Superguides Total Lion Superguide

Get to Know Mac OS X 10.7 Foreword Over the last decade, Apple’s Mac OS X has evolved from a curious hybrid of the classic Mac OS and the NextStep operating system into a mainstream OS used by millions. It was a decade of continual refinement, capped by the bug-fixing, internals-tweaking release of Snow Leopard in 2009.

But the last four years have seen some dramat- ic changes at Apple. In that time, while Mac sales continued to grow, Apple also built an entirely new business around devices that run iOS. Combine the influx of new Mac users with the popularity of the iPhone and iPad, and you get Lion.

After a long period of relative stability on the Mac, Lion is a shock to the system. It’s a radical revision, and it makes the Mac a friendlier computer.

Can Apple make OS X accessible to people buying their first Macs and add familiar threads for those coming to the Mac from the iPhone, all while keeping Mac veterans happy? That would be a neat trick—and Apple has tried very hard to pull it off with Lion.

Whether you’re a relatively new Mac user or someone who remembers the days before there were three colored buttons in the upper left corner of every Mac window, Lion has something new for you. In this book, we’ve assembled in-depth looks at all of Lion’s new features and adjustments, and demonstrated how you can use them to their fullest.

There’s never been a better time to be a Mac user. And with Total Lion to help you get acquainted with the Mac’s latest and greatest features, you’ll be on the fast track to more fun and greater productivity.

—Jason Snell Editorial Director, Macworld

San Francisco, July 2011 Peter B elanger p h by Photogra

1 Contents What’s New in Lion What You Need to Know. 7 Learn about all of Lion’s new features, applications, and system tweaks. Install Lion Get Your Mac Ready. 18 Prep your computer before you make the leap to Apple’s next OS.

How to Install Lion . 23 Get expert instruction on the various ways you can install Lion.

Installation Challenges . 31 Avoid potential installation problems.

Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive. 33 Create a boot drive or disc for emergencies.

Do a Clean Install . 37 The pros and cons of wiping your hard drive before installing Lion.

Install Lion over Leopard. 39 Tackle the Leopard-to-Lion upgrade path.

Lion Recovery. 44 Learn about Lion’s new recovery mode. Navigate Lion Multi-Touch Gestures. 53 Interact with Lion using new gestures built into the OS.

2 Contents

The Finder. 57 Discover new ways to organize and catalog your files with Lion’s updated Finder.

Mission Control. 64 Organize windows, full-screen apps, and spaces using Mission Control.

Launchpad. 67 View all your applications in Lion’s new iOS-like icon view.

The Dock. 70 Customize the Dock’s indicator lights and learn about its new Multi- Touch–enabled features. Sharing AirDrop. 72 Learn how to use AirDrop to wirelessly transfer files on a local network.

Screen Sharing. 74 Share your screen with others by using the Observe Only mode. Work with Apps Auto Save, Versions, and Resume. 78 Read about Apple’s new feature trio for automatically saving and backing up your work.

Work in Full-Screen Mode. 83 Switch to full-screen mode in Lion apps for a less distracting work experience.

Explore the Mac App Store . 85 Download third-party applications from the Mac App Store. Included Apple Apps Address Book. 88 Explore the new interface and social networking enhancements in Address Book.

3 Contents

FaceTime and iChat. 93 Chat with friends using FaceTime and use third-party plug-ins with iChat.

Font Book . 95 Discover Apple’s new Emoji font and read about interface tweaks to Font Book.

iCal. 97 Schedule your appointments in Lion using the completely redesigned version of iCal.

Mail. 103 View your emails in three columns, flag them in multiple colors, arrange them by thread, and more.

Preview. 111 Sign documents and view them using magnification thanks to new tools in Preview.

QuickTime Player. 113 Cut, join, and export your video with new QuickTime tools.

Safari . 115 Save and read more using Safari’s Reading List feature, new in Lion.

TextEdit. 121 Type notes and quick documents using a redesigned TextEdit. Security Set Your Security. 124 Tweak password settings, add a firewall, and adjust your usage data and location information.

Encrypt Your Data. 127 Keep your data safe with FileVault 2’s full-disk encryption.

4 Contributors If it works with, connects to, goes in, or installs on a Mac or on an iOS device, senior editor Dan Frakes probably covers it.

Staff writer Lex Friedman loved Macs from the moment he met one. He hopes his three adorable children will feel the same way.

To complete his research on this topic, senior associate editor Dan Moren spent time immersed among actual lions.

Senior editor Chris Breen offers troubleshooting advice in Macworld.com’s Mac 911 blog and is the author of The iPhone Pocket Guide, sixth edition (Peachpit Press, 2011).

Senior editor Roman Loyola has covered Apple and the Macintosh since 1991. Total Lion Superguide Senior editor Jonathan Editor Heather Kelly President and CEO Mike Kisseberth Seff oversees Macworld’s VP, Editorial Director Jason Snell Executive Editor Dan Miller Playlist coverage of Managing Editor Sue Voelkel iTunes, iPods, Apple TV, Staff Editor Serenity Caldwell Copy Editors Peggy Nauts, video and audio playback, Gail Nelson-Bonebrake and more. Art Director Rob Schultz Designers Lori Flynn, Kate VandenBerghe Senior editor Jackie Production Director Nancy Jonathans Dove runs Macworld’s Prepress Manager Tamara Gargus Macworld is a publication of Mac Publishing, L.L.C., and International Data Group, Inc. Macworld is an independent journal not affiliated with Apple, Inc. Copyright © 2011, Mac Publishing, L.L.C. All rights reserved. Macworld, the Macworld logo, the Macworld Lab, the Create channel, covering mouse-ratings logo, MacCentral.com, PriceGrabber, and Mac Developer Journal are registered trademarks of International Data Group, Inc., and used under license by Mac Publishing, L.L.C. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple, Inc. Printed in software, hardware, and the United States of America. Have comments or suggestions? Email us at [email protected]. services that help Mac users in creative pursuits.

5 1 What’s New

Contents in Lion What You Need to Know Page 7 The last time Apple updated the Mac operating system—2009’s Snow Leopard release—the most noteworthy changes happened under the hood. That’s not the case with Lion, the next major version of Mac OS X. Apple has gradually pulled back the curtain on a pretty significant shift for the Mac OS, influenced in large part by Apple’s mobile operating system, iOS.

Lion’s big changes naturally produce big questions: What’s really new in Lion? How does it work? How can you get it? We’ve spent some time going over Apple’s latest OS X update to answer all of these questions—and more. In this chapter, we’ll briefly discuss some of the major new features and changes coming to your system with Lion.

6 Chapter 1 What’s New in Lion What You Need to Know Before you play with Lion, you have to know the basics: where to get it; how to install it on your system; what user interface differences and features you’ll encounter; application changes; and new security improvements.

Pricing and Availability

If you want to lay your paws on Lion, you’ll need to get it directly from Apple’s Mac App Store (or, starting in August 2011, you can pick up the OS from Apple on a USB stick for $69). The company’s newest operating system costs $30; you need to be running Snow Leopard on your Lion-compatible Mac to begin the installation process.

To tell if your Mac can run Lion, check your processor: Computers with an Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, or Xeon processor are all cleared for install. To find out what kind of processor you have, click on the Apple icon in the upper left corner of your screen and select About This Mac.

Buying Lion from the Mac App Store is as simple as any other app transaction; just click the Buy button to begin your download. Lion runs a cool 4GB, so you’ll want to make sure you’re using an Internet connec- tion that can deal with that kind of download.

The downloaded installer can be burned to a CD or put on a flash drive if you need to run it on other Macs, or run directly from your computer on the Mac you downloaded it to. As with any applications you purchase from the Mac App Store, you’ll be able to install Lion on any Macs that are authorized with the Apple ID you used to purchase the OS. That means if your family has multiple Macs, a single $30 payment will let you install Lion on every machine.

Read more about installing Lion, including information about business licenses and boot disks, in the Install Lion chapter.

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Shiny and New In Lion, you can now organize and categorize your files.

Finder

In Lion, Apple has simplified and streamlined the Finder’s appearance, removing scrollbars and muting colors to provide a cleaner, more uncluttered look. (In fact, scrollbars have been removed throughout the OS entirely—they only reappear when you’re scrolling.) There are new options for search and organization, a new All My Files section, and minor improvements for Quick Look and Spotlight (see “Shiny and New”). Meanwhile, the Dock’s once-familiar indicator lights for open applications are disabled, though you can re-enable them in System Preferences.

Read more about the Finder in the Navigate Lion chapter.

Multi-Touch Gestures

There are many gestures in Lion, and they’re configurable. You can double-tap on a word with three fingers to look it up in Lion’s built-in dictionary, scroll with two fingers, and zoom in and out by pinching or double-tapping with two fingers. You can swipe between pages (in Safari, iPhoto, and other apps) with left or right two-finger swipes, and you can swipe between apps with three or four fingers.

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Trigger Mission Control—Lion’s new take on Exposé—with a three- or four-finger swipe up, and reveal the desktop by spreading your thumb and three fingers apart, as if you’re flicking all your windows away.

Even two-finger scrolling has received an alteration. If you’ve ever used an iOS device, you may have noticed that your content will scroll in the direction in which you push or pull it, imitating how you’d interact with a real-world object. In Lion, Apple has brought this concept—referred to as natural scrolling—to the desktop: Pull down with your fingers, and the document will move downward, bringing you closer to the top.

Read more about Multi-Touch gestures in the Navigate Lion chapter.

All in a Row Launchpad displays all of your installed apps as paginated icons.

Launchpad

Launchpad gives users instant access to all the applications on their Mac (see “All in a Row”). It’s a look reminiscent of the home screen of an iPad: Users can see their entire application library laid out in icon form, arrange folders, scroll through pages, and rearrange apps as they see fit. Windows users who transitioned to the Mac after falling in love with their iPhone may very well take a liking to Launchpad’s home screen–like interface; for experienced users with oodles of applications, however, it may prove too unwieldy for general use. That said, Launchpad seems primarily aimed at iOS switchers, and those who prefer the comfort of the Finder can easily ignore it.

Read more about Launchpad in the Navigate Lion chapter.

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Full Frame Mission Control displays all of your windows, spaces, full-screen apps, and Dashboard widgets.

Mission Control

Mission Control is a reinvention of Exposé and Spaces, OS X’s respective window-switching and virtual desktop features (see “Full Frame”). In Mission Control, you use trackpad gestures (or keyboard shortcuts) to quickly view all your running apps and switch between different work- spaces (which include shared spaces with multiple apps, apps running in full-screen mode, and even the Dashboard). Instead of configuring what goes where via a preference pane, you just drag and drop apps and windows into new spaces from the Mission Control view. The idea is that you can be more productive by switching among different views (say, between Mail in full screen and a view containing a Web browser and a note-taking app), and Apple is counting on Mission Control being easier to use than Exposé and Spaces.

Read more about Mission Control in the Navigate Lion chapter.

Accessibility

In Apple’s quest to improve accessibility for its users, Lion includes a bunch of new features for those who need more help seeing and hearing. For those needing some visual assistance, a new picture-in- picture zoom provides an automatic scaling window for specific zoom instances. Lion’s cursor now scales more gracefully and sharply when enlarged (see “Enlarge Me”). Apple has also incorporated support for more than 80 new Braille tablets in several languages; you now have Verbosity settings for both speech and Braille, and the Announcements

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Enlarge Me Your cursor now scales gracefully, rather than becoming pixelated as it did in previous OSs.

tab has a new Use Phonetics For Single Characters setting. And although the Speech feature includes fewer voices in its default list, when you choose Customize from that list you see many more voices, plus voices for other languages. You’ll find these same voices in the Text To Speech tab of the Speech preference pane. VoiceOver Utility also adds an Activities option where you can create custom VoiceOver settings for specific uses. Options include settings for Verbosity, Voices, and Hotspots.

AirDrop

AirDrop is a file-sharing feature designed to allow users in the same area to transfer files wirelessly. AirDrop finds other users in a 30-foot radius—even if there’s no Wi-Fi network—and allows you to exchange files with them. Select the AirDrop item in the Finder’s sidebar to see the icons of other AirDrop users on your local network. To share a file, drop it onto the icon of the person you wish to send the file to. The receiving party will see a notification asking if they would like to accept or decline the transfer.

Read more about AirDrop in the Sharing chapter.

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Remote Login You can access a networked computer using your Apple ID rather than a user account.

Screen Sharing

Though OS X’s remote Screen Sharing feature has been around since the 2007 Leopard update, it becomes even more powerful in Lion. If your remote computer has multiple user accounts, you can now log in remotely from one account while someone else, logged into their own user account, continues to use the Mac in-house. You won’t disturb their interactions; they won’t notice yours. If you don’t have a user account for that computer, you now have the option of logging in with your Apple ID; the person on the other end can authorize you for access, and you’ll be able to connect to the remote desktop as if you were using a local user account (see “Remote Login”).

If you’re working with someone else remotely and want a demonstra- tion, you can turn on Observe Only mode, which allows you to watch any actions happening on the remote computer without interfering. Screen Sharing has a customizable toolbar as well, for easy access to switching from Observe Only to Control mode or for sending the application into full-screen mode.

Read more about Screen Sharing in the Sharing chapter.

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Apple Applications

In Lion, you’ll find revised versions of most of Apple’s core applications. There are changes across the board in Mail, Safari, iCal, Address Book, Preview, TextEdit, iChat, Photo Booth, and QuickTime Player—even Font Book has a new feature or two.

Mail, one of Lion’s highlighted features, undergoes the biggest overhaul (see “Triple Threat”). The program sports a new three-column layout, a conversation view, message previews, related messages, search sugges- tions, inline reply and deletion controls, custom labels and flags, an archive mailbox, and Exchange 2010 support.

Safari, meanwhile, includes a new Reading List function (similar to Marco Arment’s Instapaper; macworld.com/6018); support for Multi-Touch gestures such as tap (or pinch) to zoom and two-finger swipe for naviga- tion; enhanced privacy features; support for new CSS3 and JavaScript elements; and the WOFF text format. iCal and Address Book now more closely resemble their iOS cousins, while Preview gains signature annotation support, magnification tools, and support for opening iWork and Office documents.

TextEdit has a new top toolbar, while iChat adds a new, unified buddy list and supports third-party plug-ins that supply additional instant messaging services. Photo Booth adds several new effects, support for trimming video clips, and a full-screen mode that imitates the real photo booths of yore.

Triple Threat In Lion Mail, you can see your mailboxes, inbox, and messages all in a row.

13 Chapter 1 What’s New in Lion

QuickTime in Lion brings back several features from its defunct sibling, QuickTime Pro: You can now merge and rotate clips, and export just the audio of a clip. In addition, QuickTime will allow you to do partial screen captures (with or without cursor clicks) and offers export to Vimeo, Flickr, Facebook, iMovie, and Mail.

Font Book is slightly reorganized and optimized in Lion. There are even a few new system fonts—Damascus, PT Sans, and Kefa. In addition, if you like Emoji, the emoticon font first popularized in Japan, you’ll be pleased to see that Lion has integrated Apple’s custom color Emoji font.

Read more about Apple application improvements in the Included Apple Apps chapter.

Full-Screen Apps

Full-screen applications—as the name suggests—operate by expanding the application to take up the entire width of the screen. They open in a separate desktop space, so that you can still access any other windows by switching spaces via Multi-Touch gesture or Mission Control (see “Full Monty”). Most of Apple’s applications support full-screen mode; for third-party programs, however, developers will need to update their code to use it.

To send an application into full-screen mode, click the button in the upper right corner of the toolbar. You can see the Dock in full-screen mode by moving your cursor to the side of the screen where you have

Full Monty In full- screen mode, your application’s layout alters to use more of your screen real estate.

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it anchored; you can similarly trigger the menu bar by moving the cursor to the top. If you depend on blinking Dock icons (and not audio queues) for alerts about new email messages or instant messages, however, be warned that you’ll be blind to such notifications when you use an app in full-screen mode, because the Dock operates as if you’ve hidden it. (Bouncing Dock notifications will still briefly appear when you’re running a full-screen app.)

Read more about full-screen apps in the Work with Apps chapter.

Resume, Auto Save, and Versions

A trio of features—Resume, Auto Save, and Versions—may have the single greatest impact on your day-to-day application use. With Resume, when you quit an application with a bunch of open windows and later relaunch it, compatible applications should—ta-da!—resume in exactly the state you last left them. If you’re accustomed to iOS, it’s similar to the “freeze” state iOS 4 uses for multitasking; Lion brings that to the desktop, and it even works after you reboot your Mac.

Auto Save and Versions combine to help you kick your 1-S habit: Compatible apps can save your files for you as you type, and you can view and restore—as well as cut and copy from—all your past revisions in a Time Machine–esque portal. By default, Versions will save a copy of your file every hour; anytime you manually save, you’ll add a new version “checkpoint” as well. As a result, you can spend more time writing your document—or editing your photo, or building code—and less time worrying about how it’s being saved and stored.

Read more about Resume, Auto Save, and Versions in the Work with Apps chapter.

Security Roundup

Lion offers several controls for limiting what information you (and your applications) choose to share and for protecting the files you currently have on your computer. A new Privacy tab in the Security preference pane will let you opt in or out of sending any diagnostic and usage data to Apple; you can also control what applications can determine and use

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Lock It Up You can encrypt your entire drive to prevent potential trouble from nefarious outsiders.

your current location. As with an iOS device, you’ll see a little arrow icon in your menu bar when an application uses your location.

To protect your files, you can use FileVault, Apple’s encryption service (see “Lock It Up”). In Lion, FileVault offers protection and encryption for your entire hard drive or for an external USB or FireWire drive; in previous versions of OS X, you could only encrypt your Home folder.

Your application data will also be more secure in Lion, thanks to program sandboxing, which will limit programs’ access to files outside their purview. In theory, these security tweaks should keep the application from affecting the entire system, should it be compromised in some way. (iOS uses similar sandboxing techniques for its own apps.)

Read more about security in the Security chapter.

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Contents Get Your Mac Ready Install Lion Page 18 How to Install Lion With Lion, Apple is for the first time making a Page 23 major new version of OS X available online—spe- cifically, through the Mac App Store. Although Installation users without the necessary Internet connection Challenges Page 31 will, beginning in August 2011, be able to purchase a $69 bootable USB stick, Apple expects most Make a people to purchase and download Lion for $30 Bootable Install from the Mac App Store. And you’ll be able to Disc or Drive install Lion on any Macs that are authorized with Page 33 the Apple ID you used to purchase the OS. That Do a Clean means if your family has four, five, six, or more Install Macs, a single $30 payment will let you install Lion Page 37 on every machine. Install Lion over Getting a fresh operating system is exciting, but Leopard the installation process can be complicated and Page 39 even intimidating. This chapter will tell you every- Lion Recovery thing you need to know for a stress-free installa- Page 44 tion, including what requirements your system needs to meet and even how you can install Lion over Leopard.

17 Chapter 2 Install Lion Get Your Mac Ready

Apple is advertising Lion as the easiest-to-install version of OS X yet, and that may be true. But there are still a few things you can do right now to ensure that your Mac is ready for 10.7. What You Need

To install Lion, you need a Mac with a minimum of 2GB of RAM and one of the following Intel processors: Intel Core 2 Duo, i3, i5, i7, or Xeon—early Intel-based Macs with Core Solo or Core Duo processors aren’t eligible. You can determine your Mac’s processor and the amount of installed RAM by choosing About This Mac from the Apple menu and looking at the Processor and Memory lines, respectively (see “See Your Specs”).

The list of Lion-eligible Macs includes most models released since late 2006. However, Macs with 4GB or more of RAM will surely run Lion better than those with only 2GB, so if your Mac currently has less than 4GB, we recommend upgrading to at least that much—and ideally even See Your Specs more, as you’ll see You can check your benefits in many Mac’s specs by calling computing tasks. A up the About This Mac word of advice here: window. If you don’t buy your RAM directly from Apple, be sure you get RAM that’s specifically designed for use in Macs. Some third-party RAM that’s not up to Apple’s specs will cause problems when you upgrade your OS.

