Gogo Station Matters of National Environmental Significance Assessment

APPENDIX 3 – NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES ASSESSMENT

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Nationally Significant Species Identification

1 Introduction Nationally threatened species and communities and migratory species protected under international agreements have been initially defined within the search area outlined in Figure 1 using the PMST and NatureMap search tools. A total of 28 species were identified by these searches, which are identified in Table 1Figure 1.

Figure 1: Region searched for MNES using the EPBC PMST Table 1: Species Identified for Consideration Using the EPBC PMST and NatureMap Scientific Name Common Name WA Conservation Status Commonwealth Conservation Status Malurus Purple-crowned Fairy- Endangered Endangered coronatus wren Polytelis Princess Parrot; Priority 4 Vulnerable alexandrae Alexandra’s Parrot Calidris Curlew Sandpiper Vulnerable; Protected Critically Endangered, ferruginea Under International Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Erythrura Gouldian Finch Endangered gouldiae Pezoporus Night Parrot Critically Endangered Endangered occidentalis Rostratula Australian Painted Snipe Endangered Endangered as Rostratula australis australis

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Scientific Name Common Name WA Conservation Status Commonwealth Conservation Status

Marine as Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Dasyurus Northern Quoll; Digul Endangered Endangered hallucatus Macroderma Ghost Bat Vulnerable Vulnerable gigas Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby Vulnerable Vulnerable Pristis pristis Freshwater Sawfish; Vulnerable, Migratory (Bonn) Largetooth Sawfish Actitis Common Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, hypoleucos International Agreement JAMBA), Marine as Actitis hypoleucos

Migratory (ROKAMBA) as Tringa hypoleucos Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift, Pacific Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, Swift International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Protected Under Marine International Agreement Crocodylus Freshwater Crocodile Other Specially Protected Marine johnstoni Fauna Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Motacilla Grey Wagtail Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, cinerea International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Calidris Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, acuminata International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Calidris Pectoral Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, JAMBA, melanotos International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Charadrius Oriental Plover, Oriental Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, veredus Dotterel International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Glareola Oriental Pratincole Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, maldivarum International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Pandion Eastern Osprey Protected Under Migratory (Bonn), Marine haliaetus International Agreement Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret, Protected Under Marine as Ardea alba White Egret International Agreement Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Protected Under Marine International Agreement Haliaeetus White-bellied Sea-eagle Protected Under Marine leucogaster International Agreement Calidris Long-Toed Stint Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, subminuta International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Plegadis Glossy Ibis Protected Under Migratory (Bonn), Marine falcinellus International Agreement Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine CAMBA = China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; JAMBA = Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; ROKAMBA = Republic of Korea Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; Bonn = Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

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The distribution of each species has been assessed through an examination of species’ records across Western Australia, within the wider region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing, and within a 30km radius of the proposed development. The assessment examined the likelihood of the species being present within the vicinity of the proposed development, and the likelihood that the proposed development is located within an area of important habitat for the species. Each species was then assessed with regards to known habitat requirements, based on conservation advice and recovery plans published by the Commonwealth. The habitat requirements of each species were then considered with regards to the potential impacts of the proposed development that habitat within the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing. Thus, each species was assessed with regards to the likelihood of the species being impacted by the proposed development (Section 2). Section 3 provides a summary of the list of species which have the potential to be impacted by the proposed development.

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2 Species Assessments 2.1 Purple-Crowned Fairy Wren (Malurus coronatus) 2.1.1 Malurus coronatus Distribution Across Western Australia M. coronatus occurs along waterways in the Kimberley Division of Western Australia, and east to the Victoria River Downs in the Northern Territory. Its distribution includes parts of the Fitzroy River, Drysdale River, Durack River and Ord River systems in Western Australia. The distribution of the Purple-crowned Fairy-wren has been severely reduced since the species was first discovered 140 years ago. Declines have occurred along the lower reaches of the Fitzroy River, where the fairy-wren is now locally extinct, and along the upper Fitzroy River and Ord River systems where only small, relict populations persist. NatureMap returned a total of 122 records of M. coronatus in Western Australia. The records are concentrated within the north of the State (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. coronatus in WA 2.1.2 Malurus coronatus Distribution Near Development Site A total of 19 records of M. coronatus occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development. Records are located exclusively within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River. The records date between 1998 and 2007, indicating that the species is still likely to be present within the region.

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Figure 3: NatureMap Records of M. coronatus Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.1.3 Malurus coronatus Habitat Requirements The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren (western) inhabits dense, riparian vegetation in the wet-dry tropics of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It is found near permanent rivers and springs (or associated billabongs and swamps), where it occupies dense thickets of Pandanus aquaticus or canegrass and also occurs, less frequently, in rushes and shrubs. M. coronatus predominantly feeds on insects, yet may also feed on leaves and seeds. To breed, M. coronatus builds dome-shaped nests built of rootlets, grass stems, leaves and bark are built close to the ground in thickets of Pandanus aquaticus and canegrass (especially Chionachne cyathopoda). Breeding activity occurs during most months. 2.1.4 Likelihood of Malurus coronatus Being Impacted by Development Recent records of M. coronatus have been identified within a 10km radius of the subject site. Conservation advice for this species indicates it typically inhabits dense riparian vegetation. Records of the species in the area all occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River, which is consistent with known habitat requirements of the species. The species is considered to have the potential to utilise grassland of the subject site as foraging habitat, yet it is likely that the riparian vegetation of the Fitzroy and Margaret rivers would function as more important habitat for this species. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon riparian habitat which may be used by M. coronatus. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on riparian ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on M. coronatus will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle.

