an amice ornamented with flowers, and a cope with a STAINED circle design on its border. His left GLASS AT hand is raised in benediction and his right hand holds a balance on SANDHURST which he is weighing souls. On the 15th left, the hairy legs of the lost soul dangle outside the weighing dish fig 2 CENTURY and his wide-eyed, tongue-lolling STAINED aspect (fig.2) contrasts with the GLASS AT serenity of the saved soul on the right (fig.3) . SANDHURST The eastern window of the 15th south wall has two lights with a quatrefoil above, in which is the CENTURY head of a young man, in the Pre- STAINED Raphaelite style, which could date from the restoration by R.H. fig 1 GLASS AT Carpenter in 1875 (see John SANDHURST Newman, in the Buildings of England Series, West Kent and the ness XX year or more, Without any Weald), but is more likely to have company but the wilde boar. H i s been inserted when the window ‘Temptations’ were the subject of was reconstructed in 1929. In the numerous paintings by, amongst left light, amid a jumble of frag- others, Bosch, Bruegel and ments of canopy, is the figure of St Grünewald. Generally regarded as George (fig.4) . He wears full plate the founder of monasticism, he fig 3 armour of the mid fifteenth-centu- was invoked as a cure for disease, Spring 2003 14 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SPRING 2003

Dear Editor valuable commodity; ‘forgetting’ where Most people will by now know what I they were does not make sense! am going to suggest…. that the IA smiths Lastly, what about the description of were disturbed by the Invasion force and LETTERS I was present at the recent ‘bronze axe’ three cart loads of ‘Celtic warriors’ found in probably never came back to finish their TO THE dig in Hollingbourne. Regrettably my new Claylane Wood near Shorne in 1825 accord- casting…they may have been killed in the bionic knees do not allow me to kneel else I ing to the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine ‘ of 1846. battle of the Medway. EDITOR would have been down those trenches The workmen found ‘armour’ still in good To prove whether I am right (or hope- LETTERS trowelling in the gault till the stars came enough condition to put on. There were lessly wrong) the solution is very TO THE out! But what is that to do with the inva- metal celts (axes)”So bright was the metal that simple…the charcoal in the pit and wood in sion, I hear people ask? Perhaps a great one of the celts was tested by fire to see if it was not the axe sockets should be carbon dated. The EDITOR deal. Please, just listen to my theory. gold”. To have lasted so well for so long I am axes were probably re-hafted many times LETTERS Why did perfectly good Bronze Age sure that they were Iron Age Celtic people since they were originally made. So it would TO THE axes get melted down? They were extreme- and not Bronze Age. So did the ceremonial be analysis of the material of the furnace that ly difficult to smelt and cast in the first bronze axes get kept and honoured for gen- would give the final clue. Maybe that horse EDITOR place. Many modern attempts at reproduc- erations till they were used in battle? was killed by a Roman arrow bolt? We will LETTERS ing the amazing skill of the BA Celts have Strangely enough it makes sense! not know for certain until the dig is TO THE not been equalled. It would make sense also that these completed. Pity an IA potin mould did not S e c o n d l y, why did over two dozen axes were being melted down in an Iron make its appearance underneath a BA axe! EDITOR bronze axes and other articles manage to Age workshop. A horse burial was found in LETTERS get ‘lost’ when as far as we know settle- another trench at a similar depth as the Lesley Feakes, TO THE ments ran continuously throughout the axes. Was it a proper burial? Or did the Chairman, Lenham Celtic period. Bronze was an extremely dying horse just get covered where it fell? Archaeological Society. EDITOR LETTERS TO THE Sandhurst glass is of poor quality, James Hall, Hall’s Dictionary of David Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of EDITOR as C15 glass often is; it pales Subjects and Symbols in Art (revised Saints (3rd edition, 1992). (quite literally) in comparison edition 1996), LETTERS with the coeval glass in the TO THE Chapel of St Edward the Confessor in Canterbury EDITOR Cathedral. Nevertheless it has LETTERS considerable charm and interest. TO THE Leslie A Smith EDITOR Sources: TO THE Edward Hasted, The History and EDITOR Topographical Survey of the County of fig 5 LETTERS Kent (2nd edition, 1798, p. 160; Testamenta Cantiana TO THE (K.A.S. 1907); EDITOR Francis Bond, Dedications of English Churches: Ecclesiastical Symbolism, TO THE Saints and Emblems (1914); EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TO THE EDITOR fig 4 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