It’s also a good idea to have at least 10GB (and preferably more) of free space

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on your startup drive. The Lion installer itself is almost 4GB, and you TIP need some room for temporary files. In addition, some of Lion’s new Pick Up a features mean you’ll need more “everyday” free space than you did Trackpad under Snow Leopard. If you need to free up some space, utilities such as Although you can use WhatSize and GrandPerspective (macworld.com/2433) can help you any traditional input figure out what’s filling up your drive. device with Lion, its new systemwide Apple’s system requirements state, “Some features may have additional gesture support makes system requirements.” We’re assuming Apple is referring to graphics a trackpad very, very cards here, as some graphics-heavy features require more horsepower useful. If you’ve got a than the oldest Lion-compatible Macs provide. The better your graphics desktop Mac without a card and the more dedicated memory it has, the better Lion will perform. trackpad, consider splurging on Apple’s Finally, there’s a software requirement for installing Lion: Your Mac must Magic Trackpad. If you be running Snow Leopard (Mac OS X 10.6) version 10.6.6 or later. The prefer a mouse or main reason for this requirement is that Lion will be available only via the large trackball for Mac App Store, which debuted in Mac OS X 10.6.6. In addition, Apple everyday mousing, you recommends that you have the very latest version of Snow Leopard can add a Magic before installing Lion, so be sure to check Software Update for any Trackpad to your setup available updates. just to take advantage of Lion’s gesture- based features. Preinstall Tasks

While Apple portrays the process of upgrading to Lion as a simple download and install, experienced Mac users know that a major OS update is never that simple. Perform these tasks before the upgrade and your chances of a pain-free experience will increase substantially.

Check Your Mac’s Startup Drive Health To make sure your Mac’s startup drive is in tip-top shape, open Disk Utility (in /Applications/ Utilities), select your startup drive, click the First Aid tab, and then click Verify (see “Drive Doctor”). If Disk Utility finds problems, you’ll need to boot from a different volume to perform the repairs using the Repair Disk button. If you’ve got your Snow Leopard install DVD or the OS X install DVD or thumbdrive that shipped with your Mac, you can use that. Alternatively, you can create a bootable Lion installer volume—using the instructions later in this chapter—and boot from it, as the installer includes Disk Utility. If you’re feeling especially cautious, you can also opt to run the Apple Hardware Test (support.apple.com/kb/ht1509).

Back Up Your Mac and Test the Backup Let’s say it again: Back up your Mac, and test that backup, before installing Lion. We recommend

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Drive Doctor Disk Utility can verify that your Mac’s drive is healthy.

creating a bootable-clone backup with a program such as SuperDuper (macworld.com/0536). A Time Machine backup will also work. To test a clone or other bootable backup, use the Startup Disk preference pane to boot from the backup drive. Test a Time Machine or other nonbootable backup by restoring several files to make sure the process works.

Run Software Update To be sure you’re running the latest version of both Mac OS X and any other Apple software that might be affected by Lion, you should run Software Update (from the Apple menu). Especially important are the Mac OS X 10.6.8 update and Migration Assistant for Mac OS X Snow Leopard, each of which includes fixes specifically related to upgrading to Lion. You should also check for updated firm- ware for your particular Mac model (support.apple.com/kb/HT1237).

Disable FileVault If you’re using FileVault, OS X’s built-in account- encryption feature, on any of your Mac’s accounts, we recommend disabling FileVault before upgrading to Lion. Why? For one thing, Lion uses a different (and much-improved) approach to encryption, and while Apple says you can keep using the Snow Leopard implementation for previously encrypted user accounts, Lion’s approach is likely the better way to go. Plus, it’s best not to test Murphy’s Law by risking any

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incompatibilities between the two versions of FileVault. Similarly, if you’re using third-party disk encryption, you should probably disable that before installing Lion.

Check for Lion-Compatible Updates to Third-Party Software As with any major upgrade to Mac OS X, you’ll likely find that some of your third-party software needs to be updated to work with Lion. If you take some time to check compatibility before installing Lion, you’ll be in a position to get up and running immediately, rather than being frustrated by your favorite apps and add-ons not working. Especially useful for this task is RoaringApps’ (roaringapps.com/apps:table) growing list of Mac software and Lion compatibility (see “Plays Nice with Lion”).

The biggest offenders—in terms of incompatibility with Lion—will be programs and system add-ons that integrate with or hack OS X at a low level. Kernel extensions, for example, are notorious for being incompat- ible with major new versions of OS X, but you may also find that utilities that tweak the Finder, add-ons that enhance Mail, and other plug-ins and “enhancers” won’t work under Lion. So be sure to check vendor web- sites for Lion-compatible updates for your favorite software—including third-party System Preferences panes—before upgrading to Lion. If it Plays Nice with Lion RoaringApps is compiling a user- contributed list of software compatibility with Lion.

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turns out that a particular bit of software isn’t compatible with Lion but doesn’t have an update available, uninstall or disable it until a Lion- compatible version is released.

A bigger issue for some users will be older Mac software that hasn’t been upgraded recently—you may find that it doesn’t work at all under Lion. Specifically, PowerPC programs—software that was never updated to work on Macs with Intel processors—are dead in the water. Under previous versions of Mac OS X, Apple provided software called Rosetta that allowed PowerPC code to run on Intel Macs. In Snow Leopard (OS X 10.6), Rosetta was no longer installed by default, but OS X would offer to download and install Rosetta if you tried to run a PowerPC program. With Lion, Apple has taken the final step: Rosetta is officially kaput.

So if you’ve got important PowerPC programs (for example, older versions of Quicken for Mac are still surprisingly popular), you’ll want to update those programs to Intel-processor versions, if possible, before upgrading to Lion. If such updates aren’t available, you should find acceptable alternatives, whether those are modern Mac programs or, if need be, Windows versions that you can run under Boot Camp or virtualization software such as Parallels or Fusion.

How can you tell which of your applications are PowerPC programs? The easiest way is to launch System Profiler (in /Applications/Utilities), select Applications (under Software in the sidebar), and then click the Kind column header, which sorts the list of applications by processor type. Any programs listed as PowerPC will not work under Lion. (If you’ve got any listed as Classic, well, that ship sailed long ago.)

Consider Keeping an Empty Drive Handy While most people will simply install Lion over Snow Leopard, there are situations in which you might want to install onto an empty drive. For example, maybe you want to install Lion on a second drive to test the OS before upgrading your primary drive, or you want to erase your Mac’s startup drive and start anew. (The latter might be a good idea if your Snow Leopard installation has been having issues, or if your drive is nearly full or in need of repair.) As we’ll cover in the next section on installing Lion, installing it onto a secondary drive is simple. However, erasing your Mac’s startup drive and starting fresh means having a good, tested backup, as well as a bootable Lion install drive, so now’s the time to start preparing.

22 Chapter 2 Install Lion How to Install Lion For over a decade, installing the latest major version of Mac OS X meant buying a disc and slipping it into your Mac’s optical drive. No longer. Mac OS X 10.7—better known as Lion—is available for direct download from Apple’s Mac App Store (see “Download the Cat”). In many ways, this new method of distribution is easier and more convenient. But it also raises a number of questions and presents significant upgrade obstacles for some users. Here’s a look at the details of installing Apple’s first-ever download-only OS.

Download the Cat To get a copy of Lion, you must download it from the Mac App Store.

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Purchase and Download Lion TIP Just Bought a If your system meets all of the requirements outlined in the previous Mac? section, getting Lion is easy—with the few caveats noted below. You If you purchased a Mac simply launch the Mac App Store app, click the Lion banner on the on or after June 6, store’s main page or search for Lion, or click the $29.99 button at the 2011, but it didn’t come top of the screen, then click the Buy App button that appears. After you with Lion preinstalled, provide your Apple ID and password, the Lion installer icon will be added you’re entitled to a to the Dock, and Lion will begin downloading. Specifically, the 4GB free copy of Lion. Visit installer application, called Install Mac OS X Lion.app, will be saved to the apple.com/macosx/ /Applications folder. uptodate for details. If you’ve got multiple Macs running Snow Leopard, you can download the installer onto any of them—your one purchase of Lion entitles you to install it, for no additional charge, on any Macs authorized to use your App Store account. To download the Lion installer on another Mac, launch the Mac App Store on that Mac, click the Purchases button in the toolbar, and then click the Install button next to Lion in the list.

Alternatively, once you’ve downloaded the Lion installer onto one computer, you can copy it—over your local network or via a flash drive, a DVD, or an external hard drive—from one Mac to another. You won’t be prompted to authorize the installer on each Mac, as you are with other Mac App Store–distributed software—the Lion installer does not use digital-rights management (DRM), which makes it easy to use one installer to upgrade all the Snow Leopard Macs in your home.

However, there’s a catch: After you download the Lion installer to your Mac, if you leave the installer in the /Applications folder and use it to install Lion on your Mac’s startup drive, the installer will disappear after installation—it’s deleted as part of the installation process, presumably to free up the 4GB of drive space it occupies. If you plan to use the installer on other Macs, and you don’t want to have to download it from the Mac App Store again, copy the installer to another drive—or at least move it out of the /Applications folder—before you install.

If you didn’t move the installer before it was deleted, and you try to redownload it onto your Mac, which is now running Lion, the Mac App Store will prevent you from downloading the installer, correctly claiming that Lion is already installed. Try these tricks: Option-click the Buy App button in the Mac App Store. If that doesn’t work, switch to the Mac App Store’s main page and then Option-click the Purchases button in the toolbar. If that doesn’t work, quit the Mac App Store app and then hold

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down the Option key while launching the Mac App Store again. One of TIP these three procedures should clear the Installed status for Lion and let Wait to Install you download it. Note that unlike all other software sold through the Fair warning: If you Mac App Store, Lion will get subsequent updates via Software Update, install Lion immedi- not through the Mac App Store’s Updates feature. ately after its launch, keep in mind that you’re installing the Install Lion very first release. It could be fully baked Whereas previous versions of OS X let you customize your installation, and bug free, but if Lion offers no such choices—other than choosing where to install, you previous debuts of don’t need to make any decisions until it’s time to set things up and start major Mac OS X using your Mac. You don’t even need to boot from a different disc or versions are any volume, as the Lion installer runs as a standard application. This makes indication, we’ll see the Lion the easiest-to-install version of OS X yet. first update, containing a number of bug fixes, Once you’ve purchased and downloaded the Lion installer, here are the within a few weeks. If simple steps involved: your Mac is mission critical—in other 1. Double-click the Mac OS X Lion Installer application; in the window words, if downtime is that appears, click Continue (see “Ready, Set, Install”). Then click Agree, not an option—you assuming that you accept the terms of the software license agreement. might consider holding off for the inevitable release of Mac OS X 10.7.1.

Ready, Set, Install Start the installation process by clicking Continue.

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2. In the next screen, you choose where to install Lion. By default, only your internal startup drive is listed; if you have other drives connected and want to install Lion onto one of them, click the Show All Disks button and then choose the desired drive. Note that the Lion installer will let you choose any drive that has Snow Leopard installed or any blank drive. The destination drive must also be formatted as Mac OS Extended (Journaled) and must use a GUID Partition Table, although the built-in drive on any Mac eligible to run Lion should meet these requirements.

3. Click Install, and then provide an admin-level username and password.

4. The installer will spend some time preparing for installation; over a number of test installations we did on a 2010 MacBook Air, the average prep time took just a few minutes. You’ll see a message in the installer window saying “Your computer will restart automatically.” You can continue to work in other applications during this time, but once the preparation phase is finished, you’ll get only a 30-second warning, and then your Mac will indeed restart on its own.

5. After your Mac restarts, the actual installation occurs. During those test installs on a MacBook Air, this process took 18 to 24 minutes (see “Take Your Time”).

Take Your Time The installer will show a progress bar and a time-to-completion estimate for the installation.

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When installation finishes, what you’ll see depends on whether you’ve installed Lion on a blank drive or on a Snow Leopard drive with existing accounts, settings, and data.

If you installed onto a blank drive, the first thing you’ll see will be the initial Lion welcome and setup screens, where you choose your country or region, your keyboard layout, and your network connection. You’ll

Movers and Shakers Bring over data from another Mac, a Time Machine drive, or even a PC.

then be asked if you want to transfer accounts and data from another Mac, a Windows PC (yes, Lion now has a Windows-specific migration feature), a Time Machine drive, or another drive (see “Movers and Shakers”). Unless you really want to start anew, you’ll probably want to transfer everything. If you aren’t sure, you can transfer the information over later using Lion’s Migration Assistant.

After that, you’ll be asked to enter your Apple ID (if you have one) and registration information. If you didn’t transfer accounts from another computer or drive or from a backup, you’ll also be asked to create an account (this includes taking or choosing an account picture).

Finally, after choosing your time zone, you’ll see a Finishing Up screen. If your Mac is a laptop, or if you’ve got a Magic Trackpad or Magic Mouse connected, this window explains how to use Lion’s new inverted-direction scrolling and shows a video demonstration of two-finger scrolling. Scroll

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through the text and click Start Using Mac OS X Lion—or, if you’re using a Mac without a trackpad, just click Start Using Mac OS X Lion—and your Mac will finish booting.

For upgrade installs, once you log in to your account (either automati- cally or via the login screen, depending on how your Mac was configured before the upgrade), you’ll see a Mac OS X Setup Assistant window. Despite the different banner text, this is otherwise the same as the Finishing Up window just described.

If you upgrade, you may also see a dialog box informing you that some of the software on your Mac is incompatible with Lion, and listing that software. (Apple provides more information about such software in the support article at support.apple.com/kb/HT3258.) You’ll usually see this message if you had kernel extensions—low-level software that patches the operating system itself—installed under Snow Leopard that Apple knows won’t work with Lion. It’s also possible to see the incompatible-software dialog box if you performed a clean install of Lion and then imported your accounts and data, but it’s less likely—OS X’s Migration Assistant generally doesn’t import kernel extensions and other startup or background processes. In either case, OS X automati- cally moves this incompatible software to a folder called Incompatible Software at the root level of your startup disk.

Finishing Touches After the OS X installation is complete, you can go directly to the “Start Using Mac OS X Lion” tutorial.

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That’s it—unlike with previous OS X installers, you’re no longer faced with decisions about the type of installation, which language translations or printer drivers to install, or whether you’ll ever use X11 or QuickTime 7 (see “Finishing Touches”). The installation procedure is easier and quicker than ever.

Postinstall Tasks

If you’ve upgraded from Snow Leopard, or if you installed Lion onto a blank drive but imported all your data and settings, chances are you won’t need to do anything else—your Mac will be ready to go. But you may find, despite your preinstall checks, that some of your existing software needs updates. In addition, if you’ve performed a clean install of Lion, you may need to spend a bit of time setting things up.

The first thing you’ll want to do is run Software Update (from the Apple menu) and install any pending updates. If you’ve waited a week or more after the initial launch date to install Lion, there’s a good chance Apple will have released a minor update—or will do so sometime soon.

Next you’ll want to set up your printer(s). As with Snow Leopard, installing Lion doesn’t give you a slew of printer drivers. But, like Snow Leopard, Lion can determine which drivers you need and either down- load them automatically or, using Software Update, help you get them. Open the Print & Scan pane of System Preferences and click the plus- sign (+) button, and you’ll see a list of connected and nearby (Bonjour) printers. Choose one, and OS X will see if drivers are available. On a Snow Leopard Mac upgraded to Lion, the Print & Scan preference pane may even alert you to the availability of updated drivers, instructing you to run Software Update to download the new software.

Next, if you upgraded to Lion from Snow Leopard and saw the afore- mentioned incompatible-software dialog box, now’s a good time to check the contents of the Incompatible Software folder at the root level of your startup disk, and then check each vendor’s website for updated versions of that software. Similarly, if you performed a clean install, it’s time to reinstall your apps—make sure you’ve got the latest versions, as well as any updates you’ll need to apply to software you install from CDs and DVDs.

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If you want to enable (or reenable, as the case may be) FileVault, now’s the time to do so, via the Security pane of System Preferences. Note that if the Lion installer was not able to create a Recovery HD partition on your drive (see the “Lion Recovery” section later in this chapter), you won’t be able to enable Lion’s new full-disk FileVault feature.

Finally, if you’re a Unix type who had files in /usr/include/ under Snow Leopard, Lion has a surprise for you: When you installed Lion over Snow Leopard, that folder was summarily deleted during the installation process. Similarly, if you installed Lion onto a blank drive and then used Lion’s Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to transfer accounts and data from another Mac or drive, the /usr/include/ folder wasn’t trans- ferred. If this issue will affect you—and you’ll know it if that’s the case— you should manually transfer that directory from your backup to your Lion installation.

30 Chapter 2 Install Lion Installation Challenges For many people, Lion is much easier to obtain and install than previous major versions of Mac OS X—not to mention less expensive—but it’s not a walk in the park for everyone. Consider the following groups of computer users:

1. Users with Lion-Compatible Macs Who Haven’t Installed Snow Leopard There are sure to be people who have been merrily using Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5) on an older, but still Lion-compatible, Mac. What if you’re one of them, and you’ve decided you’d like to make the jump to Lion? Apple’s official policy here is that you need to purchase and install Snow Leopard and then upgrade to Lion—which brings the cost of Lion to $59, rather than $30.

While this requirement is in the license agreement you agree to when installing Lion, the Lion installer is also a stickler about the requirement. The installer application itself will launch under Leopard, but it won’t let you install Lion, either over Leopard or onto a bare drive. Nor can you mount a Leopard drive on a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lion and then install Lion—the installer simply refuses to install Lion over Leopard.

But what if you believe you have the right to install Lion on that particu- lar drive? In other words, what if you own a copy of Snow Leopard for the Mac in question, but you don’t want to add an hour or two to the installation process by installing Snow Leopard on it first? To get around this hassle, read “Install Lion over Leopard” later in this chapter.

2. Users with Slow or Limited-Bandwidth Internet Connections If your connection to the Internet is slow, it will take a long time—per- haps days—to download the nearly 4GB Lion installer. And if your ISP enforces Internet-data caps, you could end up paying a small fortune for the privilege.

If you’ve got a Mac laptop, you can instead tote it to your favorite Apple retailer, the library, a friend’s house, or the office—anywhere with a fast Internet connection—and download Lion there. Indeed, Apple’s official policy is to invite you to your local Apple Store so you can use the store’s Internet connection to download Lion; store employees will even walk you through the purchase, download, and installation processes.

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Of course, if your Mac doesn’t happen to be portable, or if you live in an area where you can’t borrow a fast, no-data-cap Internet connec- tion, you’ll need to find another solution. It turns out Apple will be providing one, although it won’t be available immediately: Starting sometime in August, Apple will sell a $69 bootable flash drive contain- ing the Lion installer.

3. Businesses, Schools, and Other Organizations and Institutions That Need to Install Lion on Many Different Computers Many large organi- zations—schools, businesses, and the like—have understandable con- cerns about Lion’s Mac App Store–focused distribution. These organiza- tions often need to roll out Lion to many Macs, and forcing each user to download and install Lion presents significant technical, logistical, and support issues. Apple released a document titled “OS X Lion for Busi- ness and Education” (bit.ly/qKfQUi) that explains the options for these organizations. The gist of that document is that while organizations will use the same purchasing procedure as always to buy Mac OS X, they’ll be given one Mac App Store redemption code for Lion for each purchase contract. However, once one copy of the Lion installer has been down- loaded, that copy can be used to install the new OS on any and all Macs covered by the contract.

To do so, Apple says customers can choose to copy the Lion installer to the /Applications folder on each Mac and then run the installer from there. Alternatively, they can create a NetInstall or NetRestore image, or use Apple Remote Desktop. They can also create one or more bootable Lion install discs or drives, and then install Lion using those drives.

32 Chapter 2 Install Lion Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive Unlike every previous major version of Mac OS X, Lion doesn’t ship on a bootable disc—it’s initially available only as an installer app download- able from the Mac App Store, and that installer doesn’t require a bootable installation disc. Indeed, this lack of physical media is perhaps the biggest complaint about Lion’s App Store–only distribution, as there are a good number of reasons you might want a bootable Lion installer, whether it be a DVD, a thumbdrive, or an external hard drive.

