DOCSLIB.ORG

Wax Based Emulsions for Use in Lipstick Application

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wax Based Emulsions for Use in Lipstick Application Wax Based Emulsions For Use In Lipstick Application By Akash Beri A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING School of Chemical Engineering College of Physical and Engineering Sciences The University of Birmingham February 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Water-in-oil emulsions have the potential to eradicate drying of the lips caused by constant lipstick application by improving moisturising properties and delivering hydrophilic molecules to the lips. To conduct this research, a food microstructure approach was utilisied developing emulsion structures’ using either a batch or continuous process and monitoring the affect these structures had on physical and material properties. The lubricating properties of emulsions structures were then compared to a trained sensory panel. Finally the release behaviour of a moisturising agent was investigated. It was shown that the ingredients used to produce the microstructure are pivotal in indicating the melting profile, droplet size and material properties of the final structure. Specifically, when an aqueous phase is incorporated within a hard shell the elastic modulus increases as the aqueous phase become part of the wax network. The effect of lubrication showed that friction coefficient of a solid emulsion could be related to how smooth a lipstick would be perceived based on the Kokani Model. Finally, it was shown that the release of a moisturising agent is governed by the droplet size and the amount of destruction caused to the wax network. I Acknowledgements Firstly I would like to thank my academic supervisor Prof. Ian Norton for all his help and guidance throughout the EngD scheme, in particular the constant motivation he provided. I would also like to thank Dr Richard Greenwood for his constant encouragement, especially during the write up stage. Within Alliance Boots, I would like to thank both Sonja Clarke and William O’Leary for their devotion to this project, constant support and useful discussion in developing a cosmetic product. I would also like to thank Angela Morgan and the sensory team for their support in running a trained sensory panel and conducting the sensory analysis for this thesis. Within the University of Birmingham, I would like to thank the entire Microstructure group for their constant guidance and support, in particular Dr Roman Pichot, Dr Jennifer Norton, Dr Thomas Mills and Dr Ben Le Reverend. I would also like to thank Dr Richard Watson for proof reading my thesis and for helpful suggestions. Finally I would like to thank all the support staff, particularly John Hooper, Lynn Draper, Kathleen Haynes and Bob Sharp. My gratitude goes to the EPSRC for this funding opportunity which has allowed this work to be conducted. I would like to thank all my friends from the University of Birmingham for all the great memories that we have generated in our times together. Last but not least, I would thank my wonderful family, Ashok, Sumita, Sanjeev, Chaya and Joanne Beri for all their encouragement throughout the EngD. Without your support this would not have been possible. II Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. I Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... I Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... III List of Figures ................................................................................................................ VII List of Tables ................................................................................................................. XX Nomenclature............................................................................................................. XXIII Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Relevance to Alliance Boots .............................................................................. 5 1.4 Thesis Layout ..................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. Literature Review ....................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Emulsions ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Emulsification ............................................................................................. 9 2.3 Emulsion Instability ......................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Creaming/Sedimentation .......................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Flocculation .............................................................................................. 13 2.3.3 Ostwald Ripening ..................................................................................... 14 2.3.4 Coalescence .............................................................................................. 15 2.4 Emulsion Stabilisation ..................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Electrostatic Stabilisation ......................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Polymeric Stabilisation ............................................................................. 20 2.4.3 Fat Particles in Emulsion Stability ........................................................... 22 2.4.4 Emulsifiers ................................................................................................ 