Pregnancy Sickness and Embryo Quality

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pregnancy Sickness and Embryo Quality Opinion TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.17 No.3 March 2002 115 or mutagens [8–11]. Third, NVP occurs during Pregnancy sickness organogenesis, when the developing embryo is at greatest susceptibility [9] to mutagens. Fourth, the incidence of NVP correlates with diet [8–11], being largely absent in and embryo quality societies where maize and/or corn are food staples [10,12]. The fifth and most direct evidence is the correlation of NVP with pregnancy outcome: mothers with NVP Scott Forbes experience lower rates of stillbirth, early pregnancy loss, preterm delivery and low birth weight than do mothers without [15–17], a pattern attributed to the prophylactic Nausea and vomiting are routine features of early pregnancy in humans. But are benefit of food aversions associated with NVP. they adaptive or pathological? Several lines of evidence suggest that they The case for embryo protection therefore appears protect mothers and developing embryos from dietary mutagens and sound. But might there be another explanation? Haig pathogens. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) coincide with the has suggested that pregnancy sickness might arise as a vulnerable period of embryogenesis, are associated with food aversions, and are by-product of maternal–embryo conflict [18,19]. There predictors of positive pregnancy outcomes. Here, I argue that NVP is not directly are numerous potential conflicts between embryo and adaptive, but arises as a byproduct of genetic conflict between mother and mother during pregnancy, and pre-eclampsia and embryo. The negative correlation between first-trimester spontaneous abortion gestational diabetes can be direct results [10,11]. One and NVP is not the result of protection of embryos from environmental mutagens conflict in particular is directly relevant to pregnancy or pathogens, but the result of intrinsic chromosomal defects. These low-quality sickness: who decides whether the pregnancy continues? embryos produce subnormal levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone For the embryo, and occasionally the mother, it might be involved in pregnancy maintenance, and the probable proximate trigger for NVP. a struggle for life or death (Box 1). Here, the pregnancy hormone HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (hCG) is Lassitude, sleepiness and loss of appetite signaled the key. Haig describes it as an allocrine hormone [10] onset of pregnancy for the Kwakiutl women of the Pacific produced by one individual to manipulate the coast of Canada. A pregnant woman was careful about endocrine system of another. And hCG does exactly her diet. She would eat dry salmon, fat and berries, but that. Closely related to LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), hCG avoided whale meat, squid, and salmon eggs. If she regulates early CORPUS LUTEUM function. It is secreted had food cravings, her husband attempted to provide by the preimplantation embryo, and subsequently by these foods. And qualmishness and appetite loss were the placental TROPHOBLAST in early pregnancy. Without early signs that the forthcoming child was a girl [1]. hCG, the corpus luteum regresses. Without the corpus For most mothers in most societies, food aversions luteum, PROGESTERONE production falls. And, without and some nausea and vomiting are routine features progesterone, the pregnancy fails. of early pregnancy [2]. And, for a small fraction, the Maternal endocrine control of gestation is open nausea and vomiting is prolonged and debilitating to subversion by the embryo. Consider an ancestral (HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM: see Glossary), and if left mother and her offspring. She alone regulates early untreated can be fatal [3,4]. But is pregnancy sickness pregnancy with LH. But the embryo has the same beneficial? Might it be an adaptation rather than complement of genes as its mother and placental pathology? In the late 1970s, Hook and Little access to the maternal bloodstream. Imagine further postulated that nausea and vomiting during a mutation that causes an embryonic gene encoding pregnancy (NVP or morning sickness) protected LH production to be turned on, thus adding to the developing embryos from alcohol (a potent dietary maternal supply. Some embryos that would have teratogen) and tobacco smoke [5,6]. Walker et al. [7] been aborted because of low maternal LH production examined NVP in relation to dietary aversions and would now survive. (This neat embryonic trick is cravings, and documented aversions to meat, fish, not exclusive to humans, but is rare in eutherian coffee and fatty foods, and cravings for sour, savory mammals, having arisen on at least three separate and sweet foods, and also for fruits and meat. Profet occasions [18]: in horses, guinea