For example, if you want to install Lion on multiple Macs, a bootable installer drive can be more convenient than downloading or copying the entire Lion installer to each computer. Also, if your Mac is experiencing problems, a bootable installer drive makes a handy emergency disk. (Lion features a new Lion Recovery mode, but not all installations of Lion get it—and if your Mac’s drive is itself having trouble, Recovery mode may not even be available. Also, if you need to reinstall Lion, Recovery mode requires you to download the entire 4GB Lion installer again. Read more in the “Lion Recovery” section.) Finally, a bootable installer drive makes it easier to install Lion over Leopard (see “Install Lion over Leopard” for more details).

As noted above, Apple will eventually sell a bootable Lion USB drive for $69. But it’s easy to create a bootable Lion-install volume directly from the Mac App Store version of the Lion installer. Here’s how.

Peep Inside Control- click (or right-click) on the Lion installer and select Show Package Contents.

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1. Once you’ve purchased Lion, find the Lion installer on your Mac. It’s called Install Mac OS X Lion.app, and it should have been downloaded to /Applications.

2. Control-click (or right-click) the installer, and choose Show Package Contents from the resulting contextual menu (see “Peep Inside”).

3. In the folder that appears, open Contents, then open SharedSupport; you’ll see a disk-image file called InstallESD.dmg (see “In the Package”).

In the Package This is what you’ll see when you open the SharedSupport folder.

4. Launch Disk Utility (in /Applications/Utilities).

5. Drag the InstallESD.dmg disk image into Disk Utility’s sidebar on the left.

The next steps depend on whether you want to create a bootable hard drive or flash drive or a bootable DVD.

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Restore to Thumbdrive You can use Disk Utility to create a bootable thumbdrive.

Create a Bootable Hard Drive or Flash Drive

Once you’ve followed steps 1 through 5 above, do the following to create a bootable drive (see “Restore to Thumbdrive”):

1. In Disk Utility, select InstallESD.dmg in the sidebar, then click the Restore button in the main part of the window.

2. Drag the InstallESD.dmg icon into the Source field on the right.

3. Connect to your Mac the hard drive or flash drive you want to use for your bootable Lion installer.

4. In Disk Utility, find this destination drive in the sidebar and then drag it into the Destination field on the right. Warning: The next step will erase the destination drive, so make sure it doesn’t contain any valuable data.

5. Click Restore and, if prompted, enter an admin-level username and password.

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Create a Bootable DVD

If you are aiming to create a bootable DVD, do the following:

1. In Disk Utility, select InstallESD.dmg in the sidebar.

2. Click the Burn button in the toolbar.

3. When prompted, insert a blank DVD (a single-layer disc should work, although you can use a dual-layer disc instead), choose your burn options, and click Burn.

You can now boot any Lion-compatible Mac from this drive or DVD and install Lion. You can also use any of the Lion installer’s special recovery and restore features—in fact, when you boot from this drive or DVD, you’ll see the same Mac OS X Utilities screen you get when you boot into Recovery mode (see “Lion Recovery” later in this chapter).

36 Chapter 2 Install Lion Do a Clean Install With some previous major releases of Mac OS X, upgrading over an existing OS X installation—for example, installing 10.3 over 10.2—entailed some degree of risk, as existing applications, add-ons, and support files could conflict with the new OS. For this reason, many people advocated perform- ing a clean install: wiping your hard drive (after backing it up, of course), installing the latest version of OS X, and then either using the Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to restore your application and personal data, or copying over your data and manually reinstalling programs. (The OS X 10.2 installer actually included an Archive And Install option, which preserved your original OS in a special folder while installing a completely new, fresh copy of 10.3. This feature was eliminated in Snow Leopard.)

Given Lion’s new download-and-install procedure, some Mac users are asking two related questions: Can you perform a clean install of Lion? And should you?

Can You Perform a Clean Install of Lion?

First, the technical question: Given that the Lion installer doesn’t include an official clean-install option, is it possible to perform such an installa- tion? The simple answer is yes. As noted previously, the Lion installer will let you install the new OS on a blank drive. So if you first back up your existing Snow Leopard installation and all your files—a bootable clone made using SuperDuper or Carbon Copy Cloner is ideal—you can then boot from a bootable Lion installer disc or drive, erase your Mac’s normal startup drive, and install Lion on it. In fact, you can use the instructions later in this chapter (see “Install Lion over Leopard”). Specifically, use the “brute-force method,” performing steps 1 through 7 and substituting Snow Leopard for Leopard—the result is a clean install.

Once you’ve done this, if you want to use Setup Assistant to restore data from your backup, proceed with step 8. If you truly want a clean start, you’ll instead need to copy your personal data manually from your backup to your new Lion installation, and then reinstall all of your software. (This is one situation where the Mac App Store really shines. You just launch the Mac App Store app and click a few buttons to automatically reinstall everything you’ve purchased there.)

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Should You Perform a Clean Install?

OK, so you can, but should you? Prior to Snow Leopard, a clean install was a good recommendation. But the Snow Leopard installer and Setup and Migration Assistants were pretty good about not transferring over incompatible software, and Lion seems to be even better. Lion also automatically detects some incompatible programs and system add-ons the first time you log in, as explained previously.

What about stuff the installer and Setup Assistant or Migration Assis- tant don’t catch? We installed Lion many times over a variety of existing Snow Leopard—and even Leopard—installations, and we had little trouble that could be traced directly to incompatibilities with transferred code. Based on our experience, as long as you’ve properly prepared your Mac before installing Lion, you should be just fine installing directly over Snow Leopard.

There are, however, a couple situations in which you might consider a clean install. The first is if you’ve done some funky partitioning of your Mac’s startup drive that prevents the Lion installer from creating the special Recovery HD partition. Given how useful Lion’s new Recovery mode is, a clean install is likely worth the effort just so you can restore your Mac’s drive to a standard configuration; this will allow the Lion installer to create the Recovery HD partition. (If you don’t want to reinstall everything manually afterward, you can use Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to transfer your data, applications, and the like to the new installation, as described above.)

The other scenario is if you’ve been using your Mac for a while, installing and deleting lots of apps, and your hard drive has become littered with lots of unnecessary gunk: orphaned application-support and preference files, abandoned preference panes, and the like. A new major version of OS X is a great opportunity to do some spring cleaning. Of course, if you perform a clean install for this purpose, you don’t want to use Setup or Migration Assistant to bring over everything from your backup. Instead, you should manually copy your personal data and then reinstall just those apps and add-ons you actually use.

38 Chapter 2 Install Lion Install Lion over Leopard One of the requirements for installing Lion is that you already have Snow Leopard version 10.6.6 or later (Mac OS X 10.6.6) installed. The main practical reason for this requirement is that Lion is available via the Mac App Store, and the Mac App Store debuted in Mac OS X 10.6.6. In other words, you need Snow Leopard to purchase and download Lion.

But once you’ve got your copy of Lion, can you install it onto a Mac or a hard drive containing Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5)? That depends.

The software license you agree to when you install Lion states that you can “download, install, use and run for personal, non-commercial use, one (1) copy of [Lion] directly on each Apple-branded computer running Mac OS X Snow Leopard or Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server…that you own or control.” In other words, if your Mac shipped with Snow Leopard, you can install Lion on it. If your Mac shipped with Leopard, but you later purchased Snow Leopard for, and installed it on, that Mac, you can install Lion on it. If you didn’t purchase Snow Leopard, you can’t install Lion.

Those situations are pretty clear. But what if, for example, you’ve got a family-pack license for Snow Leopard, and you’ve got a Mac that shipped with Leopard but that you never upgraded to Snow Leopard? Assuming that Mac is compatible, the Lion license agreement says you can’t upgrade to Lion until you first install Snow Leopard.

This is just one scenario—there are a number of situations in which you might have Leopard on a Mac or an external hard drive, along with a valid license for Snow Leopard, and you’d rather not take the interim step of installing Snow Leopard just to upgrade to Lion. Having per- formed this two-step upgrade many times while researching our various Lion-installation articles, we can tell you that it’s a real hassle.

But let’s take a step back. While the letter of the law says you need to install Snow Leopard before installing Lion, the spirit of the law seems to be that a particular Mac just needs a license for Snow Leopard before you can install Lion on it. In other words, in our view, you should be well within your rights to install Lion on any of your computers for which you have a valid, current Snow Leopard license—even if you don’t actually install Snow Leopard first.

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So then the question becomes whether there are any technical reasons you can’t install Lion over Leopard. Based on our testing, the Lion installer refuses to install Lion onto a drive containing Leopard (10.5); in fact, it refuses to install on any drive running a version of Mac OS X below 10.6.6. It will, however, install onto a blank drive, so Lion clearly doesn’t need any of Snow Leopard’s files or settings.

You may be thinking, “It will install onto a blank drive? Then I’ll just copy the installer to my Leopard-equipped Mac, connect an empty hard drive, install Lion there, and use Migration Assistant to move my files over to it.” Alas, while the Lion installer will freely install Lion onto a blank drive, the installer itself must be run from within Snow Leopard or Lion.

So how can you install Lion over Leopard? There are three ways: the official way, the brute-force method, and the quick-but-techie way. Whichever method you choose, you should—as with any OS installa- tion—be sure to have an up-to-date, tested backup of your drive before you begin.

The Official Way

As noted, Apple’s official policy is that if you want to install Lion onto a Mac or a hard drive containing Leopard—assuming, of course, the Mac in question meets Lion’s system requirements—you must first install Snow Leopard and then install Lion. This works; it’s fairly easy to do, if time- consuming; and it gets the Apple seal of approval.

The Brute-Force Method

What if you don’t want to install Snow Leopard first, or you don’t have your Snow Leopard disc handy? (We’re not being coy here—perhaps you’ve misplaced it, or maybe you’re on the road and you’ve got your Mac’s original [Leopard] disc with you as an emergency boot disc, but you don’t have your Snow Leopard upgrade disc.)

As mentioned above, the Lion installer will let you install Lion onto a bare drive when the installer itself is running under Snow Leopard or Lion. So as long as you have a good backup, a 4GB or larger thumbdrive or external drive, and access either to a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lion, or to an already downloaded copy of the Lion installer, you can perform a bit of installer razzle-dazzle. You just erase your Mac’s drive,

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install Lion onto it, and then import all your data from your backup. (If this sounds a lot like a clean install, that’s because it’s essentially the same process.) Here’s how:

1. Make sure you have an up-to-date backup of your Leopard Mac’s hard drive—either a Time Machine backup or a clone backup made using a utility such as SuperDuper or Carbon Copy Cloner. (For this purpose, we recommend a clone.) Be sure to test this backup to verify that it has your latest data. In the case of a Time Machine backup, try restoring some important data from the backup; in the case of a clone backup, boot from the clone to make sure that it boots and it contains all your data.

2. Use the Snow Leopard or Lion computer to download the Lion installer from the Mac App Store. (If you’ve already got your copy of the Lion installer, skip this step.)

3. Create a bootable Lion installer drive using the instructions in the “Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive” section.

4. Boot your Leopard Mac from that new Lion install drive. When you do so, you’ll find yourself at a screen called Mac OS X Utilities, with several options. (This is the same screen you’ll see if you boot your Mac in Recovery mode, as discussed later.)

5. Select Disk Utility and click Continue, then use Disk Utility to erase your Leopard Mac’s internal drive. To do so, select that drive on the left, click Erase on the right, choose Mac OS X Extended (Journaled) from the Format pop-up menu, and click Erase. (Warning: This step erases all the data on your Mac’s hard drive, which is why you absolutely had to make that backup!)

6. When the erase procedure finishes, quit Disk Utility to get back to the Mac OS X Utilities screen.

7. Select Reinstall Mac OS X and click Continue to launch the Lion installer and install Lion on your Mac’s internal drive.

8. After your Mac restarts, installation finishes, and you proceed through the setup process, watch for the Transfer Information To This Mac screen. You’ll use the third option, From Time Machine Or Another Disk, to transfer all your files from your backup to your new installation of Lion.

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When the transfer process is finished, you’ll be able to log in to Lion with all your accounts and data intact.

The Quick-but-Techie Way

If you’re comfortable diving into the OS and editing a plist file, this is the fastest way to install Lion over Leopard, although, as with the previous method, you’ll need to be able to boot from a Snow Leopard or Lion drive to run the installer.

As mentioned above, the Lion installer refuses to install the OS on a Leopard Mac. But how does the installer know your drive contains Leopard and not Snow Leopard? It turns out the installer simply checks a particular file—/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist— on the destination disk to check the version of OS X currently installed on that disk.

This means that if your Mac is running Leopard, and you’re feeling adventurous, you can edit the SystemVersion.plist file so that it claims you’re running, say, 10.6.7. The Lion installer—which will still need to be run on a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lion—will then install Lion over Leopard without the slightest complaint. Here’s how to do that:

1. On your Leopard-equipped Mac, navigate to /System/Library/ CoreServices/.

2. Using a text editor that lets you enter an admin username and password to edit system-level files—such as the non–Mac App Store version of TextWrangler—open SystemVersion.plist.

3. Locate the ProductVersion key; just below that is a string of numbers indicating the OS version. For example, here’s the section of the file from a Mac running OS X 10.5.8:

ProductVersion

10.5.8

4. Change that number to 10.6.6 (or 10.6.7 or 10.6.8), save the file (providing your admin-level username and password when prompted), and then shut down your Mac.

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5. Finally, you’ll need to boot your Mac from a drive running Snow Leopard or Lion that also contains the Lion installer. If you’ve created a bootable Lion install disc or drive, just boot your Mac from it, and, when the Mac OS X Utilities screen appears, use the Reinstall Mac OS X option to install Lion on your Leopard drive. You could instead boot your Leopard Mac from an external drive containing Snow Leopard or Lion, and then run the Lion installer from there. Another option, if you’ve got two Macs with FireWire, is to boot the Leopard Mac into Target Disk Mode and connect it to your Snow Leopard or Lion Mac, and then run the Lion installer.

43 Chapter 2 Install Lion Lion Recovery One of the most significant new features of Lion is one you will hope- fully never need to use: Recovery mode, officially called Lion Recovery. It turns out that when you install Lion, the installer creates an invisible, bootable, 650MB partition—a portion of a drive the operating system treats as a separate volume—on your startup drive. Called Recovery HD, this partition includes a few essential utilities for fixing problems, restoring files, browsing the Web, and even reinstalling Lion.

In our testing, it appeared that the restore partition is created only when you install Lion onto an internal drive formatted with a GUID partition scheme (support.apple.com/kb/ts1600). In addition, that internal drive must initially have only a single partition, or it must be a two-partition drive that was partitioned by Boot Camp Assistant and not further modi- fied afterward. (Apple has confirmed some of these restrictions at support.apple.com/kb/HT4649.) So not everyone will get this feature.

The idea behind Recovery mode is that if you ever have problems with your Mac’s startup volume, you can boot from Recovery HD and perform some basic troubleshooting procedures without the need for an OS X install DVD (or, in the case of some recent Macs, the OS X install thumb- drive) or a separate bootable hard drive. Unfortunately, because the Recovery HD volume is read-only, you can’t, say, copy your favorite third-party disk utility onto it to make that utility available in Recovery mode. However, because it’s a separate partition—and one that’s invis- ible even to Disk Utility—even if you were to erase your Mac’s hard drive, Recovery mode would still be available at startup.

Of course, because the Recovery HD partition is actually part of your Mac’s internal hard drive or SSD, if that drive is having hardware problems or partition-map issues, the recovery partition itself may be inaccessible. In other words, Recovery mode won’t save you from every problem, and it’s no substitute for having a reliable, regularly updated backup.

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Access Recovery Mode

You can access Recovery mode only when your Mac starts up, although there are two ways to do so:

The Easy Way On newer Macs, you can access Recovery mode by simply restarting or starting up the Mac and immediately holding down 1-R. Keep holding these keys until you see the Apple logo on the screen. After a few seconds, you’ll see a window with Mac OS X Utilities in large text across the top (see “Restoration Software”). If this procedure doesn’t work for you, try the second method. Restoration Software Lion’s new Recovery mode contains essential tools for fixing common problems.

The Alternate Way On any Mac, you can access Recovery mode using OS X’s Startup Manager:

1. Restart or start up your Mac and immediately hold down the Option key; keep holding Option until the Startup Manager—a gray screen showing all connected, bootable volumes—appears. One of the volumes will be called Recovery HD.

2. If you want to connect to your local network (for example, to access backups on a Time Capsule) or to the Internet in Recovery mode (see “Use Recovery Mode” later in this section), you can use the pop-up menu at the bottom of the screen to choose a local Wi-Fi network; provide the network’s password when prompted. (If you prefer, you can wait until you’re booted into Recovery mode to choose a network.)

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3. Select Recovery HD and then click the upward-pointing arrow below it to boot from Recovery HD. After a brief delay, you’ll see the same Mac OS X Utilities screen.

(Note that this Mac OS X Utilities is the same one you would see if you created a bootable Lion install drive or disc and then booted your Mac from it.)

Regardless of which method you use to access Recovery mode, the menu bar displays OS X’s Input, Wi-Fi, and (on laptops) battery menus. If you want to connect to your network or the Internet, and you haven’t already chosen a wireless network, you can do so using the Wi-Fi menu. Alternatively, if you’ve got a wired connection, make sure the Ethernet cable or USB-to-Ethernet adapter is connected to your Mac.

Use Recovery Mode

When you are booted into Recovery mode, the tasks you can perform are limited. The four main options are listed in the Mac OS X Utilities window; select one and click Continue to use it.

Restore from Time Machine Backup: You have a backup of your system that you want to restore. If the problems your Mac is having are serious enough that you need to erase your startup drive (perhaps

Restore Your System If you click the Restore From Time Machine Backup option in the Mac OS X Utilities window, you’ll get this screen.

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using Disk Utility in Recovery mode), or if you’ve installed a new hard drive in your Mac, this option lets you restore, from a Time Machine backup, your entire system, including the OS and all accounts, user data, and settings (see “Restore Your System”).

Note that to use this feature, your Time Machine backup must be a complete backup that includes all system files. So if you previously added the System folder, or any other OS-related files and folders, to Time Machine’s exclusion list (in the Time Machine pane of System Preferences), you won’t be able to restore your system from that backup. Instead, you’ll need to reinstall Lion and then use Lion’s Setup Assistant to transfer your data from your Time Machine backup.

Before proceeding, read the important information on the Restore Your System screen that appears when you choose this option and click Continue. Specifically, note that the Restore From Time Machine Backup feature erases the destination drive—it’s only for restoring an entire volume from a Time Machine backup to its original source (or to a replacement drive). To transfer files from a backup to a new Mac, you should use Migration Assistant or Setup Assistant; to restore individual files and folders, use Time Machine while booted into OS X.

You’ve Been Warned The installation utility will prompt you with a final warning before you erase a hard drive during the restore process.

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If you’re sure you want to use the Restore From Time Machine Backup feature, click Continue. On the next screen, you select your Time Machine drive, then the particular backup snapshot you want to restore from, then the destination drive. You’ll see a final warning that this procedure will erase the destination drive (see “You’ve Been Warned”); click Continue, and the utility erases the drive and begins restoring your files from your Time Machine backup.

Once this process is finished—when we tested it on a MacBook Air, it took about an hour and a half for approximately 63GB of data—your Mac will restart from the restored drive, and you’ll be able to log in normally.

Reinstall Mac OS X: Set up and install a new copy of Lion. Select this option and click Return, and the Lion installer launches, letting you install Lion on any supported drive or volume, including the current Mac’s internal drive. However, this version of the installer doesn’t actually include all of the necessary files and data, so installing Lion from within Recovery mode requires an Internet connection to download the actual OS.

When you click Continue on the initial installer screen, you’ll get a dialog box with the message “To download and restore Mac OS X, your com- puter’s eligibility will be verified with Apple.” Clicking Continue sends the necessary information to Apple, and then the installer proceeds just as if you were running the Lion installer normally, with one key exception: Once you select the drive onto which you want to install Lion, you’re prompted to enter your Mac App Store Apple ID and password; then the actual data used by the installer—nearly 4GB of it—is downloaded over the Internet. (With a solid broadband connection, the download should take anywhere from half an hour to an hour and a half.)