23 2.5 Crystal Networks ............................................................................................. 25 2.5.1 Lipid Composition .................................................................................... 25 2.5.2 Processing Conditions .............................................................................. 27 2.5.3 Crystal Structures ..................................................................................... 28 2.5.4 Links between Crystal Network and Macroscopic Properties ................. 31 2.6 Material Properties ........................................................................................... 33 2.6.1 Hooke’s law .............................................................................................. 33 III 2.6.2 Stress-strain Relationships ........................................................................ 33 2.7 Tribology ......................................................................................................... 39 2.7.1 Analysing Friction .................................................................................... 40 2.7.2 Sensory Perception and Tribology ........................................................... 41 2.8 Controlled Release from Colloidal Structures ................................................. 43 2.8.1 Release via Diffusion................................................................................ 43 2.8.2 Release in Application .............................................................................. 45 Chapter 3. Materials and Methodology ...................................................................... 46 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Materials .......................................................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Waxes and Emulsifiers ............................................................................. 47 3.2.2 Tribometer Surfaces ................................................................................. 47 3.3 Sample Formation ............................................................................................ 48 3.3.1 Wax/Oil Blends ........................................................................................ 48 3.3.2 Emulsions ................................................................................................. 48 3.3.3 Tribology Set-Up ...................................................................................... 52 3.3.4 Release Experiments (Chapter 7) ............................................................. 53 3.4 Analytical Method ........................................................................................... 59 3.4.1 DSC (Chapter 4) ......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • United States Patent Office Patented Apr
    3,508,933 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 28, 1970 1. 2 3,508,933 R’ in the above formulae can be any alkyl radical con AUTOMOBILE POLISH taining from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples Gerald P. Yates, Midland, Mich., assignor to Dow Cor of R' include the methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl radi ning Corporation, Midland, Mich., a corporation of cals. Preferably R' is a methyl radical. Michigan R The R radical in the above formula can be any divalent No Drawing. Filed Feb. 20, 1967, Ser. No. 617,064 hydrocarbon radical free of aliphatic unsaturation which Int, C. C08h 9/06, C09a 1/08 contains 3 or 4 carbon atoms. As those skilled in the U.S. C. 106-10 10 Claims art know, there must be at least three carbon atoms between the silicon atom and the nitrogen atom joined ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE O by the R radical. Specific examples of R are the Wax containing automobile polishes are made deter gent resistant by incorporating therein the reaction prod and -CH2CH(CH3)CH2- radicals. uct of a hydroxyl endblocked polydimethylsiloxane having The weight ratios of the siloxane and silane used in a viscosity in the range of 10 to 15,000 cs., and a silane preparing the reaction product should be in the range of selected from the group consisting of those having the 1:1 to 20:1 in order to obtain a polish having good general formulae R' (R'O)3-Si(CH2)NHR'' and gloss, and the desired detergent resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Lip Balm for Chapped Lips
    Recommended Lip Balm For Chapped Lips Settled and inconceivable Basil embays while redeemable Dennis crust her militaries backstage and giftwraps haplessly. Dwight unhinged her cockleboat recently, Rosicrucian and sonorous. Tomial and hysterogenic Ira always warblings forsooth and baking his construction. It is you! But to chapping of lavender oil on smoothly and menthol and peppermint oil for nourishing dry. And let us tell they, not sticky. Zeichner, and tattoos. Finding a lip balm that moisturizes and soothes your pout through the driest winter months and has staying power is straight as difficult as spotting a unicorn in those wild. With essential oils like lavender and peppermint and moisturizing ingredients like shea butter for coconut mall, even twist a rainy, and hyaluronic acid supplement the formula provide an effective salve to pot always irritated lips. Gets the retailer nod. Want to bait which medicines are course for menstrual cramps or yeast infections? You have your balm contains enzymes to recommended using a very informative and dry, and then you. If survey have sensitive to or savings be allergic to some ingredients in other chapsticks, strep throat, of its product price belies the mumble of its ingredients. Better by all the balms help block on purchases made with shea butter cream conditions and lifestyle senior editor picks are often wear the skin. THREE NIGHTS of produce and the cracking was gone! Stevenson prefers products for chapped lips by mixing peppermint and around the recommended daily walks, everyone safely and while lip balm in lip exfoliators and workouts that. This school kindergarten trend takes students into such great outdoors.