Uttar Pradesh Geographical Journal Vol. 22, 2017 R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631 I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

DISTRIBUTION OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES POPULATION IN HANUMANGARH AND GANGANAGAR DISTRICTS OF NORTHERN RAJASTHAN (2001-2011): A SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Rajender Kumar

ABSTRACT Both Ganganagar (33.7 per cent) and Hanumangarh (26.1 per cent) districts have higher proportion of scheduled castes population than that of the state average of 17.2 per cent in 2011. On the other hand, percentage of scheduled tribes to total population varies at 0.8 per cent and 0.7 per cent, respectively, in both districts in comparison to 12.6 per cent of Rajasthan state. The present paper is based on secondary data. To find out concentration of SC/ST population at tehsil level, Location Quotient, Lorenz's Curve and Gini's coefficients are used. The study reveals that there is significant spatial variation in scheduled castes population distribution. It varies from 48.11 per cent, the highest, in Karanpur tehsil in Ganganagar district to 28.55 per cent, the lowest, in Rawater tehsil of Hanumangarh district. The main spatial distribution characteristic of scheduled castes population is that it is concentrated in rural areas but scheduled tribes are dominated in urban areas of the study region.

Introduction the area of immigration is raised, and the rate of Distribution of population is analytically very growth in the area of emigration is reduced. important for the population study of any region, state Distribution of population is also a measure of the or nation. Distribution of population refers to the way degree of population concentration or dispersion. people are spaced over the surface of the earth. In Article 341 of the constitution provides that other words, it emphasises the pattern of actual the President of India may, with respect to any state or place-location of a population. Traditionally, union territory, specify the castes, races or tribes or population distribution was examined, as static parts of groups within castes, races or tribes which phenomena, relating them particularly to the pattern shall, for the purposes of the constitution be deemed of the physical environment (Clarke J.I., 1971). But, to be scheduled castes in relation to that state or history and economic events play an important role in union territory. Similarly, article 342 provides power distribution of mankind on the globe. Man himself is, to the President for scheduled tribes declaration. In by no means, passive and powerless within his pursuance of article 341 and 342, the list of scheduled natural environment. He is active in proportion to his castes and or scheduled tribes are notified for each wisdom, his scientific advancement, and his technical state or Union territory and these are valid only within efficiency. The rural population distribution pattern is the jurisdiction of that state or Union territory and not influenced by the nature of the agricultural land use outside. and stage of technological development. (Garnier J., In a traditional Indian society, scheduled 1978). Changes in distribution have two kinds of castes at the lowest rung of the caste hierarchy had to demographic significance. First, the population of an render a variety of services to the higher castes in the area may have more births over deaths than that of social order under a contractual system having social another area and, as a result, it may grow faster. section, known as the 'jajmani system'. In the Finally, people may migrate from one region to process, the persons of the lower castes had to face another. Therefore, the rate of growth of population in different types of deprivations and even the stigma of

Shri Rajander Kumar, Lecturer, Department of Geography, Dr. B.R.A. Govt. College, Sri Ganga Nagar (Rajasthan) [2 [ untouchability. Even their social presence was Objectives considered inconvenient and embarassing when not The main objectives of the present study, needed to perform the specified tasks (Beteille, therefore, are : to analyse the distribution trend of 2000). In independent India, these castes have been scheduled castes and tribes; to study spatial officially designated as scheduled castes. distribution pattern of SC and ST population, to find The Study Area out Location Quotients, Gini's Coefficient and The study area, comprised of Ganganagar Lorenz's Curve for respective population at tehsil and Hanumangarh districts, lies in the extreme level. northern part of Rajasthan state. Ganganagar district Data Base And Methodology is located in the northern part of Rajasthan. The data for present spatial analysis has Geographically, the district is located between 28°54' been obtained from secondary sources like, Census and 30°12' north latitudes and 72°39' and 74°18' east of India, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, longitudes. At present, for the purpose of Jaipur. Location Quotients, Lorenz's Curve and Gini's administration, the district is divided into five sub- Coefficient have been used for finding out relative divisions and nine tehsils. These five sub-divisions concentration of respective population at tehsil level. are Sri Ganganagar (Ganganagar and Sadulshahar Data has also been represented through choropleth tehsils), Karanpur (Karanpur and Padampur tehsils), method. Raisinghnagar (Raisinghnagar and Vijaynagar Results and Discussion tehsils), Suratgarh (Suratgarh tehsil) and Anupgarh (Anupgarh and Gharsana tehsils). Hanumangarh Distribution of Scheduled Castes Population district is situated on the northern boundaries of In 2011, there were 7,20,412 persons of Rajasthan state. This district is located between scheduled castes in Ganganagar district, which was 0 0 0 0 28 46' and 29 57' north latitude to 74 43' and 75 31' 36.58 per cent of its total population (19,69,168 east longitude. The present day status of the persons) (Table.01). But, in the state, the proportion historical importance 'Bhatner area' of the princely of scheduled castes population was 17.82 per cent in state of Bikaner founded by Rao Bikaji of Rathor 2011. The proportion of scheduled castes population dynasty came into existence as Hanumangarh district in Ganganagar district is double (36.58%) than that of on 12.07.1994. Seven tehsils of Ganganagar districts the state level (17.82%). In Hanumangarh district, the of Bikaner division, viz. Sangaria, Tibi, proportion of scheduled castes population was 27.85 Hanumangarh, Pilibanga, Rawatsar, Nohar and per cent that was higher than the state proportion but Bhadra were included in the newly created district of lower than that of Ganganagar district. Hanumangarh. Table 01 : Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population and Location Quotient: 2011 Tehsils / District Total Scheduled Scheduled Location Quotient Population Castes Tribes SC ST Population Po pulation Karanpur 1,46,878 70,666 1,588 1.31 1.57