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2.2 Princess Parrot (Polytelis alexandrae) 2.2.1 Polytelis alexandrae Distribution Across Western Australia The Princess Parrot occurs in arid regions of Western Australia, Northern Territory and South Australia. The species has been recorded at low densities in the Great Sandy, Gibson, Tanami and Great Victoria Deserts. At least part of the population appears to be highly dispersive, and many records are ephemeral. NatureMap returned a total of 105 records of P. alexandrae in Western Australia. The records are scattered across the State, predominantly in inland areas (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Locations of NatureMap Records of P. alexandrae in WA 2.2.2 Polytelis alexandrae Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned one record of P. alexandrae within 30km of the proposed development site. The record was taken on an unknown date. The record indicates that the species has potential to be present within the area to be impacted by the proposed development.

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Figure 5: NatureMap Records of P. alexandrae Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.2.3 Polytelis alexandrae Habitat Requirements The Princess Parrot is typically recorded from shrublands and savannah woodlands amongst sand dunes, with occupied sites typically consisting of spinifex and shrubs, such as Acacia spp., Cassia spp., Eremophila spp., Grevillea spp., Hakea spp., Senna spp., with scattered emergent trees including Eucalyptus spp., Casuarina spp., and Allocasuarina spp. The species also occurs and breeds in vegetated riverine and littoral areas. P. alexandrae feeds upon seeds and some flowers, nectar and leaves. Breeding occurs from September to January. The Princess Parrot nests in hollows or holes in Eucalyptus trees (including E. camaldulensis) close to watercourses, or occasionally in Allocasuarina decaisneana trees away from water. The nest consists of a pile of decaying wood dust, upon which it lays a clutch of three to six white eggs. 2.2.4 Likelihood of Polytelis alexandrae Being Impacted by Development The Princess Parrot has been observed within 10km of the proposed development site. However, mapping of P. alexandrae records across WA indicates that only one record of P. alexandrae is known to occur within the vicinity of the proposed development, and that the majority of records occur further south in the State. Whilst it is clear that the species has the potential to be within the development site, it must be acknowledged that the species is recognised to be highly dispersive, with ephemeral records. Given the absence of any other records of the species within the vicinity of the proposed development, it is unlikely that an important population of P. alexandrae regularly utilises habitat within the vicinity of the development site (although it is also possible that an absence of records could be the result of minimal historic sampling efforts). It may therefore be the case that the record of P. alexandrae near the development site is an ephemeral record which does not indicate the species’ primary habitat distribution.

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Regardless, the impact of the proposed development upon P. alexandrae should be considered. The Princess Parrot is known to utilise shrublands, savannah woodlands and vegetated riverine areas. The species feeds upon seeds, flowers, nectar and leaves. It is possible that P. alexandrae would utilise grassland habitat of the subject site as foraging habitat, and may additionally forage in the riparian zone of the Margaret and Fitzroy Rivers. The habitat values of the subject site will be impacted by land clearing, and the ecology of the Margaret and Fitzroy Rivers has some potential to be impacted by proposed water extraction associated with the development. Therefore, P. alexandrae will be considered for assessment as a Matter of National Environmental Significance.

2.3 Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) 2.3.1 Calidris ferruginea Distribution Across Western Australia The Curlew Sandpiper is distributed around most of the Australian coastline (including Tasmania). In Western Australia, they are widespread around coastal and subcoastal plains from Cape Arid to south-west Kimberley Division, but are more sparsely distributed between Carnarvon and Dampier Archipelago. Inland records are probably mainly of birds pausing for a few days during migration. The Curlew Sandpiper breeds in Siberia and migrates to Australia (as well as Africa and Asia) for the non-breeding period, arriving in Australia between August and November, and departing between March and mid-April. NatureMap returned a total of 1,331 records of C. ferruginea in Western Australia. The records are predominantly concentrated in coastal areas, with occasional records located further inland (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. ferruginea in WA

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2.3.2 Calidris ferruginea Distribution Near Development Site No records of C. ferruginea within 30km of the proposed development site, nor within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing, were returned by NatureMap. 2.3.3 Calidris ferruginea Habitat Requirements Curlew Sandpipers mainly occur on intertidal mudflats in sheltered coastal areas, such as estuaries, bays, inlets and lagoons, and also around non-tidal swamps, lakes and lagoons near the coast, and ponds in saltworks and sewage farms. They are also recorded inland, though less often, including around ephemeral and permanent lakes, dams, waterholes and bore drains, usually with bare edges of mud or sand. They occur in both fresh and brackish waters. Occasionally they are recorded around floodwaters. Curlew Sandpipers forage on mudflats and nearby shallow water. In non-tidal wetlands, they usually wade, mostly in water 15–30 mm, but up to 60 mm, deep. They forage at the edges of shallow pools and drains of intertidal mudflats and sandy shores. At high tide, they forage among low sparse emergent vegetation, such as saltmarsh, and sometimes forage in flooded paddocks or inundated salt flats. The species feeds upon worms, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and some seeds. C. ferruginea breeds in Siberia. 2.3.4 Likelihood of Calidris ferruginea Being Impacted by Development The Curlew Sandpiper is predominantly a coastal species. No records of C. ferruginea are known to exist within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. Given that records of C. ferruginea occur throughout WA, it is possible that C. ferruginea could be an occasional and irregular visitor to the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing while pausing on migration. However, habitat within the Fitzroy Crossing region is unlikely to constitute ecologically significant habitat for the Curlew Sandpiper. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by C. ferruginea. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on C. ferruginea will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to migratory birds such as C. ferruginea is therefore significant.