While it’s nice to have the option to install Lion from within Recovery mode, because of this download-the-whole-OS drawback, we recom- mend doing so only if you don’t have a bootable Lion-installer drive.

Get Help Online: Browse the Apple Support website to find help for your Mac. Choosing this item and clicking Continue launches Safari (with default settings and bookmarks) to let you browse Apple’s Support site, or any other website, for answers to your troubleshooting prob- lems. You can also check and send email if your email account provides Web access. When Safari first launches in Recovery mode, you’ll see a page called Recovery Information that provides brief instructions on how to perform various tasks in Recovery mode. Unfortunately, you

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won’t be able to print these instructions from within Recovery mode, although you can access them when booted from your normal startup drive—see the “Recovery HD Under the Hood” section.

To get back to the main Mac OS X Utilities window, just quit Safari. (You can actually see the Mac OS X Utilities window by moving Safari’s window out of the way, but you won’t be able to access any of the other functions until you quit Safari.)

Disk Utility: Repair or erase a disk using Disk Utility. Selecting this option and clicking Continue launches Disk Utility, which you can use to check, repair, erase, or partition connected drives. You’ll even be able to repair your Mac’s normal startup volume, although you won’t be able to repartition your Mac’s internal drive, since you’re actually booted from it. If you decide to erase your Mac’s startup drive and reinstall Lion (after making sure you’ve backed up the drive, of course), you’d start here, erase the drive, and then use the Reinstall Mac OS X option (above) to install a new copy of Lion. You can get back to the Mac OS X Utilities window by quitting Disk Utility.

Other Options In addition to the four options in the Mac OS X Utilities window, Recovery mode also offers a few options in its Utilities menu (displayed when viewing the main Mac OS X Utilities screen): Firmware Password Utility, Network Utility, and Terminal. These are the same utilities you can use when your Mac is booted normally into OS X; they let you configure a firmware password, monitor network connections and traffic, and use OS X’s Unix shell, respectively.

Recovery HD under the Hood

If you try to find the Recovery HD partition in the Finder, or even by using Disk Utility, you’ll come up empty. Apple has hidden this partition well, presumably to keep it safe from accidental (or intentional) modifi- cations—after all, what good is an emergency disk if someone has accidentally deleted some of its vital contents?

However, if your curiosity won’t be sated until you’ve been able to browse Recovery HD, here’s how. Just remember: Look, but don’t touch.

1. Open Terminal, type diskutil list, and press Return.

2. You’ll get output similar to this:

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DanBookAir:~ frakes$ diskutil list

/dev/disk0

#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER

0: GUID_partition_scheme *121.3 GB disk0

1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1

2: Apple_HFS DanBookAir 120.5 GB disk0s2

3: Apple_Boot Recovery HD 650.0 MB disk0s3

3. Locate the Recovery HD partition (under Name) and note its identi- fier—in our case, disk0s3.

4. Type diskutil mount [identifier], where [identifier] is, of course, that identifier. This mounts the Recovery HD partition in the Finder. Inside should be a single folder, named com.apple.recovery.boot.

5. Open the com.apple.recovery.boot folder in the Finder, and you’ll see several items. However, you aren’t seeing everything—some of the folder’s contents are invisible. If you want to see everything that’s there, switch back to Terminal and type (or copy from here and paste into Terminal) ls -al /Volumes/Recovery\ HD/com.apple.recov- ery.boot/ and press Return. This will display the full list of the folder’s contents:

DanBookAir:~ frakes$ ls -al /Volumes/Recovery\ HD/

total 930048

drwxr-xr-x 1 0 root wheel 340 Jul 2 14:48 .

drwxrwxr-x 8 root wheel 340 Jul 2 14:48 ..

-rw-r--r--@ 1 root wheel 749 Jul 2 14:48 .disk_label

-rw-r--r--@ 1 root admin 1876 Jun 29 23:55 BaseSystem.chunklist

-rw-r--r--@ 1 root admin 451307798 Jun 29 23:47 BaseSystem.dmg

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-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 2245 Jun 15 18:06 PlatformSupport.plist

-r--r--r-- 1 root wheel 475 Jun 29 20:42 SystemVersion.plist

-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 858800 Jun 29 23:04 boot.efi

-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 361 Jul 2 14:48 com.apple.Boot.plist

-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 23992189 Jun 29 22:41 kernelcache

Of particular interest is BaseSystem.dmg, a disk image that contains the recovery partition’s bootable copy of OS X and all the recovery-mode utilities. You can mount this disk image by typing open /Volumes/ Recovery\ HD/com.apple.recovery.boot/BaseSystem.dmg and pressing Return. Once you’ve done that, you can view the Recovery Information page you see when you launch Safari from within Recovery mode; just type open /Volumes/Mac\ OS\ X\ Base\ System/ System/Installation/CDIS/Mac\ OS\ X\ Utilities.app/ Contents/Resources/English.lproj/ (all one line) and press Return. You’ll see the contents of the English.lproj folder; find the RecoveryInformation.html file and double-click it to open it in your default Web browser.

When you’re done browsing, you can eject Mac OS X Base System as you would any removable volume. You can then unmount the Recovery HD volume by typing, in Terminal, diskutil unmount [identifier], where [identifier] is the same identifier you used above.

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More than any previous release, Lion tweaks and extends the Mac OS X interface, often in unex- Contents pected ways. The operating system has interest- Multi-Touch ing tools and changes that will please everyone, Gestures from novices to power users. Taking a cue from Page 53 the popularity of the iPhone and iPad, Apple has The Finder added support for Multi-Touch gestures in Lion. Page 57 There are all-new navigation tools like Launchpad and Mission Control. Old standbys like the Finder Mission Control Page 64 and the Dock have also received slight tweaks. In this chapter, we’ll walk you through the new Launchpad navigation tools and have you flying around Lion Page 67 in no time. Dock Page 70

52 Chapter 3 Navigate Lion Multi-Touch Gestures First Apple made Multi-Touch popular with the iPhone. Then the company began supporting certain Multi-Touch gestures on the Mac: two-finger scrolling, rotating, pinching to open and close, screen zooming, and secondary clicking; three-finger swiping to navigate or drag; and four-finger swiping for Exposé and switching between applications. Now Lion offers many new and modified Multi-Touch gestures that work with your laptop’s built-in trackpad or the Magic Trackpad. Essentially, Lion urges you to interact with your Mac as if it’s a giant iPad—using your easier-to- reach trackpad as a proxy for the screen.

Most of the new gestures won’t work with the Magic Mouse, because that device is limited to two-finger gestures only. The new gestures are configurable in the Trackpad pane of System Preferences. They include the following:

Configure the Secondary Click

Instead of using a two-finger click, you can set either the bottom left or the bottom right corner of your trackpad to trigger a secondary click. (This is in addition to the still-supported Control-click or traditional right-click on two-button mice.)

Double-Tap for Dictionary Definitions

Define Inline To look Move the cursor over any text— up a word in Lion, you whether it’s editable text in a docu- just double-tap the ment you’re writing, or displayed text trackpad with three on a Web page or anywhere else— fingers. and double-tap the trackpad with three fingers. A dictionary pop-up will appear, with definitions, syn- onyms, and even Wikipedia entries when appropriate (see “Define Inline”). Highlight two or more words before you triple-tap (for example, highlight Steve Jobs), and the diction- ary will look up the combined words instead.

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Pinch to Zoom In and Out

If you’ve ever zoomed in on a website with iOS, these new gestures will feel mighty familiar. Pinch with two fingers—or double-tap with two fingers—and you’ll zoom in on the content. Zooming doesn’t work systemwide, but you can use the gestures in Safari, iPhoto, Preview, and other apps.

Swipe with Two Fingers for In-App Navigation

In Snow Leopard, you could use the three-finger swipe to navigate within certain apps—think Safari and iPhoto. In Lion, such navigation now requires one finger fewer, along with a mental shift. Back in Snow Leopard, if you navigated from Macworld.com to a specific article on the site, you could use a three-finger swipe to the left to go back to our homepage. In Lion, you use a two-finger swipe to the right instead. Rather than telling your Mac to “go back,” imagine you’re swiping the newly loaded page off the screen, revealing the old one behind it. (If you prefer the old gestures, you can switch to the Swipe With Two Or Three Fingers setting in the More Gestures tab of the Trackpad preference pane.)

Swipe between Full-Screen Applications

Three- or four-finger swipes navigate between g he full-screen apps. You choose the number of fingers in the More Gestures tab of the Trackpad preference pane. If you swipe your fingers to the

right on your main desktop screen, your Dash- d en B er t e Van board will swoop in from the left. Swiping your fingers left rotates between your full-screen apps and any virtual

desktop spaces you’ve created. Ka ti ons by t ra us I ll

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Swipe Up for Mission Control

A three- or four-finger swipe up enters Mission Con- trol, Lion’s new take on Exposé. Repeating or reversing the gesture takes you back to where you were previ- ously. See the “Mission Control” section of this chapter for more on Mission Control.

Swipe Down to Enter App Exposé

Swipe down with four fingers to enter App Exposé, which reveals all the windows and open documents for the current app. Reversing the gesture exits App Exposé. To learn more about App Exposé, read further on in this chapter.

Pinch for Launchpad

A pinch with your thumb and three fingers triggers Launchpad, which displays all your Mac apps in the style of the iPad’s home screens. See the “Launch- pad” section of this chapter for more on this feature.

Spread Hand Out to Show Desktop

Spreading your thumb and three fingers outward (a reverse pinch) flicks your open windows away, revealing the desktop underneath. Reverse the gesture to bring your windows back.

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Two-Finger Scrolling

Two-finger scrolling works differently in Lion than in previous versions of OS X. The default scrolling behavior in Lion is called Natural Scrolling, meaning that the content moves in the direction in which your fingers move as you scroll. That’s what you’re accustomed to seeing on the iPhone or iPad, but it’s precisely the opposite of how Macs have scrolled to date. If you hate the change, you can disable Natural Scrolling on the Scroll & Zoom tab of the Trackpad preference pane.

Alternatives to Gestures

If you don’t use a laptop and haven’t purchased a Magic Trackpad yet, you have a couple options: Part with the $69 required to get one, or skip the gestures altogether, as many of Lion’s new technologies can be triggered directly from your keyboard, too.

For example, you can switch between full-screen apps by holding down the Control key and pressing the left- or right-arrow keys. And pressing Control–Up Arrow launches Mission Control; Control–Down Arrow enters App Exposé. As in Snow Leopard, holding down the Control key while you use your mouse’s scroll wheel zooms in on the screen—it’s not the same as the new Multi-Touch zoom options, but it’s something. Instead of triple-tapping a word to get its definition, you can rely on a new contextual menu option by Control-clicking on the word instead and choosing Look Up In Dictionary. And you can leave the Launchpad icon in your Dock, and then click on that instead of triggering it via its gesture.

56 Chapter 3 Navigate Lion The Finder Steve Jobs may dream of a future without a file system, but until that happens, Lion’s improve- ments to the Finder are a strong organizational step forward. Here’s a look at Lion’s changes to the Finder window and its cousins, Spotlight and Quick Look.

Organization

The main Finder window has had a few subtle tweaks to make navigating your Mac easier. The changes may be disorienting at first, but with a bit of practice they will feel natural in no time (see “Introducing the Finder”).

General Appearance The Finder’s appearance has been simplified and streamlined—Apple has removed its scrollbars and muted colors to provide a cleaner, more sterilized look. The drop-down arrows for categories in the sidebar have been removed and replaced with hover controls; now users can simply hover the cursor over a category’s name and click Show or Hide to expand or collapse it.

New Categories When it comes to file arrangement and presentation, Lion presents a whole new experience. Apple has pruned down the sidebar categories in Lion: Gone are Places (replaced by Favorites) and

Introducing the Finder Lion’s version of the Finder looks simpler and cleaner than its Snow Leopard cousin.

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Search For (excised entirely). The basic elements remain the same—you can still choose Icon, List, Column, or Cover Flow view to see your files—but their arrangement differs dramatically. For starters, when you open a new Finder window, you’re presented with the All My Files view. As the name suggests, this window showcases every user-friendly file categorized by kind. Categories include Events & To Dos, Images, PDF Documents, Music, Movies, Spreadsheets, Documents, and Developer (for HTML and Xcode files). In Icon view, files are displayed three at a time in stacked categories; you can scroll horizontally through a given category’s files, or scroll down through the list of categories. In List, Column, and Cover Flow view, every file is listed vertically, with category titles labeled at the top of each section.

While All My Files defaults to showing categories labeled by kind, you can change this to display any number of other options using the new Arrange By menu (see “Organize Me”). Previous versions of the OS buried this functionality in submenus. Arrange By offers a variety of organizational categories for your files, including Name, Kind, Applica- tion, Date Last Opened, Date Added, Date Modified, Date Created, Size, and Label. Application and Date Last Opened are both new in Lion.

Organize Me Use the Arrange By menu to categorize your files.

Choose any category but Name, and your files will gain related section headers. For instance, if you choose Date Last Opened, your files will be categorized under the headings Today, Yesterday, Previous 7 Days, Previ- ous 30 Days, and a broader Earlier. This organizational structure isn’t limited to the All My Files section: Arrange By will work in any Finder window, in any folder.

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Keep It All You can avoid accidentally overwriting files, thanks to Lion’s new Keep Both Files option.

Additional Interaction Options There are a few new options when interacting with files inside the Finder as well. When you highlight multiple files in the Finder and Control-click, you’ll be able to group them into a folder, in addition to compressing them or burning them to a disk. You can also avoid accidentally overwriting files, thanks to the new Keep Both Files option that will appear when copying a file with the same name as another file to the same folder (see “Keep It All”).

If you highlight a file and click the gear icon in the Finder, you’ll see one or two new options toward the bottom of the menu, depending on the file type. All files have the New Email With Attachment option, which will launch Mail with the file attached; images also have the option to Set Desktop Picture.

Beginner-Friendly Features Mac experts may find a few things missing or altered in the Finder when they install Lion. For one thing, your user library is hidden by default, though your system library remains visible. Ideally, this keeps novice users from mucking about, and users who need to access something can do so by turning on hidden files, or by using the Finder’s Go To Folder command. It’s also a lot harder to accidentally move an application: If you try to drag a program out of the Applications folder, it will turn into an alias by default; to actually move it, you’ll need to hold down the 1 key.

Search Intelligently The Finder’s search bar has been improved under the hood to provide for intelligent queries and multiterm searches. Not

Search and Rescue You can stack search queries to target your desired files.

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only will Lion suggest matches and file types for your words as you type, but it can also convert them to search tokens. For instance, type in photoshop and you’ll get an offer to look for all Photoshop files on your hard drive. Select that, and you can stack additional queries on top of it—say, if you want to look for every PSD file named hat—to get more- precise results (see “Search and Rescue”).

Once you start a query, the Finder window will convert into a search pane, asking where you’d like to search, whether you’d like to save the search, or whether you want to add more specificity. Gone is Snow Leopard’s option to search the file’s contents versus its filename; in Lion, the Finder attempts to intelligently determine which you’re looking for.

You can save your search as a smart folder by clicking the Save button; as in Snow Leopard, you’ll have the option to save it to a specific folder on your hard drive or to add it to the Finder sidebar. (If you do so, it will appear under Favorites.)

Simplified Mac Info At first glance, the trademark Apple menu—hiding in the upper left corner of your Mac’s screen—looks like it hasn’t changed at all. It’s the same with the menu items themselves: If you click About This Mac, for example, you’ll be presented with a window that’s very similar to that in Snow Leopard. Click the More Info button, how- ever, and you’ll find a very different window awaiting your perusal.

Previously, when you went to look up more information on your com- puter’s innards, Finder opened a little utility called System Profiler that gave you a no-nonsense view of all your computer’s parts and external connections. In Lion, however, Apple has made that step more novice friendly. Instead of seeing the technical jargon, you’re brought to an About This Mac screen within the renamed System Information utility, simplified to present information about your Mac’s innards in a clean, clear manner.

Divided into six sections—Overview, Displays, Storage, Memory, Support, and Service—it provides information such as the computer’s serial number, current software version, display type and graphics card, amount of hard disk space remaining (and what types of files are currently on the disk), and memory capacity and upgrade instructions. The last two tabs, Support and Service, also provide direct links to Apple’s Help Center, the computer’s user manual, and AppleCare sup- port. If it’s technical jargon you seek, you can access the old System Profiler by clicking System Report in the Overview tab.

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Instant Previews Spotlight now offers full previews of your files, email messages, and images.

Spotlight

While Lion’s Spotlight looks superficially similar to its Snow Leopard compatriot, Mac OS X’s search and launch tool has a few neat new tricks hiding away in this iteration. For one, you can now use Quick Look on almost anything from the Spotlight search bar; hover the cursor over an item, and a preview will pop up to the left of the window, showing a full scrollable preview. You can also search Wikipedia and the Web using dedicated options available at the bottom of the Spotlight menu.

While you can’t use the new search tokens in Spotlight to create multi- term searches (as you can in Finder and in Mail), you can still do things the old-fashioned way using Boolean searches and keywords. For instance, searching kind:photoshop hat returns the same results as if you used the Photoshop search token and the word hat in the Finder.

Once you’ve found the file you were looking for, you have three options: You can click on it to open it directly in its default application; if you want to see where your file is located, you can click on Show All In Finder; and—new to Lion—you can drag it directly from the Spotlight menu to copy it to an email, folder, or AirDrop, Lion’s new local file-sharing feature. For more on AirDrop, see the Sharing chapter.

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Open Sesame If you want to edit your file, you can open it in the appropriate application directly from the Quick Look window.

Quick Look

Introduced in 2007 as part of Leopard, Quick Look offered users a way to easily preview files without going to the trouble of opening applica- tions. Gone were the days of manually opening a thousand pictures with names like “DSC0001” to find images of last year’s beach trip; instead, you could just tap the spacebar and navigate with your arrow keys to see full-size previews.

Quick Look didn’t change all that much in Mac OS iterations over the years—but with Lion, it expands its sphere of influence. No longer limited to the Finder, the utility is now integrated systemwide, offering URL previews in applications like Mail and iChat, file previews in Spot- light, and window previews in Mission Control.

In the Finder, Quick Look works the same way it always has—you can tap the spacebar or use one of the many keyboard combinations to preview

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your file—though the eye icon is no longer present by default in the toolbar. When previewing a file, you now have the option to open the file in its currently assigned application, in addition to making it full-screen (see “Open Sesame”). Unlike with full-screen apps, making a Quick Look window full-screen does not create a space for it; instead, it takes up the full screen of your desktop.

Even without entering Quick Look mode, you can view enhanced previews using Column view or Cover Flow view; PDFs, for example, now have multipage previews that you can thumb through using arrow controls that appear when you hover.

In supported applications like Mail, when you hover over a URL, you’ll see an arrow pointing down appended to the end. Click it, and you’ll be presented with a Quick Look scrollable preview of that page, and an option to open it in Safari.

63 Chapter 3 Navigate Lion Mission Control Hard as it may be to believe, there was a time before Mac OS X’s Exposé feature—a dark time. As in many of Apple’s prior major releases, Exposé has gotten a face-lift in Lion—this time it has become part of a feature Apple calls Mission Control.

Apple bills Mission Control as “Mac command central”—a place where you can get a quick and organized overview of everything your computer is doing right now. There are a number of ways to activate it, but Apple clearly hopes you’ll use the three-finger upward swipe gesture on your Multi-Touch–enabled trackpad. Otherwise, you can click the Mission Control icon in the Dock, use the Exposé key on your Mac’s keyboard, or assign Mission Control to another keyboard shortcut, mouse button, or hot corner via the Mission Control pane of System Preferences.

When you trigger Mission Control, you’ll get an Exposé-like bird’s-eye view of your open windows, organized in stacks by application (see “Mission: Controllable”). Each application stack has a badge with the name of the app and its icon; clicking an icon will bring that app and all of its windows to the foreground, but you can also click an individual window to bring that one—and only that one—to the front. You can even cycle through all apps on the keyboard using 1-tilde (~). (Note that windows you’ve minimized do not show up in Mission Control.) Mission: Controllable In Lion, Exposé, Spaces, and Dashboard have been united into Mission Control, a new tool that gives you a bird’s-eye view of what’s happen- ing on your Mac.

