(Kalmia Microphylla) As a Stock-Poisoning Plant
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Mountain Laurel Or Rhododendron? Recreation Area Vol
U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service . Spanning the Gap The newsletter of Delaware Water Gap National Mountain Laurel or Rhododendron? Recreation Area Vol. 7 No. 2 Summer 1984 These two members of the plant kingdom are often confused. Especially before they blossom, they resemble each other with their bushy appearance and long, dark-green leaves. Both plants ARE shrubs, and they are often seen growing together. Another thing they have in common: although some species have not been proven dangerous, it is well to consider ALL members of the laurel- (Above) Rhodendron. rhododendron-azalea group of plants as potentially toxic. The rhododendron (rhododenron maximum) is undoubtedly the most conspicuous understory plant in the mountain forests of Pennsylvania. In ravines and hollows and along shaded watercourses it often grows so luxuriantly as to form almost impenetrable tangles. In June or early July, large clusters of showy blossoms, ranging from white to light rosy- pink, appear at the ends of the branchlets. People travel many miles to witness the magnificent show which is provided by the rhododendron at flowering time. In the southern Appalachians the plant grows much larger than it ordinarily does in this area, often becoming a tree 25 feet or more in height. The dense thickets of rhododendron in the stream valleys and on the lower slopes of our mountains are favorite yarding grounds for deer when the Rhodendron. snows become deep in the wintertime. The dark- green, leathery leaves react to subfreezing temperatures by bending downward and rolling into a tight coil. Although the shrub is often browsed to excess, it has little or no nutritional value. -
Apn80: Northern Spruce
ACID PEATLAND SYSTEM APn80 Northern Floristic Region Northern Spruce Bog Black spruce–dominated peatlands on deep peat. Canopy is often sparse, with stunted trees. Understory is dominated by ericaceous shrubs and fine- leaved graminoids on high Sphagnum hummocks. Vegetation Structure & Composition Description is based on summary of vascular plant data from 84 plots (relevés) and bryophyte data from 17 plots. l Moss layer consists of a carpet of Sphag- num with moderately high hummocks, usually surrounding tree bases, and weakly developed hollows. S. magellanicum dominates hum- mocks, with S. angustifolium present in hollows. High hummocks of S. fuscum may be present, although they are less frequent than in open bogs and poor fens. Pleurozium schre- beri is often very abundant and forms large mats covering drier mounds in shaded sites. Dicranum species are commonly interspersed within the Pleurozium mats. l Forb cover is minimal, and may include three-leaved false Solomon’s seal (Smilacina trifolia) and round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). l Graminoid cover is 5-25%. Fine-leaved graminoids are most important and include three-fruited bog sedge (Carex trisperma) and tussock cottongrass (Eriophorum vagi- natum). l Low-shrub layer is prominent and dominated by ericaceous shrubs, particularly Lab- rador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), which often has >25% cover. Other ericads include bog laurel (Kalmia polifolia), small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata). Understory trees are limited to scattered black spruce. l Canopy is dominated by black spruce. Trees are usually stunted (<30ft [10m] tall) with 25-75% cover . Some sites have scattered tamaracks in addition to black spruce. -
Kalmia Procumbens (L.) Gift & Kron Synonym: Loiseleuria Procumbens (L.) Desv
