CHANGES IN THE MARSH AND AQUATIC VASCULAR FLORA OF EAST HARBOR STATE PARK, OTTAWA COUNTY, OHIO, SINCE 18951

DAVID L. MOORE, Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Abstract. Numerous changes in the marsh and aquatic flora of East Harbor State Park have occurred since 1895. Of the 89 collected and identified before 1900, 22 are no longer present. This represents a loss of approximately 25% of the species originally reported by Moseley (1899) and Pieters (1901). The species lost would rise to 42%, if those species formerly abundant, but now rare, or occurring as one or two small, isolated populations disappear. Probable causes for these changes are wind and water erosion, fluctuating water levels, dredging, establishment and spread of species new to the park, and increase or decrease in abundance of species already present. OHIO J. SCI. 76(2): 78, 1976.

Since it was purchased in 1946 as a These sites were visited at two week intervals from June to August 1972, with additional col- site for an outdoor recreational facility, lections in April, May, September, and October. East Harbor State Park has undergone specimens representing all the vascular both natural and artificial changes. The taxa present were collected by traversing the park is located on the south shore of Lake study sites on foot in paths parallel to the shore- line of both Middle and East Harbor, until the Erie, 81 miles west of Cleveland and 45 entire study site had been covered. The water miles east of Toledo, near Sandusky, at surfaces of study sites III, IV, V, and VI were the junction of State Routes 163 and 269 surveyed by canoe. A drag hook was employed in Danbury Township, Ottawa County, to sample the submersed aquatics. Two aerial photo flights were used to map the study sites Ohio (fig. 1). The site is an extensive and shoreline as well as to plot large communi- sand beach behind which is swamp, ties of aquatics. Voucher specimens were woods, marsh, and open water. The dried, mounted, and deposited at the Ohio water portions are divided by a causeway State University Herbarium after identification was completed. Pieters (1901), Moseley (1899), into East and Middle Harbors, although and 14 other investigators (see Moore, 1973) a seven foot culvert permits mixing of the had studied the same area and their data was water masses. used for comparison with my own study. An Pieters' (1901) enumeration and de- analytical list of collected species appears as scription of the present at East table 2. Harbor provide a reference point from which to judge the changes occurring RESULTS AND DISCUSSION there since 1898. The following year, The park lies at the extreme eastern Moseley (1899) published a catalogue end of the Prairie Peninsula (Transeau, of the flowering plants and ferns growing 1935) just beyond the northeastern ex- in Erie County and the islands and pen- tremity of the Mississippi embayment insula of Ottawa County. These two (Gleason, 1922), and exhibits an as- papers provide a basis for estimating semblage of plant species with western floristic changes at East Harbor since and southern geographic distributions 1895. not seen at the eastern end of Lake Erie. Moseley (1899) discusses the unique METHODS floristic diversity seen in the Sandusky Eleven study sites (table 1) were selected for region (of which East Harbor is an in- study, including most of the park area where tegral part), noting that, "the region vascular marsh or aquatic plants occurred. contains 305 native plants not known to Manuscript received October 14, 1975, and grow within fifty miles of Buffalo which in revised form February 12, 1976 (#75-60). lies at the eastern end of Lake Erie: The 78 No. 2 CHANGES IN EAST HARBOR VASCULAR FLORA 79