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Additional Desktops Above your windows is a list of your open spaces, or virtual desktops. You can have multiple Unlike previous versions of OS X, Lion doesn’t provide any way to desktops, and they will entirely disable the Spaces feature. By default you have two spaces: appear as thumbnails Dashboard and your desktop (though you can convert Dashboard back along the top of the to its Snow Leopard–style overlay in the Mission Control preference Mission Control screen. pane). You can add another space in several ways, most simply by putting any of your apps into full-screen mode.

You can also put a windowed app into a new space by triggering Mission Control and dragging a window or app toward the top of the screen. A new picture of your desktop, overlaid with a plus sign (+), will appear in the upper right corner; drop your dragged item anywhere at the top of the screen to create a new desktop with just that item in it (see “Addi- tional Desktops”).

To swap back and forth between spaces, you have a few options, but Apple once again seems to be pushing gestures. A three-finger swipe, either in Mission Control or from your desktop, will take you to the next space. Clicking any desktop in Mission Control will take you right to the full-screen version of that space.

Moving windows and apps between spaces is also a breeze: Just switch to a space in Mission Control, and drag and drop the items you want to move onto another space, or into a new space. You can’t drag them out of a space thumbnail, however, nor can you rearrange or rename your spaces. And, unlike previous versions of OS X that included the Spaces feature, Lion doesn’t let you add spaces “below” or “above” your desk- tops; you can only add them in a horizontal spectrum. To delete a space, hover over it in Mission Control until an X icon appears in the upper left corner; any windows or apps left in that space will jump back to your primary desktop. You can’t do that with spaces that are full-screen apps, though—to collapse one of these, you’ll need to go into the space and toggle the app back to windowed mode.

However, you can control a couple of aspects of space organization, thanks to two options in the Mission Control preference pane. By default, Automatically Rearrange Spaces Based On Most Recent Use is

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active, meaning that the last-used space will always appear to the right of your primary space. (It’s a bit like the way 1-Tab always shows the most recent application directly to the right of the current app.) Keep in mind that this option will result in a constantly changing space order, so if you’d rather keep your spaces static, just deselect this checkbox. Also by default, when you click on a Dock icon for an open application, Lion will shift you to a space where there are already windows for that app. If you’d like to deactivate that option, you can uncheck it in the Mission Control preference pane as well.

Fans of Exposé’s other features—the option to show all windows in an application and show your desktop—needn’t fret; the capabilities are still there. As with Mission Control, you can assign hot corners, keyboard shortcuts, or mouse clicks to those functions, or you can use Multi- Touch gestures. A three-finger downward swipe will reveal all windows in the current application, along with a horizontal list of that app’s documents (if any) that you can swipe through. (Swiping down while hovering over any app’s icon in the Dock will reveal all windows and documents for that application.) To show your desktop, you’ll need to perform a four-finger spread—a reverse pinch.

If you have multiple displays, Mission Control will show you the apps and windows on each display, but you can’t move items between displays while in Mission Control; that applies to Dashboard widgets as well. If you create a new space on either display, it will create a linked desktop on the other display (assuming you’re operating in extended display mode). Swiping through spaces on either display switches them on both.

66 Chapter 3 Navigate Lion Launchpad

If you’re looking for iOS influences on Lion, you couldn’t ask for a better example than Launchpad. It’s as if Apple picked up an iPhone and tipped its Springboard interface directly onto the nearest Mac: The same app icon layout, folders, and multiple home screens that you see on iOS devices now appear right on your desktop.

You access Launchpad either from its Dock icon (a brushed-metal picture of a spaceship) or via a three- or four-finger pinch gesture, if you’ve enabled it in the Trackpad preference pane’s More Gestures tab. If you’d like to set up a hot corner, you can do so via the Desktop & Screen Saver preference pane; click on the Hot Corners button in the Desktop tab. You can also use the Launchpad icon in the Applications folder—thankfully, Launchpad does not appear within Launchpad.

When triggered, Launchpad zooms in as a layer over all your existing stuff, which you’ll see fuzzed out in the background; in that way, it behaves a lot like Dashboard did pre-Lion. Your applications are neatly laid out in a grid of icons, which you can rearrange to your heart’s content—by default, all of OS X’s included applications are on the first screen, with third-party apps relegated to any subsequent screens (see “Ready for Launch”). You can quickly switch between screens with a Ready for Launch Users of Apple’s iOS should find Launchpad’s grid of icons a familiar sight.

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two-finger swipe, either by using the left- and right-arrow keys on the keyboard, or by clicking the little dots that represent your home screens.

As in iOS, launching an app is as easy as clicking on it. You can quickly rearrange apps by dragging them around—unlike on iOS devices, you don’t need to click and hold on them and make them jiggle around, but you can if you prefer. However, if you want to delete an app—and bear in mind that you can’t delete any of Apple’s own apps—you will have to do the click-and-hold dance, and then tap the X that appears in the upper left corner.

Launchpad does sport iOS-style folders—by default, all of the apps in your Mac’s /Applications/Utilities folder appear in a separate Utilities folder inside Launchpad. Creating additional folders is as easy as dragging one icon and dropping it on top of another; OS X will auto- matically name the folder based on its contents, but you can change it to whatever you like. You can then rearrange folders just like app icons, but you can’t drop one folder inside another. Also, unlike iOS, Lion doesn’t allow creation of a folder with a single app in it—the folder will disappear as soon as there’s just one app inside it, moving that icon back to the main Launchpad level (see “Welcome to the Fold”). You can have up to 32 apps in a single folder, but, as with iOS, you’ll have to move each app in or out of a folder individually—there’s no way to move them en masse.

New programs downloaded from the Mac App Store go directly into Launchpad, as do ones that you drag into the Applications folder. Welcome to the Fold Folders can contain up to 32 apps, and you can rename them with whatever name you want.

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There’s no way to keep apps arranged in any other way besides where you put them. You also can’t use a secondary display with Launchpad; it appears only on your primary monitor.

Though the hierarchy of Launchpad initially reflects the hierarchy of your Applications folder (Launchpad’s Utilities folder has the same contents as /Applications/Utilities), the two are not synonymous. So if you move an app into or out of a subfolder in Launchpad, the same change doesn’t happen in the Applications folder, and vice versa.

There’s one notable exception: deleting an app. If you remove an app from Launchpad, it’s gone from your Applications folder—and we mean gone, baby, gone; it doesn’t even show up in the Trash. However, the only apps you can delete in Launchpad are those you’ve downloaded from the Mac App Store, and you can download anything you’ve purchased from the store again for free. In many cases, those apps will even retain your data.

69 Chapter 3 Navigate Lion The Dock

Lights Out By default, With a few exceptions, the Dock in Apple’s latest OS X update is pretty the Dock no longer much the same one Apple has included in OS X for years. shows indicator lights underneath running The major change isn’t some new piece of functionality, but rather programs, but you can something that’s gone away: the little blue indicator lights underneath restore them in System programs that indicate they’re running. Don’t worry, though—if you miss Preferences. the lights, they’re just a few clicks away. Open up System Preferences, go to the Dock pane, and click the checkbox next to Show Indicator Lights For Open Applications (see “Lights Out”).

Another change to the Dock is more subtle: If you’ve activated the App Exposé feature in the Trackpad preference pane’s More Gestures tab, you can do a three- or four-finger swipe down while hovering over any app icon to show just the windows associated with that app (see “Dock-uments”). In apps that work with documents—TextEdit and Preview, for example—you’ll also get a Cover Flow–like list of files you’ve worked with in that app. Clicking one of them will open that document in the application.

Here’s a nice tweak: Apps newly downloaded from the Mac App Store no longer jump into your Dock, but rather appear in Launchpad.

Dock-uments The App Exposé feature, which is triggered when you do a three-finger swipe down over any icon in the Dock, reveals a list of documents associated with the selected program.

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Sharing files and screens is easier in Mac OS X 10.7. With the new AirDrop feature, Mac users Contents who are on the same Wi-Fi network and in close AirDrop proximity to each other can share files by drag- Page 72 ging and dropping. The screen-sharing tool has Screen Sharing also been upgraded to make controlling and Page 74 viewing other screens from afar easier.

71 Chapter 4 Sharing AirDrop AirDrop is Apple’s alternative to sneakernet—a way to easily transfer files between Macs without setting up a complicated network. To use it, all you need are at least two Macs running Lion, logged into the same wireless network and located within about 30 feet of each other.

Get Started

To use AirDrop, open a Finder window on your Mac and select the AirDrop entry in the sidebar. (Alternatively, you can choose AirDrop from the Finder’s Go menu or press 1-Shift-R.) Your Mac will now appear as an AirDrop destination for any other Mac that also has its AirDrop window open. Close this window, and your Mac is no longer available for AirDrop transfers. When the window is open, your Mac is identified by the icon associated with your user’s account or, if you’re listed as a contact in that person’s copy of Address Book, the image associated with your contact.

Note that if someone else’s AirDrop window was open but has since been closed, their icon may still appear in your AirDrop window. When you attempt to send a file to that computer, you’ll eventually see a message that reads “The transfer failed. Please try again.” This gives you the opportunity to yell across the room, “Hey, Mary, I’m trying to send you that file—open AirDrop!”

Lion’s Share AirDrop is a great new feature in Lion that makes it simple to connect to other Macs running Lion within a 30-foot radius.

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To transfer a file to another Mac, just drop it on that Mac’s icon in the AirDrop window. You’ll see a small window that reads “Do you want to send nameoffile to otherMac?” This will be accompanied by Cancel and Send buttons. Click Send, and you see “Waiting for otherMac to accept.” You can click Cancel if you like.

On the other Mac, a dialog box appears, reading “FirstMac wants to send you nameoffile.” You can choose Save And Open, Decline, or Save options. The file is copied over if you choose Save And Open or Save. (Decline, naturally, rejects the invitation to accept the file.)

Obtain Missing Apps

If you choose Save And Open and you don’t have an application that sup- ports the copied file, you see a warning that reads “There is no applica- tion set to open the document nameoffile.” This is accompanied by Choose Application, Cancel, and Search App Store buttons. For example, if someone sends you a GarageBand file and you don’t have a copy of GarageBand installed, click the Search App Store button. The App Store will display GarageBand for the Mac. Purchase and download the application, and you’re ready to open the file.

73 Chapter 4 Sharing Screen Sharing One of our favorite ways to troubleshoot problems with Macs of friends and family members is to use the Screen Sharing feature—a way to remotely control another person’s Mac on a local network. Screen Sharing under Lion has been significantly enhanced.

Access Multiple Accounts

It’s now possible for you to not only view the display of another Mac, but also share the screen for any account you have access to on that Mac, even when someone else is using it with another account. For example, let’s say a remote Mac has two user accounts: Joe and Jane. Joe is currently working on that Mac in his account. From another Mac, Jane can select that Mac under the Shared heading in a Finder window, click Share Screen, and enter her username and password in the resulting dialog box. When she clicks the Connect button, a Select Display window appears, with two options: Ask To Share The Display and Connect To A Virtual Display. If she clicks Ask To Share The Display, a message appears on the other Mac, indicating that Jane would like to share the screen. If Joe clicks Share Screen, Jane can see what’s on Joe’s screen as well as control his account.

If instead she clicks Connect To A Virtual Display, she can choose to view and control any account she has access to on the other Mac. She can, for

Let the Sharing Begin With Screen Sharing in Lion, you can connect to a hardware display or a virtual display.

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example, select the Jane account and enter her password; her account will launch in the background on the remote Mac. The only indication Joe will have that this is happening is the appearance of the Screen Sharing icon in the menu bar. Jane can then work with the Mac remotely while Joe is also using it.

More Display Modes

Screen Sharing now offers you two display modes—Hardware and Virtual Display. The first time you connect to another Mac you’ll be offered the choice to choose one or the other (see “Let the Sharing Begin”). Hard- ware is the display mode we’re accustomed to. When you’ve connected to another Mac via Screen Sharing, the other Mac’s display image appears on your Mac and on the Mac you’re connected to. As you control the other Mac, the person sitting in front of it can see what you’re doing, provided that the user is logged in to the account you’re working with.

When you choose Virtual Display, you see the remote Mac’s screen but the display on the remote Mac switches to the gray log-in screen. For the person at the remote Mac to regain control of it, he or she must log in with a password. Regardless of the mode you choose for Screen Sharing, you have control over the remote Mac. You have the option of switching from one mode to another by choosing a mode from the View menu (see “Extra Options”).

There’s also a new Observe mode (available in the View menu). In this mode, you can see what’s happening on the remote Mac, but you can’t control it. This is useful for watching a presentation on another Mac.

Extra Options Lion’s Screen Sharing mode has a new toolbar.

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Toolbar Tweaks

Finally, Screen Sharing includes a new toolbar that appears when you run Screen Sharing in full-screen mode. You can use it to switch be- tween Control and Observe Only modes, trigger the Fit Screen In Window command, take a screen shot (also found in the Connection menu, this command takes a screen shot of everything on the remote Mac’s display), and get the contents of the remote Mac’s Clipboard, as well as send the Clipboard contents from the Mac you’re working with to the remote Mac.

76 5 Work with

Contents Apps Auto Save, Versions, and Resume The operating system may be the Mac’s back- Page 78 bone, but your applications are what you use to get things done. With Lion, Apple has introduced Work in several new techniques for interacting with your Full-Screen apps and their files. You’ll also be able to find Mode Page 83 new third-party apps more easily via the Mac App Store. Explore the Mac App Store Page 85

77 Chapter 5 Work with Apps Auto Save, Versions, and Resume Coming to grips with data loss can be hard, but thanks to three new features in Lion (and improvements to Time Machine), losing your information may soon be a thing of the past. Versions, Auto Save, Resume, and Time Machine combine to make sure that not only does your data reliably get saved, but it’s always right where you left it.

Auto Save and Versions

We’ve all heard the mantra: Save your work. Anybody who’s lost data knows how painful the experience can be—especially when you know it was preventable. With Lion, however, that step becomes unnecessary: Your work will automatically be saved when you make changes, thanks to Auto Save and Versions, two new features in the OS.

Auto Save does pretty much what its name suggests—it automatically saves your work when you make changes. That’s it: You don’t need to do anything. Auto Save won’t be available in every app by default, as it

Like a Version You can access Version’s commands from a new drop-down menu in the title bar of your document.

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requires some work for third-party developers to integrate into their applications; for compatible apps, however, it’ll all happen in the back- ground—no need to worry about pressing 1-S.

As for Versions, it works similarly to Apple’s Time Machine, except on a per-document basis. Whenever you make significant changes, Versions takes that into account; it works hand in hand with Lion’s Auto Save and Time Machine to make sure your edits are always saved. Apps should also save Versions snapshots when you open, save, duplicate, lock, rename, or revert to a previous version of a document. Since Versions saves only the history of your changes rather than a full copy of every additional version, it uses only a fraction of the space it otherwise might.

There are a few ways to access Versions. First, you can always revert to either the last saved or the last opened version from the File menu or the Versions menu—you can access the latter via a downward-pointing triangle that appears when you hover the cursor over a document’s title bar (see “Like a Version”). If you use the File menu, a dialog sheet will give you the choice of reverting to the last opened or saved version or browsing older versions; from the Versions menu, you can just choose Browse All Versions.

If you choose to view the older versions of a document, you’ll be moved into a Time Machine–style interface showing two documents: the current version on the left, and a stack of previous versions stretching back into time on the right (see “Time and Time Again”). To navigate, click any older version’s title bar to bring it to the foreground, or use the

Time and Time Again Versions’ Time Machine–style interface lets you restore to an older copy of a docu- ment or just copy and paste text from an old version to a new one.

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History slider on the right to isolate a version by a particular time and date. Underneath the older version, you’ll see when that iteration was saved. A pair of buttons appears at the bottom of the screen: Done and Restore. Done will take you out of the Versions interface and back into your application without making any changes; Restore will use the selected older version to replace your current version.

It’s also worth noting that in this interface, older versions are interac- tive. While you can’t delete or alter their text, you can copy text from them into the current version; if you deleted that iffy sentence but decide you want to restore it without touching other alterations you’ve made, you can do so.

To freeze your document so that no other changes can be made, select Lock from the Versions drop-down menu. A little padlock will appear on the document icon in the title bar and in the Finder, and gray “Locked” text will appear in the title bar. If you try to make any changes to a locked file, you’ll be prompted either to unlock it or to duplicate it (which you can also do via the Versions menu or File menu).

There has been one casualty in the transition to Versions and Auto Save: the Save As option. Instead, you’ll need to use the Duplicate feature, found in the title bar’s drop-down menu.

Resume

We’ve all done it—accidentally quit an application when we only meant to close a window. You then face a long, arduous process: Relaunch the app, open all your documents, reorganize all your windows, and so forth. With Lion, Apple aims to make that task a thing of the past by imple- menting an iOS-influenced feature: Resume.

Like Auto Save, Resume is a feature that requires essentially no action on the user’s part. When you launch an application, it puts you right back where you were when you left off, including opening the same docu- ments and windows (see “As You Were”).

Resume applies not only to quitting an app, but also to restarting your Mac. In fact, when you select Restart, Shut Down, or Log Out from the Apple menu, you’ll see a checkbox that lets you specify whether you’d like windows reopened when you log back in. You can also disable Resume entirely from the General pane of System Preferences by

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As You Were When shutting down or restarting your Mac, you can decide whether to relaunch your programs and reopen all their windows.

unchecking the box marked Restore Windows When Quitting And Re-opening Apps; if you want to avoid opening old windows when restarting a specific application, hold down the Shift key during launch.

Time Machine

Though Time Machine was first introduced as part of Mac OS X 10.5, Leopard, it picks up a couple of new features in Lion—namely, the ability to encrypt your backup disk and support for local snapshots.

First, Time Machine offers greater security for your backed-up data by allowing you to fully encrypt your backup disk (see “Encrypt Keeper”). When you set up a new Time Machine drive, all you need to do is check the box marked Encrypt Backup Disk and then enter a password. Whenever you connect your Time Machine drive, you’ll be prompted to enter the password. People without the password who try to plug the drive into their own computer won’t be able to access the data.

Laptop users will also be happy about another new Time Machine ability: local snapshots. In Lion, the system will keep local backups of deleted files as space permits; so if you’re on a trip and accidentally delete a photo, for instance, you may still be able to retrieve it by going into the Time Machine interface.

When you plug your Time Machine drive back into your Mac, those snapshots will move to your backup drive, consolidating all your data into a single, easy-to-browse location.

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Encrypt Keeper You can choose to encrypt your Time Machine disk when you specify a drive, keeping your backups safe from prying eyes.

The Time Machine preference pane has received a few minor tweaks of its own. For example, when you click Options within the pane, you can lock documents (in apps that support Auto Save and Versions) either one day, one week, two weeks, one month, or one year after their last edit; this means those documents cannot accidentally be edited. In addition, the Time Machine interface now highlights the date of your last backup in the timeline, coloring it and any backups before that in purple so you can easily distinguish between them (later backups appear in white).

Finally, while you’ve long been able to move your data quickly and easily from a Time Machine backup to a new computer using Apple’s Migration Assistant, you can now also restore your data via Lion’s Recovery mode.

82 Chapter 5 Work with Apps Work in Full-Screen Mode Since the very first Mac OS, your applications have lived in resizable windows, cordoned off so that you could appropriately multitask. In Lion, your apps have a new option: full-screen mode (see “Under the Lens”). When you enable this, your application moves to a new Mission Control space and enlarges to fill the whole screen; from here, you can work and switch between it and your other apps using a Multi-Touch gesture.

While any software can implement Lion’s full-screen mode, thanks to code made available by Apple, third-party developers will need to update their software before their apps can take advantage of the feature. Most of Apple’s applications, however—Mail, Safari, Terminal, GarageBand, iTunes, and the iLife and iWork suites—support full-screen mode. To enter full-screen mode, click on the small diagonal-arrow icon at the upper right corner of the window’s title bar.