Ganganagar 4,81,640 1,30,261 5,583 0.74 1.69

Sadulshahar 1,58,473 56,381 686 0.98 0.63

Padampur 1,62,718 60,349 301 1.01 0.27

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Raisinghnagar 1,96,455 86,247 382 1.20 0.28 Anupgarh 1,84,423 82,483 1 ,024 1.22 0.81 Gharsana 1,71,830 74,787 1 391 1.19 1.18 Vijaynagar 1,45,770 64,377 963 1.20 0.97 Suratgarh 3,20,981 94,811 1,559 0.80 0.71

Ganganagar Distt. 19,69,168 7,20,412 13,477 1.00 1.00 Sangria 1,59,143 43,349 2 ,815 0.98 2.19 Tibi 1,65,217 60,681 354 1.31 0.27 Hanumang arh 4,24,619 1,22,207 3 ,282 1.03 0.96 Pilibanga 2,15,715 72,553 3,406 1.21 1.96

Rawatsar 2,05,093 58,545 608 0.96 0.37

Nohar 3,14,587 75,620 1,496 0.86 0.59 Bhadra 2,90,318 61,234 2 ,328 0.76 0.99 Hanumnaga rh Distt. 17,74,692 4,94,189 14 ,289 1.00 1.00 Source: Census of India (2011), C.D. on P.C.A., Directorate of Census Operation, Rajasthan, Jaipur At tehsil level, there is significant spatial These tehsils were Bhadra with 21.09 per cent, Nohar variation in scheduled castes population distribution. It with 24.03 per cent and Sangria with 27.24 per cent of varies from 48.11 per cent, the highest, in Karanpur its population as scheduled castes in 2011 (Fig.01). tehsil to 27.06 per cent, the lowest, in Ganganagar Majority of scheduled castes population of tehsil of Ganganagar district. Six tehsils out of total Ganganagar district is concentrated in its rural areas. nine tehsils, namely Karanpur (48.11 per cent), 41.76 per cent proportion of its rural population is Anupgarh (44.72 per cent), Vijayagar (44.16 per cent), scheduled castes whereas 22.72 per cent of its urban Raisinghnagar (43.90 per cent) Gharsana (43.52 per population belongs to this category. At tehsil level, in cent) and Padampur (37.09 per cent) have higher rural areas, the proportion of scheduled castes proportion of scheduled caste population than that of population varies from, the highest, 51.54 per cent in Ganganagar district. Remaining three out of nine Karanpur tehsil to the lowest, 32.07 per cent in tehsils of Ganganagar district, namely, Ganganagar Suratgarh tehsil. Anupgarh tehsil with 48.84 per cent, (27.06 per cent), Suratgarh (29.54 per cent) and Vijaynagar tehsil with 48.11 per cent, Gharsana with Sadulshahar (35.76 per cent) have lower proportion of 46.42 per cent and Raisinghnagar tehsil with 45.84 per scheduled castes (Fig.01). In Hanumangarh district, cent proportion of population in its rural areas is the highest percentage of scheduled castes was scheduled castes. In Hanumangarh district, at tehsil enumerated in Tibi tehsil with 36.73 per cent, followed level in its rural areas, proportion of scheduled castes by Pilibanga with 33.63 per cent, Rawatsar with 28.55 population is comparatively lower than that of per cent and Hanumangarh with 28.78 per cent of its Ganganagar district. It varies from 22.69 per cent in total population as scheduled castes population in Bhadra tehsil to 35.34 per cent in Pilibanga tehsil. On 2011. In the remaining three tehsils out of seven, the the other hand, in urban areas at tehsil level, it ranges proportion of scheduled castes population was from 11.26 per cent in Bhadra tehsil to 24.11 per cent in comparatively lower than that of Hanumangarh district. Pilibanga tehsil.