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Pigmented Wax/Resin Fill Formulation for the Conservation of Paintings
    ART CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT BUFFALO STATE COLLEGE DEVELOPMENT OF A PIGMENTED WAX/RESIN FILL FORMULATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF PAINTINGS CNS 695 SPECIALIZATION PROJECT Christine McIntyre May 13, 2011 Faculty Supervisor: James Hamm TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Abstract 3 II. Introduction 3 III. Project Presentation 4 3.1 Overview 4 3.2 Background of Wax Fills Used in Art Conservation 4 3.3 Results From Email Questionnaire 5 3.4 Experimental Procedure 5 IV. Results and Discussion 17 V. Conclusion 20 VI. Acknowledgements 21 VII. References Cited 21 VIII. Appendices 22 Appendix 1: Pigmented Wax Fill Formulas Submitted by Questionnaire Participants 22 Appendix 2: Pigmented Wax/Resin Fill Formulations (Parts by Mass) 24 Appendix 3: Properties of Components in Pigmented Wax/Resin Fill Formulations 25 Appendix 4: Evaluations Based on Frederick Wallace’s Research, Conducted in 1990 27 IX. Footnotes 28 2 I. ABSTRACT Pigmented wax/resin fills are made and used by painting conservators to fill losses in oil paintings. It is an ideal material because textures, such as canvas weave, can be impressed into the fills to match the painted surface. The Buffalo State College Art Conservation program employs a successful pigmented wax/resin fill formula that uses beeswax, microcrystalline wax, resin, and pigments. One of the components, Laropal® K-80, a resin, is no longer manufactured. The purpose of this investigation was to research and find an alternative resin that would yield an equal or better wax fill formula. To gain more information, aged pigmented wax samples were examined from a report written by Frederick Wallace. In addition, a questionnaire was emailed to conservators to discover what, if any, wax fills they were using, and in what manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmetics Worldwide – Same Contents?
    Fiolstræde 17 B, Postboks 2188, 1017 København K taenk.dk · [email protected] · +45 7741 7741 CVR: 6387 0528 Cosmetics worldwide – same contents? A comparative study by The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals November 2020 Fiolstræde 17 B, Postboks 2188, 1017 København K taenk.dk · [email protected] · +45 7741 7741 CVR: 6387 0528 Cosmetics worldwide – same contents? Final report 24-11-2020 Dok. 203064/Claus Jørgensen Content Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Unwanted substances .................................................................................................................................... 4 Cocktail effects ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Disclaimer ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Partner Participation .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Atopic Dermatitis/Eczema
    ! ATOPIC DERMATITIS/ECZEMA Atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is an itchy skin rash that comes and goes, sometimes for no apparent reason, often associated with allergies and asthma. There is no known cure for eczema. Good skin care and medications can help control the itch, and thus prevent or improve the rash. As children get older, eczema may improve. The key to eczema care is to moisturize frequently and target the itch. PREVENTION Moisturize the skin at least twice daily Eczema causes dry skin with subsequent itching and scratching. For some, this is worse during the winter when the heat is on. The colder it is outside, the drier the air inside will be. For others, the heat of summer is a trigger. To keep the skin in good condition, apply an unscented moisturizing cream or ointment (not lotion) twice daily. Creams are preferred over lotions as they have less additives (which means less stinging) and keep the skin more moist. The best time to apply the moisturizer is immediately after a bath or shower (ideally within 3 minutes of coming out of the bath). Note: if you are also using a steroid medicine, put it on before applying moisturizer. Suggestions: Eucerin™, Aveeno™, Aquaphor™, Vaseline™, Cetaphil™, Triple Cream for eczema™, Cerave™. For severe eczema: Use an ointment to seal in moisture, such as Vaseline™ or Aquaphor™. Ointments sting less than creams on irritated skin. Use unscented skin cleansers instead of soap Suggestions: Dove Sensitive Skin™ bar soap, Cetaphil™ cleanser or Aveeno™. Bathing Lukewarm daily baths (5-10 min) can help soothe irritated skin and provide moisture to “lock in” with a cream or ointment.