Kalmia procumbens (L.) Gift & Kron synonym: Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. alpine azalea Ericaceae - heath family status: State Threatened, BLM sensitive, USFS sensitive rank: G5 / S1 General Description: Adapted from Douglas et al. (1998-2002): A diffusely branched, dwarf evergreen shrub, trailing on the ground without rooting at the nodes. Stems 5-30 cm long, hairless or minutely hairy. Leaves with partially clasping stalks, opposite; blades leathery, bright green, narrowly elliptic, 3-8 x 1-3 mm, hairless above, short hairs below, with revolute margins. Floral Characteristics: Flowers 2-6, light to deep pink, clustered in axils of upper stem leaves, erect on short stalks 1-10 mm long, straight or curved. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 4-5 mm long. Calyx red, 1.5-2.5 mm long, hairless, persistent. Stamens 5, anthers unawned, opening full length by slits. Fruits: Ovoid capsules 3-5 x 2-3 mm. Identifiable July to August. Identification Tips: Phyllodoce species are closely related to Kalmia, but they have alternate, linear leaves 6-16 mm long, usually 10 stamens, and anthers that open by two terminal pores. Cassiope species have smaller leaves (less than 5 mm long) lacking revolute margins, awned anthers that open by terminal pores, and usually nodding flowers. K. procumbens differs from K. microphylla (two varieties occur in Washington) in having capsules with 2-3 chambers, smaller petals ( 3-5 mm vs. 7-9 mm) cleft half their length, and 5 stamens. K. © Margaret Williams microphylla has capsules with 5 chambers, petals that are only shallowly cleft, and 10 stamens. Range: Circumpolar. -
Chapter 5: Vegetation of Sphagnum-Dominated Peatlands
CHAPTER 5: VEGETATION OF SPHAGNUM-DOMINATED PEATLANDS As discussed in the previous chapters, peatland ecosystems have unique chemical, physical, and biological properties that have given rise to equally unique plant communities. As indicated in Chapter 1, extensive literature exists on the classification, description, and ecology of peatland ecosystems in Europe, the northeastern United States, Canada, and the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the references cited in Chapter 1, there is some other relatively recent literature on peatlands (Verhoeven 1992; Heinselman 1963, 1970; Chadde et al., 1998). Except for efforts on the classification and ecology of peatlands in British Columbia by the National Wetlands Working Group (1988), the Burns Bog Ecosystem Review (Hebda et al. 2000), and the preliminary classification of native, low elevation, freshwater vegetation in western Washington (Kunze 1994), scant information exists on peatlands within the more temperate lowland or maritime climates of the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia). 5.1 Introduction There are a number of classification schemes and many different peatland types, but most use vegetation in addition to hydrology, chemistry and topological characteristics to differentiate among peatlands. The subject of this report are acidic peatlands that support acidophilic (acid-loving) and xerophytic vegetation, such as Sphagnum mosses and ericaceous shrubs. Ecosystems in Washington state appear to represent a mosaic of vegetation communities at various stages of succession and are herein referred to collectively as Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Although there has been some recognition of the unique ecological and societal values of peatlands in Washington, a statewide classification scheme has not been formally adopted or widely recognized in the scientific community. -
(Kalmia Latifolia) and Sheep Laurel
2 5 I~ IIIiI2.8 2 5 :; ""I 2.8 11111_ . 11111 . 1.0 1.0 Ii.': '= w~ ~I"~ w~ III"~ .2 L:: I~ L:: ~J~ I:.:: I:.:: ~ g~ 2.0 ~ I~ '- " '"'- " 1.1 ...... u 1.1 1jJL;.1,.\. - --- - 111111.8 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS·1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU or STANDAROS·1963·A v -~========~ In~;rrm;rrE'CH~IIc.<IL BULLETIN No.. 219. ~ . DECEM.lIER, 19.'\0 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE \VASHINGTON, D. C. ~/IOUNTAIN-LAUREL (KAL1vIIA LATIFOLIA) AND SHEEP LAUREL (KAL~UA ANGcSTIFOLIA) AS STOCK-POISONING PLANTS By C. DWIGHT MARSH, Associate Physiologi<ltill C)lurgc of IIl1:('.~figatioll.~ Of Stock PoisOning by Plants, H1l(1 A. B. CLAWSON. Associate PlIY8iologist, Path. ologwal Di1/i.sion, BlIrC(llI, of Animal IlIdll,~try ~ t-= ~ l:i CO~TEXTS !'! c -' > rnl,",' Page !:! a: Introduction•••••, ......................... I . Discussion anel general conclusions-C'ontd. .l !-Description nnd blstory............... _.,' 1 Time [rom feeding to appearance of to:: Ul Kalmialntifolin...................... I sympto~_....................._...... 15 ~ K~IUli:l angustifoli!l.......... :1 Dumtionofslckness............ ...... 16 .. Z Expenmcntnl work........,"". ,( Remedies.... __ •_____ ................... IS ',~ - KolminlntiColia........ ... c!i Kalrn in nngustifolin.. '''",, __ , Animalsnlfccled by the plants.......... to lU 20 G hi Discussion and geneml conclusions.. Conditionsunderwhich pofsoningoccurs. ., (j Symptoms.......... .... __ ' . I:? . PoL>onin!;by ilel'h oennfmnls which have 1~ : eaten Kalmia......._.............__ ... :?O Z .. Z ~ficroscopiechnn!(esinnniruul ti~sllcS 12 I >'ummnry•.,. __ .............................. ~Q '(!:! Toxic nn'llcrhal dosage................. 11 • Literatllre cIted......__ ._.......__ •••••••••• :?t ~1 0 I') III ..: INTRODUCTION I{ahnia 7atifo7ia and g. -
