The Use of Contracted Forms in the Hip Hop Song Lyrics
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THE USE OF CONTRACTED FORMS IN THE HIP HOP SONG LYRICS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By AGUSTINA IKE WIRANTARI Student Number: 034214130 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 i A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis ii THE USE OF CONTRACTED FORMS IN THE HIP HOP SONG LYRICS By AGUSTINA IKE WIRANTARI Student Number: 034214130 Defended before the Board of Examiners on January 21, 2008 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Signature Chairman : Secretary : Member : Member : Member : ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to address all my thanks and praise to God for all His kindness, love, patience and etc. I feel that I just nothing compared with His Greatness. He is always accompanying me and giving me power to face all the obstacles in front of me. I owe so much thanks to my advisor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for all his advise so I can finish my thesis, and also for my co-advisor Dr.B.Ria Lestari, M.S. for her ideas and supports in making my thesis. Thanking is also given for Ms. Sri Mulyani, for her ideas and the sources that can support my thesis, and for all the English Letters Department staffs for all their help in our study. I would never forget to address my gratitude, love, and thanks for all the supports to my family especially for my Dad, I Ketut S.W., my Mom, Lestari, and my lovely sister, Putri. Thank you very much for all of your pray for me, so I can finish my thesis. Finally, my true love and happiness are also given to all my friends in English Letters Department 2003 especially for my best friends Maya, Sondang, Csil, Agnes, Dean, Abit and Tyo. Thanks, guys, for making my days so colorful and meaningful. My warm love and true happiness are also addressed to my friends in Bromo 2B especially for Tuta, Entin, Wulan, Nunung, Novi, Kak Bertha and kak Hota. For my friends, Ivan and Hendri, I want to thank so much in supporting me. Agustina Ike Wirantari iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………. i APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………. ...iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN……………………………………………………..iv MOTTO PAGES………………………………………………………………....v DEDICATION PAGES………………………………………………………....vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………….. .vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………….. viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...ix ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………......x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….....1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………………….1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………...3 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………...3 D. Definition of Terms…………………………………………………….4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………8 A. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………8 1. Contracted Forms in Standard English…………………………8 2. Contracted Forms in Black English…………………………...11 3. Hip-Hop Lyrics………………………………………………..15 4. Contracted Forms in Hip-Hop Lyrics…………………………19 5. Phonological Processes………………………………………..19 B. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………….22 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………...24 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………24 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………………...25 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………..25 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………………....25 A. The Contracted Forms in the Lyrics…………………………………..27 B. The Influence of The Fans…………………………………………….49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………………...56 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………58 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………..………60 v ABSTRACT AGUSTINA IKE WIRANTARI. The Use of Contracted Forms in Hip Hop Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007. This research is aimed to find out the kinds of the contracted forms in the hip hop song lyrics and formulate the formulation of English contracted forms. The lyrics of the hip hop songs usually use sentences without subjects and only verbs phrases. The uses of contracted forms are also found in hip hop lyrics. The problems that will be discussed are what kinds of contracted forms, and what are the influences of the fans toward the use of the contracted forms in hip-hop song lyrics. The kind of the research is a library study or a desk research and some of the data for this research comes from the internet research. After the researcher found the data then, the data are ready to be analyzed. The steps in analyzing the study areselecting the data, transcribing the data, identifying the data, classifying the data and finding the factors that influence the use of the contracted forms in hip-hop song lyrics. Based on the research result, several conclusions can be drawn as follows : (1) The kinds of the contracted forms that are used in the hip hop lyrics are the the contracted forms of the operators, the contracted forms of negations, wanna