1972

MIDDLE HARBOR

LAKE ERIE

LAKE ERIE

EAST HARBOR

to Lakeside - Marblehead S.R.163

FIGURE 1. Outline map of East Harbor Area. Stippled areas are study sites as labeled, except for study site III which includes the open water of Middle Harbor, and study site VI which includes the shallow water and shoreline adjacent to West Harbor (Drawn from aerial photos, 1972). 80 DAVID L. MOORE Vol. 76 lake's shore and marshes furnish quite a Stabilization of the plant communities number of species not found in the in- is intimately associated with fluctuating terior of the state . . . Owing to the water levels and, in low water years, ex- long summer enjoyed by places situated tensive mudflats were available where on the south shore of Lake Erie, many propagules of emersed species colonized. plants grow here which are not found In high water years, the abundance of farther north . . . quite a number of typical mudflat species was reduced, species appear to reach their eastern concomitant with decreased available limit." He lists some 80 species of habitat space. Occasionally floating mats which only 25 were recorded at East developed with communities of Harbor, in this study. cor data, Sagittaria latifolia, spp., In the spring of 1945, causeway con- Polygonum spp., Rorippa paulstris, and struction made Middle Harbor a land- Cardamine spp., Car ex spp., Scirpus spp., locked lake. An unusually large number and grasses. Erosion has become a seri- of carp were confined within the harbor ous problem within the harbor area be- since this was the height of the spawning cause of high water, and power boats season (Anderson, 1950). Their feeding contribute to increased turbulence of the habits effected an almost complete loss of water in the shallower margins and cause Myriophyllum exalbescens, flexilis, disturbances of the shoreline. crispus, P. foliosus, P. na- Some emersed species that were re- tans, P. pusillus, P. richardsonii, and P. ported by Pieters (1901) as abundant zosteriformis. Vallisneria americana was are now considerably reduced in abun- absent. Prior to 1945 vigorous growth dance or are quite rare. Examples are of Vallisneria americana was reported Eleocharis smallii, Justicia americana, along with Potamogeton pectinalus, My- Nelumbo lutea, Nuphar advena, Phrag- riophyllum exalbescens, and Scirpus vali- mites australis, Pontederia miles auslralis, dus. In October, 1948 rotenone was Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia, sprayed on Middle Harbor's 250 acres in Sagittaria rigida, Scirpus acutus, and a effort to reduce the excessive carp popu- Typha latifolia. Certain pioneer species lation (Wier and Starr, 1950). After of open areas on mudflats, which were spraying, a semiqualitative survey of rare in Pieters' time, are still rare or have plant species abundance was taken in even disappeared. Among these are September, 1949 (Anderson, 1950). The Ammannia coccinea, A triplex patula, Bol- most noticeable change was in the clarity tonia asteroides, Leucospora multifida, of the water. In one year Potamogeton Sagittaria graminea, Scirpus smithii, and pectinatus increased to about 28% dry Scirpus torreyi. Rooted submersed or weight of the sampling. About 6000 floating-leaved species which are now Vallisneria americana tubers were planted rare or absent include: in April, 1949 by park personnel, and by Elodea canadensis the time the survey was taken in Sep- Heteranthera dubia tember, substantial growth of these Megalodonta beckii plants had taken place. This growth of V. americana, however, was not as pro- Nymphaea tuberosa lific as in other areas of the park and Potamogeton amplifolius exhibited only rare seed production. Myriophyllum exalbescens increased only Potamogeton illinoensis to about 5% of the sampling, but today Potamogeton natans Potamogeton nodosus is one of the community dominants. Najas flexilis was reported as quite rare, Potamogeton richardsonii and and N. minor com- Potamogeton robinsii posed 2% of the sampling (Anderson, Potamogeton zosteriformis 1950). No significant change in the Ranunculus longirostris amount of Potamogeton crispus was ob- Zannichellia palustris served, but it now shares commun- The reduction in the populations of many ity dominance with Myriophyllum of these species was most likely caused by exalbescens. the dredging of the harbor, resulting in No. 2 CHANGES IN EAST HARBOR VASCULAR FLORA 81 increased turbidity of the water, loss of of the Ohio State University, from his ex- suitable habitats, and increased use of tensive field experience. the area by man. Typha latifolia was the only cattail During the first season following dredg- noted in East Harbor by Pieters (1901). ing, 1968, the mudflat was photographed T. angustifolia was listed by Moseley and a record of the flora made by Dr. (1899) as scarce, occurring in the Castalia Ronald L. Stuckey and Mr. Alan Wentz stream, Portage River, and on North Bass of the Ohio State University. They Island, as opposed to the common occur- noted a total of 93 species (denoted by a rence of T. latifolia in the Sandusky area. t in table 2). By the summer of 1972, In 1972 only a few isolated colonies of the number had dropped to 73, a loss of T. latifolia at East Harbor State Park 21.4% of the species noted in 1968. If were found, three of which were in tem- rare species occurring in only one or two porary ponds behind the crushed rock- small populations are included, the loss fill in study site I. Conversely, T. would rise to 40% reflecting inundation angustifolia is dominant throughout study of nearly half of the mudflat because of sites II, IV, Va, Vb, VI, VII, VIII, and the high water in 1969 and subsequent XI (table 1). years, placement of crushed rockfill along Since 1900, several non-indigenous spe- the harbor shoreline resulting in the loss cies have become established and are of suitable shoreline habitat, and gradual spreading in the park. Among these are: invasion or expansion of the areas oc- Butomus umbellatus cupied by species such as Typha an- Echinochloa walteri guslifolia, Populus deltoides, Salix in- Epilobium hirsutum Lycopus asper terior, and 6". nigra. However, 26 addi- Lycopus europaeus tional species had invaded the mudflat Lysimachia numularia by 1972. Ly thrum salicaria The marsh at the southwest end of the causeway (study site X) has been greatly Potamogeton crispus reduced, both directly and indirectly, by Solatium dulcamara dredging, since exposure to wave action Bulomus umbellatus, first reported by and higher water levels restricts the Core (1949) and subsequently by Stuckey growth of Typha angustifolia. By the (1968), has become more common as fall of 1974 only a tiny portion of this have Lycopus europaeus (Stuckey and marsh remained. Similar observations Phillips, 1970) and Epilobium hirsutum have been made by Dr. Milton Trautman (Stuckey, 1970). Other species that