pigs and primates.) [8,9] later argued that NVP shielded embryos from an With a substantial selective advantage, such a array of dietary mutagens and pathogens, particularly mutation would quickly become fixed, triggering an plant toxins. Most recently, Flaxman and Sherman evolutionary arms race. Mothers that now carry suggested that NVP deters the ingestion of spoiled and embryos that they would ‘prefer’ in an evolutionary burned meats, fish and eggs that might affect not only sense to abort (no conscious choice implied) reduce their the developing embryo, but also mothers who are own LH production and/or increase the level of hormone immunocompromised during pregnancy [10,11]. required for pregnancy maintenance. Embryos respond Scott Forbes Five lines of evidence support this embryo–maternal by elevating LH production even further. This appears Dept of Biology, protection hypothesis. First, pathogens and mutagens to be exactly what has happened through a series of University of Winnipeg, occur naturally in the diet and some foods have gene duplications [18]. Mothers retaliate, and so it Winnipeg, MB, harmful effects [8–14]. Second, NVP is associated continues, coming to an end when further escalation Canada R3B 2E9. e-mail: with food aversions, and strong and pungent odors becomes too costly for one or both parties. Human [email protected] are often correlated with the presence of pathogens mothers and their embryos just might have reached http://tree.trends.com 0169-5347/02/$ – see front matter © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0169-5347(02)02428-4 116 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.17 No.3 March 2002 Box 1. When does genetic conflict in pregnancy occur? Flaxman and Sherman [a] argue that if genetic conflict holds it both obligate brood reduction and early spontaneous abortion are should occur late in pregnancy when the resource demands of the prospective adaptations. fetus are greatest, rather than early in pregnancy when nausea Offspring and parent interests, however, can diverge. By and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) actually occurs. But this producing elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin argument fails to recognize the pluralistic nature of genetic conflict (hCG), embryos avert the pregnancy loss that is surprisingly in human pregnancy. Conflict over the division of resources common: between one third and three quarters of human between mother and embryo does occur later in pregnancy, and conceptions are spontaneously aborted [f]. Intriguingly, the manifests as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes [b,c]. The most common chromosomal birth defect – trisomy 21 conflict that occurs early in gestation, however, is about survival (Down syndrome) – is associated with abnormally high hCG rather than the allocation of current resources. That is, should the production [b,f], further implicating hCG in a system that avoids pregnancy be terminated or continued? According to the theory maternal spontaneous abortion. of parent–offspring conflict [d], the mother should hold a more References conservative view about such decisions than should the offspring a Flaxman, S.M. and Sherman, P.W. (2000) Morning sickness: a mechanism (from an evolutionary rather than a conscious perspective). Here, for protecting mother and embryo. Q. Rev. Biol. 75, 113–148 a striking parallel occurs between early spontaneous abortion in b Haig, D. (1993) Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Q. Rev. Biol. 68, 495–532 humans and obligate brood reduction in birds, where a maximal c Haig, D. (1996) Altercation of generations: genetic conflicts of pregnancy. benefit is obtained from early brood reduction before any Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 35, 226–232 proximate food limitation occurs [e]. When, for whatever reason, d Mock, D.W. and Parker, G.A. (1997) The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry, Oxford the circumstances for continued pregnancy are, from a mother’s University Press e Forbes, L.S. and Ydenberg, R.C. (1992) Sibling rivalry in a variable perspective, adverse (e.g. significant food shortfall), she could environment. Theor. Popul. Biol. 41, 335–360 potentially avoid the major costs by early spontaneous abortion f Forbes, L.S. (1997) The evolutionary biology of spontaneous abortion in before substantial resources are committed to the embryo. Thus, humans. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 446–450 this point. The cost is pregnancy sickness, a mild sickness, given that it is more common when the fetus inconvenience for most mothers (but see [20]), but in a is female than when it is male [26]. minority of cases, hyperemesis gravidarum results. Establishing a direct link between hCG and pregnancy sickness has been difficult, partly because The link between hCG and pregnancy sickness hCG exists in multiple forms, and hyperemesis Is there a hormonal link to NVP, as would be expected gravidarum might be linked to abnormal hCG