contraction, the contracted forms of gemination, the contracted forms of aphesis, the contracted forms of the consonant sounds [r] and [l], and the contracted form of let’s, y’all and c’mon and (2) The factors that influence the use of the contracted forms in the hip-hop lyrics are the fans’ social class, the fans’ personality, the fans’ cultural background and the fans’ sex. vi ABSTRAK AGUSTINA IKE WIRANTARI. The Use of Contracted Forms in Hip Hop Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis penyingkatan di lirik lagu-lagu hip hop dan memformulasikan struktur dari penyingkatan-penyingkatan Bahasa Inggris. Biasanya bentuk lirik lagu hip hop menggunakan kalimat-kalimat tanpa subyek dan kata kerja. Penggunaan penyingkatan dapat ditemukan lebih banyak di lirik lagu-lagu hip hop. Masalah-masalah yang akan dibahas antara lain: macam-macam bentuk penyingkatan dan pengaruh fans terhadap penggunaan penyingkatan dalam lirik lagu hip-hop. Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah studi perpustakaan atau penelitian di atas meja dan beberapa data dari penelitian ini berasal dari internet. Setelah si peneliti menemukan data dan data siap untuk digunakan. Cara-cara menganalisa thesis dengan menyeleksi data, menyalin data, mengidentifikasi data, mengklasifikasikan data dan mencari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan penyingkatan dalam lirik lagu hip-hop. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, beberapa kesimpulan dapat diambil sebagai berikut: Jenis- jenis penyingkatan dalam lirik hip hop adalah (1) Penyingkatan kata kerja bantu, penyingkatan negatif, penyingkatan wanna, penyingkatan geminasi, penyingkatan aphesis, penyingkatan konsonan [r] dan [l] dan pennyingkatan let’s, y’all dan c’mon dan (2) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan penyingkatan dalam lirik lagu hip-hop adalah kelas sosial fans, kepribadian fans, latar budaya fans, dan jenis kelamin fans. vii You’re so precious in My eyes, I love you and I had chosen you as My children. I had given to you My greatest wealth, My Son, so that you can live. Love you always, Jesus Christ When I feel afraid, think I lost my way, still You there right besides me, nothing will I fear as long as You are near,please be near me to the end. (Thy word is a Lamp) viii I dedicated this for my Love, Jesus Christ for all His Blessing and Love, and also for my parents and my sister for their support and love. For all my friends that always accompany me. ix x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As a means of communication, language makes the process of interaction among the people easier to do. By having language, an understanding and the peace among people can be created because each people can express his/her feeling. People from different countries can be united also if there is a similarity that can bind them together, for example the use of English as an international language. Language eases people to share their ideas or feelings by providing them many referents which explain the things. Because of this reason, language is also dealing with the other fields such as arts, politics, economics, music, and many more. In the process of the use of the language in those fields, language can be divided into two kinds, formal language and non-formal language. Formal language is usually used in the governmental office especially in official situations, business letters and etc. On the other hand, the non-formal language is used in colloquial, informal situation and many more. The non-formal language contains slang words, contracted forms, and etc. Music is one of the ways to communicate feeling, beauty, idea and sympathy. As an entertainment for people, music has been developed all around the world whether in its form and in its variety such as classic, pop, rock, reggae, R&B, hip-hop, and etc. However, music also reflects the condition of the society. 1 2 For example, in the globalization era, the condition of the society is changed to be more dynamic, free, individual, independent, creative, innovative, and rebels for the static condition. People try to find music which can express those things, and hip-hop is the best choice for them. Hip-hop is the music that combines rapping, dancing and the music itself. Hip-hop also can promote the spirit of life. Hip-hop is popularized by West African and African American people. The hip hop music for the first time is introduced by Kool DJ Herc and Grandmaster Flash, who create more “danceable” music in 1970’s in New York. Today, hip-hop has been combined with rock music, reggae, techno and other music styles. The example of hip-hop music which is combined with rock music is Run-D.M.C. collaborates with rock band Aerosmith, and etc. (http://www.jam2dis.com/j2dhiphopdef.htm). As a rap core, the lyrics of hip-hop get a great influence from the African American language as the origin of the hip-hop music. Rap core also takes part in making the hip-hop more alive and so do the other parts. In rap core, the rapper usually uses the contracted form to make it more stylish , cool and also to show to the people the identity or the culture of African as the place where the hip-hop music was originated.