TABLE 1 Description and Code of Study Sites in East Harbor State Park

Study Table 2 Site Code Description

I a Original sand beach area south of causeway, and all filled area created when East Harbor was dredged (1967-68). II b Shallow (2 meters), sandy bottom pond at south end of beach area. III c Open water surface of Middle Harbor excluding shoreline. IV d Pond with dense vegetation and separated from Middle Harbor by a narrow dike; surrounded by trees. Va e Dike-enclosed marsh and pond with sparse floating and submersed aquatic plants. Vb f Small pond near park exit road; usually densely filled with emersed aquatic plants. VI g Shallow marsh and shoreline separated from West Harbor by a narrow roadway and earthen dike; extensive emersed aquatic vegetation in low wTater years. VII-IX h Shoreline and shallow portions of Middle Harbor. X i Cattail marsh with large populations of Cyperacea and Juncacea. XI j Small marsh (240 square meters) behind public boat launch facility. k Refers to species occurring in more than four of the above study sites. 82 DAVID L. MOORE Vol. 70 have been seen or reported in isolated marsh plants growing along or within the locations but do not appear to be spread- channels and adjacent shores of the en- ing are Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cheno- trance to the harbor. Edwin L. Moseley's podium glaucum, Najas marina, Rorippa (1899) collections and citations include sylvestris, and Rumex maritimus. 79 species for the harbor area. The The pond in study site II is floristically combination of these two collectors' ob- unique. Heavy waves deposit debris and servations and records provide a base of propagules, and the site has some of the 89 different species, with which we com- non-indigenous species including Butomus pare the work of subsequent collectors umbellatus, Epilobium hirsutum, Lysi- and my 1972 study (table 2). Of the 89 machia numularia, Lythrum salicaria, species noted above, 22 are no longer and Rorippa sylvestris. With the drier present. This loss represents 25% of the summer, a widening sandy mudflat pro- species originally reported by Moseley vides suitable habitat for numerous mud- and Pieters. The percentage of species flat species including: lost would rise to 42% of those species Boltonia asterioides originally reported if those species which Eleocharis olivacea were formerly more abundant, but are Cyperus diandrus now rare as a single small population or Lysimachia quadrifolia Lycopus asper as one or two small, isolated populations Lycopus europaeus are included. This substantial reduction Juncus balticus or loss in species has probably come Juncus alphinus about by the dramatic changes that have Lophotocarpus calycinus occurred in the aquatic habitats at East Cyperus engelmannii. Harbor State Park. When Adrian J. Pieters described East Harbor at the turn of the century, he The disappearance of particular hydro- referred to 49 species of aquatic and phytes, occurrence of species new to the