When you send an app into full-screen mode, the Dock and menu bar zip off the screen. Move your cursor to where the menu bar or Dock should be, and they’ll temporarily reappear. Your full-screen app is technically running in its own space, but don’t fret if you’ve never used or under- stood Spaces before. Essentially, your app is now running on a stand- alone screen.

You can switch to your main desktop—or to other full-screen apps—by swiping left or right with three fingers, or by pressing the left- or

Under the Lens In full-screen mode, you can home in on the document you’re working on.

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right-arrow keys while holding Control. And you can take your window out of full-screen mode at any time with either of two approaches: Generally, pressing Escape will exit full-screen mode (unless there’s a dialog box on the screen that you’d cancel or close by pressing Escape). But you can always depend on the menu bar option: Move your cursor to the upper right corner of your screen so that the menu bar appears, and then click the blue full-screen toggle.

While you’re in a full-screen app, you can also switch to other apps using familiar methods. Move the cursor where the Dock should be, and it appears; you can then click into another app, and Lion automatically takes you to the appropriate space. You can also rely on 1-Tab to switch applications, or enter Mission Control with a four-finger swipe up.

An app’s interface may change in various subtle ways when you enter full-screen mode. The experience matches how some iOS apps (like Mail) change their look when you rotate between portrait and landscape. Full-screen Safari windows, for example, ditch the Bookmarks bar; it reappears when you move your cursor to where the bar should be. Photo Booth becomes a red-curtained, wood-paneled theater in full- screen mode.

Some apps behave differently in full-screen mode, too. FaceTime, for example, will pause your call if you’re running it full-screen and then switch to another space. If you run FaceTime as a regular app and you switch away from it, however, your call continues. (Surprisingly, however, iChat full-screen calls continue even if you switch to another space.)

When you’re in full-screen mode, you might miss out on certain Dock alerts. Dock icon badges—for your unread messages, for instance—are obviously invisible when the Dock itself isn’t on the screen. Similarly, flashing Dock badges—such as the ones that Adium (adium.im) employs to alert you to new instant messages—don’t appear while you’re in full-screen mode.

Lion’s full-screen support for dual-monitor setups is minimal. Dashboard lets you drag widgets to either screen; otherwise, though, whenever you’re in full-screen mode, any connected monitors other than your primary display are essentially dead space. The app fills up your main screen, and all other displays show a scratchy gray background (though you can drag a full-screen app from one display to another, if you grab the window’s very top edge).

84 Chapter 5 Work with Apps Explore the Mac App Store

Navigating the Mac App Store will be a familiar process to iTunes Store shoppers, because it’s designed much like the iTunes Store. One excep- tion: There’s no sidebar listing your media library, playlists, and so on.

Across the top of the Mac App Store window are back and forward buttons on the left, and middle buttons for A Featured, B Top Charts, C Categories, D Purchases, and E Updates (see “Mac App Store”). The top marquee spot features a rotation of various apps; to the right of that are three smaller marquee spots. Quick Links for your account, redeem- ing gift cards, and support are under the three small marquee spots.

App product pages are much like the ones you’d find in the iTunes Store. Product pages feature a description; an Information box with version number, file size, requirements, and so forth; links to the developer’s website; screenshots; and customer ratings.

Click the Purchases button at the top of the Mac App Store window to see a list of the apps you’ve bought through the store. The list is basic, showing the app, the date on which you purchased it, and its installation status. To get more details about your purchase, you can go to the

Mac App Store The Mac App Store contains a b c d E all the apps personally vetted by Apple.

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iTunes Store and click Purchase History in your iTunes account; there, you’ll see a detailed description of your Mac App Store purchase, including the amount you paid, order ID, date and time, and item details.

To purchase an app, just click the price button below its icon; you’ll log in with the same Apple ID and password you use to purchase things in the iOS App Store or iTunes. Once your application starts to download, you can view its progress by opening up Launchpad (for more on Launchpad, see the “Launchpad” section in the Navigate Lion chapter). If you have to remove yourself from Internet access at any point, you can click the icon in Launchpad to temporarily pause or resume your download. After the application finishes downloading, you’ll be able to download free updates from the Mac App Store via the Updates tab.

86 6

Contents Address Book Page 88 Included FaceTime and iChat Page 93 Font Book Apple Apps Page 95 iCal Page 97 Most of the programs that Apple bundles with OS X have changed. These are the apps you use every Mail Page 103 day, to communicate (iChat, FaceTime, Mail), to be productive (TextEdit, iCal, Address Book), or to Preview hop onto the Internet (Safari). This chapter looks Page 111 at the programs with the most notable new inter- QuickTime faces and features. Player Page 113 Safari Page 115 TextEdit Page 121

87 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS Address Book In Lion, Apple’s Address Book contact application has seen a radical redesign—it was clearly rebuilt to mimic the look and feel of the Contacts app on the iPad.

New Look

The new Address Book is designed to look much more like a traditional address book, with pages folding out from the binding (complete with subtle shadowing), stacked atop the edges of a beige book. In this way, it’s almost exactly like the Contacts app on the iPad—and very different from the version in Snow Leopard.

In OS X 10.6, Address Book either displayed as a three-paned interface— with Group, Name, and Card columns—or in a single Card view. In Lion, you can view your selected contacts on the left and selected card on the right; view all your different lists on the left and your contacts on the right; or choose a single-page view that shows one card at a time. (As you could previously, you can double-click a card name to open it up in a new window.)

When viewing a contact, there’s now a Share button next to the Edit button. Click Share to open a new email message in Mail with that

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contact’s vCard attached. In the past, you could only drag a card from Address Book directly into a Mail message to do the same thing.

As with other Lion apps, you can resize Address Book by clicking and dragging on any corner, but if you click the top or bottom of Address Book, or the left or right, you can also adjust just the height or width of the window, respectively. Address Book doesn’t offer a full-screen mode, unlike some other built-in Lion apps.

Faces

If you like having pictures to go along with your contacts, the new Address Book can now pull from your iPhoto faces (see “Tap into iPhoto”). Double-click the picture box on a card, and click the Import Face From iPhoto button in the lower left corner. (It will be grayed out if you haven’t tagged any faces with the name of that contact.) You’ll then be presented with a grid showing up to eight faces associated with that name in iPhoto—in reverse chronological order, complete with date, to help you pick a recent pic if you want—with the current contact photo in the middle (if there isn’t one, the Current square will be blank).

Tap into iPhoto You can now choose an image from your iPhoto library to go with an Address Book contact.

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If there are more than eight photos for a contact’s face, you can use arrows at the bottom of the photo pop-up window to select additional pages of photos.

Note that if you use Aperture, you’re not out of luck. Although Apple touts the features as being for iPhoto users, and the button specifically name-checks iPhoto, if you’ve tagged faces in Aperture, the feature will still work. In fact, if you use both iPhoto and Aperture and have Faces enabled in each, Address Book will show you all faces for a particular person when you click to view your options.

Find a picture you like and click it, and you’re presented with the stan- dard picture window, in which you can pan and zoom the image, and then choose it with a click of the Set button.

New Fields

As a nod to the importance of social networking, Apple has added two new fields to Address Book. The first is Twitter. Add a contact’s Twitter account name (Address Book takes care of the @ symbol automatically), and you can then click the word Twitter to bring up a pop-up menu with View Profile and Send Tweet options. Click View Profile, and Address Book will launch the official Twitter Mac app (if you have it installed) and take you to that person’s profile. If you have the Twitter app installed, click Send Tweet, and Twitter opens with a new message to that contact.

The second new field is called Profile. It gives you the option to enter a profile name for a Facebook, LinkedIn, Flickr, or MySpace user (as well as Twitter). Pick Facebook from the pop-up menu and add a Facebook account (the custom name that appears at the end of the URL when you visit someone’s profile page), and you can click the word Facebook to get View Profile and View Photos pop-up options. View Profile takes you to the user’s profile page in Safari; View Photos takes you to that person’s photo page. For Flickr accounts, the pop-up gives you a single View Photostream option that opens in a browser. LinkedIn offers View Profile, which takes you to a person’s profile. And MySpace offers a similar View Profile choice.

There’s also a Custom option when picking which service to use, so you could enter, say, someone’s Ping account name. But keep in mind that custom profiles don’t do anything when you click their names.

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Do You Yahoo? In Lion, Address Book has added support for Yahoo accounts.

As you begin to add an address for a chosen service (LinkedIn, say) in Edit mode, Address Book adds another of them (Twitter, which is first on the list, but you can choose any service), so you can enter as many social networking profiles as you want without having to manually add the field multiple times.

Other Changes

Apple says Address Book offers improved syncing with Yahoo contacts (see “Do You Yahoo?”). Changes made to contacts are immediately reflected in both Address Book and your Yahoo address book, and you can view just your Yahoo contacts by selecting Yahoo from Address Book’s Groups page.

Another Lion change is that you can now add birthdays to contacts without having to include the year (useful for those people who don’t like to share their ages). But when you do add a year, the upcoming age now shows up in your iCal Birthday calendars.

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You can start a FaceTime call from Address Book by clicking the label (Home, Work, and so on) next to an email address and choosing Face- Time from the pop-up menu. You can do the same thing currently in Snow Leopard, but Apple is probably calling this feature out as “new” because FaceTime comes as part of Lion, rather than as a $1 Mac App Store download, so all Lion users will have the ability to use it.

Improved Preferences

The General tab, where you choose sort order and address format, is mostly the same as before but no longer has a Font Size pop-up menu, from which you could formerly choose Small, Medium, or Large. It doesn’t appear that you can change the font size in Lion.

The Accounts tab, which is where you add and manage address accounts, has two sections. Account Information is exactly the same, down to the Synchronize With MobileMe option. The Sharing section changes slightly, adding an Address Book Subscriptions area above the Share Your Address Book area that was there before. If you choose to add a new account in the Accounts sidebar, there’s now an option to add a Yahoo account, and the Exchange 2007 option has been renamed simply Exchange.

The Template tab is where you set the fields you do and don’t want to show up in contact records. Except for the new field options discussed earlier, the only other changes are cosmetic—new plus-sign (+) and minus-sign (–) buttons.

The Phone tab, in which you set the format for phone numbers in Address Book, hasn’t changed. Similarly, the vCard tab (where you pick vCard format and export settings) is the same as in Snow Leopard.

92 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS FaceTime and iChat Though iChat and FaceTime have a lot in common, they remain fully separate apps in Lion. iChat scored a slew of updates in Lion; FaceTime, just a couple.

New in iChat is the ability to log into Yahoo instant messaging accounts (see “iChatterbox”). You can add one or more Yahoo accounts; the app retains its support for AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), me.com and mac.com accounts, Google Talk, and the Jabber protocol. (As with previous incarnations of iChat, you can use the software to connect to Facebook chat by using the Jabber option, as discussed at macw.us/ dvuNhy.) To add a Yahoo account—or any other—go to iChat -> Prefer- ences and click the Accounts tab. Then click the plus-sign (+) button to add your account.

iChat in Lion allows you to combine your separate accounts into a single, unified buddy list window. You can toggle that setting in the General tab of iChat’s preferences—it’s called Show All My Accounts In One List. And you can use unified status, meaning that you update your status mes- sage once and it affects all of the services you’re signed into with iChat.

If you can’t find the buddy you want to IM, press 1-F (or choose Edit -> Find), and start typing a buddy’s name; iChat will filter your list to show only matching entries. You can click and drag on tabs to rearrange them, pull them out into their own window, and merge them into new win- dows. iChat also supports third-party plug-ins for new chat services in Lion; no such plug-ins were available to test at press time.

Videoconferencing in iChat gets a couple of Lion updates, too. You can leverage all of Photo Booth’s new effects while video chatting, so now you can give yourself bugged-out eyeballs while you chat. And while iChat generally doesn’t support Lion’s full-screen app functionality, there is a full-screen option when you’re video chatting. In keeping with Lion’s handling of full-screen apps—and in contrast to previous versions of iChat—full-screen video calls now go into their own space. You can press Escape or Control plus an arrow key, or use a three-finger swipe to

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iChatterbox You can now add Yahoo chat accounts in iChat.

switch to other spaces. If you switch away to another space while video-chatting in full-screen mode, your video chat continues.

FaceTime, however, works differently. Apple’s video-chatting app for communicating between Macs and iOS devices also supports full-screen calling in Lion, and full-screen calls get their own space. But if you switch away from your FaceTime full-screen window, the call is immediately paused—you can’t hear or see your contact, and your contact can’t hear or see you, either.

Beyond its new Lion full-screen support, FaceTime remains essentially unchanged from its most recent Snow Leopard version.

94 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS Font Book Apple’s new Lion OS has expanded the features in Font Book. While it’s still not an industrial-strength font manager capable of replacing those on the commercial market, these improvements are nonetheless welcome (see “Font Look”).

Font Book 3.0 offers more versatility in character displays, shows all font glyphs, and displays full typeface metadata.

The information panel lists the chosen font’s PostScript name and full name, family, style, kind, version, installed location, unique name, copy- right, glyph count, and whether it is enabled, copy protected, embed- dable, or the duplicate of another installed font.

As for the fonts themselves, there’s a cool new one called Apple Color Emoji. Typically used for emoticons, it’s now included in Lion, and its 728 TrueType glyphs can be viewed in Font Book. Apple already supported emoticons in the iOS for Japanese input, but including the Emoji font in Lion (available in the Character Viewer) makes emoticons universal.

Font Book’s interface has changed, too. There’s an updated four-button menu in the toolbar that replaces the gear-icon drop-down menu. The buttons are Sample, Repertoire, Custom, and Information. You can click to see a sample menu, each individual glyph, text of your own choosing, or the information panel.

Under the File menu, there’s a new Restore Standard Fonts option. If you choose that, a dialog box appears that allows you to go back to the standard system font configuration that shipped with your OS; you’ll then see a new Fonts (Removed) folder next to the Fonts folder.

Lion also adds international language fonts—including Damascus, PT Sans, and Kefa—to Font Book.

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Font Look Apple’s Font Book has a few minor but welcome updates in Lion.

96 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS iCal iCal, Apple’s built-in calendar application, gets some big changes in Lion. Many of the visual tweaks are borrowed from the Calendar iOS app on the iPad, with a focus on giving you more room to actually see your appointments.

Updated Look

In Lion, iCal gets a makeover, with a new look and more. The first thing you’ll notice is that the boring gray title bar of old has been replaced by a leather-like pattern reminiscent of an old desktop calendar. With Apple’s typical attention to detail, the leather boasts realistic stitching, and if you look closely, you’ll even see the remaining bits of pages, as if they’d been torn off the calendar (see “Class Act”).

The list of calendars, which in the past was a sidebar you could show or hide, is now hidden by default and only appears as a pop-up menu when you click the new Calendars button. As you can in iTunes and Mail, you can hide groups of calendars from the list by clicking the Hide text that appears when you hover your cursor over a heading. This doesn’t hide the events from those calendars, just the list of calendars under that heading—to hide the events, you uncheck the box in front of each calendar’s name, just as before. Because the Calendar list is generally

Class Act Apple has given iCal a classy new look, including an old-school title bar that looks like leather.

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Sudden Plans Click the plus sign to quickly add an event to your calendar using common phrases.

out of the way, you won’t see the spinning gears next to each calendar to indicate that it’s refreshing. Instead, the word Updating appears in gray next to the word iCal in the title bar.

To the right of the Calendars button is a plus-sign (+) button. Click it and up pops a Create Quick Event window that lets you add events to your calendars by typing regular-language phrases (see “Sudden Plans”). For example, enter Dinner at the White House at 7PM on Saturday and iCal creates an event in your default calendar (although you can pick a different calendar before you click Done) with the name “Dinner at the White House” from 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. on the upcoming Saturday. Or change “at 7PM” to “from 7PM to 9PM” and “Saturday” to “June 25” to create an event that lasts two hours starting at 7 p.m. and is on that specific date. For relatively simple events, the process works quite well. To create a repeating event or add an alert, say, you’ll have to create the event and then open the event’s editor.

A revamped Today button, which has moved from the upper left to the upper right of the window, is now flanked by arrow buttons. Depending on what view you’re in, those arrows take you back or forward by one day, one week, one month, or one year.

Another small change: Apple has dropped the colon and double zeros from events that begin on the hour—6:00 p.m. simply becomes 6 p.m.

New Views

Lion’s iCal looks more like the Calendar app on the iPad than the previ- ous version of iCal on the Mac. iCal’s new Day view includes a list of that day’s events on the left side; all-day events and timed events in a chrono-

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logical format appear on the right. To move between days in iCal, you can swipe with two fingers or tap a day on the monthly calendar on the left side. The new Day view is much more user-friendly and provides more information than the one you’ll find in Snow Leopard, which basically is just an expansion of a single day from the Week view.

The Week view is very similar to that in 10.6. You still see all-day events in a section at the top of each day, and other events displayed in their respective time slots. But rather than full days listed atop each day of the week (Thursday, June 16), you’ll see the date followed by the day of the week (16 Thursday). And where iCal used to have the year (2011) listed in the same font size to the left of the days, Lion now shows a large month, week, and year (June 12–18, 2011) at the top of that week’s calendar. The All-Day area at the top of the Week view is now a fixed size, and you can scroll up and down to see all the events. (On the minus side, however, when you scroll down, you can no longer see the date and day of the week.) Previously, that area would expand enough to fit every all-day event for the longest day in that week, which meant a lot of white space for some of the other days. You can scroll between weeks with a two-finger gesture, and the page simply slides over to reveal the previ- ous or next week.

The Month view hasn’t changed that much, but it does fix some annoy- ing aspects of the previous version. In the past, the number of events you’d see each day was limited by the size of your iCal window and your display—in 10.6, you’d see few items in Month view on a MacBook Pro

One Year at a Time Apple has added a new Year view to iCal that shows the next 12 months all at once.

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than on an iMac, say. With Lion, you’re still limited by screen real estate, but at least it lets you know how many other items there are that you’re not seeing—13 more, for example. Double-click the number and you’re taken to the Day view for that day. Another improvement is that instead of using rather subtle background shading to indicate the current day in the month, the new iCal adds the word Today in bold blue text. It adds the name of the month, also in blue, to the day-only listing for every other day. A two-finger swipe in either direction switches the month with a page-lifting effect.

Finally, Apple has added a new Year view to iCal in Lion (see “One Year at a Time”). As you might expect from the name, it shows mini-calendars for each of the 12 months in a particular year. The top of the current month, as well as the current day, are highlighted with a strong blue background that helps you easily see where in the year you are now.

But there’s also another use of color in the Year view: a heat map that uses color to show how busy each day is. Days with little or no activity have white backgrounds, and the color goes from yellow to orange to red (with different degrees of shading) to indicate more and more events planned. Each month shows six full weeks in order to show enough days for every month and to maintain consistent size, and days that aren’t part of a particular month (the last few days of July in the August calendar, for example) display with a gray background (but show up correctly color-coded in the month in which they belong). Two-finger swiping (or, as with other views, clicking the arrows next to the Today button) switches between years with the same page-turning effect as in Month view.

Full-Screen Mode

Like many of the built-in apps in Lion, iCal can now run as a full- screen app. Click the two arrows pointing away from each other in the upper right corner of iCal (just above the search box), and iCal expands to fill your entire screen. Move your cursor up to the title bar, and the OS X menu bar drops down, complete with an icon similar to the page-expanding one (this time it’s two white arrows pointing toward each other in a blue box). Click this to revert to normal window size and operation.

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Other Changes

Click the File menu, and you’ll see that the New To Do item in 10.6 has changed to New Reminder in Lion. That’s because Apple has renamed To Do, but it seems the change is in name only—reminders appear to function just as to-dos did in the past.

In OS X 10.6, the text size in iCal was set automatically. With Lion, you can now use the keyboard shortcuts 1-plus (+) and 1-minus (–) to increase or decrease the text size, respectively. (Note that the setting has no effect in Year view or Day view.)

Another subtle change is that for any Address Book contact with a birthday entry, including the year of birth, that birthday will now show up in your calendar with the person’s current age. To get birthdays to show up in iCal, you’ll need to go to Preferences -> General and select the Show Birthday Calendar option. If you don’t enter the year of birth for a contact—information the Lion version of Address Book now allows you to omit in the birthday field—you’ll see the birthday without an age, as before.

