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BIS Working Papers No 136 the Price Level, Relative Prices and Economic Stability: Aspects of the Interwar Debate by David Laidler* Monetary and Economic Department
BIS Working Papers No 136 The price level, relative prices and economic stability: aspects of the interwar debate by David Laidler* Monetary and Economic Department September 2003 * University of Western Ontario Abstract Recent financial instability has called into question the sufficiency of low inflation as a goal for monetary policy. This paper discusses interwar literature bearing on this question. It begins with theories of the cycle based on the quantity theory, and their policy prescription of price stability supported by lender of last resort activities in the event of crises, arguing that their neglect of fluctuations in investment was a weakness. Other approaches are then taken up, particularly Austrian theory, which stressed the banking system’s capacity to generate relative price distortions and forced saving. This theory was discredited by its association with nihilistic policy prescriptions during the Great Depression. Nevertheless, its core insights were worthwhile, and also played an important part in Robertson’s more eclectic account of the cycle. The latter, however, yielded activist policy prescriptions of a sort that were discredited in the postwar period. Whether these now need re-examination, or whether a low-inflation regime, in which the authorities stand ready to resort to vigorous monetary expansion in the aftermath of asset market problems, is adequate to maintain economic stability is still an open question. BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. -
Laudatio Für Tony Atkinson
1998 - Stanley Fischer, IMF Washington D.C. Laudation for Rudiger Dornbusch Minister Wiesheu, Rector Heldrich, Professor Sinn, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a great honor for me to introduce this year's Distinguished CES Fellow who is to deliver the Munich Lectures in Economics, Professor Rudiger Dornbusch; it is an enormous pleasure for me to introduce to you a superb economist, an outstanding speaker, a remarkable human being, my co-author, and my friend for nearly thirty years, Rudi Dornbusch. I would like to tell you about four aspects of Rudi: the young scholar; the policy economist and polemicist; the teacher; and the human being. The young scholar I first met Rudi Dornbusch at the University of Chicago in the autumn of 1969. I was a freshly minted Ph.D. from MIT, and he was one of an outstanding group of graduate students, among them Jacob Frenkel and Michael Mussa. They were students of Harry Johnson and Robert Mundell, in Milton Friedman's Chicago. Some, among them especially Rudi and Jacob Frenkel, honored the great Lloyd Metzler, who was still at Chicago. This was the pre-Lucas Chicago. In one critical respect, that of taking economics with the utmost seriousness, as a full-time academic profession, Chicago has not changed; in others, including that of seeking real-world relevance -- which it did then -- it has changed. It must have been a wonderful place and time to be a graduate student in international macroeconomics, not only because of the world-famous faculty, even more because of the synergy among outstanding students. -
HLA MYINT 105 Neoclassical Development Analysis: Its Strengths and Limitations 107 Comment Sir Alec Cairn Cross 137 Comment Gustav Ranis 144
Public Disclosure Authorized pi9neers In Devero ment Public Disclosure Authorized Second Theodore W. Schultz Gottfried Haberler HlaMyint Arnold C. Harberger Ceiso Furtado Public Disclosure Authorized Gerald M. Meier, editor PUBLISHED FOR THE WORLD BANK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Public Disclosure Authorized Oxford University Press NEW YORK OXFORD LONDON GLASGOW TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON HONG KONG TOKYO KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE JAKARTA DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI NAIROBI DAR ES SALAAM CAPE TOWN © 1987 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Manufactured in the United States of America. First printing January 1987 The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, which are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pioneers in development. Second series. Includes index. 1. Economic development. I. Schultz, Theodore William, 1902 II. Meier, Gerald M. HD74.P56 1987 338.9 86-23511 ISBN 0-19-520542-1 Contents Preface vii Introduction On Getting Policies Right Gerald M. Meier 3 Pioneers THEODORE W. SCHULTZ 15 Tensions between Economics and Politics in Dealing with Agriculture 17 Comment Nurul Islam 39 GOTTFRIED HABERLER 49 Liberal and Illiberal Development Policy 51 Comment Max Corden 84 Comment Ronald Findlay 92 HLA MYINT 105 Neoclassical Development Analysis: Its Strengths and Limitations 107 Comment Sir Alec Cairn cross 137 Comment Gustav Ranis 144 ARNOLD C. -
