CCAC Municipal Solid Waste Initiative African Regional Municipal Solid Waste Workshop in Nice, France November 5, 2014 By Khor Hung Teik 1 2 OVERVIEW 1. About , 2. Early starts 3. Analysing the situation 4. Setting the Targets 5. Formulating Policies 6. Planning strategies 7. Mitigating the effects 8. Capacity building and awareness programmes 9. Insentivising the System 10. Looking Ahead 3 11. Conclusion PENANG, MALAYSIA

• was established in 1786 by Capt. Francis Light of the British

•Mainland Penang (Province Wellesley) was occupied in 1790, and placed together under the administration of Straits Settlement.

•Independence since 31 Aug 1957

•George Town, a port town, was developed as hub for trading, commerce and culture.

.Country : Malaysia

•Coordinates: 5o24’N 100o 14’E

•Area: 1,048 km2

•Population: 1.6 million (as of 2010)

•GDP : RM 49.5 billion (as of 2010)

•Human Development Index : 0.773 4

•Urbanization: 80% PENANG, MALAYSIA

 Started off as a trading port in Malaysia. Penang enjoyed the status of free trade port until 1969.  In 1970, Free Industrial Zone was established to spur economic developments in Penang  Apart from Bayan Lepas FTZ, other parts of Penang were also developed as industrial zones, including areas such as , Juru, , Science Park, Bukit Panchor and .  Manufacturing is the largest component of the economy, at 50.6%. Service industry follows with 45.8% of the economy.  In 2010, Penang attracted RM 12.2 billion worth in investments, contributing to 26% of Malaysia’s total 5 investment PENANG, MALAYSIA

 Tourism development is the second largest driver for the economy.  Known as a Food Paradise originating from the Melting Pot culture heritage since its founding by Sir Captain Francis Light  Penang Eco-tourism, featuring sites such as:  Penang Botanic Gardens : oldest public botanic gardens in Malaysia (1884)  : oldest hill resort in the region (1796)  Penang National Park : smallest national park in the world (2562 hectares)  Batu Feringghi beach : beach resort strip since 1970  Penang Tropical Spice Garden, Penang Tropical fruit Farm

6 Penang in the news: An industrial base state, heritage city and campus for technology

 Top 10 dynamic industrial cluster locations in the world to have demonstrated a successful manufacturing experience among developing economies (UNIDO Industrial Development Report 2009)  Top 31 Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) - locations of the future (KPMG’s “Exploring Global Frontiers” Report 2009)  Georgetown – UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008  The 8th most livable cities in Asia (ECA Intl. 2012)  Top in Green initiatives in Malaysia  C.A.T. Governance praised for anti-corruption efforts (Transparency International, AG Report 2010)  Top 10 best city to visit in the world (The Guardian 2014)  Top culinary spot (Lonely Planet 2014)  Top 8 islands in the world ‘You must see before you die' (Yahoo! Travel, Feb 2011)  Top 15 best street art in the world (The Guardian 2013) 8 OVERVIEW OF MSWM SYSTEM

 MSW from Penang Island (Before the bridge construction) Transported to TS  Jelutong barged to Pulau Burong Landfill Landfill (construction (During the bridge construction) & demolition waste, garden waste, bulky Transported to Ampang Jajar TS via waste) the First Penang Bridge  compacted  transported to Burong Landfill First Penang Bridge  MSW from North/Central Ampang Jajar Batu Maung Transfer Transfer Station Transported to Ampang Jajar TS  Station (former (operation landfill) compacted  transported to Pulau suspended till further notice) Burong Landfill Pulau Burong Sanitary  MSW from South Seberang Perai9 Landfill Directly transported to Pulau Burong Landfill Solid Waste Sector Information