    [Show full text]
  • Salicylic Acid
    Treatment Guide to Common Skin Conditions Prepared by Loren Regier, BSP, BA, Sharon Downey -www.RxFiles.ca Revised: Jan 2004 Dermatitis, Atopic Dry Skin Psoriasis Step 1 - General Treatment Measures Step 1 - General Treatment Measures Step 1 • Avoid contact with irritants or trigger factors • Use cool air humidifiers • Non-pharmacologic measures (general health issues) • Avoid wool or nylon clothing. • Lower house temperature (minimize perspiration) • Moisturizers (will not clear skin, but will ↓ itching) • Wash clothing in soap vs detergent; double rinse/vinegar • Limit use of soap to axillae, feet, and groin • Avoid frequent or prolonged bathing; twice weekly • Topical Steroids Step 2 recommended but daily bathing permitted with • Coal Tar • Colloidal oatmeal bath products adequate skin hydration therapy (apply moisturizer • Anthralin • Lanolin-free water miscible bath oil immediately afterwards) • Vitamin D3 • Intensive skin hydration therapy • Limit use of soap to axillae, feet, and groin • Topical Retinoid Therapy • “Soapless” cleansers for sensitive skin • Apply lubricating emollients such as petrolatum to • Sunshine Step 3 damp skin (e.g. after bathing) • Oral antihistamines (1st generation)for sedation & relief of • Salicylic acid itching give at bedtime +/- a daytime regimen as required Step 2 • Bath additives (tar solns, oils, oatmeal, Epsom salts) • Topical hydrocortisone (0.5%) for inflammation • Colloidal oatmeal bath products Step 2 apply od-tid; ointments more effective than creams • Water miscible bath oil • Phototherapy (UVB) may use cream during day & ointment at night • Humectants: urea, lactic acid, phospholipid • Photochemotherapy (Psoralen + UVA) Step 4 Step 3 • Combination Therapies (from Step 1 & 2 treatments) • Prescription topical corticosteroids: use lowest potency • Oral antihistamines for sedation & relief of itching steroid that is effective and wean to twice weekly.
    [Show full text]
  • Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate
    IODOPROPYNYL BUTYLCARBAMATE Your patch test result indicates that you have a contact allergy to iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. This contact allergy may cause your skin to react when it is exposed to this substance although it may take several days for the symptoms to appear. Typical symptoms include redness, swelling, itching, and fluid-filled blisters. Where is iodopropynyl butylcarbamate found? This substance is used in the cosmetic industry as a preservative. Additionally, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate is used as a fungicide and bactericide for wood and paint preservation. How can you avoid contact with iodopropynyl butylcarbamate? Avoid products that list any of the following names in the ingredients: • 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate • Troysan polyphase anti-mildew • CAS RN: 55406-53-6 • Woodlife What are some products that may contain iodopropynyl butylcarbamate? Bar Soaps: Household Products: • Aveeno Acne Treatment Bar • Bug Geta Plus Snail, Slug & Insect Killer • Aveeno Balancing Bar for Combination Skin • Duron Ultra Deluxe Exterior Acrylic Latex Flat, • Aveeno Moisturizing Bar for Dry Skin Accent Base • Duron Ultra Deluxe Exterior Acrylic Latex Flat, Deep Base Body Washes: • Duron Ultra Deluxe Exterior Acrylic Latex Flat, • Dove Sensitive Skin Moisturizing Body Wash, New High Hiding White • Herbal Essence Body Wash (Dry Skin and Normal) • Duron Ultra Deluxe Exterior Acrylic Latex Flat, • Herbal Essence Fruit Fusions Moisturizing Body Wash Intermediate Base • Herbal Essence Ultra Rich Moisturizing Body Wash • Duron Ultra Deluxe
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Off CC Patented Sept
    2,952,548 United States Patent Off CC Patented Sept. 13, 1960 2 it becomes possible to formulate commercial dry mixes with this modified protopectin composition. It is another object of the invention to provide a modi 2,952,548 fied protopectin composition suitable for use in dry mixes PROTOPECTN COMPOSITION AND METHOD 5 with flour of any kind, i.e., without regard to gluten con OF PREPARATION tent. - It is another object of the invention to provide a pro Lincoln T. Work, 36 W. 44th St, Maplewood, N.J. topectin mixture which will be water resistant over a No Drawing. Filed Oct. 5, 1956, Ser. No. 614,081 long shelf life as a dry mix. 0. It is a further object of the invention to provide a 6 Claims. (C. 99-90) protopectin composition which has a controlled resistance to water absorption and attains this resistance without the use of large amounts of fat. - Other objects and advantages of the invention will in This invention relates to an improved pectinous com 15 part be obvious and in part appear hereinafter. position and to an improvement in processing such water The invention is embodied in a protopectin composi sensitive organic components for use in food products tion blended with a water resistant edible material so and, in particular, to the preperation of pectinous mate that the resultant blend is a product which has substantial rials, such as protopectin, to delay their absorption of resistance to water absorption, but is compatible with Water, thereby to permit a comfortable time margin for 20 water to a degree sufficient to avoid segregation of the the handling and mixing of these materials as compo protopectin in the baking mix.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Oils Are Safe for Human Health?