Spending and the Exchange Rate in the Keynesian Model
CAVE.6607.cp18.p327-352 6/6/06 12:09 PM Page 327 CHAPTER 18 Spending and the Exchange Rate in the Keynesian Model hapter 17 developed the Keynesian model for determining income and the trade balance in an open economy. In this chapter we consider some further applica- Ctions of the same model, including how governments can change spending in pursuit of two of their fondest objectives—income and the trade balance. We begin with the question of how changes in spending are transmitted from one country to another. Throughout, we focus particularly on the role that changes in the exchange rate play in the process. We bring together the analysis of flexible exchange rates from Chapter 16 with the analysis of changes in expenditure from Chapter 17. 18.1 Transmission of Disturbances Section 17.5 showed how income in one country depends on income in the rest of the world, through the trade balance. The effect varies considerably, depending on what is assumed about the exchange rate. This section compares the two exchange rate regimes, fixed and floating, with respect to the international transmission of economic disturbances.This comparison is one of the criteria that a country might use in deciding which of the regimes it prefers. Transmission Under Fixed Exchange Rates Our starting point will be the regime of fixed exchange rates. For simplicity, return to the small-country model of Section 17.1. In other words, ignore any repercussion effects via changes in foreign income. As Equation 17.9 implies, an internal distur- bance, such as a fall in investment demand DI, changes domestic income by DY 1 5 (18.1) DI s 1 m in the small-country model. -
Productivity Trends: Capital and Labor
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Productivity Trends: Capital and Labor Volume Author/Editor: John W. Kendrick Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-367-0 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/kend56-1 Publication Date: 1956 Chapter Title: Productivity Trends: Capital and Labor Chapter Author: John Kendrick Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5596 Chapter pages in book: (p. -3 - 23) Productivity Trends Capital and Labor JOHN W. KENDRICK OCCASIONAL PAPER 53 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, INC. 1956 Reprinted from the Review of Economics andStatistics Libraryof Congresscatalogcard number: 56-9228 PRIcE 8.50 Thestudy upon which this paper is based was made possible by funds granted to the National Bureau of Economic Research by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Inc. The Foundation, however, is not to be understood as approving or disapproving by ofits grant any of the statements made or views expressed in this publication. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1956 OFFICERS Harry Scherman, Chairman Gottfried Haberler, President George B. Roberts, Vice-President and Treasurer W. J. Carson, Executive Director DIRECTORS AT LARGE Wallace J.Campbell, Director, Cooperative League of the USA Solomon Fabricant, New York University Albert J. Hettinger, Jr., Lazard Frères and Company Oswald W. Knauth, Beau fort, South Carolina H. W. Laidler, Executive Director, League, for Industrial Democracy Shepard Morgan, Norfolk, Connecticut George B.Roberts, Vice-President, The First National City Bank of New York Beardsley Rumi, New York City Harry Scherman, Chairman, Book-of-the-Month Club George Soule, Bennington College N. -
America's Economic Way Of
|America’s Economic Way of War How did economic and financial factors determine how America waged war in the twentieth century? This important new book exposes the influence of economics and finance on the questions of whether the nation should go to war, how wars would be fought, how resources would be mobilized, and the long-term consequences for the American economy. Ranging from the Spanish–American War to the Gulf War, Hugh Rockoff explores the ways in which war can provide unique opportunities for understanding the basic principles of economics as wars produce immense changes in monetary and fiscal policy and so provide a wealth of infor- mation about how these policies actually work. He shows that wars have been more costly to the United States than most