TABLE 2 Aquatic vascular plants from East Harbor State Park based on Moore (1973) and compared with previous studies.1

Before Before Taxa 1971* 1972** Taxa 1971* 1972**

Typhaceae ^Potamogeton pectinatus L. 1A3C45A Ak iTypha angustifolia L. 4A5A Ag Potamogeton perfoliatus L. 12A B Typha latifolia L. 1A2A5R Ra Potamogeton pusillus L. 1R2A34R B Sparganiaceae ^Potamogeton richardsonii 1A2A3A B \Sparganium. eurycarpum 235C Ak (Ar. Benn.) Rydb. 4C5R Engelm. Potamogeton robinsii 1R B Oakes Potamogeton amplifolius 1R B Potamogeton zosteriformis 1C2C3 Ra Tuckerm. Fern. 4C tPotamogeton crispus L. 3C45C Ak Zannichelliaceae \P otamogeton joliosus Raf. 24R5R Cab 'fZannichellia palustris L. 34R5R B Potamogeton gramineus L. 1 B Najadaceae

*'Earlier Collectors Relative A bundance **See table 1 for lower case let- 1—Pieters (1901) A—Abundant ter code of study sites. 2—Moseley (1899) B—Absent 3—Core (1937-1949) C—Common 4—Others (1904-1950) O—Occasional 5—Stuckey (1968-1971) R—Rare N—No record given irrhe complete synonomy is not included in this list, but may be obtained from Moore (1973, pp. 155-167). fPlants occurring on the mudflat during the 1968-1969 season as listed in the field notebooks of Ronald L. Stuckey and W. Allan Wcntz. These plants are discussed in Moore (1973). No. 2 CHANGES IN EAST HARBOR VASCULAR FLORA 83

TABLE 2. Continued.