Recommended publications
  • “Morning Sickness”
    “Morning sickness” “Morning sickness”, which often occurs throughout the day, is a condition characterized by nausea, indigestion, and periodic vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy. The condition varies from mild stomach upset to severe vomiting requiring hospitalization. Despite many years of study, the cause of these symptoms is unknown. Many women worry that failure to eat a full array of foods will somehow harm the fetus, but there is no cause for concern. In the era when intravenous nourishment was impossible, women with severe vomiting were treated with fluids only. Their babies were healthy and of normal birth weight. “Morning sickness” typically passes as the first trimester ends. In the meantime, the following suggestions can help: Separate solid food from liquids. Do not drink and eat simultaneously. Eat small amounts of food throughout the day. Bland foods such as bread or crackers work well. Wear acupressure bands at the pericardium 6 position of each wrist. This site is located three fingerbreadths above the wrist. Get plenty of rest and avoid stress. Avoid spicy and fatty foods. Try small dose of vitamin B6 (10-50mg three times a day). Add half a Unisom Nighttime Sleep Reliever to the B6 to concoct Benedectin, one the safest drugs for morning sickness ever developed. While the actual drug is not available in the US, experts on medications in pregnancy condone its use. If prenatal vitamins make you sick, take folic acid only (in a dose of 800 ug/day) until you feel better. Try antacids such as TUMS EX (which also contains calcium).
    [Show full text]
  • PLANNED OUT-OF-HOSPITAL BIRTH Approved 11/12/15
    HEALTH EVIDENCE REVIEW COMMISSION (HERC) COVERAGE GUIDANCE: PLANNED OUT-OF-HOSPITAL BIRTH Approved 11/12/15 HERC COVERAGE GUIDANCE Planned out-of-hospital (OOH) birth is recommended for coverage for women who do not have high- risk coverage exclusion criteria as outlined below (weak recommendation). This coverage recommendation is based on the performance of appropriate risk assessments1 and the OOH birth attendant’s compliance with the consultation and transfer criteria as outlined below. Planned OOH birth is not recommended for coverage for women who have high risk coverage exclusion criteria as outlined below, or when appropriate risk assessments are not performed, or where the attendant does not comply with the consultation and transfer criteria as outlined below (strong recommendation). High-risk coverage exclusion criteria: Complications in a previous pregnancy: Maternal surgical history Cesarean section or other hysterotomy Uterine rupture Retained placenta requiring surgical removal Fourth-degree laceration without satisfactory functional recovery Maternal medical history Pre-eclampsia requiring preterm birth Eclampsia HELLP syndrome Fetal Unexplained stillbirth/neonatal death or previous death related to intrapartum difficulty Baby with neonatal encephalopathy Placental abruption with adverse outcome Complications of current pregnancy: Maternal Induction of labor Prelabor rupture of membranes > 24 hours 1 Pre-existing chronic hypertension; Pregnancy-induced hypertension with diastolic blood pressure greater than
    [Show full text]
  • Module 2: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes FINAL Description Text
    Module 2: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes FINAL Description Text Welcome to the module Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes. In this module, we will be discussing hypertensive Slide 1 disorders of pregnancy, including pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia. We will also discuss Gestational Diabetes as well as nutrition solutions related to these issues Slide 2 We will begin by discussing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. There are at least 5 distinct categories of hypertension and related disorders that occur during pregnancy. These categories are: preeclampsia/eclampsia, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia Slide 3 superimposed upon chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension and transient hypertension. Each of these will be discussed individually throughout the module, with recommendations based on best practices provided. Blood pressure is the force of blood on the walls of the arteries. Systolic blood pressure is measured when the ventricles are contracting while diastolic pressure is measured when the ventricles are relaxed. Normal Slide 4 blood pressure is typically 120/80 mm Hg.The general definition of high blood pressure in adults is a systolic BP > 140 mg HG or a diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg. These criteria should be used for women throughout pregnancy. Chronic hypertension often exists prior to pregnancy and continues throughout pregnancy. It may not be noticed until the second trimester of pregnancy if prenatal care is delayed or if women have suffered from prolonged nausea and vomiting or morning sickness. If hypertension is Slide 5 diagnosed in early pregnancy and persists past 6 weeks postpartum, it would be considered to be a chronic health condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Pregnancy Risk Factors for Severe Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Korean Population Based Cohort Study