Penang Island Seberang Perai No. Item Municipal Council Municipal Council (MPSP) Unit (MPPP)l Quantity of waste 1 288,377 528,275 Tonnes/year (2012) generated annually Quantity of waste 2 790 1447 Tonnes/ day (2012) generated daily Quantity of waste 3 1.07 1.47 Kg/capita/day generated per capita Total number of 4 189,829 195,829 Households households in the city Percentage of municipal 5 budget used for solid 26 43 Percent waste sector Waste Composition* (Source: Derived from Satang Report 2003 ) i Organic 43 63 percent ii Paper 28 5 percent iii Plastic 15 17 percent iv Metal 5 4 percent v Glass 0 0 percent vi Other 6 11 percent 10 PENANG WASTE GENERATION , 2005-2013

Year Waste Disposed at Landfill Per Recycling Per Year (metric tons) Total Waste Recycling Year (metric tons) Generation Rate (%) Per Year MPPP MPSP Total MPPP MPSP Total (metric Tons) A B C=(A+B) B/C 2005 280,489 416,254 696,743 57,178 96,032 153,210 849,953 18.03% 2006 295,498 463,750 759,248 82,210 119,964 202,174 961,422 21.03% 2007 216,490 490,729 707,219 80,351 125,504 205,855 913,074 22.55% 2008 218,440 472,005 690,445 33,775 124,121 157,896 848,341 18.61% 2009 216,456 428,563 645,019 61,307 132,039 193,346 838,365 23.06% 2010 213,591 426,152 639,743 63,756 129,804 193,560 833,304 23.23% 2011 209,701 401,663 611,364 72,341 144,682 217,023 828,387 26.20% 2012 205,972 370,989 576,961 82,405 157,286 239,691 816,652 29.35% 2013 204,798 427,706 632,504 80,229 207,849 288,078 920,582 31.29% Source: Penang Island Municipal Council (MPPP), 2014 Seberang Perai Municipal Council (MPSP), 2014 WASTE COMPOSITION OF SEBERANG PERAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL (MPSP) & PENANG ISLAND MUNICIPAL COUNCIL (MPPP), 2003

Item MPSP MPPP Tonnes (per day) % Tonnes (per day) % Food 605.84 50% 206.23 33%

Yard & Garden 148.99 12% 59.86 10%

Paper 54.12 5% 176.15 28%

Plastics 208.10 17% 89.89 15%

Textile/Rubber 38.48 3% 19.02 3% Metal 43.36 4% 29.09 5% Hazardous 2.69 0% 1.92 0% Others 98.42 8% 37.74 6% Total 1,200.00 619.90 ESTIMATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION BY SOURCE ON PENANG ISLAND Sector Waste Amount of Organic Waste Recyclable Non-Recyclable Generation rate Waste (tonne/day) Waste Waste (kg/c/d) (tonne/day) (tonne/day) (tonne/day) Household (HR) 0.91 400.7 143.1 194.5 63.2

Household (LR) 0.91 119.0 42.5 57.7 18.8

Household 0.84 98.3 35.1 47.7 15.5 (Individual) Industrial 1.5 246.4 6.6 234.1 5.7 Wet market 19.3 40.6 37.5 3.1 0.1 (stall) Hawkers stall 8.67 19.7 18.7 0.8 0.2 Hotel (room) 1.35 17.0 15.8 1.1 0.0 School 0.009 2.8 1.7 1.1 0.0 College 0.016 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 Hospital (Beds) 0.57 2.3 1.5 0.8 0.0

Hypermarkets 0.0013 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.0 (m2) Universities 0.99 14.9 11.7 11.3 Turf Club 10.0 (Manure) Total 962.9 320.2 541.8 103.2

Source: estimated by Study Team, 2005 (UNDP SWM Project) 14 TARGETS FOR WASTE REDUCTION & RECYCLING 2011-2020

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Indicator

Generation 1.5 1.35 1.21 1.09 0.98 0.88 0.78 0.72 0.64 0.58

kg/capita/day Waste

) %

( 25 27 30 33 37 40 44 49 53 59

Rates Recycling

Source: PEMANDU SWM Lab, 2011

15 Initial waste management targets by 2020

Target (by 2020): Target (by 2020): 0.58 kg/day/capita 60% recycling rate

(2011: 1.50 kg/day/capita) (2011: 23% recycling rate)