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Distribution of Scheduled Tribes Population At tehsil level, the highest concentration of scheduled Distribution of scheduled tribes population tribes was registered in Pilibanga tehsil, it was 1.57 in both districts is very low, i.e., 0.68 per cent per cent (3,406 persons) of its total population, and proportion of Ganganagar district and 0.80 per cent of the lowest concentration was in Tibi tehsil with 0.21 Hanumangarh district belong to this category. At the per cent (354 persons) of its total population. state level this figure stood at 13.48 per cent in 2011. For relative concentration of scheduled Total scheduled tribes population of Ganganagar castes and scheduled tribes at tehsil level, location district was 13,477 persons in 2011. 10,488 persons quotient is calculated (Table 01). The values of the (77.82%) were residing in urban areas of the district location quotient (LQ) show a higher concentration of and rest of 2,989 persons (22.17%), were in rural scheduled castes population in Karanpur tehsil, areas. Raisinghnagar tehsil, Gharsana tehsil and Vijaynagar Table 01 shows the distribution of S.T. tehsil as the location quotient of these tehsils is population in tehsils of Ganganagar district. greater than one( LQ>1). In Padampur tehsil Ganganagar tehsil has the maximum number of distribution of scheduled castes population is quite scheduled tribes 5,583 persons, i.e., 1.16 per cent of balanced as the value of location quotient is equal to its total population. On the contrary, Padampur tehsil one (LQ = 1). In Ganganagar tehsil, Sadulshahar has the minimum 301 person of scheduled castes tehsil and Suratgarh tehsil, the scheduled castes are that is 0.19 per cent of its total population. much dispersed as the value of location quotient is Hanumangarh district has 14,289 persons of less than one (LQ<1). The spatial distribution of scheduled tribes in 2011, of which 5,717 persons scheduled tribes is also uneven in Ganganagar (40%) are rural and 8,572 persons (60%) are urban. district. The values of location quotient show a higher

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Fig. 02 concentration of scheduled tribes in the tehsils of distribution of scheduled castes population is again Karanpur, Ganganagar, Raisinghnagar, Gharsana explained with the help of Lorenz's curve graph and Vijaynagar. For all these tehsils, the value of (fig.02) and Gini's coefficient for scheduled castes of location quotient for scheduled tribes population is Ganganagar district. An explanation of curve greater than one (LQ >1). In Sadulshahar, Padampur, obtained in Fig.02 reveals that the distribution of Anupgarh and Suratgarh tehsil, the scheduled tribes scheduled castes is not uniform. If the scheduled population is much dispersed as the value of location castes had been equally distributed then the Lorenz quotient for scheduled tribes is less than one (LQ<1) curve would have been a straight line instead of a (table:01). The overall level of inequality in curved one.

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Table 02 : Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts: Calculation for Lorenz Curve and Gini's Coefficient for Scheduled Castes, 2011

Tehsils/District % % Cumulative Cumulative Xi×Yi+1 Xi+1×Yi Distribution Distribution % % of total of S C Distribution Distribution population population of total of S C p opulation population

Xi Yi Karanpur 7.46 9.81 7.46 9.81 208.13 313.14 Ganganag ar 24.45 18.09 31.92 27.90 1,14 0.50 1,098.42 Sadulshahar 8.05 7.83 39.37 35.73 1,73 6.21 1,723.26 Padampur 8.26 8.37 48.23 44.10 2,723.40 2,567.06