2.4 Gouldian Finch (Erythrura gouldiae) 2.4.1 Erythrura gouldiae Distribution Across Western Australia E. gouldiae is sparsely distributed across northern Australia between the Kimberley and north-central Queensland. NatureMap returned a total of 380 records of E. gouldiae in Western Australia. The records are predominantly concentrated in the north of the State (Figure 7).

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Figure 7: Locations of NatureMap Records of E. gouldiae in WA 2.4.2 Erythrura gouldiae Distribution Near Development Site No records of E. gouldiae occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development. However, species records occur within the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Locations of NatureMap Records of E. gouldiae Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.4.3 Erythrura gouldiae Habitat Requirements E. gouldiae inhabits open woodlands that are dominated by Eucalyptus trees and support a ground cover of Sorghum and other grasses. The critical components of suitable core habitat

SMK P a g e | 10 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment for the Gouldian finch appear to be the presence of favoured annual and perennial grasses (especially Sorghum), a nearby source of surface water and, in the breeding season, unburnt hollow-bearing Eucalyptus trees. E. gouldiae almost exclusively feeds on grass seeds. The species nests in tree hollows between April-July, and lays average clutch of five eggs. E. gouldiae may raise several clutches per season. When breeding, they use small patches of open woodland, usually on ridges dominated by cavity bearing trees such as white northern gum (Eucalyptus brevifolia) in the west, with an understory of grasses such as sorghum (Sarga spp.), Schizachyrium spp. and spinifex (Trodia spp.), and usually within 2-4 km of perennial waterholes or springs. After breeding they tend to flock and move across the broader landscape, following grass seed resources. 2.4.4 Likelihood of Erythrura gouldiae Being Impacted by Development The Gouldian Finch is found within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing, and inhabits open woodlands with grassy groundcover. The species additionally requires ready access to surface water. It is probable that E. gouldiae utilises open woodland habitat and potentially grassland habitat within the development area as foraging habitat. The potential impact of the proposed development on the Gouldian Finch will therefore be considered. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds which require ready access to surface water such as E. gouldiae is therefore significant.

2.5 Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) 2.5.1 Pezoporus occidentalis Distribution Across Western Australia A highly cryptic species, the Night Parrot’s current distribution is not known. There are accepted historical records from remote arid and semi-arid inland regions of Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland. It is possible that the night parrot may continue to occur throughout much of this range. NatureMap returned a total of 15 records of P. occidentalis in Western Australia. The records are scattered within the State (Figure 9).

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Figure 9: Locations of NatureMap Records of P. occidentalis in WA 2.5.2 Pezoporus occidentalis Distribution Near Development Site No records of P. occidentalis occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development, nor within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. However, given the cryptic nature of the species, it is possible that the species is present within the region surrounding the proposed development without having been sighted. 2.5.3 Pezoporus occidentalis Habitat Requirements In the arid and semi-arid zones, most habitat records are of Triodia (Spinifex) grasslands and/or chenopod shrublands. Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass), shrubby samphire and chenopod associations, scattered trees and shrubs, Acacia aneura (Mulga) woodland, treeless areas and bare gibber have also been associated with sightings of the species. Similar habitat has been recorded as being used in Queensland. The species’ diet is thought to consist of seeds. Roosting and nesting sites are consistently reported as within clumps of dense vegetation, primarily old and large Spinifex clumps, but sometimes other vegetation types. 2.5.4 Likelihood of Pezoporus occidentalis Being Impacted by Development The development site is located on grassland which has the potential to be utilised by the Night Parrot. Given the highly cryptic nature of the species and poor knowledge regarding its current distribution, the impact of the proposed development on the Night Parrot will be considered in keeping with the precautionary principle.

2.6 Australian Painted Snipe (Rostratula australis) 2.6.1 Rostratula australis Distribution Across Western Australia The Australian Painted Snipe has been recorded at wetlands in all states of Australia. It is most common in eastern Australia, where it has been recorded at scattered locations throughout much of Queensland, NSW, Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. It has been recorded less frequently at a smaller number of more scattered locations farther west in South