Participants: Landfill* MPPP • Reduce total volume landfilled • Divert organic waste MPSP • Reduce/ban recyclables – paper, plastics, glass Civil society • Reduce/ban high volume wastes – construction, used tyres, bulk Private sector waste • Ban toxic wastes – electronic and electrical, batteries, Styrofoam, used medicine

Source: PEMANDU LABS 2011 % Targets for recycling and recovering specific waste streams by 2020

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Organic 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 food waste

C&D 40 60 waste

Marine 25 70 clay

17 Strategies to increase recycling rate by 2020

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Responsible agency Licensing of recyclers Licensing JPP Registration of recyclers JPP Database of recyclers JPP Komputer Mandatory waste separation JPP Enforcement Enabling infrastructure Local government (landfill, transfer station, recovery facilities, buy-back) Private Investors Public awareness JPP/NGOs/Media Government support Local government Tax holiday Federal government Grants Soft loans Start up capital "Waste to wealth"

Next step: Drill down to specific initiatives

18 19 • To implement and administer solid waste planning and management in an integrated, holistic, SWM cost- effective and environmentally friendly manner through waste minimisation approaches Policy eventually moving towards Zero Waste.

20 • We are committed as: • Member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association of the Climate Change Networking Committee in Tanzania (Sept/Oct 2009); • June 2010, Penang State -commitment to the Principles of the Kyoto Protocol in Seoul, Korea Global • December 2010 Cancun Mexico, at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Environmental Conference which is officially referred to as Commitments the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). • 2011, Korea, signatory to fully subscribed to the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), International Partnership for Local Authorities (IPLA) agenda and principles 21 Economy

Balanced Environment Sustainable Local Action Development Stakeholders for a Green State

Institution

22 PENANG’S SWM POLICY FRAMEWORK (1)

NO STRATEGIES OBJECTIVES ACTION PLAN ACTIVITIES

1 Waste Separation at 1. To ensure that waste is i. Implement mandatory waste a. Formulate regulations Source separated at the source of separation at source for major together with local generation for easier recyclable items (e.g. paper, authorities for resource recovery. cardboard, plastics, metal, glass, announcement and 2. To ensure that municipal ewaste and putrescibles). implementation. solid waste is free from b. Start awareness campaigns contamination from and pilot projects before scheduled and hazardous statewide implementation. waste i. Implement changes for waste a. Encourage waste separation starting with easy minimization and separation adopters - targets that are easily of waste at source for the achievable e.g. wet markets, residential, industrial, hotels, hospitals and schools; commercial and institutional food courts under municipal sectors. control. i. Change contractual agreements a. Make changes to collection of waste collectors appointed by operations to provide a the municipality to cater for more holistic coverage of service areas. collection of separated waste. i. Collect household hazardous a. Establish collection centres waste (HHW) separately for safe b. Ensure local authorities have disposal. budget for safe disposal of HHW. i. Ensure that all infrastructures a. Facilitate and encourage the are ready to cater for the setting up of businesses for separated waste e.g. 2-stream buy-back centresand system, buy-back centres, MRFs programmes. at transfer stations and landfills. b. Establish crucial capture points at transfer stations 23 and landfill sites to prolong lifespan of landfills. E.g. MRFs, Waste to energy plants PENANG’S SWM POLICY FRAMEWORK (2) 2 Waste Diversion from 1. To divert waste away from i. Encourage the practice of 3Rs a. Establish Zero Waste the landfill the landfill thus saving and changing peoples’ Communities. municipal costs for Solid attitudes and present b. Establish efficient Waste Management practices. recycling network. (SWM) and prolonging the ii. Minimize waste at the front lifespan of the landfill. end so that waste is reduced in the first place rather than treating it later. i. Divert the amount of organic a. Encourage the waste (putrescibles) from the commercial, industrial and Landfill moving towards a institutional sectors to total ban in the long term. segregate food and kitchen waste. b. Encourage processing of food waste at source into bio-fertilisers i. Encourage the processing of a. Discourage the sending of C&D at source. C&D to the landfill. b. Encourage the recycling of C&D waste. c. Encourage the use of C&D waste for land reclamation or construction. i. Encourage the collection of a. Encourage the processing green & bulk waste for of green waste into processing into products. production of “top Soil/bio-soil’ or RDF. i. License recycling businesses a. Register and license all under a special “recycling” recycling businesses. category with mandatory data b. Develop a comprehensive collection and submission to databank for recycling the local authorities. data. i. Issue permits for collection of a. Register and issue permits 24 recyclables for CBOs, NGOs, to all collectors of institutions and charitable recyclable items. organisations. PENANG’S SWM POLICY FRAMEWORK (3) 3 Incentivising the System 1. To determine the cost of i. Finalise Payment Level and the a. Survey of waste generation Solid Waste Management Mode of Payment. activities for commercial, (SWM)&Public Cleansing industry and institutional (PC) sectors 2. To determine the amount of savings from waste minimization and diversion activities. 1. To develop incentive i. Develop incentive schemes to a. Devise incentive systems to schemes to encourage waste encourage waste minimization reward recycling and waste minimization and diversion. and diversion of different types diversion practitioners. E.g. of waste such as paper, plastics, green school awards, green ferrous and non-ferrous metals, citizen, green industry etc glass, e-waste & C&D. b. Devise a voluntary carbon credit scheme for diversion of organic waste. c. Establish an independent body to audit carbon credit schemes.