Before Before Taxa 1971* 1972** Taxa 1971* 1972*

] Najas flexilis (Willd.) 12 A3 Ra Carex muskingumensis 2R Rostk. & Schmidt 4R5R Schw. Najas guadalupensis 120 B Carex stipata Muhl. 2A Ck (Spreng.) Magnus Carex vulpinoidea Michx. N Ck Najas marina L. 4 B ] Cyperus diandrus Torr. 2A5O Ck tNajas minor All. 4A5C Cabe \Cyperus engelmannii 5R Cah Alismataceae 'Steud. \Alisma plantago- 2A35A Ak f Cyperus erythrorhizos 5R Cabd aquatica L. 'Muhl. jLophotocarpus calycinus 25R Ak f Cyperus esculentus L. 5C Ch ^ (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. f Cyperus ferrunginescens 5C Ck Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon 50 B Boeckl. Sagittaria graminea 1 B f Cyperus rivularis Kunth. 45C Ak Sheldon f Cyperus strigosus L. 2A5C Ck tSagittaria latifolia Willd. 12 A3 Ak \ Eleocharis erythropoda 5C Cah fSagittaria rigida Pursh 123 Ra Steud. 45R ^Eleocharis obtusa 5A Cagh Butomaceae (Willd.) Schultes \Butomus umbellatus L. 45C Ck Eleocharis olivacea Torr. 5R Rb Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) N Ck Elodea canadensis Michx. 1A2A3A Ri R. & S. f Vallisneria americana 12 A3 A Ak tEleocharis smallii Britt. 50 Cab Michx. 45R ]Scirpus acutus Muhl. 345C Ck Gramineae ^Scirpus americanus Pers. 12A35C Ok | Calamagrostis canadensis 134 Ck Scirpus atrovirens Willd. 12A Ck (Michx.) Nutt. 5C ] Scirpus cyperinus (L.) 5R Rj \Enchinochloa crusgalli 5C Ok Kunth. (L.) Beauv. tScirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) 12A4 Ak Echinochloa pungens N Ok Gray 5C (Poir.) Rydb. Scirpus pendulus Vahl. N Rj \Echinochloa walteri 45C Ck ^Scirpus smithii Gray 2 B (Pursh) Nash Scirpus torreyi Olney 2 B Eragrostis hypnoides N Ck ^Scirpus validus Vahl. 45C Ck (Lam.) BSP. juncaceae Glyceria striata (Lam.) N Ck ] Juncus alpinus Vill. 5C Ck Hitchc. Juncus alpinus Vill. 2A4 Oabh Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. 5 Ak var. rariflorus Hartn. fLolium sp. (planted) 5 Ck Juncus articulatus L. N Ra fPhalaris arundinacea L. 135C Ck Juncus balticus Willd. 50 Oah \Phragmites australis 1A2A3C Ck var. littoralis Engelm. (Cav.) Steud. 5C Juncus dudleyi Wieg. 5C Ck \Spartina pectinata Link 45C Ck ^Juncus effusus L. 2A5O Ck \Zizania aquatica L. 1245R B f Juncus nodosus L. 2A35O Ck Cyperaceae f Juncus torreyi Cov. 3450 Ck Carex annectans (Bickn.) N Cbhi fJuncus torreyi Cov. x 3450 Oabi Bickn. J. alpinus Vill. Carex atherodes Spreng. N Ri Iridaceae Carex blanda Dewey N Rij Iris versicolor L. Ck Carex comosa Boott. 5R Rgi Salicaceae Carex davisii Schw. & 20 Ri fSalix interior Rowlee 12A Ak Torr. \Salix nigra Marsh 12A Ck Carex frankii Kunth. 5R Ri Salix rigida Muhl. 5 Obh Carex garberi Fern. N Ck \Populus deltoides Marsh 12A5A Ak Carex granularis Willd. 2O Ck Lemnaceae Carex haydenii Dewey N Ri \Lemna minor L. 12A5 Ak Carex hystricina Willd. 2A Ok Lemna trisulca L. N Oih Carex lacustris Willd. N Rij \Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) 12A Ceki var. laxiflora Dewey Schleid. Carex laevivaginata N Reij Wolffia columbiana Karst. N Oi (Kunth.) Mackenz. N Carex languinosa Michx. N Ohi \Heteranthera dubia 12A3A Ri Carex lupulina Willd. N Rei (Jacq.) MacM. 45 84 DAVID L. MOORE Vol. 76

TABLE 2. Continued.

