Kutztown University Research Commons at Kutztown University Sikaiana Dictionary Sikaiana 2020 1 Dictionary of the Sikaiana Language William Donner Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://research.library.kutztown.edu/sikaiana_dictionary Part of the Language Interpretation and Translation Commons, Linguistic Anthropology Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Polynesian Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Donner, William, "1 Dictionary of the Sikaiana Language" (2020). Sikaiana Dictionary. 1. https://research.library.kutztown.edu/sikaiana_dictionary/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Sikaiana at Research Commons at Kutztown University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sikaiana Dictionary by an authorized administrator of Research Commons at Kutztown University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sikaiana Dictionary Compiled by William W Donner Assistance……………………………………………………………………………….John Kilatu Technical Advisor……………………………………………………………...…….Gary Simons Illustrations…………………………………………………………………………….Henry Teloto These materials may be used for educational, cultural and personal reasons. They cannot be used for any commercial interests unless there is approval from compiler, William W. Donner. Sikaianaarchives by William W. Donner is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Explanation……………………………………….1 Introduction 2012/2020…….…………………………………………..6 Map of Solomon Islands…………………………………………....8 Map of Sikaiana…………………………………………………………9 Notes on Sikaiana Language and Grammar………………….…10 Dictionary……………………………………………………………………40 Finder List English to Sikaiana……………………………….……328 Appendices…………………………………………………………………432 Personal Names……………………………………………………...433 Place Names………………………..………………………………….442 English Borrowings………………………………………………….447 Illustrations…………………………………………………………….456 Te kautoko (fishing net)……………………………..….456 Te mea hau (loom belt) …………………………………457 Na laakau mea tau/hau (loom) ……………………..458 Te paa (fish hook) …………..…………………………..459 ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS (I am very grateful to Gary Simons for working on this with me. He is in no way responsible for any errors or flaws.) Sample Entry HEADWORD, (ALTERNATE) (ETYMOLOGY) SENSE [GRAMMAR] ENGLISH DEFINITION including EXAMPLES, IDIOMS. (USAGE notes in parentheses). SEMANTIC CROSS REFERENCES: ge: Generic, wh: Whole, syn: Synonym, opp: Opposite, cn: Contrast, sa: See Also. DERIVATIONS: rt: Root, st: Stative, ca: Causative, it: Intransitive, tr: Transitive, ps: Passive, cp: Causative-Passive, sg: Singular, pl: Plural, rp: Repeated Action, ot: One Time Action, do: Other Derivatives. (Any derivative followed by '*' is defined as a Headword under a separate entry.) \* end of entry Brief Explanation Headword. The headword is the most commonly used form of the word. In this lexicon, alphabetization counts only the initial consonant of geminate clusters and the initial vowel in long or double vowels of the same articulation. Thus geminate or double consonants are found in the same place as the single consonants with the same articulation. Long or double vowels are found in the same place as the single vowel of the same articulation. All words beginning with 'f' are listed under their alternates in ‘h'. Forms prefixed with the causative prefix haka- are found under their root unless their definition merits a separate entry. Words that are entered separately under haka- are found listed under their root and followed by a '*'. If a word has different senses that appear to be related, these are entered under one headword, but with numbered senses. Alternates. Alternate forms of the headword are in bold face in parentheses following the headword. Etymology. Following the alternate of the headword, the etymology of the headword is listed in parentheses. This includes sources for borrowed words, the Sikaiana sources in compound words, and Proto-Polynesian source words. The Proto-Polynesian sources are from 1983. There may be more or new reconstructions since then. Sense. Following the etymology is the numbered sense of meaning of the word in bold type. Note: unless otherwise stated, notes on usage, semantic cross-references, and derivations apply only to the sense that they are found under. 