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Australia, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It has also been recorded on single occasions in south-eastern Tasmania and at Lord Howe Island. NatureMap returned a total of 45 records of R. australis in Western Australia. The records are predominantly located along the coast, with the majority of records occurring in the north of the State (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Locations of NatureMap Records of R. australis in WA 2.6.2 Rostratula australis Distribution Near Development Site No records of R. australis occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development site, nor within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. 2.6.3 Rostratula australis Habitat Requirements R. australis refers fringes of swamps, dams and nearby marshy areas where there is a cover of grasses, lignum, low scrub or open timber. The species forages on mud flats and in shallow water. Its diet includes worms, molluscs, insects and some plant matter. R. australis often breeds in response to local conditions. Breeding generally occurs from September to December. Australian Painted Snipe breeding habitat requirements may be quite specific: shallow wetlands with areas of bare wet mud and both upper and canopy cover nearby. Nest records are all, or nearly all, from or near small islands in freshwater wetlands, provided that these islands are a combination of very shallow water, exposed mud, dense low cover and sometimes some tall dense cover. Nests consists of a scrape in the ground lined with grasses and leaves. 2.6.4 Likelihood of Rostratula australis Being Impacted by Development R. australis is a highly mobile species with a significant range across Australia. A number of recordings of the species are known in northern WA. Whilst the species does not have known

SMK P a g e | 13 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment records within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing, this may be due to low sampling rates within the region. The mobility of the species is such that it is likely that R. australis has the potential to use wetland and similar aquatic habitat within the vicinity of the proposed development. However, given the absence of records, such habitat is unlikely to be significant habitat for an important population of the species. Regardless, the potential impact of the proposed development on available habitat for R. australis within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing will be considered. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by R. australis. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on R. australis will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as R. australis is therefore significant.

2.7 Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) 2.7.1 Dasyurus hallucatus Distribution Across Western Australia The Northern Quoll was historically common across northern Australia, occurring almost continuously from the Pilbara, Western Australia, to near Brisbane, Queensland. The Northern Quoll now occurs in five regional populations across Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia both on the mainland and on offshore islands. NatureMap returned a total of 5,185 records of D. hallucatus in Western Australia. The records indicate the existence of two key populations; one in the north of the state between Broome and Kununurra, and one extending inland from the western coast near Port Hedland (Figure 11).

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Figure 11: Locations of NatureMap Records of D. hallucatus in WA 2.7.2 Dasyurus hallucatus Distribution Near Development Site No records of the Northern Quoll within a 30km radius of the proposed development were returned by Naturemap, yet the species has records within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Locations of NatureMap Records of D. hallucatus Near Fitzroy Crossing

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2.7.3 Dasyurus hallucatus Habitat Requirements Habitat in the Top End and Kimberley comprises rocky areas and tall open coastal eucalypt forests. Prime habitat in these northern regions is sandstone escarpment. Northern Quoll habitat in Kakadu National Park includes open forest and woodlands on plains dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta, E. minata and E. tectifita, open woodland on low rocky hills dominated by E. setosa and E. bleeseri and riparian areas with flowing water dominated by Melaleuca virdiflora and Pandanus spiralis. On the Mitchell plateau of the Kimberley in Western Australia, Northern Quolls have been recorded in a variety of habitats including low open eucalypt woodland and hummock grass (Plechtrachne spp.) on sandstone, deciduous vine thicket and open eucalypt woodland over dense grasses, a rocky creek containing large boulders and deciduous vine thicket of dense low forest between a beach and volcanic cliff. Recent surveys throughout Queensland have suggested Northern Quolls are more likely to be present in high relief areas that have shallower soils, greater cover of boulders, less fire impact and were closer to permanent water. Rocky habitats support higher densities and/or longer lived individuals within the species range, due to more protection from predators, better nutrition and less exposure to agricultural practices. Rocky habitats also supported a higher density of Northern Quoll dens. Breeding success is higher in animals that have a den near a creek line. Northern Quolls are opportunistic omnivores, consuming a wide range of prey including beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, scorpions and centipedes. Females den in tree hollows, hollow logs and rock crevices; they raise a litter of up to eight young. The species is short-lived (oldest recorded female in the wild being three years old). Quolls breed once each year. 2.7.4 Likelihood of Dasyurus hallucatus Being Impacted by Development D. hallucatus has been recorded within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. NatureMap records of D. hallucatus across WA indicates that Fitzroy Crossing is likely to be located towards the eastern edge of an important population of Northern Quolls (which is primarily located towards the coast). D. hallucatus occupies a variety of habitats. It is likely that Northern Quolls within the region of Fitzroy Crossing would exhibit a preference for rocky areas, such as Devonian Reef outcrops which are known to occur within Gogo Station, as preferred habitat as such habitats are less likely to be disturbed by agricultural practices in the region such as grazing cattle. Devonian limestone outcrops within the region will not be impacted by the proposed development. However, it is possible that Northern Quolls would forage across the subject site. Northern Quolls will therefore be considered with regards to potential impacts of the proposed development. The proposal does involve significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will provide foraging habitat for D. hallucatus in the form of insects. This phenomenon has been identified in many other cropping areas where populations of a range of species have increased as a result of the additional foraging value of crop land.

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2.8 Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) 2.8.1 Macroderma gigas Distribution Across Western Australia The species’ range has been contracting northward as a result of human disturbance. The species’ current range is discontinuous, with geographically disjunct colonies occurring in the Pilbara, Kimberley, northern Northern Territory, the Gulf of Carpentaria, coastal and near coastal eastern Queensland from Cape York to near Rockhampton and western Queensland. The Kimberley colonies (containing approximately two-thirds of the state’s ghost bat population) are likely to be relatively stable, as little mining or habitat destruction occurs in the region. NatureMap returned a total of 576 records of M. gigas in Western Australia. The records indicate the potential existence of two key populations; one in the north of the state between Broome and Kununurra, and one extending inland from the western coast near Port Hedland. Isolated records also occur elsewhere in the state (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. gigas in WA 2.8.2 Macroderma gigas Distribution Near Development Site No records of M. gigas within a 30km radius of the proposed development were returned by Naturemap, yet the species has records within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 14).