Before Before Taxa 1971* 1972** Taxa 1971* 1972**

\Pontederia cordata L. 12A3C45C Ck Rosa palustris Marsh 50 Ok Urticaceae Leguminosae ]Boehmeria cylindrica 2A5O Ck \Strophostyles helvola (L.) 450 Ck (L.) Sw. Ell. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray 2A Oabh Euphorbiaceae Polygonaceae \Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. 50 Ck ^Polygonum coccineum 150 Ck Balsaminaceae Muhl. \Impatiens capensis Merrb. 5C Ak ^Polygonum lapathifolium 25C Ak Malvaceae L. ^Hibiscus palustris L. 12345C Ck ^Polygonum pensylvanicum 50 Ck Gutifferae L. Hypericum punctatum N O ^Polygonum pensylvanicum 5R Ra Lam. abgi L. var. eglandulosum Lythraceae J. C. Myers Ammannia coccinea 5R B Polygonum persicaria L. 5R Oabg Rothb. ] Polygonum punctatum Ell. 5C Ck Decodon verticillatus (L.) 2C5O Ck f Polygonum scandens L. 5C Ck Ell. Polygonum virginianum L. 50 Oehj \Lythrum dacotanum Niew. 5O Ck Rumex maritimus L. 5R B \Lythrum salicaria L. 5R Oag Rumex verticillatus L. 2C Ra Onagraceae Chenopodiaceae Epilobium glandulosum 50 B \Atriplex patula L. 5C Ra Lehm. \Chenopodium ambrosioides 5R B Epilobium hirsutum L. 5C Ck L. Ludwigia palustris (L.) 450 Oab Chenopodium glaucum L. 5R B Ell. Amaranthaceae Ludwigia polycarpa 5R Rbh Amaranthus tuberculatus 2 B Short & Peter (Moq.) Sauer Haloragidaceae Ceratophyllaceae \Myriophyllum exalbescens 1A2A3A Ak Ceratophyllum demersum 1A2A3C Ck Fern. 45A L. 4C5C Umbelliferae Nymphaceae \Sium suave Walt. 2450 Ck Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) 1A23A Ccdgh Primulaceae Pers. 45C Lysimachia nummularia L. 2 Oabi Nuphar advena (Ait.) Ait. 134 Red Lysimachia quadriflora 2 Rb Nuphar varigatum 5R Ocd Sims. Engelm. Lysimachia thyrisflora L. N Ra •\Nymphaea tuberosa Paine 12A34 Re Cornaceae Ranunculaceae Cornus drummondi Meyer N Ak Ranunculus longirostris 12A Ri Cornus stolonifera Michx. 45C Ck Godr. Michx. ^Ranunculus sceleratus L. 25C Ck Asclepiadaceae Cruciferae Asclepias incarnata L. 12A5C Ck Cardamine bulbosa 2A Ra Verbenaceae (Schreb.) BSP. \Lippia lanceolata Michx. 450 Ck Cardamine pensylvanica 2A5O Ck f Verbena hastata L. 50 Ck Muhl. Verbena urticifolia L. 50 Obi \Rorippa palustris (L.) 50 Ck Labiatae Bess. var. fernaldiana Lycopus asper Greene 5R Oa (Butt. & Abbe.) \Lycopus europaeus L. 5 Ck Stuckey Lycopus uniflorus Michx. 5 Oabj \Rorippa palustris (L.) 50 Ck Michx. Bess. var. hispida Mentha arvensis L. 50 Ok (Desv.) Gray \Monarda fistulosa L. 5 Ok Rorippa sylvestris (L.) N Ri Physostegia virginiana 4 Ok Bess. (L.) Benth. Saxifragaceae Scutellaria epilobiifolia 12A4 Ak \Penihorium sedoides L. 25C Cabdi A. Hamilton 5C Rosaceae Scutellaria lateriflora L. 2A5C Ak Potentilla palustris (L.) N Ri ^Stachys palustris L. 5C Ck Scop. ]Stachys palustris L. var. 5C Ok \Potentilla anserina L. 450 Ok pilosa (Nutt.) Fern. No. 2 CHANGES IN EAST HARBOR VASCULAR FLORA 85

TABLE 2. Continued.