Kalmia Latifolia Family: Ericaceae Mountain Laurel
Kalmia latifolia Family: Ericaceae Mountain Laurel The genus Kalmia contains about 7 species native to North America. Mountain Laurel is the only species that attains tree size, the other six are shrubs. The genus Kalmia was dedicated by Linnaeus to his student Peter Kalm (1716-1779), Swedish botanist who traveled and collected in Canada and eastern United States. Kalmia latifolia-American Briar, American Laurel, Big Leaved Ivy, Burl Laurel, Calico Bush, Calico-flower, Calico-tree, Ivy, Ivy Bush, Ivy Leaf Laurel, Ivywood, Kalmia, Lambkill, Laurel, Laurelwood, Mountain, Mountain Ivy, Pale Laurel, Poison Ivy, Poison Laurel, Root Laurel, Sheep Laurel, Small Laurel, Spoonwood, Wicky Distribution Southeast Maine west to New York, Ohio and southern Indiana south to western Tennessee, eastern Mississippi and southeast Louisiana east to northern Florida and Georgia. The Tree Mountain Laurel is a large shrub, occasionally reaching tree size (reaching 40 feet tall & 2 feet in diameter) in the eastern US. The leaves, buds, flowers and fruits are poisonous to humans and cattle, but not to indigenous wildlife such as deer. It has leathery, evergreen leaves and very showy flower clusters, making it a favorite plant for ornamental purposes. It prefers acid soils from lowlands to 4,000 feet elevations. It grows in association with oaks, tulip poplar, beech, sugar maple, white pine and sourwood. The Wood General The wood of Mountain Laurel is heavy, hard, strong but rather brittle, with a close, straight grain. It has a light yellow sapwood and a yellow brown heartwood, spotted with red. Mechanical Propertiesa,b (2-inch standard) Compression Specific MOE MOR Parallel Perpendicular WMLa Hardness Shear gravity GPa MPa MPa MPa kJ/m3 N MPa Green 0.62 6.34 57.9 29.7 7.65 86 5,782 11.51 Dry 0.68 8.27 76.5 40.2 12.55 71 7,962 – aWML = Work to maximum load. -
© 2014 Alicia N. Shenko ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2014 Alicia N. Shenko ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE INFLUENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS ON SUCCESSION AND RESTORATION OF POST-AGRICULTURAL WETLANDS By ALICIA NICOLE SHENKO A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution written under the direction of Dr. Rebecca C. Jordan and approved by ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Influence of Small Mammals on Succession and Restoration of Post-Agricultural Wetlands by ALICIA NICOLE SHENKO Dissertation Director: Dr. Rebecca C. Jordan Advancements in modern industry and technology are creating an abundance of post-agricultural lands that are in need of skilled restoration efforts to manage the confluence of factors involved with whole-ecosystem functioning. The influence of small mammals in succession and restoration has been undervalued in traditional restoration studies. This study uses post-agricultural cranberry farms to help answer questions surrounding the role of small mammals in their succession and restoration. The first chapter investigates those species inhabiting post-agricultural wetlands and how they compare to more natural species assemblages in reference locations. Meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were the most abundant species present and had a strong correlation to post-agricultural sites with wet habitat characteristics; the second-most abundant species present, white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), had a strong correlation to sites with dry characteristics. Post-agricultural wetlands were more similar to each other than to any more natural reference locations. -
Woody Plant Propagation Via Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings
Woody Plant Propagation Via Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings Jim Schmidt - NCBG Native Plant Certificate Candidate What are Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings? • Veg. Prop vs. Seed Grown • Types of Cuttings (soft, semi, hard) • Dormant? WHY DORMANT CUTTINGS? • Take advantage of slow period at the garden • Reduce summer workload • Reduce production time by speeding up rooting and subsequent growth HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THIS? • Select Species/Cultivars • Select Rooting Medium • Select Rooting Hormone(s) • Take Cuttings • Stick Cuttings • Place Cuttings in a Rooting Chamber • Transplant Rooted Cuttings Step 1: Select Cuttings – 30 Species/Cultivars were selected • 17 Broadleaf Evergreens Agarista populifolia Ilex opaca ‘Maryland Dwarf’ Leucothoe axillaris Ilex glabra (red tip) Ilex x attenuata Leucothoe racemosa ‘Greenleaf’ or ‘Topel’ Ilex glabra ‘Shamrock’ Illicium floridanum Lyonia lucida Ilex myrtifolia Kalmia carolinianum Magnolia virginiana var. virginiana Ilex opaca Kalmia latifolia Myrica cerifera Ilex opaca ‘Croonenberg’ Osmanthus americanus Step 1: Select Cuttings (Cont.) – 30 Species/Cultivars were selected • 13 Deciduous species Aronia arbutifolia Hydrangea quercifolia Quercus michauxii ‘Snow Queen” Cyrilla parviflora Hypericum frondosum Quercus minima Cyrilla racemiflora Itea virginica Rhus aromatica ‘Saturnalia’ Euonymous americana Quercus lyrata Viburnum rafinesquianum Hydrangea quercifolia Selection Basis – Availability of Physiologically Suitable Plants • Stock plants in future – Reported success in the literature (Dirr, etc…) -
A Critical Taxonomic Checklist of Carpinus and Ostrya (Coryloideae, Betulaceae)
© European Journal of Taxonomy; download unter http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu; www.zobodat.at European Journal of Taxonomy 375: 1–52 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.375 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Holstein N. & Weigend M. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph No taxon left behind? – a critical taxonomic checklist of Carpinus and Ostrya (Coryloideae, Betulaceae) Norbert HOLSTEIN 1,* & Maximilian WEIGEND 2 1,2 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] Abstract. Hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya) are trees or large shrubs from the northern hemisphere. Currently, 43 species of Carpinus (58 taxa including subdivisions) and 8 species of Ostrya (9 taxa including sudivisions) are recognized. These are based on 175 (plus 16 Latin basionyms of cultivars) and 21 legitimate basionyms, respectively. We present an updated checklist with publication details and type information for all accepted names and the vast majority of synonyms of Carpinus and Ostrya, including the designation of 54 lectotypes and two neotypes. Cultivars are listed if validly described under the rules of the ICN. Furthermore, we consider Carpinus hwai Hu & W.C.Cheng to be a synonym of Carpinus fargesiana var. ovalifolia (H.J.P.Winkl.) Holstein & Weigend comb. nov. During the course of our work, we found 30 legitimate basionyms of non-cultivars that have been consistently overlooked since their original descriptions, when compared with the latest checklists and fl oristic treatments. As regional fl oras are highly important for taxonomic practice, we investigated the number of overlooked names and found that 78 basionyms were omitted at least once in the eight regional treatments surveyed. -
Northfield Open Space and Recreation Plan 2021 – 2028
FINAL DRAFT NORTHFIELD OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PLAN 2021 – 2028 FINAL DRAFT Prepared by the Northfield Open Space Committee with assistance from the Franklin Regional Council of Governments This project was funded by a Direct Local Technical Assistance Grant provided by the Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development FINAL DRAFT TOWN OF NORTHFIELD OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PLAN 2021 – 2028 Prepared by the Northfield Open Space Committee (OSC): Julia Blyth, Chair Joanne McGee Jerry Wagener Jennifer Tufts Robin Conley Susan Space With technical assistance provided by the Franklin Regional Council of Governments Planning Department Peggy Sloan, Planning Director Kimberly Noake MacPhee, Land Use and Natural Resources Program Manager Helena Farrell, Land Use and Natural Resources Planner Ryan Clary, Senior GIS Specialist Tamsin Flanders, Planning Intern This project was funded by a Direct Local Technical Assistance Grant provided by the Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 – Plan Summary……………………………………….