fig 6 fig 7 fig 8 Spring 2003 15 ages”. Paul recalls Harold Wi l s o n turning up on site as he walke d PAU L ASHBEE around St Mary’s every Easter MA, D.Litt, FSA, FRSAI Monday. A by-product of these exca- vations was the 1974 publication of lected as a Patron of the KAS Ancient Scilly, followed by full publica- last year, Paul Ashbee’s work tion of Halangy Down in 1996. over five decades has laid much Other landmark publications have of the foundations of archaeo- been The Bronze Age Round Barrow in BACK PAGE logical knowledge today, Britain in 1960 and its counterpart The PEOPLE particularly of prehistory. Earthen Long Barrow in Britain ten years Born just as the first world war was later, The Ancient British, in print for 10 BACK PAGE drawing to a close and growing up in years from 1978, and the Wilsford Shaft PEOPLE , he shone at history and geog- report produced in 1989. BACK PAGE raphy at school in Maidstone, and later Despite having lived in Norfolk at German, although a ‘cut glass’ since his appointment to the PEOPLE accent, combined with reaching 6 foot University of East Anglia in 1968, he BACK PAGE by the age of 12, generated teasing. The suffers from bouts of nostalgia for nearby County Library meant access to Kent. His early experiences with hops PEOPLE archaeology texts, and lunchtimes and fruit have produced a frustrated BACK PAGE were often spent in Maidstone agriculturalist which has some outlet Museum. Fascinated by the worked in his recent Vice Presidency of the PEOPLE flint displayed, and under the tutelage Of note was Fussell’s Lodge, the Norfolk Agricultural Association. The BACK PAGE of curator Norman Cook, Paul began Horslip long barrow and the Amesbury annual Norfolk Show is always enjoy- his own search, finding axe roughouts group. In the climate of subsidised able, particularly when translating for PEOPLE at Thurnham and , besides excavations, he realised that barrows German buyers of Norfolk pedigree BACK PAGE locating various surface industries. were the only type of monument that cattle! PEOPLE Some of Bearsted’s older residents still could be fully excavated. Throughout Admitting also to acute bibliophil- remember him revealing the wall lines the ‘50s he averaged 2 barrows a year, ia, his enthusiasm probably saved his BACK PAGE and opus signinum floors of taking around 7 months to write up life during the war. Unable to resist the PEOPLE Thurnham’s Roman Villa in 1933. each excavation. He talks of growing sight of a bookcase crammed with He joined the Royal West Ke n t up with prehistory in an atmosphere of texts in gothic script, he entered a BACK PAGE Regiment in 1939 and gained a lance independent endeavour, taking ruined house near Kleve in the north- PEOPLE corporal’s stripe in 1940; the accent responsibility for each step of a project. ern Rhineland to investigate. A shell seemed to help. When at Only an outline of Paul’s numer- landed directly outside the window, BACK PAGE Haverfordwest he was interviewed for ous undertakings is possible here, but where he had stood but a moment PEOPLE especial work and was asked, amongst amongst the best known is Sutton Hoo before. BACK PAGE other things, if he knew what ‘rund- in the ‘60’s with Rupert Bruce Mitford, Romantic English verse is another funk’* meant. His ability with the when the re-excavation of the relict passion; his students often had PEOPLE German language was used from time barrow and the dumped spoil from the Kipling quoted at them ~ “Puck’s BACK PAGE to time in Germany and from 1946 in 30’s allowed the recovery of the many song is full of archaeology…” His love the Control Commission for Germany. pieces of the kingly funerary gear of historical architecture was, from PEOPLE Paul’s English-accented German was which had been broken by the collapse time to time, put to use during his BACK PAGE thought useful by many. In Germany of the mortuary structure. He was time as an RCHME Commissioner until 1949, his mind still returned to involved in the innovative between 1975 and ’85. PEOPLE matters archaeological and the prob- Experimental Earthworks Project, a Although Paul asserts that “I am BACK PAGE lem of breaking into the profession, as long term experiment which set up an Ancient Monument”, he continues, he had seen Äachen, all the megalithic banks and ditches, complete with despite ‘official’ retirement from the PEOPLE chambers near Osnabruck, Köln buried artefacts, in 1960 and ’63 at UEA in 1983, to be prolific in his out- BACK PAGE Lindenthal, the Eifel and various other Overton Down and Wareham respec- put and has seen nearly 40 works pub- PEOPLE places. tively, to study the process of, primari- lished in the intervening years. He approached the University of ly, weathering and denudation. Currently he is working on T h e London’s Institute of Archaeology and Besides periodic visits to Ireland, Prehistory of Kent, to be published in was sent by a kindly, encouraging, he spent 17 years returning to Halangy summer 2004. KAS members, and all Gordon Childe to have a word with Dr Down on the Isles of Scilly, the individ- with an interest in our county, look Wheeler – as Sir Mortimer was then uality of the island environment hav- forward to this work and many others known. Whilst working in 1949 on the ing great attraction, the archaeology to follow in the future. Wheeler excavations at St Albans he spanning nearly 3000 years, “the stone met Richmal, Secretary, and later building remains being a palimpsest of The Editor President, of the University of fishing and agriculture through the *broadcasting London’s Archaeological Society, which had a programme of talks and visits. It was a fortuitous empty seat next to hers on top of a Baker Street dou- Copy deadline for the next issue in July is Monday June 2nd The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for bledecker bus that led to recruitment opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the for the 1951 excavations at Mawgan contents and substance of their work. Porth in Cornwall and later to their marriage. They celebrated their Golden EDITOR : LYN PALMER Wedding in style last year. 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU Between 1949 and 1976, Paul exca- Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 vated barrows, round and long, for the Email [email protected] then Ministry of Works, using Cyril or [email protected] Fox’s ideas and Wheeler’s discipline. Spring 2003 Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME 14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk