6. Gelelectroforese
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Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Purification Student Manual
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Purification Student Manual "Bioengineered DNA was, weight for weight, the most valuable material in the world. A single microscopic bacterium, too small to see with the human eye, but containing the gene for a heart attack enzyme, streptokinase, or for "ice-minus" which prevented frost damage to crops, might be worth 5 billion dollars to the right buyer." Michael Crichton - Jurassic Park Contents Lesson 1 Genetic Transformation Review—Finding the Green Fluorescent Molecule Lesson 2 Inoculation—Growing a Cell Culture Lesson 3 Purification Phase 1—Bacterial Concentration and Lysis Lesson 4 Purification Phase 2—Removing Bacterial Debris Lesson 5 Purification Phase 3—Protein Chromatography 26 Lesson 1 Finding the Green Fluorescent Molecule Genetic Transformation Review In Bio-Rad Kit 1, you performed a genetic transformation of E. coli bacterial cells. The results of this procedure were colonies of cells that fluoresced when exposed to ultraviolet light. This is not a normal phenotype (characteristic) for E.coli. You were then asked to fig- ure out a way to determine which molecule was becoming fluorescent under UV light. After determining that the pGLO plasmid DNA was not responsible for the fluorescence under the UV light, you concluded that it was not the plasmid DNA that was fluorescing in response to the ultraviolet light within the cells. This then led to the next hypothesis that if it is not the DNA fluorescing when exposed to the UV light, then it must be a protein that the new DNA pro- duces within the cells. 1. Proteins. a. What is a protein? b. -
Protocols and Tips in Protein Purification
Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Protocols and tips in protein purification or How to purify protein in one day Second edition 2018 2 Contents I. Introduction 7 II. General sequence of protein purification procedures 9 Preparation of equipment and reagents 9 Preparation and use of stock solutions 10 Chromatography system 11 Preparation of chromatographic columns 13 Preparation of crude extract (cell free extract or soluble proteins fraction) 17 Pre chromatographic steps 18 Chromatographic steps 18 Sequence of operations during IEC and HIC 18 Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) 19 Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) 21 Gel filtration (SEC) 22 Affinity chromatography 24 Purification of His-tagged proteins 25 Purification of GST-tagged proteins 26 Purification of MBP-tagged proteins 26 Low affinity chromatography 26 III. “Common sense” strategy in protein purification 27 General principles and tips in “common sense” strategy 27 Algorithm for development of purification protocol for soluble over expressed protein 29 Brief scheme of purification of soluble protein 36 Timing for refined purification protocol of soluble over -expressed protein 37 DNA-binding proteins 38 IV. Protocols 41 1. Preparation of the stock solutions 41 2. Quick and effective cell disruption and preparation of the cell free extract 42 3. Protamin sulphate (PS) treatment 43 4. Analytical ammonium sulphate cut (AM cut) 43 5. Preparative ammonium sulphate cut 43 6. Precipitation of proteins by ammonium sulphate 44 7. Recovery of protein from the ammonium sulphate precipitate 44 8. Analysis of solubility of expression 45 9. Analysis of expression for low expressed His tagged protein 46 10. Bio-Rad protein assay Sveta’s easy protocol 47 11. -
Western Blotting Guidebook
Western Blotting Guidebook Substrate Substrate Secondary Secondary Antibody Antibody Primary Primary Antibody Antibody Protein A Protein B 1 About Azure Biosystems At Azure Biosystems, we develop easy-to-use, high-performance imaging systems and high-quality reagents for life science research. By bringing a fresh approach to instrument design, technology, and user interface, we move past incremental improvements and go straight to innovations that substantially advance what a scientist can do. And in focusing on getting the highest quality data from these instruments—low backgrounds, sensitive detection, robust quantitation—we’ve created a line of reagents that consistently delivers reproducible results and streamlines workflows. Providing scientists around the globe with high-caliber products for life science research, Azure Biosystems’ innovations open the door to boundless scientific insights. Learn more at azurebiosystems.com. cSeries Imagers Sapphire Ao Absorbance Reagents & Biomolecular Imager Microplate Reader Blotting Accessories Corporate Headquarters 6747 Sierra Court Phone: (925) 307-7127 Please send purchase orders to: Suite A-B (9am–4pm Pacific time) [email protected] Dublin, CA 94568 To dial from outside of the US: For product inquiries, please email USA +1 925 307 7127 [email protected] FAX: (925) 905-1816 www.azurebiosystems.com • [email protected] Copyright © 2018 Azure Biosystems. All rights reserved. The Azure Biosystems logo, Azure Biosystems™, cSeries™, Sapphire™ and Radiance™ are trademarks of Azure Biosystems, Inc. More information about Azure Biosystems intellectual property assets, including patents, trademarks and copyrights, is available at www.azurebiosystems.com or by contacting us by phone or email. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. -
The Art of Protein Purification