Before Before Taxa 1971* 1972** Taxa 1971* 1972*

Solanaceae Campanulaceae \Solanum dulcamara L. 5C Ck Campanula aparinoides 5R Rab \Solanum nigram L. 5C Ck Pursh. Scrophulariaccae Lobelia kalmii L. N \Gerardia pur purea L. 5R Cab ^Lobelia siphilitica L. N Oabi Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. N Oab Compositae Graliola neglecta Torr. N Cab fBidens bipinnata L. N Oh \Lindcrnia dubia (L.) 50 Ck \ Bidens cernuus L. 2R5C Ak Pennell Bidens comosa (Gray) 2A Ck \Mimulus ringens L. 45C Ck Wieg. \lAndernia dubia (L.) 50 Ck YBidens connata Muhl. N Ck (Michx.) Benth. var. anomala Farwell Lentibulariaceae Bidens coronata (L.) N Ck \Utricularia vulgaris L. 12A45A Cabgi Britton Acanthaceae Bidens f rondo sa L. 2A5C Ck \Justicia americana (L.) 12 R 3 B Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) N Ra Pahlers 45R Fern. & St. John Rubiaceae Bidens vulgata Greene N Oabi CephaIanthus occidenlalis 45C Ck \Boltonia asteroides (L.) 2C5O Oab L. L'Her. Houstonia nigricans 5R Ck \Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. 2R5O Ck (Lam.) Fern. Erechitites hieracifolia 50 Ra Caprifoliaceae (L.) Raf. Sambucus canadensis L. 2A5O Ck Megalodonta beckii (Torr.) 12R B Cucurbitaceae Greene Echinocystis Iobata N Ra Solidago graminifolia 5C Ck (Miclix.) T. & G. (L.) Salisb. Sicyos angulata L. 50 Ok area, and changes in species abundance ing of species, by Bromley may have been determined by several (1967). factors: physical removal or suitable During this study (Moore, 1973) a habitat substrate, increased sediment total of 189 species of hydrophytes were loads and coating of hydrophyte leaves, recorded for East Harbor State Park. decreased light penetration as a result of Of these, 30 species are very rare and 17 increased turbidity, increased wave ac- additional species occur only as small tion and shore erosion, and effects of other populations. This includes 25% of all organisms. The influence of physical the hydrophyte species in the park area. factors in both area distribution and spe- This loss has been a reflection of the cies abundance has been discussed by changes and is a result of both natural and numerous authors including Misra (1938), artificial or man-made disturbances. Penfound (1953), Pieters (1894), Rickett Non-indigenous species are generally (1921, 1924), Sherff (1912), Stookey, et al. becoming more common. The kinds of (1964), and Wylie (1920). The influence changes noted in the aquatic flora and of fluctuating water levels, bottom sub- the possible factors responsible for these strate character, wave action, and water changes at East Harbor State Park are depth on hydrophyte distribution in Lake in many respects similar to the observed Okoboji have been pointed out by Wylie floristic changes that have been reported (1920). Pieters (1894) used the same recently in Ohio for Buckeye Lake (Judd parameters plus the effect of currents in and Taub, 1973), Put-in-Bay harbor this study of Lake Saint Clair. The in- (Stuckey, 1971), Winous Point at the teraction between plants affecting distri- western end of Sandusky Bay (Lowden, bution has been studied by Sherff (1912), 1969), in New York for Otsego Lake and the effects of animals on the spread- (Harman and Doane, 1970), and in Iowa DAVID L. MOORE Vol. 76 for Lake East Okoboji (Volker and Moore, David L. 1973. Changes in the aquatic flora of East Harbor Smith, 1965; Crum and Bachmann, 1973). State Park, Ottawa County, Ohio since 1895. Although the percentage of species lost M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State Univ., Colum- at East Harbor State Park is lower than bus. 193 pp. in most of the above studied areas, a Penfound, W. T. 1953. Plant communities of Oklahoma Lakes. Ecology 34: 561-583. principle reason for this lower percentage Pieters, Adrian J. 1894. The plants of Lake is that man's influence has only been St. Clair. Mich. Fish. Comm. Bull. No. 2. operating at East Harbor since about 12 pp. 1945, whereas these other bodies of water 1901. The plants of western Lake have generally been under the direct in- Erie, with observations on their distribution. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 21: 57-79. fluence of man since about 1900 or earlier. Rickett, H. W. 1921. A quantitative study of the larger aquatic plants of Lake Mendota, Acknowledgments. Grcatful appreciation is AVisconsin. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. Arts acknowledged to Dr. Ronald L. Stuckey for his Letters. 20: 501-527. assistance and encouragement during this field 1924. A quantitative study of the study and preparation of the manuscript. larger aquatic plants of Green Lake, Wiscon- sin. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. Arts Letters. LITERATURE CITED 21: 381-414. Anderson, John M. 1950. Some aquatic Sherff, Earl E. 1912. The vegetation of changes following fish removal. J. Wildlife Skokie marsh. 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