One feature that’s gone missing is the ability to click a calendar in the Calendars list and then create a new event in that calendar. Previously, picking a calendar and selecting File -> new Event or double-clicking in iCal to create an event would do so on that selected calendar. Now, double-clicking creates the event on your default calendar, although you can click and hold the Create Quick Event button and then select the calendar to which you want to add the new event.

Preferences

iCal’s preferences pane has three tabs. General hasn’t changed much from Snow Leopard to Lion. OS X 10.6 had a Synchronize iCal With Other Computers And Devices Using MobileMe option, which has been removed from the 10.7 version of iCal (not a big surprise considering that Apple is phasing out MobileMe because of iCloud). Lion adds one option not present in the previous version: a Default Calendar pop-up menu that lets you choose which calendar (if you have multiple ones) to add new events to by default (see “Generally Speaking”). In OS X 10.6, whichever calendar was first in your list became the default. And the wording changed slightly on another option: Show Event Times In Month View has become simply Show Event Times.

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Generally Speaking There is a new Default Calendar pop-up menu in iCal’s preferences.

The Accounts tab, where you add and manage accounts, has changed somewhat due to the way Lion now handles mail, contacts, and calen- dars via a new system preference. In the past, the Account Information tab of iCal’s Accounts pane was where you’d see a description, user name, password, and calendar refresh options for each account. Much of that info is still there in Lion, but there’s also an Enable This Account checkbox like the one you’d find in Mail. A new Edit Account button takes you to the Mail, Contacts & Calendars preference pane, where you can turn various selections on or off for each account (Mail, iChat, iCal). The Server Settings tab is no longer, and the Delegation tab functions exactly the way it did in 10.6.

The Advanced tab in Lion is almost identical to its predecessor: The one change is that the Automatically Retrieve Invitations From Mail option is now Automatically Retrieve CalDAV Invitations From Mail.

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Mac OS X’s email client, Mail, does many things exceptionally well, and it integrates (mostly) flaw- lessly with other OS X apps and technologies. At the same time, it’s long been missing both basic and advanced features— there’s a thriving market of Mail add-ons that aim to fill those holes and otherwise enhance the program. So it’s welcome news that in Lion, Mail has received perhaps its most significant update yet. Here’s a look at what has changed and how it works.

Do a Quick Upgrade

If you upgrade to Lion from Snow Leopard, or if you’ve got a fresh installation of Lion and you import data from an older version of Mail, the first time you launch the new version of Mail, you’ll be prompted to update your existing email data. This is because Lion’s version of Mail uses a different format for its message database than older versions— you’ll have to allow the upgrade to occur before you can work with Mail. Luckily, the process should take no more than a few minutes, even if you’ve got tens of thousands of messages.

A More Expansive Layout

Prior to Lion, among the most popular Mail add-ons were Letterbox and WideMail, each of which moved Mail’s message preview pane to the right of the message list—a head-slappingly obvious layout when using Mail on today’s widescreen displays. In Lion, Mail finally has such an option built-in; in fact, it’s the default layout. (You can revert to the older view, with the preview pane below the message list, by checking the Use Classic Layout box in the Viewing screen of Mail’s preferences window.)

When using this new layout, the message list adapts to its much narrower width by giving each message a multiline preview, very similar to the one you’d see in iOS Mail’s message list. (In fact, if you hide OS X Mail’s mailbox sidebar by choosing View -> Hide Mailbox List, the window is very similar in appearance to iOS Mail on an iPad in landscape orienta- tion.) For each message, you see the sender (or, when viewing Sent

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mailboxes, the recipient), the subject, and a preview of the message’s contents. In Mail’s preferences, you can choose the size of the preview (zero to five lines), whether to show a To/CC label (which indicates whether you are the primary or a Cc’d recipient), and whether to show the sender’s (or recipient’s) Address Book image; if you do choose to show the image, that image reduces the amount of preview text.

This new layout is a welcome improvement, although it doesn’t quite match the options provided by third-party plug-ins. For example, Letter- box lets you maintain single-line message lists and allows you to choose which columns appear in the list, so you can view more messages in the list at once and see more information about each message without having to view it in the preview pane. (You can also enable alternating row colors for the message list.) And Letterbox lets you quickly toggle the location of the preview pane—between the bottom and the right—without making a trip to the Preferences window. More than a few Mail users will be hoping that the developers of these plug-ins will update them to work with Lion’s Mail (see “Add-ons Need Updating” later in this chapter).

Switch to Conversation View

Apart from the new window layout, the biggest—and likely the most popular—change in Mail is the new conversation view. While Snow Leopard Mail offered a rudimentary Organize By Thread option, that feature simply grouped all the messages in the current mailbox or message view that had the same subject. Lion’s Mail still includes this feature but adds a new option, Show Related Messages.

Click this button in the toolbar, and Mail displays, in the message window or pane, all messages in the thread, including sent and deleted messages, regardless of where those messages currently reside—locally or on the email server, in the same mailbox or spread across multiple mailboxes. (A checkbox in Mail’s Viewing preferences makes Show Related Messages the default behavior for all conversations, so you never have to actually click the button.) In other words, you see the entire message thread, including your own replies, in a nice, easy-to-read list (see “Smoother Conversations”). Gmail users who access their email on the Gmail website are probably thinking, “So what?” but for Mail users, this change is simply huge.

This feature offers some nice touches. One is that when viewing an entire conversation, each message that isn’t in the currently viewed mailbox displays its parent folder right in the header area. Another is

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that Mail numbers each message in a thread and displays that number in the message’s header area, so you know where you are in the thread while browsing it. (However, these numbers appear only on messages in the currently viewed mailbox, making the feature much less useful than if every message got a number.) Finally, to make it easier to read discus- sions that include lots of quoting, Mail automatically hides quoted text that’s already been displayed; if you want to view the hidden text, just click the See More link at the bottom of a message.

Explore New Interface Elements

Speaking of interface changes, Mail also gains a more Lion-like appear- ance, complete with new toolbar buttons, minimalist scrollbars, and monochrome sidebar icons like those in Lion’s Finder. But there are also practical changes, such as inline buttons—which appear just below a message’s header area when the cursor moves over it—for deleting, replying to, or forwarding that message. The header area itself has also gotten a keep-it-simple makeover—it shows just the message’s sender (the recipient for sent mail), subject, and date; clicking Details gives you the traditional header view.

When composing a message, the message window now offers a sepa- rate formatting bar (accessed by clicking the Format button in the toolbar) that lets you quickly choose the font; font size, color, and style; alignment; list format; and indentation for the message or currently selected text. You’ll also find a new Favorites bar just below the tool- bar—see the next section for more on that.

Smoother Conversations Mail takes a cue from Gmail and adds a slick conversation view.

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Favorites Bar

Perhaps inspired by a similar feature in Microsoft’s Outlook, Lion Mail sports a new Favorites bar just below the traditional toolbar. While it’s initially stocked with buttons for Inbox, Sent, Notes, Drafts, and Flagged, you can customize the Favorites bar to contain pretty much any item— mailbox, folder, smart folder, and so on—that appears in Mail’s left sidebar. Just drag one of these items to the Favorites bar to add it as a new button; drag the item off the bar to remove it.

Click any button in the Favorites bar to switch to that mailbox or view. If the item has subfolders or submailboxes, clicking the button’s downward-pointing arrow displays a pop-up menu listing those con- tents—choose one to view it. Each item in the Favorites bar also displays the number of unread items it contains.

Although the Favorites bar might initially seem redundant, given that you already have quick access to the same items via Mail’s sidebar, it does offer some advantages. The first is that if you’ve got a small screen, the Favorites bar lets you hide Mail’s sidebar to give the message list and preview panes more room. The second is that if you’ve got dozens (or hundreds) of mailboxes, folders, and smart folders, the Favorites bar works well for providing quick access to, well, your favorites.

But for keyboard jockeys, the Favorite bar’s biggest advantage is that it enables some brand-new keyboard-shortcut features. Whereas in Snow Leopard Mail, the keyboard shortcuts 1-1 through 1-8 were reserved for Inbox, Outbox, Drafts, Sent, Trash, Junk, Notes, and To Do, respectively, in Lion Mail, 1-1 through 1-9 are automatically assigned to the first nine items, from left to right, in the Favorites bar. Press 1-1, for example, to view the first item on the left (Inbox by default).

The even bigger deal here is that by adding the Control key to those shortcuts—for example, 1-Control-1 for the first item on the left, 1-Control-2 for the second item from the left, and so on—you can move selected messages to that folder or mailbox. (You can also access these actions from the View menu, or you can drag a message from the message list to a Favorites bar item.) In other words, OS X Mail finally lets you quickly file messages using the keyboard. For users who file messages in many different folders, it’s a welcome improvement.

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Better Searching

Mail uses OS X’s Spotlight search feature, including Spotlight’s live- updated content index, to help you find particular messages. But in Lion, Mail takes better advantage of Spotlight’s index to make message searching smarter. For starters, whenever you begin to type a search string in Mail’s search field, Mail displays suggestions based on the contents, subjects, recipients, and senders of existing messages in Mail. So if you type Joe, for example, the top suggestion is Message contains, but just below that is a list of people with “Joe” in their name.

If you choose one of the suggested search terms, the text you entered changes from a string of text into what Apple calls a search token—a blue bubble that contains the search term. If your token is a person, the token also contains a pop-up menu for choosing whether you want to search From or To fields or entire messages. For other types of tokens, you can search in the subject field or the entire message; for particular flags; and for the name or contents of attachments—or even whether a message has an attachment. Apple says you can also search the contents of attachments, although in our testing, we haven’t been able to do so.

You can even combine multiple tokens, making it easier to find, say, a message from your friend Jane that contains the phrase lunch. As with previous versions of Mail, you can choose to search the current mailbox or all mailboxes, but now you can also use the Favorites bar to quickly focus the search on any of your favorite folders or items.

Full-Screen Mode

As with Safari and many other stock Lion apps, Mail also gains a full- screen mode. Click the full-screen button in the upper right corner of the Mail window (or press 1-Control-F), and the menu bar disappears, the Mail window stretches to fill the entire screen, and the window’s title bar fades away, giving you as much viewable Mail-window area as possible. (This full-screen Mail window actually resides in a new work- space, so you can switch between it and other apps using Lion’s three- finger sideways-swipe gesture.) Move the cursor to the top of the screen and the menu bar slides into view; this version of the menu bar includes a button to exit full-screen mode.

For Mail, the main benefit of full-screen mode is that it gets rid of a bit of on-screen clutter (the menu bar and Mail-window title bar) while you

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work with your email. Mail does go a step further than, say, Safari, however: When you open a received message in its own window, or when you open a new message-composition window., background Mail windows are dimmed to let you better focus on the message window.

Still, for many of us, email is something we deal with in chunks through- out the day—and frequently while switching between Mail and other programs and the Finder—so frequently transitioning to full-screen mode and back again may be more distracting than it’s worth.

One-Stop Account Management

In Snow Leopard, you set up email accounts within Mail, contacts-server accounts within Address Book, calendar accounts within iCal, chat accounts within iChat, and so on. In Lion, a new Mail, Contacts & Calendar accounts pane of System Preferences—clearly inspired by the identically named screen in the iOS Settings app—lets you set up and configure Exchange, MobileMe, Gmail, Yahoo, and AOL accounts, as well as generic email, chat, CalDAV, CardDAV, LDAP, and Mac OS X Server accounts.

This new preference pane uses a setup wizard similar to the one in iOS: Just select the Add Account item on the left; in the list that appears to the right, click the type of account you’ll be setting up; and then provide the necessary account information as prompted. Once you’ve set up an account, you can select it in the Accounts list to quickly enable or disable it or any of its component services (email, calendars, chat, and so on) or to view its details. (This information is also still available in the Accounts view of Mail’s own preferences window.)

Speaking of accounts, Mail (along with iCal and Address Book) also now supports Exchange 2010 accounts, and you can now set your Exchange vacation message from within the Info window for your Exchange account (right-click or Control-click on your Exchange-account Inbox and then choose Get Account Info).

Miscellaneous Mail Changes

Besides the big changes mentioned above, Lion Mail includes a number of simpler changes that nevertheless offer improvements in productivity. For starters, Quick Look support has been expanded: In addition to being able to quickly preview email attachments, you can now preview

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the websites of many URLs in incoming email messages by clicking the tiny downward-pointing arrow icon at the end of the URL. (Not all URLs get this preview button, although the logic behind which do and which don’t isn’t entirely clear.) If the URL seems suspicious, OS X will refuse to preview it, instead displaying a warning.

Another nifty feature is that you can now flag messages using any of seven colors, and those flags are synced between Mail on all your Macs running Lion and all your iOS devices running iOS 5. You can customize the names of these flag colors, and once you start using flag colors other than the standard red, the Flagged item in Mail’s sidebar automati- cally adds sublists for each color.

You can also now archive selected messages by clicking the new Archive toolbar button (or choosing Message -> Archive, or right-clicking one of the messages and choosing Archive from the resulting contextual menu). This feature is more or less Mail’s version of Gmail’s “keep these messages around but out of sight” feature. But instead of using special labels or views, Mail simply creates a mailbox called Archive for each of your accounts and then moves messages to these mailboxes (keeping each message in the account in which it was received). The main appeal of the archive feature is that it lets you perform this housecleaning with a simple click.

Add-ons Need Updating

As with every major new version of Mail, if you’ve got any third-party Mail add-ons installed (macworld.com/mailaddons), you’ll likely find that they stop working when you upgrade to Lion. Under previous versions of Mail, this was because Mail plug-ins were specifically coded in a way that lets new versions of Mail disable them automatically, even if they would likely work fine—the theory being that it’s better to have Mail disable plug-ins with every new version than to risk losing data if one of them turns out to be disastrously incompatible. Prior to Lion, when you launched Mail after an upgrade, you’d see a message indicating which add-ons were incompatible; those would be automatically moved from ~/Library/Mail/Bundles to ~/ Library/Mail/Bundles (Disabled). The idea here was that it was better to have Mail disable plug-ins in every new version than to risk losing data if one of them turned out to be disastrously incompatible with that Mail version.

But Lion goes a step further by moving the entire Bundles folder from ~/ Library/Mail to ~/Library/Mail/Mail Lost+Found, effectively disabling any add-ons inside that folder.

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You may find that some plug-ins and add-ons you used in Snow Leopard aren’t as necessary in Lion, thanks to Mail’s new features. But if you’ve got must-have Mail plug-ins that have been disabled in Lion, you have three options for getting them working again. The first, and safest, is to simply wait until the developer of each plug-in updates it for Lion Mail. This ensures that the plug-in has been vetted for Lion compatibility.

The second, which should be safe, but isn’t guaranteed to be so, is to quit Mail and move the Bundles folder from youruserfolder/Library/Mail Lost+Found back to youruserfolder/Library/Mail. The next time you launch Mail, it will perform the traditional compatibility check, and you’ll see a dialog box noting which plug-ins are specifically incompatible and have been moved to youruserfolder/Library/Mail/Bundles (Disabled).

If Mail deems one of your must-have add-ons incompatible here, the final option, which isn’t guaranteed to work, is to update each plug-in yourself. Read our article on updating Mail bundles (macw.us/n3heAE) for the detailed instructions; the gist of the process is that you need to edit a preference file inside each plug-in so that it lists the current version of Mail as compatible, and then move the plug-in back to youruserfolder/Library/Mail/Bundles and relaunch Mail. We performed this procedure with several plug-ins, and it worked for some but not all.

110 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS Preview From the outside, the Lion version of Apple’s PDF and graphics viewing and annotation application isn’t significantly different from the previous version—some menu commands have been shuf- fled and toolbars rejiggered, but the interface is similar. The most significant new feature is Signatures.

Use Signatures

Within Preview you have the option to capture and append a picture of your written signature to a PDF file. To do this, choose Preview -> Preferences, select the Signatures tab, and click the Create Signature button (see “Sign Here”). A Signature Capture window appears. At this point, hold in front of your Mac’s iSight camera a piece of white paper on which you’ve scrawled your signature in black ink. Align it with the blue line that appears on screen. A preview of your signature will appear to the right of the camera screen. Click Accept to capture your signature.

To use a signature you’ve created, click the Annotations tool in Preview’s toolbar and from the Signatures pop-up menu below select your signa- ture and click and drag in the document where you want the signature to appear. You can resize and move the signature if you like. While this is not as secure (or acceptable, in some places) as a true digital signature, it’s helpful when you need to sign your John Hancock to an electronic form before returning it.

Sign Here Adding your signature is now possible in Preview.

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New Preview Look A few interface elements have been moved in Preview.

Other Additions

Preview adds a couple of less notable features. You now have a wider variety of annotation styles available to you, including outlined text, boxed text, speech bubble, and thought bubble (found under Tools -> Annotate). You can also call up a magnifier (Tools -> Show Magnifier) to impose a rectangular magnifying glass over a document. This is a useful way to zoom in on a particular bit of text without having to zoom the entire document. Also, this version of Preview includes an Annotations list that details every annotation that’s been added to a file (this is located in the last tab of the Inspector window).

112 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS QuickTime Player With Snow Leopard, Apple introduced QuickTime Player X, a version of the application that stripped out the many editing features found in QuickTime Player Pro 7. With Lion’s version of QuickTime Player, Apple has restored some of those export and editing features and, by way of a bonus, made them easier to use.

New Export Commands

Specifically, Lion’s version of QuickTime Player (10.1) provides two new Export commands in the File menu—Export and Export For Web. Regrettably, if you’re hoping to choose Export and see the same wealth of export options that’s available in QuickTime Player Pro 7, you’ll be disappointed. Lion’s QuickTime provides just a handful of templated options—420p; 720p; iPod touch & iPhone 3GS; and iPad, iPhone 4 & Apple TV, for example. The Export For Web command provides three options—Wi-Fi (H.264, 1Mbit/s maximum data rate), Cellular (H.264, 220 kbits/s maximum data rate), and Broadband (H.264, 5 Mbits/s maximum data rate).

Export options in the Share menu have been expanded. Not only can you export to iTunes, MobileMe Galleries (good until Apple pulls the plug on MobileMe in June 2012), and YouTube as you could with the previous version of QuickTime Player X, but now you also have the choice of Vimeo, Flickr, Facebook, and Mail. When you choose one of these options (except for Mail), you’ll be asked to enter your login information and password for the service.

New Editing Features

Lion’s QuickTime Player is very clip-centric, much like movies on an iOS device. For instance, choose View -> Show Clips (1-E), and a clip viewer appears at the bottom of the movie window. Here you can drag the playhead to wherever you like in the movie to move to that spot. This is a bit more convenient than dragging the old-style playhead in a timeline and scrubbing the window’s video. Once you’ve planted your playhead, you can choose Edit -> Split Clip (1-Y) to create two clips in the clip

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viewer. You can then select one of these clips and drag it to a new location—prior to the previous clip, for example.

You can also trim a selected clip by choosing Edit -> Trim (1-T). Do so, and a very iOS-like yellow trim bar appears. To trim the clip, just drag one end or the other to where you’d like to trim the video and click the Trim button. You can also add clips to an existing movie, either by choosing Edit -> Add Clip To End or by selecting a movie in the Finder and dragging it into an open QuickTime movie. Drag it into the viewing portion of the movie window, and the dragged movie is appended to the end of the QuickTime Player movie as an additional clip. Drag it instead into the clip viewer, and you can place it at the beginning or end, or between clips. If you drag an audio file into a movie window, that file will be added as a separate audio clip, beneath the video clip. Regrettably, there appears to be no way to adjust the volume of the audio clip or the movie clip. You can, however, select audio clips and trim them just as you can video clips.

Screen Recording and Gestures

Lion’s QuickTime Player also adds more-flexible screen recording. Now when you choose File -> New Screen Recording and click the Record button in the resulting window, you can choose to record either the Mac’s entire screen or just a portion of it by dragging a selection on the desktop. You can also choose to show clicks—each of which appears as a circle surrounding the cursor as long as the mouse button or finger on your trackpad is held down. Regrettably, by default QuickTime Player doesn’t allow you to capture the Mac’s internal audio.