    life Article Pre-Pregnancy Risk Factors for Severe Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Korean Population Based Cohort Study Ho Yeon Kim 1, Geum Joon Cho 1,*, So Yeon Kim 1, Kyu-Min Lee 2, Ki Hoon Ahn 1 , Sung Won Han 2, Soon-Cheol Hong 1, Hyun Mee Ryu 3, Min-Jeong Oh 1, Hai-Joong Kim 1 and Seung Chul Kim 4,* 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 27 Inchonro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] (H.Y.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.K.); [email protected] (K.H.A.); [email protected] (S.-C.H.); [email protected] (M.-J.O.); [email protected] (H.-J.K.) 2 School of Industrial Management Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] (K.-M.L.); [email protected] (S.W.H.) 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bungdang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Jangjeon 2(i)-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.J.C.); [email protected] (S.C.K.) Abstract: Hyperemesis gravidarum is known to be associated with poor perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to identify pre-pregnancy risk factors for hospital admission in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. We enrolled women who had delivered between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015, and had undergone a national health screening examination through the National Health Insurance Corporation 1–2 years before their first delivery.
    [Show full text]
  • What You Need to Know About Morning Sickness What Is Morning Sickness? Morning Sickness Is Nausea And/Or Vomiting That Many Pregnant Women Experience
    What You Need to Know About Morning Sickness What is morning sickness? Morning sickness is nausea and/or vomiting that many pregnant women experience. The term “morning sickness” is common, but it’s not correct, because many women have nausea and vomiting all day. The most important thing to know about nausea you may experience during your pregnancy is it’s normal. According to the American Pregnancy Association, more than 50% of pregnant women have nausea and/or vomiting. Although it’s most common during the first trimester, it’s possible to feel sick throughout the entire nine months of your pregnancy. For some women, feeling nauseous and/or throwing up are among the first symptoms of pregnancy. Most women start having nausea and/or vomiting around the sixth week of their first trimester. And some women notice their symptoms disappear around the 12th week of pregnancy or their second trimester. In general, nausea when pregnant isn’t harmful to you or the baby. However, if you can’t keep water or food down for long periods, then it can be dangerous, and you should talk to your provider about it. Common symptoms • Nausea • Vomiting • Feeling sick • Not being able to handle specific odors or foods Extreme morning sickness: Hyperemesis gravidarum Estimates are that 3% of pregnant women have hyperemesis gravidarum. This extreme nausea, vomiting and weight loss during pregnancy can be harmful to you and the baby, so you should talk to your doctor right away. If you’re not able to keep food or water down, then you could become malnourished and dehydrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Learning in Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    GUIDE TO LEARNING IN MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE First in Women’s Health The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inc. 2915 Vine Street Dallas, TX 75204 Direct questions to: ABOG Fellowship Department 214.871.1619 (Main Line) 214.721.7526 (Fellowship Line) 214.871.1943 (Fax) [email protected] www.abog.org Revised 4/2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 II. DEFINITION OF A MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SUBSPECIALIST .................................... 3 III. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 3 IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 3 V. ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PREGNANCY ..................................................................................... 4 VI. PHYSIOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 6 VII. BIOCHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................................ 9 VIII. PHARMACOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 9 IX. PATHOLOGY .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation of Estradiol and Estriol Serum