1 Grammar. Following the number of sense, in brackets [ ], is the grammatical classification of the sense of the headword. English Definition. Following the grammatical definition is the English definition for the sense of the headword. The definition may be followed by compounds, short examples, or a sentence to clarify the meaning of the word. In words for technology or ritual, there is sometimes a brief discussion of cultural context. Idioms are included. When appropriate a literal translation of the idiom is given followed by a semicolon and then the figurative translation is given. All identifications of flora and fauna are tentative. Sentences used for examples are taken from a variety of sources: texts, conversations, and elicitation. Quotations taken from songs are marked TS traditional' and MS 'modern'. Following the definition any notes on usage are included in parentheses. Semantic Cross References. The definition and usage notes are completed with a period. Then semantic cross references relevant to the sense of the headword are listed. All words listed under the semantic cross references are found under a separate entry. Derivations. The semantic cross references are completed with a period. Then follow the various derivatives of the headword. Sometimes a brief English gloss is included. 2 ABBREVIATIONS Etymology PPN Proto-Polynesian PPN ^word Eng English ENG word Mota Mota Mota word Lua Luaniua Lua word AE American English BE British English Grammar n noun na noun, a class, alienable nao noun, a and o class: alienable for sponsor, inalienable for benefactor nf noun, flora and fauna: if an identification is especially uncertain a '?' is inserted no noun, o class, inalienable np noun, a class for human possessor; o class for the whole of which it is part nq noun qualifier, adjective nv noun and verb, mostly ritual and technology pln place name ps passive or -Cia suffixed form, root given in etymology psn personal name q qualifier, modifies noun qualifiers and verb qualifiers t/a tense aspect marker v verb vi intransitive verb vp semi-transitive verb followed by preposition vq verb qualifier, adverb vs stative verb, often used as adjectives vt transitive verb 3 Usages Archaic Older form not known to younger speakers. CR Christian Ritual. A word or meaning introduced by Christianity. Demeaning Usage that is insulting or degrading to referent. Figurative A meaning that is metaphoric or extended from the primary meaning. MS Modern Song. Quotation is taken from a modern song composed to guitar music. PCR Pre-Christian Ritual. A ritual that is no longer practiced. Some traditional rituals are still practiced and these are not marked PCR. Rare Speech that is very rare, not recognized by many informants, even elder ones. Recent A meaning that older Sikaiana people claim is a recent and 'incorrect' usage. Restricted Speech referring to sex or defecation that should not be spoken in polite company and never between in-laws or cross-sex siblings. TS Traditional Song. Quotation is taken from a song composed in traditional style. Semantic Cross References cn Contrast: words that have related meanings either to an English or a Sikaiana speaker, but with a difference of meaning that helps define the meaning of the headword. ge Generic: the generic term for the headword, as in 'bird' to 'seagull'. opp Opposite: antonyms, words that have the opposite meaning. sa See Also: any other term that will help reader understand meaning or significance of headword. syn Synonym: words with closely related meanings to the headword. wh Whole: the whole of which the headword is a part, as in 'house' to 'roof beam'. 4 Derivations ca Causative: haka- prefixed form that is not transitive cp Causative Passive derivative it Intransitive derivative ot One Time action derivative pl Plural subject derivative ps Passive or -Cia affixed derivative rt Root of headword sg Singular subject derivative st Stative derivative tr Transitive derivative 5 Sikaiana Dictionary Introduction 2012 (Revised 2020) The core of this dictionary was compiled in 1982 and 1983. It was based on my data collection on Sikaiana from October 1980 until July 1983. I meant to expand the dictionary and collected more entries and forms in a stay during 1987. I thought I would get back to work on it more but never did. I always thought of this dictionary as more than words and definitions but as holding the opportunity to be a source of cultural information. I also think that modern technology and software offer immense opportunities to integrate different types of ethnographic information and make that information accessible. This dictionary started as a solid word list compiled by Dr. Pita (Peter) Sharples, at that time of the University of Auckland, in the late 1960s. I got a shoebox, started some cards and expanded Sharple’s work. In compiling this dictionary, I worked with several Sikaiana people in checking the entries. I worked very closely with John Kilatu who went through the entries several times. Kilatu was born about 1920 (he is not certain about the date because there were no calendar years before missionaries