Americans realize as a substantial reliance on borrowing from the public, money creation, and other strategies to finance America’s war efforts have hidden the true cost of war. hugh rockoff is a professor of Economics at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. His publications include numerous papers in professional journals, The Free Banking Era: A Re-examination (1975), Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States (1984), and a textbook, History of the American Economy (2010, with Gary Walton). NEW APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY series editors Nigel Goose, University of Hertfordshire Larry Neal, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign New Approaches to Economic and Social History is an important new textbook series published in association with the Economic History Society. -
Gottfried Haberler: a Century Appreciation*
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ Gottfried Haberler: A Century Appreciation* Richard M. Ebeling* _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ During the first week of July in 1936, an inter- work. Indeed, "Haberler-like methods" became a national conference on the "Problems of Economic catch phrase of the entire conference.1 Change" was held in Annecy, France. It brought Haberler had spent two years carefully together such notable economists as Ludwig von researching and consulting on the various Mises, Wilhelm Ropke, Oskar Morgenstern, Bertil competing theories -
03 Black 1749.Indd
BOB BLACK Robert Denis Collison Black 1922–2008 Early years ROBERT DENIS COLLISON BLACK, Bob Black to an international circle of friends, was born 11 June 1922 at Morehampton Terrace, Dublin.1 His father, William Robert Black, was company secretary for a small group of companies in the grain trade.2 His mother was Rosa Anna Mary, née Reid. Dublin at the time of Black’s birth was experiencing considerable disturbance, though he rarely alluded to this.3 Black was educated at Sandford Park School, Dublin. However he became disenchanted with the school4 and contrived, astonishingly, to enter Trinity College, Dublin at the age of 15. Even more remarkably, he seems to have managed perfectly well as a 15-year old amongst much older students. He managed to complete two undergraduate degree courses. He enrolled for a commerce degree, but Trinity at that time required those 1 The family moved to Waltham Terrace when Black was fi ve. Bob Black gave a long and detailed interview to Antoin Murphy and Renee Prendergast which was published in his Festschrift. See A. Murphy and R. Prendergast (eds.), Contributions to the History of Economic Thought. Essays in Honour of R. D. C. Black (London, 2000), p. 3. 2 Black gave another interview which is recorded in K. Tribe, Economic Careers. Economics and Economists in Britain 1930–1970 (London, 1997). See Tribe, p. 96, for the occupation of Black’s father. The latter was a considerable expert in his fi eld. I can remember Black telling me how he could sniff a handful of grain and detect its origin. -
Inventory Investment, Internal-Finance Fluctuations, and the Business Cycle
ROBERT E. CARPENTER Emory University STEVEN M. FAZZARI Washington University in St. Louis BRUCE C. PETERSEN Washington University in St. Lou is Inventory Investment, Internal-Finance Fluctuations, and the Business Cycle IT IS A well-known fact that inventory disinvestment can account for much of the movement in output during recessions. Almost one-half of the shortfall in output, averaged over the five interwar business cycles, can be accounted for by inventory disinvestment, and the proportion has been even larger for postwar recessions.' A lesser-known fact is that corporate profits, and therefore internal-finance flows, are also ex- tremely procyclical and tend to lead the cycle. Wesley Mitchell finds that the percentage change in corporate income over the business cycle is several times greater than that in any other macroeconomic series in his study.2 Robert Lucas lists the high conformity and large variation of corporate income as one of the seven main qualitative features of the business cycle.3 The volatility of internal finance, which is also com- We thank Lee Benham, Robert Chirinko, Mark Gertler, Simon Gilchrist, Edward Greenberg, Charles Himmelberg, Anil Kashyap, Louis Maccini, Dorothy Petersen, and Toni Whited for helpful comments, and Andrew Meyer, Bruce Rayton, and James Mom- tazee for excellent research assistance. Robert Parks and Daniel Levy provided technical assistance. We acknowledge financial support from the Jerome Levy Economics Institute, the University Research Committee of Emory University, and Washington University. 1. See Abramovitz (1950, p. 5) and Blinder and Maccini (199la). 2. Mitchell (1951, p. 286). These series include the rate of bankruptcy, employment, and pig iron production, among others. -
