Type Kill Sanitation Advantage Disadvantage Remarks

Chlorinated YES YES Has been around for a long time - Requires correct PH-level to work, - breaks down into many different which can only be achieved with chemicals, including hypochlorous acid additional chemicals. and hypochlorite ion. Both kill - Incorrect PH-level will cause . and bacteria by - levels of chemicals must be in attacking the lipids in the cell walls and balance. destroying the enzymes and structures - Pool water requires to be replaced inside the cell, rendering them oxidized every few years, and harmless - Can cause corrosion of Stainless steel - disposing of water can cause problem for environment - typical smell - can change colour of hair - many people develop skin allergies, can cause skin irritation - red eyes - high operating and maintenance cost, Salt chlorination YES YES - Lower level of chlorine - Salt taste of water - works like a miniature chlorine - Generates free chlorine and - Requires PH-regulation with acid Manufacturing plant destroys odorous and irritating regularly - device electrolytically converts salt into chloramines - Water replacement required chlorine as it passes over specially - Less off typical chlorine smell - Problem for environment when coated electrode plates water is disposed - Corrosion of Stainless steel - Ultra Violet YES NO - Reduces microbial population of - No Sanitizer - UV-rays destroy the microorganisms the pool - does not eliminate algae and does ability to survive and function after - No change in taste, smell, etc not oxidize organic wastes and by- passing through the cell membrane - No overdosing possible products - Environmentally friendly - Requires additional sanitation system to oxidate organic waste

Ozone YES YES* - Helps to destroy many - Only remains in water for approx - Ozone is faster than chorine in microorganisms, organic wastes 20 min oxidizing/killing bacteria. It rips open and by-products - Requires to be spread properly the cell wall from the outside, causing - Ozone increase chlorine’s before it dissipates the cell’s content to fall apart. effectiveness as a biocide and - Has to run 24/7 residual - Does only reduce the requirement - Reduces traditional chemical use for Chlorine to approx 40% approx by 60 % - *Still requires chlorine - Very strong oxidizer – will also oxidize .

Prepared by ZAP consulting Vers 1.0, 2012 SANITATION COMPARISON * conditions apply Sanitizer YES NO - Low cost - Requires chlorine to be added to - Adds metallic ions to control algae and perform necessary oxidizing bacteria function - Requires maintained water chemistry - Cartridges have life expectancy of about 6 month - Recommended to work in combination with salt chlorinator Ionizer YES NO - - Released can stain and - Sanitize assist by releasing metallic discolour pool surface ions: , silver and zinc - Not a complete system, still requires oxidation system - Requires improved circulation and additional UV sanitizer, chlorine or otherwise organic by- products will build-up to problem levels. - High cost of replacement cartridges Natural YES NO - Natural living water – like - Does not oxidize organic matter, - Plants in a specially designed filtration (Aquaviva) swimming in an organic balanced (requires to be removed manually) area feed from the nutrition/organic mountain lake - Bio film can form on pool walls, waste in the water, where water is - Easy to install and if not removed can form into pumped through at a specific flow rate. - Minimizes bad bacteria up to 28 algae C permanent water temperature - Not for the lazy pool owner - No replacement of water - Recommended for Natural Style required, as plants feed from the Swimming Ponds nutrition in water, and keep it “Nutrition Neutral” - Can accommodate fish in pond style pools Aqua Diamante YES YES - Can be retrofitted to any - Requires 2kg of inexpensive food - Boron-enriched diamonds provide a (biofermenta) conventional pool quality soda powder/1000 litre of conductive surface that enables the - Easy to install water to increase conductivity of production of short lived hydroxyl - Works without any chemicals water radicals, which oxidize into carbon basically maintenance free dioxide and water when in contact with - Pool pump only requires to run organic impurities. Surplus hydroxyl up to 12 hrs/day radicals stabilise as secondary particles - Does also work with low Energy and react with water or soda to pool pumps become oxidation agents (active - No skin irritation ) The resulting percarbonate and - No water replacement peroxide gently disinfect the pool, - No steel corrosion inhibiting the growth of unwanted - No maintenance of water microorganisms. chemistry - Environmentally friendly - 3 month money back guarantee*

Prepared by ZAP consulting Vers 1.0, 2012 COMPARISON * conditions apply