    2019 Skin Diseases & Skin Care Extended Abstract Vol.4 No.3 Correlation of Estradiol and Estriol Serum Levels to Melasma Severity in Pregnant Women Aunur Rofiq* , SHW Tantari, A Widiatmoko and Dyah Ayu Savitri Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, RSUD Dr Saiful Anwar Malang, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Melasma is also known as chloasma or mask of potency of estriol; therefore, estradiol is said to be pregnancy because it shows during pregnancy as a the main estrogen . A study by Gopichandani et al. symmetrical hyperpigmented lesion Melasma supported the hypothesis that the main patients in Indonesia was estimated to be 0.2–4% pathogenesis of melasma was estradiol. НLs was of all dermatology patients . In Saiful Anwar proven by the high estradiol level in pregnant General Hospital Malang, East Java, Indonesia, women with melasma compared to those without melasma was found in 338 of 9736 dermatology melasma. Нe other forms of estrogen such as patients per year (3.4%) in 2014, and is the seventh estriol and estrone also Defected the cytoplasm and most common diagnosis in dermatology clinic. In the main estrogen receptor known to be expressed 2015, melasma incidence was declined to 226 of in the melanocyte . Especially in the third 8310 patients per year and not included in the top trimester, the high level of estriol and estradiol was ten most common dermatology diagnoses. Нe related to the high level of MSH, which caused current data from Saiful Anwar General Hospital tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase dermatology clinic in 2016 stated that melasma production; this sequence led to melanogenesis and patient was 185 of 7945 patients per year (2.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Pregnancy: Morning Sickness
    Managing Morning Sickness: After Your Visit Your Kaiser Permanente Care Instructions For many women, the toughest part of early pregnancy is morning sickness. Morning sickness can range from mild nausea to severe nausea with bouts of vomiting. Symptoms may be worse in the morning, although they can strike at any time of the day or night. If you have nausea, vomiting, or both, look for safe measures that can bring you relief. You can take simple steps at home to manage morning sickness. These steps include changing what and when you eat and avoiding certain foods and smells. Some women find that acupuncture and acupressure wristbands also help. Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. How can you care for yourself at home? • Keep food in your stomach, but not too much at once. Your nausea may be worse if your stomach is empty. Eat five or six small meals a day instead of three large meals. • For morning nausea, eat a small snack, such as a couple of crackers or dry biscuits, before rising. Allow a few minutes for your stomach to settle before you get out of bed slowly. • Drink plenty of fluids, enough so that your urine is light yellow or clear like water. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink.
    [Show full text]
  • Morning Sickness”
    WHAT TO DO ABOUT “MORNING SICKNESS” For many pregnant women, “morning sickness” doesn’t just happen in the morning but comes and goes all day long. For most women this passes after the first trimester, but for 10-20% of pregnant women this unpleasantness lasts the whole nine months. Nausea and some vomiting are normal and are the body’s reaction to the surge of hormones that go with a healthy pregnancy. Although you can feel terrible, these symptoms are associated with a positive pregnancy outcome. One study found that women who threw up during their pregnancy were less likely to suffer miscarriages or stillbirths than women who didn’t. How To Best Manage Nausea and Vomiting Get plenty of fresh air! One theory is that high hormonal levels enhance your sense of smell making background odors you hardly noticed before more potent, making you feel queasy. It is often certain smells (a co-worker’s perfume, stale coffee, the fast- food restaurant you drive by) more than foods you eat that turn your stomach. Pay attention to odors that set you off and avoid them. Keep windows open as much as possible in your house. Get plenty of rest! Drink fluids between meals. Take your prenatal vitamins. Many women don’t eat well balanced meals in their first trimester which makes the nutrition supplement very important at this time. Be sure to take your vitamins with some food - you’ll be able to tolerate them better - and vitamins need food to do their jobs. Eat what you want when you want it.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Morning Sickness | Nutrition Education Materials Online (NEMO)