4 Capacity Building & 1. To build capacity for local i. Build Capacity for Local a. Send officers involved in Awareness Programmes government staff as well as Governments and to meet KPIs. SWM & Public Cleansing for continue and expand public capacity building programmes. awareness programmes i. Continue and expand the public a. Establish more Environment education and awareness Resource Centres to conduct programme in the communities community awareness and and institutions such as education community primaryand secondary schools programmes and colleges. b. Establish model communities that practices25 zero waste 26 Strategy Waste Separation at 1: Source

Strategy Waste Diversion from 2: the landfill

Strategy Incentivising the 3: System

Capacity Strategy Building & Awareness 4: Programmes Strategy Looking Ahead 5: 27 • Objectives: • To determine the cost of SWM & Public Cleansing • To determine the amount of savings from waste Strategy1: minimization and Waste diversion activities. • To develop incentive Separation schemes to encourage waste minimization and At Source diversion.

28 STRATEGY 1 : ACTIVITIES

Formulate regulations together with Local Authorities

Start awareness campaigns & pilot projects to inform public of regulations

Encourage waste minimization and separation of waste at source for the residential, industrial, commercial and institutional sectors.

Establish collection & buyback centres 29 STRATEGY 1 ACTIVITIES

Banned the use of Styrofoam food containers. Promoting the use of tiffin carriers

Collection of used roadside banners to be turned into shopping bags. An Awareness Programme

Implemented the “100 steps to cleanliness” project with 3R

recycling boxes as Street Furniture 30 and advertising media NO FREE PLASTIC BAG CAMPAIGN:

 No Free Plastic Bag Campaign-  Penang - 1 Jul 2009 (Mon, Tues, Wed)  1 Jan 2011 (Everyday)  - 1 Jan 2010 (Every Saturday)  Federal - 1 Jan 2011 (Every Saturday)  Retailers, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets, Departmental Stores  2008 - 25.2 mil / yr 2.5 mil bags/month, now less than half 31  20 cents per plastic Bag following the polluter pays policy RECYCLE BANK