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Figure 14: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. gigas Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.8.3 Macroderma gigas Habitat Requirements Ghost bats currently occupy habitats ranging from the arid Pilbara to tropical savanna woodlands and rainforests. During the daytime they roost in caves, rock crevices and old mines. Abandoned mine adits (horizontal tunnels) comprise a significant proportion of the known roost sites in the Kimberley. Ghost bats are carnivores, with a broad diet comprising small mammals including other bats, birds, reptiles, frogs and large insects. Females give birth to a single young in late spring. 2.8.4 Likelihood of Macroderma gigas Being Impacted by Development M. gigas is known to occur within the vicinity of the proposed development. The development site is located on the eastern boundary of a collection of records of M. gigas which occurs near the coastline of Derby, indicating an important population of M. gigas may be present within the region. It is probable that M. gigas would forage across the subject site, and therefore the species will be assessed with regards to potential impacts of the proposed development. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will provide foraging habitat for the Ghost bat in the form of insects and therefore may generate additional habitat for these two species. This phenomenon has been identified in many other cropping areas where bat and other carnivorous populations have increased as a result of the additional foraging value of crop land.

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2.9 Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) 2.9.1 Macrotis lagotis Distribution Across Western Australia Before European settlement the greater bilby occurred over 70 percent of the Australian mainland. Since the late 1800s, greater bilbies have disappeared from at least 80 percent of their former range. Wild populations are restricted predominantly to the following locations: • Northern Territory: The Tanami Desert • Western Australia: The Gibson Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Great Sandy Desert and parts of the Pilbara and Southern Kimberley • Queensland: One isolated population in South-west Queensland, approximately in the area between Boulia and Birdsville NatureMap returned a total of 3,557 records of M. lagotis in Western Australia. The records are scattered across the State, yet many of these records may be old and it is likely that the true range of the species is smaller than the range indicated in Figure 15 as a result of landscape disturbance.

Figure 15: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. lagotis in WA 2.9.2 Macrotis lagotis Distribution Near Development Site No records of M. lagotis within a 30km radius of the proposed development were returned by Naturemap, yet the species has records within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 16).

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Figure 16: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. lagotis Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.9.3 Macrotis lagotis Habitat Requirements Given the dramatic decline of bilbies, most of the area currently occupied by the species probably represents the least favourable portions of its former range. Therefore, it is difficult to establish bilby habitat requirements, as it is difficult to identify core bilby populations, and it is likely that many known populations do not occupy optimal habitat. Most of the area currently occupied by the species consists of three major vegetation types: 1. Open tussock grasslands (both grasses and forbs) growing on uplands and hills; 2. Mulga woodland/shrubland (both pure mulga and mixed stands of mulga/witchetty bush) growing on ridges an rises; and 3. Hummock grassland growing on sand plains and dunes, drainage systems, salt lake systems and other alluvial areas. The following three areas of potential habitat critical to the survival of the greater bilby are described below: Queensland: Mitchell grass downs on deep clay soils and gibber plains on desert loam soils throughout its QLD range. These habitats support predominantly short grasses and forbs (open tussock grassland). Northern Territory: The landscape inhabited by bilbies is characterised by sandy soils dominated by hummock (Triodia spp.) grasslands with an overstorey of low shrub cover dominated by Acacia and Melaleuca species. Broadscale surveys of bilbies in the NT in the 1990s indicated that laterite and drainage line land systems were occupied more frequently than sand plain and dune systems. Western Australia: The status of the greater bilby in large parts of WA is unclear. Given the large area in WA over which the greater bilby occurs and the fragmented nature of its

SMK P a g e | 20 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment occurrence, identification of habitat critical to the species will remain difficult until further survey work is carried out. For daytime shelter, the bilby constructs a deep and long burrow system. Being a powerful digger, it is able to make spiral-shaped burrows up to 3 metres long and up to 2 metres deep. The opening is often against a termite mound or a tussock of grass and is always open. The greater bilby’s diet consists of insects, seeds, fungi, bulbs and fruit. Water is not crucial to their diet as they are able to obtain enough moisture from their food. The breeding season is usually between March and May, but in captivity M. lagotis will breed all year round. 2.9.4 Likelihood of Macrotis lagotis Being Impacted by Development The species has not been observed by long-term Traditional Owners (TO’s) who forage across the area to be farmed on a frequent basis. The species is known to occur some 60-80 km south of the development at the southern end of the property Cherrabun. However, given the uncertainty regarding habitat requirements of bilbies and that M. lagotis is known to occur within the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing, it is possible that M. lagotis may utilise habitat within the study area as foraging habitat. The potential impacts of the proposed development on M. lagotis will therefore be considered.

2.10 Freshwater Sawfish (Pristis pristis) 2.10.1 Pristis pristis Distribution Across Western Australia Largetooth sawfish have been recorded in river and estuarine environments, as well as up to 100 km offshore. Within Australia, largetooth sawfish have been recorded in numerous drainage systems in the country’s north in fresh and saline water, including: the Fitzroy, Durack, Robinson and Ord Rivers (Western Australia); the Adelaide, Victoria, Daly, East and South Alligator, Goomadeer, Roper, McArthur, Wearyan and Robinson Rivers (Northern Territory); and, the Gilbert, Mitchell, Normanby, Wenlock, Mission, Embley and Leichhardt Rivers (Queensland). NatureMap returned a total of 39 records of P. pristis in Western Australia. The records are confined to the north of the State (Figure 17).

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Figure 17: Locations of NatureMap Records of P. pristis in WA 2.10.2 Pristis pristis Distribution Near Development Site Two records of P. pristis occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development within the Fitzroy River. The records were collected in 2001 and 2003, indicating the species is likely to still be present within the region.

Figure 18: NatureMap Records of P. pristis Within 30km of Proposed Development

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2.10.3 Pristis pristis Habitat Requirements P. pristis inhabits the sandy or muddy bottoms of shallow coastal waters, estuaries and river mouths, as well as the central and upper reaches of freshwater rivers and isolated water holes, with records of largetooth sawfish up to 400 km inland. The diet of P. pristis consists of fishes and benthic invertebrates. The generally accepted model of movement and migration of largetooth sawfish in Australian waters is that young are born at the mouths of rivers and in estuaries and then migrate up river where they spend the first several years of life. As they reach maturity they move out of the rivers and into the marine environment. The Fitzroy River has been identified as a likely important nursery site for the Freshwater Sawfish. Pupping likely occurs during the wet season. 2.10.4 Likelihood of Pristis pristis Being Impacted by Development P. pristis is known to occur within the Fitzroy River and the Margaret River, in close proximity to the proposed development. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon aquatic habitat which may be used by P. pristis. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on aquatic ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on P. pristis will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. It is likely that the breeding cycle of P. pristis relies upon in-stream migration within the Fitzroy River and its tributaries. It should be noted that the proposed development does not involve the construction of dams, barrages, weirs or other structures within the Margaret River which would have the potential to act as a barrier for fish migration. The proposed development is therefore considered to be unlikely to impact upon breeding cycles of P. pristis.

2.11 Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) 2.11.1 Actitis hypoleucos Distribution Across Western Australia The Common Sandpiper is found along all coastlines of Australia. In many areas inland, the species is widespread in small numbers. The population when in Australia is concentrated in northern and western Australia. NatureMap returned a total of 2,558 records of A. hypoleucos in Western Australia. Records are predominantly concentrated along the coastline (Figure 19).

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Figure 19: Locations of NatureMap Records of A. hypoleucos in WA 2.11.2 Actitis hypoleucos Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned 13 records of A. hypoleucos within a 30km radius of the proposed development site (Figure 20). The collection date of the records ranges from 1998-2007. Records are located within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River.

Figure 20: NatureMap Records of A. hypoleucos Within 30km of Proposed Development

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2.11.3 Actitis hypoleucos Habitat Requirements The species utilises a wide range of coastal wetlands and some inland wetlands, with varying levels of salinity, and is mostly found around muddy margins or rocky shores and rarely on mudflats. The Common Sandpiper has been recorded in estuaries and deltas of streams, as well as on banks farther upstream; around lakes, pools, billabongs, reservoirs, dams and claypans, and occasionally piers and jetties. The muddy margins utilised by the species are often narrow, and may be steep. The species is often associated with mangroves, and sometimes found in areas of mud littered with rocks or snags. The species’ diet consists of molluscs, crustaceans and insects. Breeding occurs in Eurasia. Northward migration, pre-breeding, is from February-May or early June. Post breeding, the southward migration usually begins July–November, with individuals arriving from July onwards. 2.11.4 Likelihood of Actitis hypoleucos Being Impacted by Development There are multiple recent records of A. hypoleucos within a 30km radius of the proposed development. It is therefore highly likely that the species utilises water-based habitat within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing on a regular basis. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland and riparian habitat which may be used by A. hypoleucos. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland and riparian ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on A. hypoleucos will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as A. hypoleucos is significant.

2.12 Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus) 2.12.1 Apus pacificus Distribution Across Western Australia The Fork-tailed Swift has an extremely large range, occurring in a large number of countries including Australia, China, India, Russia, New Zealand, the UK and the United States. The Fork-tailed Swift is a non-breeding visitor to all states and territories of Australia. In Western Australia, there are sparsely scattered records of the Fork-tailed Swift along the south coast, ranging from near the Eyre Bird Observatory and west to Denmark. They are widespread in coastal and subcoastal areas between Augusta and Carnarvon, including some on nearshore and offshore islands. They are scattered along the coast from south-west Pilbara to the north and east Kimberley region, near Wyndham. There are sparsely scattered inland records, especially in the Wheatbelt, from Lake Annean and Wittenoom. They are found in the north and north-west Gascoyne Region, north through much of the Pilbara Region, and the south and east Kimberley. They are also recorded in the Timor Sea, both at sea and around

SMK P a g e | 25 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment islands such as the Ashmore Reef. Isolated records occur at Neale Junction in the Great Victoria Desert and on the Nullarbor Plain. NatureMap returned a total of 257 records of A. pacificus in Western Australia. The majority of records occur along the coast, yet scattered records occur across the State (Figure 21Figure 17).