    My Nutrition Managing morning sickness About morning sickness • Nausea and vomiting is very common during pregnancy. For most people, it starts in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy and eases by 20 weeks. • Morning sickness may affect you at any time of the day, not only in the morning. This can make it hard to follow a balanced diet. • There are some medications that can help manage morning sickness and allow you to eat well. These include vitamin supplements (vitamin B6) and ginger tablets. It is important to discuss these with your doctor, especially if morning sickness is making it difficult to eat or drink. Tips to manage morning sickness • Eat small, frequent meals – skipping meals can make nausea worse. • It is important to stay hydrated by sippingMy fluids between meals. Drinking fluids with NutritionMy meals may fill you up and make it difficult to eat. Nutrition • Avoid drinks that are too cold. Caffeine-containing drinks like tea, coffee, softdrinks and energy drinks should also be avoided. • Choose a time when you feel well to eat. This may be 20 to 30 minutes after taking anti-nausea medication. • Choose room temperature or cold foods without strong smells. Remember to avoid foods that are high risk of Listeria in pregnancy. These include deli meats, smoked seafood, soft cheeses and leftovers that are cold or more than 24 hours old. • Iron supplements or iron in your pregnancy multivitamin may upset your stomach. Speak with your Doctor or Dietitian about this before changing your supplement. • Avoid smoking. This can make nausea worse and is harmful for you and your baby’s health.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review to Update the 2014 U.S
    Evidence Synthesis Number 204 Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review to Update the 2014 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA-290-2015-00009-I Prepared by: Pacific Northwest Evidence-Based Practice Center Oregon Health & Science University Mail Code: BICC 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239 www.ohsu.edu/epc University of Alberta Evidence-Based Practice Center 4-474 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy 11405 – 87 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1C9 Investigators: Jennifer Pillay, MSc Lois Donovan, MD Samantha Guitard, MSc Bernadette Zakher, MD Christina Korownyk, MD Michelle Gates, PhD Allison Gates, PhD Ben Vandermeer, MSc Christina Bougatsos, MPH Roger Chou, MD Lisa Hartling, PhD AHRQ Publication No. 21-05273-EF-1 February 2021 This report is based on research conducted by the Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) and the University of Alberta EPC under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA-290-2015-00009-I). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The information in this report is intended to help health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of health care services.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on Pregnancy Outcomes Hiperemezis Gravidarumun Gebelik Sonuçlarına Etkisi
    JOURNAL OF Journal of Contemporary CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE Medicine DOI: 10.16899/jcm.870631 J Contemp Med 2021;11(4):428-432 Orjinal Araştırma / Original Article The Effect of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on Pregnancy Outcomes Hiperemezis Gravidarumun Gebelik Sonuçlarına Etkisi Zekiye Soykan Sert1 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aksaray University Education and Research Hospital, Aksaray, Turkey Abstract Öz Objective: We evaluated the clinical characteristics of the patients Amaç: Hiperemezis gravidarum (HG) tanısı ile takip edilen hastaların followed with the diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). We klinik özelliklerini değerlendirdik. Bu hastalarda HG'nin gebelik aimed to determine the effects of HG on pregnancy outcomes in sonuçları üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemeyi amaçladık. this study. Material and Method: This retrospective study was conducted in Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışma 2018-2020 yılları arasında the department of obstetrics and gynecology between January hastanemiz kadın hastalıkları bölümünde gerçekleştirildi. Çalışma 2018–2020. The study group consisted of pregnant women who grubu, 20. gebelik haftasından önce HG tanısı alan ve hastanemizde were diagnosed with HG before the 20th gestational week and tedavi edilerek doğum yapılan gebelerden oluşturuldu. Hastalar HG were treated and delivered at our hospital. The patients were varlığına göre iki gruba ayrıldı. Her iki grup plasental disfonksiyon divided into two groups based on the presence of HG. Both groups were compared in terms of placental dysfunction and ve yenidoğan sonuçları açısından karşılaştırıldı. HG'nin şiddeti newborn outcomes. The severity of the HG was assessed and değerlendirildi ve sınıflandırıldı. Hafif ve ağır vakaları karşılaştıran HG classified. A sub-analysis of the HG group comparing mild and grubunun bir alt analizi yapıldı.
    [Show full text]