FLOW CHART Collected

Segregated

Weighed

Recorded in Bank Book

Stored

Sold to recycling agent

32 ALTERNATIVES TO PLASTICS AND STYROFOAM FOOD CONTAINERS

33 2013 – Complete ban on styrofoam use for food packaging 2010 - 44 Food complexes on the island 2011 - Education Phase for all restaurants, shops, night markets licensed by MPPP Office & Household e-Waste Management started in 2004 in collaboration with the Penang Island Municipal Council (MPPP) – Dell, Sunshine Supermarket Total Collection todate: 133,211.50 kgs

34 JICA-Penang State Government Household E-waste Management Project

Officially launched • 14 April 2012 by the Seberang Perai Municipal Council • 1June 2012 by Penang Island Municipal Council

35 Other Projects • 2011/12 - Ministry of Environment, Japan - a pilot project a zero discharge system using pig waste to cultivate algae as well as composting in .

• October 2012 - the Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO) research project in Penang, “Impact of Product related Environmental Regulations on Asian Firms” (2012/2013) in Penang, Malaysia.

• June 2012 - Sustainable Bio-fuels Co. using the Indian system has started a bio-gas project in Kg Valdor.

• 2012 - UTAR pilot project for production of Spirulina from pig waste in Juru.

36 37 • Objectives: • To divert waste Strategy away from the landfill saving 2: Waste SWM municipal Diversion costs for SWM from the & prolonging Landfill life of landfill

38 STRATEGY 2 ACTIVITIES

Establish Zero waste communities & good recycling networks

Separate food/ kitchen waste, collect food and green waste for composting and processing into liquid fertilizer as part of the methane avoidance programmes

Encourage processing of C&D

Collect & process green waste into top compost using the methane avoidance static pile fermentation technologies such as Groundswell Process

License all recycling businesses & issue permits to 39 collectors Canteen waste Collection (3,000 students) Hawker Complex Food Waste Collection

40 BIO LIQUID FRTILIZER PROJECT AT HAWKER CENTRE WET MARKET WASTE COMPOSTING PLANT

42 GREEN WASTE TREATMENT UTIILISNG METHANE-FREE STATIC PILE FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES METHANE FREE COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES USING THE GROUNDSWELL PROCESS WINDROW COMPOSTING AT AMPANG JAJAR TRANSFER STATION

45 TREATMENT AT JELUTONG DUMPSITE 47 • Objectives: • To determine the cost of SWM & PC • To determine the amount of savings from waste minimization and Strategy 3: diversion activities. Incentivising • To develop incentive the System schemes to encourage waste minimization and diversion.

48 STRATEGY 3 ACTIVITIES

To determine the cost of SWM & Public Cleansing

To determine the amount of savings from waste minimization and diversion activities.

To develop incentive schemes to encourage waste minimization and diversion- • Wasted diversion incentive 49 • Voluntary Carbon Credit STRATEGY 3 ACTIVITIES Provide incentives for green activities : • Implemented the Green School Award • Promoted the Green Citizen membership to encourage citizens to be green • Developed the “Aqua Save” Programme to conserve and use water efficiently • Penang Environmental Award • Green Journalist Award to promote environmental activism 50 51 • Objectives: • To build capacity for local Strategy 4: government staff Capacity as well as continue and Building & expand public Awareness awareness Programmes programmes

52 STRATEGY 4 ACTIVITIES

Build Capacity for Local Governments and to meet KPIs.

Set up Environmental Resource Centres in each district. ( 7 units set up on the mainland and 1 on the Island)

Zero Waste community Bagan Lalang Residential area – all recyclables & food waste separated & collected 53 STRATEGY 4 ACTIVITIES Every Sunday Car Free Day in George Town, UNESCO World Heritage Site - Reduce carbon foot print and exhaust gases