Galb2001.Pdf
the essential Galbraith k John Kenneth Galbraith selected and edited by Andrea D. Williams A Mariner Original houghton mifflin company boston • new york 2001 books by john kenneth galbraith [a partial listing] American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power The Great Crash, 1929 The Affluent Society The Scotch The New Industrial State The Triumph Ambassador’s Journal Economics, Peace and Laughter Economics and the Public Purpose Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went The Age of Uncertainty Annals of an Abiding Liberal A Life in Our Times The Anatomy of Power A View from the Stands Economics in Perspective: A Critical History A Tenured Professor The Culture of Contentment A Journey Through Economic Time: A Firsthand View A Short History of Financial Euphoria The Good Society: The Humane Agenda Name-Dropping: From F.D.R. On The Essential Galbraith contents Preface vii Introduction ix Countervailing Power 1 from American Capitalism The Concept of the Conventional Wisdom 18 from The Affluent Society The Myth of Consumer Sovereignty 31 from The Affluent Society The Case for Social Balance 40 from The Affluent Society The Imperatives of Technology 55 from The New Industrial State The Technostructure 66 from The New Industrial State The General Theory of Motivation 79 from The New Industrial State Economics and the Quality of Life 90 from Economics, Peace and Laughter vi C0ntents The Proper Purpose of Economic Development 109 from Economics, Peace and Laughter The Valid Image of the Modern Economy 118 from Annals of an Abiding Liberal Power -
Antoine-Augustine Cournot: His Duopoly Problem with a Re- Appraisal of His Duopoly Price and His Influence Upon Leon Alrw As
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 Antoine-Augustine Cournot: His duopoly problem with a re- appraisal of his duopoly price and his influence upon Leon alrW as David M. Dodge The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dodge, David M., "Antoine-Augustine Cournot: His duopoly problem with a re-appraisal of his duopoly price and his influence upon Leon alrW as" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8753. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8753 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Al'îTCINS-AUGUSTINE COÜRKOTi HIS DUOPOLY PROBLEM ra'IH A RS-APPPAI3AL OF HIS DUOPOLY PRICE AND HIS INFLUENCE UPON LEON WALRAS By David M. Dodge B.A. j, University of Montana, 1968 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTAÎSA 1968 Approved bys Cî^cii ZTOsn ard of Examiners Air X ] Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP39554 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
Front Metter, the American Business Cycle. Continuity and Change
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The American Business Cycle: Continuity and Change Volume Author/Editor: Robert J. Gordon, ed. Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-30452-3 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/gord86-1 Publication Date: 1986 Chapter Title: Front metter, The American Business Cycle. Continuity and Change Chapter Author: Robert J. Gordon Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10016 Chapter pages in book: (p. -15 - 0) The American Business Cycle Studies in Business Cycles Volume 25 National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Research in Business Cycles The American Business Cycle Continuity and Change Edited by Robert J. Gordon The University of Chicago l?ress Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1986 by The National Bureau of Economic Research All rights reserved. Published 1986 Paperback edition 1990 Printed in the United States of America 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The American business cycle. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Business cycles-United States-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Gordon, Robert J. (Robert James), 1940- HB3743.A47 1986 338.5'42'0973 85-29026 ISBN 0.. 226-30452-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-30453-1 (paper) National Bureau of Economic Research Officers Franklin A. Lindsay, chairman Geoffrey Carliner, executive director Richard Rosett, vice-chairman Charles A. Walworth, treasurer Martin Feldstein, president Sam Parkt~r, director offinance and administration Directors at Large Moses Abramovitz Walter W.