………………1-1 Section 2 – Introduction………………………………………………………….2-1 A. Statement of Purpose.…………………………………………………………….……..2-1 B. Planning Process and Public Participation.………………………………………….….2-2 Section 3 – Community Setting………………………………………………….3-1 A. Regional Context…………………………………………………………………..……3-1 B. History of the Community………………………………………………………………3-9 C. Population Characteristics……………………………………………………...……...3-13 D. Growth and Development Patterns……………………………………………...……..3-20 Section -
Acadian-Appalachian Alpine Tundra
Acadian-Appalachian Alpine Tundra Macrogroup: Alpine yourStateNatural Heritage Ecologist for more information about this habitat. This is modeledmap a distributiononbased current and is data nota substitute for field inventory. based Contact © Josh Royte (The Nature Conservancy, Maine) Description: A sparsely vegetated system near or above treeline in the Northern Appalachian Mountains, dominated by lichens, dwarf-shrubland, and sedges. At the highest elevations, the dominant plants are dwarf heaths such as alpine bilberry and cushion-plants such as diapensia. Bigelow’s sedge is characteristic. Wetland depressions, such as small alpine bogs and rare sloping fens, may be found within the surrounding upland matrix. In the lower subalpine zone, deciduous shrubs such as nannyberry provide cover in somewhat protected areas; dwarf heaths including crowberry, Labrador tea, sheep laurel, and lowbush blueberry, are typical. Nearer treeline, spruce and fir that State Distribution: ME, NH, NY, VT have become progressively more stunted as exposure increases may form nearly impenetrable krummholz. Total Habitat Acreage: 8,185 Ecological Setting and Natural Processes: Percent Conserved: 98.1% High winds, snow and ice, cloud-cover fog, and intense State State GAP 1&2 GAP 3 Unsecured summer sun exposure are common and control ecosystem State Habitat % Acreage (acres) (acres) (acres) dynamics. Found mostly above 4000' in the northern part of NH 51% 4,160 4,126 0 34 our region, alpine tundra may also occur in small patches on ME 44% 3,624 2,510 1,082 33 lower ridgelines and summits and at lower elevations near the Atlantic coast. NY 3% 285 194 0 91 VT 1% 115 115 0 0 Similar Habitat Types: Acadian-Appalachian Montane Spruce-Fir-Hardwood Forests typically occur downslope. -
Vegetation of the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. USDA United States Department of Agriculture Vegetation of the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 Experiments Site Research Paper RMRS-RP-1 Claudia M. Regan Robert C. Musselman June D. Haines Abstract Regan, Claudia M., Robert C. Musselman, and June D. Haines. 1997. Vegetation of the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site. Research Paper. RMRS-RP-1. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky.Mountain Research Station. 36 p. Vegetation at the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiment Site, a 600 ha research site at 3200 to 3500 m elevation in the Snowy Range of southeastern Wyoming, was categorized and described from an intensive sampling of species abundances. A total of 304 vascular plant taxa were identified through collection and herbarium documentation. Plots with tree species were separated from those without tree species for ordination and classification analyses. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to order plots along major axes of composition variation, which are inferred moisture and topographic gradients. Cluster analysis was used to categorize plots based on composition similarity. The resulting groups were named according to species dominants. We identified and described in detail 4 meadow, 4 thicket or scrub, 3 krummholz, and 2 forest plant associations. Key words: alpine vegetation, subalpine vegetation, plant associations, cluster analysis, floristics, Wyoming, Snowy Range, Medicine Bow Mountains The Authors Claudia M. Regan was an ecologist at the Rocky Mountain ~esearchStation. Robert C.