“Senamrobiks” Mass aerobics every Sunday in 5 districts to promote healthy living and lifestyle. 54 PENANG RBF PROJECT Goals Support policy to divert organic waste from the landfill by: . Promoting source separation of organic waste in high rise buildings; . Maximizing quality and quantity of source-separated organic waste while minimizing the quantity of garbage sent to landfills How ? The RBF program would incentivize source separation of organic waste among high-rise dwellers Expected Benefits  Cost savings to municipality (extended life of LF);  Beneficial use of organic waste, which otherwise creates nuisance  Reduction of methane emissions from the MSW sector PROJECT OBJECTIVE Output-based neighbourhood incentive payment program to incentivize household organic waste separation at source. PILOT PROJECTS SITES Penang Island 1. Taman Pelangi Flats, Lebuh Macallum, Penang Island – Medium Cost Apartments 2. River Road Flats, Penang Island – Low Cost Flats

Seberang Perai 1. Taman Tanjung Indah Flats Butterworth. – Low Cost Flats 2. Taman Pandan Apartments, Butterworth. – Medium Cost Apartments 3. Harbour Place, Jalan Chain Ferry , Butterworth – High end Condominiums OVERALL SUMMARY OF WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY

Daily %

Per

day (kg) day

Household

Food

Glass

waste

Paper

-

Plastic

Others

Garden

Ferrous Ferrous

E

Household (kg) Household

-

DailyAverage

Site

Hazardous

Non

Textile/ Rubber Textile/

Average Weight per capita / / capita per Weight Average Average No. of Persons per Persons of No. Average

Taman 33.87 15.73 7.66 4.94 17.98 2.00 4.33 13.49 3.26 3.7 0.89 Pelangi

River Road 42.09 10.06 8.39 5.36 7.31 0.26 5.56 20.97 2.42 5.4 0.45 Flats

Park View 35.08 13.79 10.58 5.08 11.45 1.07 3.95 18.99 2.23 3.3 0.68

Taman 34.28 11.99 8.51 9.74 11.85 3.36 20.28 2.77 5.0 0.55 Pandan

Taman Tj 37.68 10.75 7.21 4.12 12.27 1.04 7.47 19.47 2.17 3.2 0.68 Indah 58 Overall 36.0 12.5 8.5 5.8 12.2 1.5 5.3 18.6 2.57 4.12 0.65 Average PENANG ISLAND – HIGHRISE PILOT PROJECTS

Taman Pelangi Medium Cost Apartments Separation of Organic waste via food processing machine RIVER ROAD LOW COST FLATS SEBERANG PERAI – HIGHRISE PILOT PROJECTS

Taman Pandan , Butterworth Park View Condo, Harbour Place, Butterworth

Separation of Recyclables & Food Waste SOAP MAKING SESSION @ TAMAN PANDAN COMPOSTING @ TAMAN PANDAN SEPARATION OF RECYCLABLES TRAINING @ TAMAN PANDAN • Objectives: • To continually search for new Strategy technologies 5: which are affordable, Looking efficient and Ahead sustainable.

65 STRATEGY 5 ACTIVITIES Establish a State SWM Council to formulate policies, search for new technologies, programmes & regulate all SWM & Public cleansing activities

Establish a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to manage public cleansing, solid waste collection, transfer and disposal 66 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF STAKEHOLDERS IN PENANG’S ISWM SYSTEM

GOVERNMENT

Legislation Infrastructure Solid Waste Disposal Public Awareness & Education Resource Recovery Composting Incentives Waste Audits

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

(ISWM) PRIVATE SECTOR Towards COMMUNITY  Green Productivity Zero Waste Eco-friendly products Practice 3Rs Extended Producer Community Recycling Responsibility Source Separation (EPR) – Buy Back Programmes Composting Recycling Agents Buyers 67 Processors Convertors CONCLUSION

 Way Forward: 5 Principles of Awareness, Education, Attitude Change, Warning & Enforcement  Changes towards realising environmental importance and sustainability in growing Green Economy supported by strong political will leadership.  Reflected in policy changes and programmes, especially from the State Government towards ecological sustainability & food security  Receptive stakeholders (NGOs, CBOs, Private Institutions) with community 68 commitment 69