Raisinghnagar 9.98 11.98 58.21 56.08 3,930.34 3,789.33 Anupgarh 9.36 11.44 67.57 67.52 5,26 3.03 5,151.77 Gharsana 8.73 10.37 76.30 77.89 6,62 5.13 6,519.40 Vijaynagar 7.40 8.94 83.70 86.83 8,37 0.00 8,683.00 Suratgarh 16.30 13.17 100.00 100.00 -- -- Ganganagar Distt. -- G = 0.283 -- -- 29,996.58 29,845.38

Sangria 8.97 8.77 8.97 8.77 188.82 160.31 Tibi 9.31 12.28 18.28 21.05 836 .86 888.52 Hanumangarh 23.93 24.73 42.21 45.78 2,55 2.02 2,488.60 Pilibang a 12.15 14.68 54.36 60.46 3,95 1.80 3,984.91 Rawatsar 11.55 11.85 65.91 72.31 5,774.37 6,048.73

Nohar 17.74 15.30 83.65 87.61 8,365.00 8,761.00

Bhadra 16.35 12.39 100.00 100.00 -- -- Hanumangar h Distt. -- G = 0.0755 -- -- 21,64 7.84 22,332.07

Source: Census of India (2001), C.D. on P.C.A., Directorate of Census Operation, Rajasthan, Jaipur To found out for relative concentration of remaining two tehsils, namely, Nohar and Bhadra scheduled castes population, at tehsil level, location tehsil, the distribution of the scheduled castes quotient is calculated for every tehsil (Table:01). The population is much dispersed, therefore the location values of location quotient show a higher quotient values for these tehsil are less than one concentration of scheduled castes population in the (LQ<1) (Table:01). The overall level of distortion in tehsils of Tibi and Pilibanga as ,the value of location distribution of scheduled castes population in quotient of these tehsils is greater than one ( LQ>1). Hanumangarh district is again explained with the help In Hanumangarh, Sangaria and Rawatsar tehsils it is of Gini's coefficient and Lorenz curve for scheduled comparatively balanced as LQ is almost one. In the castes. A careful inspection of table 02 reveals that Uttar Pradesh Geographical Journal Vol. 22, 2017 [8 [

72.63 per cent of scheduled castes population is 3. Census of India, 2001, District Census living, with 65.67 per cent of total population in Handbook, Series 09, Rajasthan, Part XII A –B, Hanumangarh district and rest of the scheduled Hanumangarh, Directorate of Census Operation, castes population which is 27.38 per cent is living with Rajasthan, Jaipur, p.30. 34.43 per cent of the total population. 4. Census of India, 2011, Provisional Population Conclusion Totals paper 2 vol. II. of 2011, data on urban and The present research paper has attempted rural areas, Table 02, Rajasthan Series 9 p-06 to analyse the spatial distribution of SC and ST and 07. population in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh 5. Chandna, R.C. and Sidhu, M.S., 1980, districts of northern Rajasthan state. The results Introduction to Population Geography, Kalyani reveal that scheduled castes population is mainly Publisher, New Delhi, p-18. concentrated in the tehsils that are situated along the 6. Clarke, John I, 1971, Population Geography and western international border along Pakistan. Second, the Developing Countries Pergamon Press, New the concentration of scheduled castes population has York, p-3. been decreasing from west to east in the study region. 7. Demco, G.J.,et.al., 1970, Population Geography: Third, scheduled castes population mainly resides in A Reader, MC Graw Hill Company, New york, the rural areas of the study region and contrarily, p-22. scheduled tribes population are concentrated in urban area. Hence, it may be concluded that SC 8. Garnier, J. Beaujeu, 1978, Geography of population is predominantly rural and ST population Population (Second Edition) Longman Inc, New is urban in concentration characteristics. York, p-4. References 9. Kant, Surya, 2012, “Dehumanizing Scheduled Castes Population in India”, Population 1. Beteille, Andre, 2000, “The Scheduled Castes : Geography, Vol. 34, p. 35- 54. An Inter – Regional Perspective,” Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, Vo. XII (3&4), 10. Shyrock, H.S., et.al., ed, 1976, The Methods and pp- 376 – 380. Materials of Demography, Academic Press, New York, p-71. 2. Census of India, 2001, District Census Handbook, Series 09, Rajasthan, Part XII A –B, 11. Trewartha, Glenn T, 1969, A Geography of Ganganagar, Directorate of Census Operation, Population: World Patterns, John Wily and Sons Rajasthan, Jaipur, p.31. Inc, New York, p-1.

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