Figure 21: Locations of NatureMap Records of A. pacificus in WA 2.12.2 Apus pacificus Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned one record of A. pacificus within a 30km radius of the proposed development (Figure 22). The record was collected in 2001 and is located within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River.

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Figure 22: NatureMap Records of A. pacificus Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.12.3 Apus pacificus Habitat Requirements The Fork-tailed Swift is almost exclusively aerial, flying from less then 1 m to at least 300 m above ground and probably much higher. They occur over a wide variety of habitats, both coastal and inland, ranging from cliffs to urban areas to treeless grassland and sandplain to rainforests. A. pacificus feeds and probably roosts aerially, only occasionally being observed to land. A. pacificus feeds on insects and breeds in Siberia. The species usually arrives in Australia in October and departs during April. 2.12.4 Likelihood of Apus pacificus Being Impacted by Development One record of the Fork-tailed Swift is known to occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development site. However, the Fork-tailed Swift is an almost exclusively aerial species, which is thought to roost and feed aerially. The species breeds in Siberia. Given that the species primarily utilises aerial habitat and rarely lands, the size of the species’ range and that the breeding habitat of the species is located in Siberia, the proposed development is considered to be unlikely to serve as ecologically significant habitat for this species. Therefore, the proposed development is considered to be unlikely to serve as significant habitat for A. pacificus, and the species has not been considered for assessment.

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2.13 Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) 2.13.1 Merops ornatus Distribution Across Western Australia The Rainbow Bee-eater is distributed across much of mainland Australia, and occurs on several near-shore islands. It is not found in Tasmania, and is thinly distributed in the most arid regions of central and Western Australia. NatureMap returned a total of 12,274 records of M. ornatus in Western Australia. The majority of records occur throughout most of the state, except for the arid inland areas (Figure 23).

Figure 23: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. ornatus in WA 2.13.2 Merops ornatus Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned 129 records of M. ornatus within 30km of the proposed development area (Figure 24). The collection dates of the records range from 1998-2016, indicating the species is still present within the locality. The majority of records were collected within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River.

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Figure 24: NatureMap Records of M. ornatus Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.13.3 Merops ornatus Habitat Requirements The Rainbow Bee-eater occurs mainly in open forests and woodlands, shrublands, and in various cleared or semi-cleared habitats, including farmland and areas of human habitation. It usually occurs in open, cleared or lightly-timbered areas that are often, but not always, located in close proximity to permanent water. It also occurs in inland and coastal sand dune systems, and in mangroves in northern Australia, and has been recorded in various other habitat types including heathland, sedgeland, vine forest and vine thicket, and on beaches. On migration, the Rainbow Bee-eater may also fly over the top of non-preferred habitats such as rainforest or treeless plains. The diet of M. ornatus includes insects. Breeding occurs from August to January. The nest is located in an enlarged chamber at the end of long burrow or tunnel in flat or sloping ground, in the banks of rivers, creeks or dams, in roadside cuttings, in the walls of gravel pits or quarries, in mounds of gravel, or in cliff-faces. Nesting areas are often re-used, and banding studies indicate that at least some migrant birds return to the same nesting area each year. 2.13.4 Likelihood of Merops ornatus Being Impacted by Development There are a large number of recent records of M. ornatus within a 30km radius of the proposed development site. The species is likely to forage across the development site, and has the potential to breed within the wider region. The impact of the proposed development on M. ornatus will therefore be considered. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will provide foraging habitat for M. ornatus in the form of insects and therefore may generate additional habitat for this species. This

SMK P a g e | 29 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment phenomenon has been identified in many other cropping areas where populations of insectivorous and carnivorous species have increased as a result of the additional foraging value of crop land. The proposed development also includes the construction of above-ground water storages. The potential for M. ornatus to utilise the water storages as a source of water is also significant.

2.14 Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) 2.14.1 Crocodylus johnstoni Distribution Across Western Australia The species occurs along all but the near coastal reaches of the rivers, streams and creeks that flow into the waters off northern Australia between King Sound in the south-western Kimberley, Western Australia and the northern part of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. They occasionally occur in near coastal areas where Saltwater Crocodiles are absent, but are much more common in inland areas. NatureMap returned a total of 75 records of C. johnstoni within Western Australia. The records are located to the north of the state (Figure 25).

Figure 25: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. johnstoni in WA 2.14.2 Crocodylus johnstoni Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned two records of C. johnstoni within a 30km radius of the proposed development site (Figure 26). One of the records was collected in 2016; the date of collection of the second record is unknown. Locally, freshwater crocodiles are known to be common within the region.

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Figure 26: NatureMap Records of C. johnstoni Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.14.3 Crocodylus johnstoni Habitat Requirements Freshwater Crocodiles inhabit various freshwater environments, including rivers, creeks, pools, billabongs, lagoons, and swamps. During the wet season, these habitats become inundated with flood waters which allow the crocodiles to move throughout the flood plains. As the water levels drop the crocodiles tend to congregate in the larger and deeper water bodies, where they prefer to inhabit the shallower waters at the pool edges. The diet of C. johnstoni consists of crustaceans, insects, spiders, fishes, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals. Egg-laying occurs from August to September. Eggs are buried within sandbanks near the water’s edge. 2.14.4 Likelihood of Crocodylus johnstoni Being Impacted by Development Freshwater Crocodiles are known to occur within the waterways of the Fitzroy River, in the vicinity of the proposed development. Two recent records of C. johnstoni occur within a 30km radius of the proposed development. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon aquatic habitat which may be used by C. johnstoni. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on aquatic ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on C. johnstoni will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle.