1 The Art of Protein Purification William Ward Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, USA 1. Introduction Describing, in words, the details of protein purification to a relative novice in the field is not unlike explaining on paper the steps required to turn a set of colored oils into a beautiful pastoral scene on sheet of stretched canvas. Playing the oboe in a sophisticated metropolitan orchestra or performing a solo aria in a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta are accepted artistic endeavors that command great mastery of technique. Each of these art forms requires years of experience and endless experimentation and refinement of technique. Protein purification is no different. It is an art form. Like all other art forms, perfecting the art of protein purification requires a long apprenticeship. But, like all other art forms, protein purification is aesthetically rewarding to the practitioner. Every day brings new challenges, new insights, new hurdles, and new successes. Art is a process, not a destination. Protein purification fits the same definition. Perfecting the skills of protein purification can take many years of hands-on experience as well as periodic upgrading of those skills. Perhaps the most important part of protein purification is the set of pre-column steps that precede column chromatography. Pre- column steps are not covered as much in the protein purification literature as column chromatography, HPLC, and electrophoresis. So, I have chosen to focus much of my attention on the earlier stages of protein purification. More than column chromatography, pre-column steps are highly diverse and highly creative. Here the artistic aspects of protein purification are most apparent. -
Enabling Sweat-Based Biosensors: Solving the Problem of Low
Enabling sweat-based biosensors: Solving the problem of low biomarker concentration in sweat A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of the College of Engineering & Applied Science by Andrew J. Jajack B.S., Biology, Wittenberg University, 2014 Committee Chairs: Jason C. Heikenfeld, Ph.D. and Chia-Ying Lin, Ph.D. Abstract Non-invasive, sweat biosensing will enable the development of an entirely new class of wearable devices capable of assessing health on a minute-to-minute basis. Every aspect of healthcare stands to benefit: prevention (activity tracking, stress-level monitoring, over-exertion alerting, dehydration warning), diagnosis (early-detection, new diagnostic techniques), and management (glucose tracking, drug-dose monitoring). Currently, blood is the gold standard for measuring the level of most biomarkers in the body. Unlike blood, sweat can be measured outside of the body with little inconvenience. While some biomarkers are produced in the sweat gland itself, most are produced elsewhere and must diffuse into sweat. These biomarkers come directly from blood or interstitial fluid which surrounds the sweat gland. However, a two-cell thick epithelium acts as barrier and dilutes most biomarkers in sweat. As a result, many biomarkers that would be useful to monitor are diluted in sweat to concentrations below what can be detected by current biosensors. This is a core challenge that must be overcome before the advantages of sweat biosensing can be fully realized. The objective of this dissertation is to develop methods of concentrating biomarkers in sweat to bring them into range of available biosensors. -
Isoelectric Focusing: Sample Pretreatment – Separation – Hyphenation
Isoelectric Focusing: Sample Pretreatment – Separation – Hyphenation Linda Silvertand ISBN: 978-90-8891-113-2 Printing: www.proefschriftmaken.nl Copyright: ©2009 by Linda Silvertand Cover design: Linda Silvertand - Lak en anthraciet op canvas Niets uit deze uitgave mag verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the author and the publisher holding the copyrights of the published articles. Isoelectric Focusing: Sample Pretreatment – Separation – Hyphenation Isoelectrisch Focusseren: Monstervoorbewerking - Scheiding - Koppeling (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 23 september 2009 des middags te 2.30 uur door Linda Henriette Hermina Silvertand geboren op 21 juni 1979 te Heerlen Promotor: prof. dr. G.J. de Jong Co-promotor: dr. W.P. van Bennekom This research is part of the IOP Genomics project (STW 06209) “Proteomics on a chip for monitoring auto-immune diseases” and is supported by the Netherlands Research Council for Chemical Sciences (NWO/CW) with financial aid from the Netherlands Technology Foundation (STW). The printing of this thesis was financially supported by: UIPS (Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical -
Power and Limitations of Electrophoretic Separations in Proteomics Strategies