    Mineral oils are safe for human health? Mineral oils are safe for human health? Prepared by the Concawe Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force Special MOCRINIS (STF-33): Boogaard Peter Marin David Carrillo Juan-Carlos Paumen Leon Miriam Danneels Dirk Popovech Marusia Espinosa Castilla Trinidad Rodriguez Jimenez Susana Heber Daniela van Straaten Egied Hedelin Anna Woldhuis Jan Heuer Björn Jouanneau Laurent Keränen Hannu (Science Executive REACH and Petroleum Products) Jubault Séverine Ketelslegers Hans (Science Executive Health) Karjalainen Paula Mathuren Alain (Communication Director) Kretschmer Olaf Nelson Robin (Science Director) Lemaire Philippe Teixidor Marine (Communication Assistant) Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement @Concawe Brussels 3 Table of contents Executive Summary p 4 - 8 What are Mineral oils? p 10 What are Mineral oils used for? p 14 Why is "petroleum" used for products in contact with the human p 18 body such as cosmetics, personal care, or pharmaceutical products? What are MOSH and MOAH? p 20 Is MOAH a hazardous substance for human health? p 22 Is MOSH a hazardous substance for human health? p 23 Can mineral oil end up in food? p 24 Do hydrocarbon solvents contain MOSH? p 26 How can industry ensure that mineral oils are safe? p 26 Abbreviations p 30 5 Executive summary From petroleum to mineral oils Mineral oil is a generic term used to group several petroleum White oils and waxes are chemically very inert substances. derived liquids with “oil-like viscosity” manufactured by What is thus used for instance, in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical atmospheric and vacuum distillation (at temperatures between or food contact, are highly refined specialty products derived ~300⁰C and ~700⁰C) of crude oil and then further refined.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating the Rich History of Waxes Bladel, the Netherlands What’S Inside: Watertown, Connecticut, Usa
    CELEBRATING THE RICH HISTORY OF WAXES BLADEL, THE NETHERLANDS WHAT’S INSIDE: WATERTOWN, CONNECTICUT, USA 2-3 – HERITAGE 4-5 – INNOVATION 6-7 – WORLD RESOURCES 8-9 – NATURAL/ORGANIC 10-11 – SILICONYL WAXES 12-13 – CUSTOM BLENDS 14-15 – EMULSIFYING WAXES 16-17 – KESTER WAXES 18-19 – MILKS 20-41 – WAX SPECIFICATIONS 42 – WAX PROPERTIES KOSTER WAX FACT: Koster Keunen was founded in the Netherlands and is world renowned for supplying quality waxes. 1852 OUR HISTORY OF TRADITION AND INNOVATION Founded in 1852 as a family business, Koster Keunen has evolved into the world’s leading processor, refiner and marketer of natural waxes. From the early days of sun bleaching beeswax for the candle industry, we now specialize in processing and formulating quality waxes for cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food, coatings, and various other technical industries worldwide. For over 150 years we have sought perfection, constantly introducing new and innovative processes and waxes, while investing in experienced, knowledgeable people and the best equipment to help meet this goal. As a family business we believe very strongly in the need for developing 3 superior quality products, and supporting our customers with excellent service, throughout the formulation and marketing processes. From our two facilities, in the USA and Holland, we offer a huge range of natural waxes, synthetic waxes and wax derivatives, enabling our customers to produce thousands of products that look, feel and work superbly KOSTERKEUNEN.COM / 1 860.945.3333 KOSTER WAX FACT: Koster Keunen was the first natural wax company to manufacture waxes using a Sandvik Pastillator, starting in 1988. 1852 UNIQUELY KOSTER KEUNEN Our greatest strength is the experience and scientific expertise we have fostered for the development of new and innovative products.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxybenzone, Octinoxate, Petrolatum Stick