Finally, this version of QuickTime Player supports Multi-Touch gestures. When the movie isn’t playing, drag two fingers to the right to scrub forward, two fingers to the left to scrub back. While a movie is playing, you use these same gestures to fast-forward and rewind, respectively.

114 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS Safari Thanks to its new Reading List feature, Safari has gotten a lot of attention in Apple’s Lion PR. But OS X’s Web browser gets many other changes and improve- ments as well. Here’s a look at what’s new and different in the latest version of Safari.

Reading List

The flagship feature of Lion Safari (also known as Safari 5.1) is Reading List, which lets you “save” interesting articles for later reading. When you come across an article on the Web that you just don’t have time to read immediately, or that you want to keep around for later reference, you simply choose Bookmarks: Add To Reading List (or press 1-Shift-D), and that article is added to your list.

You can view your Reading List at any time—it appears as a sidebar on the left side of the Safari window—by choosing View -> Show Reading List, by clicking the Reading List icon (it looks like a pair of eyeglasses) in Safari’s Bookmarks bar, or by pressing 1-Shift-L. Your saved articles are listed here, each displaying the article title, the host site’s favicon (Web icon), and a two-line preview of the article’s content. Click any article in the list to view it in the main part of the Safari window (see “Start Reading”).

Start Reading Safari’s new Reading List feature makes it easy to manage all the things you want to read.

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Once Apple’s new iCloud service is up and running, and you’ve set up your iCloud account on all your Macs and iOS devices, your Reading List, just like your Safari bookmarks, will be synchronized between all those devices. Add an article to your list on your iPhone, and when you get back to your desk, the article will be waiting in Safari on your Mac.

Reading List is similar in principle to popular services such as Instapaper (instapaper.com) and Read It Later (readitlaterlist.com). But Reading List lacks many of the features that make these services so popular. For example, Reading List doesn’t store articles for offline viewing—when accessing a saved article in the reading list, your computer must be connected to the Internet (see “Online Only”). Similarly, while Safari’s Reader feature lets you view an article in a format optimized for read- ing—free of ads and messy formatting, similar to the Readability Web service or Instapaper’s own Mobilizer—you can’t save this more readable version to your reading list. In many ways, Reading List is just a prettified list of bookmarks.

In contrast, Instapaper, as an example, also lets you organize saved articles into folders; share your lists of articles with friends; add articles to your list via email; and download articles in formats optimized for different devices. The Instapaper iOS apps even track your current reading position when you switch between devices, and scores of Mac and iOS apps let you add articles to your Instapaper list without making you first open those articles in Safari. And, of course, Instapaper works in any browser, not just Safari.

Online Only Unlike Instapaper, Reading List doesn’t store your articles for offline viewing.

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In other words, as with support for RSS feeds (added in Safari 3), Apple has chosen to include a bare-bones, easy-to-use “read later” feature that will satisfy a good number of people but will leave advanced users wanting more. Indeed, it’s likely that services such as Instapaper and Read It Later will actually gain users thanks to Reading List, as more people see the utility of Reading List but, frustrated with its limitations, look for better options.

iOS-Inspired Gestures

As with much of Lion, Safari 5.1 adopts a number of touch-based ges- tures for users with compatible input devices, such as Apple’s Magic Trackpad, Magic Mouse, and recent MacBook trackpads.

For example, if you double-tap on a block of text with two fingers (rather than only one, as in iOS), Safari will zoom in on that column or paragraph; double-tap again to zoom back out. And pinching in and out with your thumb and index finger zooms out and in, respectively, on the entire webpage—cleverly, unlike clicking Safari’s zoom in/zoom out buttons or pressing 1–minus sign (–) and 1–plus sign (+), this method focuses the zoom on whatever is directly beneath the cursor.

You can also use a two-finger swipe to the left to go back one page in the current tab’s history, or to the right to go to the next page in that history. Oddly, the entire page slides off the screen, which makes it appear as though you’re switching between tabs. Unfortunately, there doesn’t seem to be a gesture for that action.

Full-Screen Mode

Safari also adopts another of Lion’s flagship features: full-screen mode. Click the full-screen button in the upper right corner of the Safari window (or press 1-Control-F), and the menu bar and Dock disappear, the current Safari window stretches to fill the entire screen, and the window’s title bar and Bookmarks bar fade away, giving you as much viewable browser-window area as possible. (This full-screen view is actually a new workspace, so you can switch between it and other apps using Lion’s three-finger sideways-swipe gesture.) Move the cursor to the top of the screen, and the menu bar and Bookmarks bar slide into view.

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Full-screen mode can be useful on smaller screens, but because most modern websites use a layout with a maximum width, on such sites Safari’s window ends up with lots of empty space on each side. Similarly, if you’ve got more than one Safari window open when you activate full-screen mode, it’s difficult to switch between those windows.

Security and Privacy Changes

Though they won’t garner big headlines, a number of changes in Safari 5.1 offer significant improvements when it comes to security and keeping your personal information private. For starters, the new Private AutoFill feature doesn’t automatically enter your personal information into Web forms until you give the OK. You can even choose the specific information you want to autofill.

But the most telling change is that Safari’s Preferences window gains a new Privacy screen that consolidates most privacy-related settings (removing them from the Security screen). This is where you now choose when Safari should accept cookies—interestingly, now phrased as when Safari should block cookies—and where you view, by site, the cookies already stored by Safari. But whereas earlier versions of Safari showed only cookies, Safari 5.1 displays, for each site, exactly what data Safari has stored for that site: cookies, caches, databases, and other local storage. (Unfortunately, that’s all the detail you get—missing is the detailed view of Safari 5.0, which showed you the name, path, security status, expiration date, and contents of each cookie.) You can also now delete all stored data—either for a particular site or for all sites—with a click. This action even deletes Flash plug-in data. (The setting for whether sites can store databases on your Mac to begin with, and the size limit for those databases, has been moved to the Advanced screen of Safari’s Preferences.)

You also get more control over location information. Safari 5 debuted a setting (in Security) to allow or deny access to your physical location when a website requested it. In Safari 5.1, your options (now in the Privacy screen) are to deny access completely, to be prompted once each day for each site (which gives perpetual access to those sites you approve), or to be prompted once for each site each day.

Finally, Apple claims Safari includes better sandboxing—a technique that isolates each website and Web app in its own memory space so it doesn’t have access to data from any other site or Web app (or to data

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on your computer). As Apple puts it, “If a website contains malicious code intended to capture personal data or tamper with your computer, sand- boxing provides a built-in blocker that restricts the code from doing harm.”

New Downloads Manager

One of the features that’s gotten the biggest aesthetic makeover is Safari’s Downloads list. In older versions of Safari, you viewed this list as a separate window; in Safari 5.1, it’s hidden behind a new Downloads button located (by default) at the right edge of Safari’s toolbar. Click this button, and you see an iOS-like pop-over listing all downloads, with the newest at the top.

While the button’s tiny progress bar is useful for monitoring the prog- ress of a single download without having a separate window open, you can’t monitor simultaneous downloads without activating the pop-over, and you can’t choose to keep the pop-over visible—once you click anywhere else in Safari, the pop-over disappears. You also can’t view the list as a separate window as you could under previous versions of Safari.

The new Downloads list does provide one oft-requested feature: You can now move a downloaded file from your Downloads folder by simply dragging it from the list to the desired location in the Finder—you no longer have to reveal it in your Downloads folder first.

Miscellaneous Improvements

Safari 5.1 also includes a slew of improvements that aren’t advertised or necessarily obvious. For example, when you 1-click a link on a Web page to open it in a new tab, the new tab opens directly to the right of the current tab, rather than at the far-right end of the tab bar. This is a popular feature of Canisbos LinkThing (canisbos.com/linkthing), so users of that extension will appreciate the inclusion of that behav- ior in Safari.

One change that will be helpful for people who are new to the Mac (as well as anyone setting up a new Mac) is Safari 5.1’s tighter account integration with other OS X apps. When you first log in to a Gmail, Yahoo Mail, or AOL email account from within Safari, OS X will offer to automatically set up that account (and, thus, information syncing) in Mail, iCal, Address Book, and iChat.

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Finally, under-the-hood changes include improved multiprocessor support; better hardware-graphics performance; HTML5 media caching for offline viewing and better low-bandwidth performance; support for MathML, the Web Open Font Format (WOFF), and additional CSS features; and the capability to search for text that either starts with or contains your search string. And Apple now allows extensions that provide their own toolbar to present iOS-like pop-overs with HTML content.

On the other hand, one option that’s missing from Safari 5.1 is the setting to get a confirmation dialog box when you try to close a window with multiple tabs, or when you try to quit Safari with mul- tiple windows open. Of course, the Reopen last Closed Windows and Reopen All Windows From last Session commands, in the History menu, and the undo Close Tab command, in the Edit menu, make it easy to recover from such mishaps, but many people are unaware those commands exist—the confirmation dialog box was a useful feature to prevent accidental closures in the first place.

One More Thing

There’s one more Safari trick hidden away in Lion. When you install Lion onto an internal hard drive, the installer typically partitions your startup drive to create a hidden, bootable restore partition that lets you repair your Mac’s startup drive, or even reinstall Lion and restore files using Time Machine, without requiring a separate drive or disc. Conveniently, that restore partition provides network connectivity and includes a version of Safari, so you can browse Apple’s support website and other sites while booted from the emergency partition. You can even log in to Web-based email systems to read and send messages. Although being able to access the Web from your Mac while you’re troubleshooting the very same Mac isn’t as big a deal these days as it used to be, thanks to the proliferation of Web-browsing phones and tablets, this is still a welcome and exceptionally convenient feature.

120 Chapter 6 Included AppLE APPS TextEdit TextEdit, Mac OS X’s basic text editor, has been upgraded with a new interface and better support for Asian languages.

The toolbar is now reminiscent of a fully- featured word processing program, with controls for paragraph styles, font family, typeface, font size, text and text background color, font style, alignment, line and paragraph spacing, and list bullets and numbering. You can select fonts and highlight text right from the toolbar without consulting the Fonts dialog box. It is a nice, elegant treatment that was long overdue. Too bad the toolbar is still not configurable.

One of the handiest improvements is that it’s easier than ever to insert accented characters. Previously, you could add an e or an œ by using

Full Bar A number of new options have been added to TextEdit’s toolbar.

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shortcut keys or the Character Viewer. In Lion, you just hold down the letter you want to add an accent to, and a dialog box pops up listing its accented alternatives. You can click on a character or press the number underneath it to insert it.

Another big text-related improvement in Lion is system-wide auto-cor- rection. As you type, Lion will display suggested alternatives in a little bubble below misspelled words. To accept the suggestion, you can press the spacebar; to reject it, you can click on the little X in the suggestion bubble or press Escape.

The program’s search function has been refined so that the search window appears underneath the ruler and highlights every instance of the found item simultaneously. You can select Find and Replace right from the Edit menu. Under the File menu, there is a new command to Export As PDF. The new version also adds support for vertical text layouts for Asian languages.

And speaking of international fonts, Lion supports the major languages of South and Southeast Asia. New fonts and keyboards support Bengali, Kannada, Khmer, Lao, Malayalam, Myanmar, Oriya, Sinhala, Telugu, and Urdu. New font families augment support for the Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, and Tamil scripts used to write the Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Panjabi, and Tamil languages. The Nanum font family supports the Korean language.

TextEdit makes use of the new automatic file-saving Auto Save and Versions technologies in Lion, which replace the app’s simple autosave feature (previously set to save a backup copy every 30 seconds). With Versions support, you can browse previous versions of your document and either revert to a previous version or cut and paste from it.

122 7 Security

When it comes to your Mac, you want the best protection possible against nefarious outside Contents forces. Updates to Mac OS X’s security settings Set Your (now in the Security & Privacy system preference), Security FileVault, and disk encryption can help you in your Page 124 quest to keep your files safe and sound. In this Encrypt Your chapter, we’ll discuss each of these methods and Data the new security features present in Lion. Page 127

123 Chapter 7 Security Set Your Security It’s important to protect your computer from prying eyes, and Lion has several security features built in to guard your privacy. Lion’s security settings are found in the new Security & Privacy system preference. There are four sections to Security & Privacy.

The Basics The General tab covers password, login, and infrared controls.

General

The settings in the General tab cover a variety of user access settings (see “The Basics”). Here, you can decide whether to require a password when waking from sleep or after your screensaver has activated; in addition, there are several other account settings. You can disable automatic login; require an administrator password when accessing pref- erences; log out after a specified period of inactivity; show a message when the screen is locked; automatically update your safe downloads list to avoid accidentally downloading any software Apple has marked as malware; and (if applicable) disable the infrared receiver.

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The Great Wall Your computer’s built-in firewall can protect your computer from any unwanted incoming connections.

Firewall

Lion has a built-in firewall to protect your computer from incoming connections (see “The Great Wall”). To turn on the firewall, you must first unlock the padlock in the lower right corner (an administrator password is required). Then click the Start button. From there, you can fine-tune your firewall settings by clicking the Advanced button. You can choose to block all incoming connections, or you can create a list of specific applications allowed to pass over the firewall; for instance, to enable music sharing, you can allow connections from iTunes.

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Split Down the Middle The Privacy tab, new in Lion, allows users to choose whether they’d like to send any diagnostic data to Apple and whether they’d like to enable Location Services for apps.

Privacy

Added to the Security pane in Lion, the Privacy tab has two sections (see “Split Down the Middle”). The first section allows you to choose whether you’d like to send diagnostic and usage data about your system to Apple. This data includes information about crashes, freezes, or kernel panics; events that happen on your computer (for instance, whether it wakes from sleep properly); and usage statistics (how you use your computer, and what third-party software, hardware, and services you use). All of this data is anonymously recorded and sent, which means there’s no way for Apple to identify you personally. If you’d rather Apple not have this information, leave the box unchecked.

The section on the right allows you to enable Location Services for your applications. Some applications can find your location using Wi-Fi triangulation; if an application is able to, it will appear in this section of the Privacy tab. You can enable or disable Location Services globally, or pick and choose specific applications.

126 Chapter 7 Security Encrypt Your Data By creating a user account and password, you automatically enable an initial layer of security on your Mac. Even so, there are still further precautions you can take to prevent unsavory types from getting a peek at your data. If you want to be extra cautious, consider using encryption: This keeps your files secure, should they fall into the wrong hands. When you encrypt your drive, you essentially make it impossible to read for anybody without the key to decrypt it.

File Vault 2

Lion includes FileVault 2, the latest version of Apple’s method of file protection (see “Locked Up”). At its core, FileVault is designed to encrypt your hard drive. As long as your files are saved to the internal drive, they’ll be safe. Not only does this make your hard drive more secure, there’s also no need to fuss with third-party security tools.

Locked Up With FileVault enabled, you can encrypt your hard drive to prevent people without the decryption key from accessing your files and folders.

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Password Me To encrypt your drive, you’ll first have to enter the passwords of the user accounts currently on your computer.

To encrypt your computer, you’ll need to make sure you have Lion’s Recovery HD partition—otherwise the process won’t work. If you’ve done a default install of the OS onto an internal drive with a single partition, or onto multiple partitions using Boot Camp Assistant, you should be good to go. If you’re worried that you may not have the Recovery HD partition, you can verify this by booting your Mac with the Option key held down. You’ll see a gray screen with icons for each bootable volume your Mac recognizes; Recovery HD should be one of them. If you don’t have the Recovery HD partition and still want to encrypt your computer, you’ll need to back up your data, erase and repartition your drive, and then reinstall Lion. (See the Install Lion chapter for more details.)

To access FileVault 2, go to your System Preferences and double-click the Security & Privacy pane. Then click the FileVault tab. To start the process, you’ll need to click the padlock in the lower left corner and enter an administrator password.

Click the Turn On FileVault button, and you’ll be asked for the password of each user who has an account on the Mac (see “Password Me”). Enter these passwords, then click Continue. After doing this, you’ll be given a recovery key, which you should record and keep in a safe place, as it’s the only way to decrypt your drive if you forget your password. You can also

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have Apple store the recovery key for you; to retrieve it, you’ll have to provide the answers to three preset questions.

After you restart your Mac, it will begin the process of encrypting your drive. This can take several hours; fortunately, the encryption process occurs in the background, so you can continue working. That said, it’s better to avoid anything processor- or disk-intensive while Lion is encrypting your drive, since the process will adversely affect system and application perfor- mance. Once the initial encryption is done, you’re all set. Lion will automati- cally decrypt any files you need to use and encrypt any new files you create.

Disk Utility

FileVault 2 not only encrypts your Mac’s internal drive, it can also encrypt external drives. To do this, you’ll need Disk Utility, an application found in /Applications/Utilities. Unfortunately, to encrypt your external drive, Disk Utility needs to reformat it, which means any data on the drive will be erased. If you want to keep the data, you need to back it up and then copy it back to the drive after reformatting.

One major caveat to encrypting an external drive using Lion: Encrypted hard drives can be used only on other Macs running Lion, not on those with older versions of OS X. When you connect a drive encrypted using Lion’s Disk Utility to a Mac running Snow Leopard, a message appears, stating that the drive requires OS X 10.7.

To encrypt an external drive, connect it to your Mac and launch Disk Utility. You’ll see a left column that lists the storage devices on your Mac. The first device is your internal drive. Your external drives should follow. Select the drive you want to encrypt. Then click the Erase tab in the section to the right.

In the Format menu, you’ll see two new formats available, in addition to the standard Mac OS Extended (Journaled), Mac OS Extended (Case- sensitive, Journaled), MS-DOS (FAT), and ExFAT. The two new formats are Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Encrypted), and Mac OS Extended (Case-sensitive, Journaled, Encrypted).

In most cases, you should pick Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Encrypted). The other encrypted Mac format lets you give files the same names but with different letter-case treatment. (For example, two files with the names 2011taxes.numbers and 2011Taxes.Numbers can coexist in the

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Encrypt Keeper To create an external encrypted volume, you must add a password to the disk. Record it somewhere safe: You’ll need it whenever you mount the drive.

same folder.) You’ll also need to provide a name. Click Erase to begin the formatting process.

A window will appear, confirming that you want to create an encrypted volume (see “Encrypt Keeper”). If so, you need to enter a password. You’ll have to enter it any time you mount the drive, so be sure to memo- rize it or record it someplace secure. Once you enter and confirm the password, click Erase. This will start the formatting process, which will take several minutes.

Once the drive is formatted, you must enter your password to access it. Your files will be automatically decrypted and reencrypted on the fly. If you dismount the drive, you’ll need to enter the password when you try to mount it again on your desktop. If you enter the wrong password or don’t enter one at all, you can’t access the data.

At the password-entry window, you have the option to save your password in your keychain. This will allow your drive to mount without requiring your password for the particular Mac that’s storing your keychain. If you try to attach the encrypted drive to, say, your friend’s Mac, which doesn’t have your keychain info, you’ll have to enter the password to access that drive.

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131 Nobody spends more time with Apple’s computers and software than the writers and editors at Macworld, the world’s foremost Mac authority.

Now, let Macworld’s team of experts take you on a tour of Apple’s newest operating system, Mac OS X 10.7, aka Lion. Rebuilt to incorpo- rate many of the lessons learned from Apple’s mobile operating system, iOS, Lion blends Multi-Touch gestures, full-screen views, improved navigation, and redesigned apps with the same Mac OS you know and love.

In this book, we walk you through everything you need to know about Lion, starting with a comprehensive rundown of all the new features present in this version of Mac OS X. We help you install Lion, troubleshoot any installation woes, and learn how to set up a boot disc or drive.

Once you’ve got Lion up and running, discover how to navigate the new inter- face by using Multi-Touch gestures, Mission Control, and Launchpad; share files in AirDrop; and control other screens via Screen Sharing. Avoid ever having to manually save documents again with Lion’s new Auto Save, Versions, and Resume features. Protect yourself from would-be data thieves by using Apple’s FileVault 2 encryption service. And finally, find out about tons of new features, large and small, that Apple has added to the OS’s included applications.

Let Macworld show you how to get the most out of Lion and your Mac.

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