Power and limitations of electrophoretic separations in proteomics strategies Thierry. Rabilloud 1,2, Ali R.Vaezzadeh 3 , Noelle Potier 4, Cécile Lelong1,5, Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner 4, Mireille Chevallet 1,2 1: CEA, IRTSV, LBBSI, 38054 GRENOBLE, France. 2: CNRS, UMR 5092, Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés, Grenoble France 3: Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland 4: CNRS, UMR 7177. Institut de Chime de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France 5: Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble France Correspondence : Thierry Rabilloud, iRTSV/LBBSI, UMR CNRS 5092, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38054 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9 Tel (33)-4-38-78-32-12 Fax (33)-4-38-78-44-99 e-mail: Thierry.Rabilloud@ cea.fr Abstract: Proteomics can be defined as the large-scale analysis of proteins. Due to the complexity of biological systems, it is required to concatenate various separation techniques prior to mass spectrometry. These techniques, dealing with proteins or peptides, can rely on chromatography or electrophoresis. In this review, the electrophoretic techniques are under scrutiny. Their principles are recalled, and their applications for peptide and protein separations are presented and critically discussed. In addition, the features that are specific to gel electrophoresis and that interplay with mass spectrometry( i.e., protein detection after electrophoresis, and the process leading from a gel piece to a solution of peptides) are also discussed. Keywords: electrophoresis, two-dimensional electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, immobilized pH gradients, peptides, proteins, proteomics. Table of contents I. Introduction II. The principles at play III. How to use electrophoresis in a proteomics strategy III.A. -
Two-Dimensional Electrochromatography/Capillary Electrophoresis on a Microchip
Frederick Conference on Capillary Electrophoresis, Hood College, Frederick, Maryland October 16-28, 2000 Two-Dimensional Electrochromatography/Capillary Electrophoresis on a Microchip Norbert Gottschlich, Stephen C. Jacobson, Christopher T. Culbertson, and J. Michael Ramsey Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6142 Two-dimensional (2D) separation methods for the analysis of complex protein or peptide mixtures have mostly been performed on planar gels using isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE). However, these techniques can be slow and labor intensive. Recently, several column-based two-dimensional separation schemes have been developed to reduce the analysis time. Another approach is to use microfluidic devices (microchips) that enable very fast and efficient separations. Furthermore, microchips are relatively easy to operate and allow the manipulation of very small sample volumes with minimal dead volumes between interconnecting channels. These features are especially useful for the development of multidimensional separations. We will report a comprehensive two-dimensional separation system on a microfabricated device that utilizes open-channel electrochromatography as the first dimension and capillary electrophoresis as the second dimension. The first dimension is operated under isocratic conditions, and its effluent is injected into the second dimension every few seconds. A 25 cm long separation channel with spiral geometry for the first dimension, chemically modified with octadecylsilane, is coupled to a 1.2 cm long straight separation channel for the second dimension. Fluorescently labeled products from tryptic digests of proteins are analyzed in 13 minutes with this system. Research sponsored by Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC.. -
Introduction to Capillary Electrophoresis
Contents About this handbook..................................................................................... ii Acronyms and symbols used ....................................................................... iii Capillary electrophoresis ...............................................................................1 Electrophoresis terminology ..........................................................................3 Electroosmosis ...............................................................................................4 Flow dynamics, efficiency, and resolution ....................................................6 Capillary diameter and Joule heating ............................................................9 Effects of voltage and temperature ..............................................................11 Modes of capillary electrophoresis ..............................................................12 Capillary zone electrophoresis ..........................................................12 Isoelectric focusing ...........................................................................18 Capillary gel electrophoresis ............................................................21 Isotachophoresis ...............................................................................26 Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography ............................28 Selecting the mode of electrophoresis .........................................................36 Approaches to methods development by CZE and MECC .........................37 -
Purification of the Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein from Tobacco