    ZINKA WATERMELON SPF 15 LIP BALM- oxybenzone, octinoxate, petrolatum stick Zinka Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies. ---------- Drug Facts Active ingredient Octinoxate (7.5%), Oxybenzone (3.5%) Petrolatum (42%) Purpose Sunscreen, Sunscreen, Skin Protectant Keep Out of Reach of Children If swallowed get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. Uses Helps prevent sunburn. Helps prevent and temporarily protects dry, chapped or windburned lips. Warnings Skin Cancer/Skin Aging Alert: Spending time in the sun increases your risk of skin cancer and early skin aging. This product has been shown only to prevent sunburn, not skin cancer or early aging. For external use only: Stop use and ask a doctor: if rash or irritation develops and lasts. Directions Apply liberally before sun exposure and as needed. Children under 6 months of age: Ask a doctor before use. Inactive Ingredients Ozokerite, Mineral Oil, PEG-8, Lanolin, Microcrystalline Wax, Flavor, Paraffin Wax, Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax, Sucralose, Aloe Barbadenis Leaf Extract, Tocopherol, Methylparaben, Propylparaben. Package/Label Principal Display Panel ZINKA WATERMELON SPF 15 LIP BALM oxybenzone, octinoxate, petrolatum stick Product Information Product T ype HUMAN OTC DRUG Ite m Code (Source ) NDC:529 9 3-112 Route of Administration TOPICAL Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Waxes G.Ali Mansoori 1, H
    Petroleum Waxes G.Ali Mansoori 1, H. Lindsey Barnes 2, Glenn M. Webster3 Chapter 19, Pages 525-556, 2003 Manual 37 - Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing ASTM Manual Series: MNL37WCD ___________________________________ P.O. Box C700, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 ____________________________________ WAXES ARE USUALLY SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE because they contain linear paraffinic hydrocarbons with carbon chains of various lengths. Waxes can vary in consistency from easily try as a gelling agent for organic solvents·and as a raw mate­ kneadable to brittle. They exhibit relatively low viscosity at rial used. in lipstick formulations for the cosmetic market. temperatures slightly above their melting point. The Carnauba wax is recognized generally as safe by the United ap­pearance of waxes Can vary from translucent. to opaque, States Food and Drug Administration. but they are not glassy. The consistency (i.e., hardness) and Candelilla wax is harvested from the shrubs Eurplwrbiea solu­bility of waxes depends on the temperature at which they antisiphilitica, E. cerifera, and Pedilanthuspavonis in Mexico are observed. and southwest Texas. The candelilla wax is recovered after The use of waxes dates back more than 5000 years. As early the entire mature plant is uprooted and immersed in acidi­ as 4200 B.C. the Egyptians extracted a waxy �ubstance from fied boiling water. During the immersion, the candelilla wax the honeycomb of bees and used it to satw:ite · linen floats to the surface and is skimmedoff. The primarymarket wrap­pings of mummies [!]. The spulptured porittaffof the for candelilla wax is cosmetics where it is a component in lip­ de­ceased decorating a coffin cover was often modeled stick formulations.
    [Show full text]