Dong et al. BMC Biotechnology (2019) 19:86 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-019-0590-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Purification of the recombinant green fluorescent protein from tobacco plants using alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system and hydrophobic interaction chromatography Jie Dong1,2,3, Xiangzhen Ding1,2,3 and Sheng Wang1,2,3* Abstract Background: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been regarded as a valuable tool and widely applied as a biomarker in medical applications and diagnostics. A cost-efficient upstream expression system and an inexpensive downstream purification process will meet the demands of the GFP protein with high-purity. Results: The recombinant GFP was transiently expressed in an active form in agoinoculated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by using Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA-based overexpression vector (TRBO). The yield of recombinant GFP was up to ~ 60% of total soluble proteins (TSP). Purification of recombinant GFP from the clarified lysate of N. benthaniana leaves was achieved by using an alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and following with a further hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The purification process takes only ~ 4 h and can recover 34.1% of the protein. The purity of purified GFP was more than 95% and there were no changes in its spectroscopic characteristics. Conclusions: The strategy described here combines the advantages of both the economy and efficiency of plant virus-based expression platform and the simplicity and rapidity of environmentally friendly alcohol/salt ATPS. It has a considerable potential for the development of a cost-efficient alternative for production of recombinant GFP. Keywords: Green fluorescent protein, Plant virus, Transient gene expression, Aqueous two-phase system, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography Background Through the application of DNA recombinant technol- Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was originally derived ogy, GFP has successfully been produced by a variety of from jellyfish Aequorea victoria species, which exhibit an hosts [5]. -
Electrophoresis Tech Note 2778
02-102 2778 remy tnote.qxd 5/1/02 5:00 PM Page 3 electrophoresis tech note 2778 Focusing Strategy and Influence of Conductivity on Isoelectric Focusing in Immobilized pH Gradients Arnaud Rémy1, Naima Imam-Sghiouar2, Florence Poirier2, and Raymonde run allows evaluation of the entire run and analysis of the Joubert-Caron2 resulting electrical profile. This analysis is useful to determine 1Bio-Rad France, 92430 Marnes la Coquette, France the optimal migration parameters and for troubleshooting. 2Université Paris 13, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines et Protéomique, Although numerous protocols are available in the literature EA 2361, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, 93017 Bobigny, France (Gorg et al. 2000, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines et Correspondence: Dr Arnaud Rémy, Bio-Rad, 3 boulevard Raymond Poincaré, Protéomique server at http://www-smbh.univ-paris13.fr/ 92430 Marnes la Coquette, France, [email protected] lbtp/index.htm) as well as in electrophoresis equipment Summary manufacturers’ instructions, it is difficult to identify the best Sample preparation is a key component of successful two- protocol for a new sample. dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis of proteins. No buffer IEF protocols include three major steps: a step at low voltage is universally suitable for the extraction and solubilization of to initiate desalting of the sample; a progressive gradient to protein samples. On one hand, it is necessary to extract the high voltage to mobilize the ions, polypeptides, and proteins; maximum number of proteins and maintain their solubility and a final high-voltage step to complete the electrofocusing. during 2-D electrophoresis. This is commonly done by adding agents like detergents and chaotropic agents to solubilization Establishment of a voltage gradient between two electrodes cocktails. -
Thermo Scientific Pierce Cell Lysis Technical Handbook Version 2
Thermo Scientific Pierce Cell Lysis Technical Handbook Featuring Cell Lysis Reagents and Detergents Version 2 To order, call 800-874-3723 or 815-968-0747. Outside the United States, contact your local branch office or distributor. Table of Contents Thermo Scientific Cell Fractionation Kits 25-37 Subcellular Fractionation Kit 25-26 Mem-PER® Eukaryotic Membrane 27-28 Protein Extraction Kit Mitochondria Isolation Kits 29-31 NE-PER® Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Kit 32-34 Cell Surface Protein Isolation Kit 35 Organelle Enrichment Kits 36-37 DNA Extraction 38 Yeast DNA Extraction Kit 38 Thermo Scientific Lyse and Go™ PCR Reagent 38 Detergents 39-43 Thermo Scientific Pierce Cell Lysis Reagents Introduction to Detergents 39-40 Selection Guide 1 Properties of Common Detergents 40 Thermo Scientific Surfact-Amps and Introduction to Protein Extraction 2-5 Surfact-Pak Detergents 41 Cell Lysis Methods 2-5 Specialized Detergents 41-43 Detergent Removal 43 Introduction to Thermo Scientific Cell Lysis Solutions 6-15 Protease Inhibitors 44-47 ® B-PER Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagents 7-9 Halt™ Protease Inhibitor Single-Use Cocktails 44-45 ® I-PER Insect Cell Protein Extraction Reagent 10 Halt Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails 45 ® M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent 11 Halt Combined Cocktails 46 ® P-PER Plant Protein Extraction Reagent 12-13 Protein Stabilizing Cocktail 47 ® T-PER Tissue Protein Extraction Reagents 14 PMSF 47 ® Y-PER Yeast Protein Extraction Reagents 15 Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor 47 Buffers 16 Protein Refolding 48-49 RIPA Buffer 16 Pierce Protein Refolding Kit 48 Fusion Protein Purification 17-22 Inclusion Body Solubilization Reagent 49 Fusion Protein Purification Kits 17-22 GST Orientation Kit 22 Mammalian and Yeast β-Gal Kits 23-24 Thermo Scientific Pierce Cell Lysis Reagents Selection Guide Description Organisms/Samples Dialyze1 Compatibility Thermo Scientific Protein Assay Compatibility Notes B-PER Reagent Gram(-) bacteria, S.