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2.15 Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) 2.15.1 Hirundo rustica Distribution Across Western Australia The Barn Swallow usually occurs in northern Australia, on Cocos-Keeling Island, Christmas Island, Ashmore Reef, and patchily along the north coast of the mainland from the Pilbara region, Western Australia, to Fraser Island in Queensland. The species has been recorded irregularly further south in Western Australia, in areas such as Derby and Carnarvon, and in South Australia near Koolunga, Roxby Downs, Nantawarra and south of Innamincka. Vagrants have also been recorded as far south as Sydney. NatureMap returned 158 records of the Barn Swallow (Figure 27). Records are confined to coastal regions.

Figure 27: Locations of NatureMap Records of H. rustica in WA 2.15.2 Hirundo rustica Distribution Near Development Site Records of H. rustica are confined to coastal areas. No records of the species within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing were returned by NatureMap. 2.15.3 Hirundo rustica Habitat Requirements In Australia, the Barn Swallow is recorded in open country in coastal lowlands, often near water, towns and cities. Birds are often sighted perched on overhead wires, and also in or over freshwater wetlands, paperbark Melaleuca woodland, mesophyll shrub thickets and tussock grassland. The Barn Swallow breeds in the boreal spring and summer almost throughout the temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere, south to the Tropic of Cancer, and then migrates to the southern hemisphere. The species feeds on insects.

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2.15.4 Likelihood of Hirundo rustica Being Impacted by Development Records of H. rustica in Western Australia to date have been confined to coastal regions. However, it is possible that the species may occur further inland (particularly given that the species is migratory and subsequently has a large range), and that an absence of inland records is due to poor historical sampling efforts. It is therefore assumed to be possible that H. rustica may be present within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. It is possible that the species may forage for insects across the subject site. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will continue to provide foraging habitat for H. rustica in the form of insects associated with crop production. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by H. rustica. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on H. rustica will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle.

2.16 Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) 2.16.1 Motacilla cinerea Distribution Across Western Australia The Grey Wagtail has a wide range, occurring in multiple locations including Europe, Asia and Africa. Approximately 20% of the population of this species is thought to reside in Europe. The species is considered to be a vagrant in Australia and North America (according to the IUCN Red List). The species was also listed as a vagrant to Australia in the Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. NatureMap returned two records of M. cinerea within Western Australia. Both records are coastal (Figure 28).

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Figure 28: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. cinerea in WA 2.16.2 Motacilla cinerea Distribution Near Development Site No records of M. cinerea within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing were returned by NatureMap. 2.16.3 Motacilla cinerea Habitat Requirements This species inhabits fast-flowing mountain streams and rivers with riffles and exposed rocks or shoals, often in forested areas. It is also found in more lowland watercourses, even canals, where there are artificial waterfalls, weirs, millraces or lock gates. Outside of the breeding season it occupies a wider variety of habitats, including farmyards, sewage farms, forest tracks, tea estates and even town centres. The breeding season is from the end of March to August. It is monogamous and both sexes build the nest which is a typical platform and cup of coarser material, lined with finer grasses, root fibres and often horse hair. It is generally sited on a rock ledge, in a crevice in a riverbank, or often on a ledge in a wall, under a bridge or in a drainpipe. Clutches can be from three to seven eggs. It feeds mainly on insects but also takes freshwater shrimps (Gammarus), terrestrial snails (Mollusca) and spiders (Araneae). Island races and southern populations are resident whilst other populations are partial or long-distance migrants. 2.16.4 Likelihood of Motacilla cinerea Being Impacted by Development M. cinerea is listed as a vagrant in Australia by the IUCN Red List and by the Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. Only two records of this species are known to occur in Western Australia, both of which occur in coastal/marine in locations. Globally, the population of M. cinerea is large and stable (based on information presented by the IUCN Red List). The species is listed globally as being of Least Concern.

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Whilst M. cinerea has some minor potential to occasionally be present within the vicinity of the development site (due to the species’ mobility and large range), the development site does not occur within an area of ecologically significant habitat for this species. The impact of the proposed development on M. cinerea is therefore considered to be minimal. M. cinerea has therefore not been considered for assessment

2.17 Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) 2.17.1 Motacilla flava Distribution Across Western Australia The species has an extremely large range, extending from Europe, east through Siberia to west Asia and northwestern China; and south through the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt. The species is almost wholly migratory with European populations wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, central and eastern populations mainly migrate to South Asia with some moving to Africa. The species is resident in Egypt. Australia is not a significant source of habitat for this species. The IUCN Red List does not list Australia as a country of occurrence for M. flava (either as a native species or as a vagrant). NatureMap returned 11 records of M. flava within Western Australia. Records are confined to coastal and marine environments to the north (Figure 29).

Figure 29: Locations of NatureMap Records of M. flava in WA 2.17.2 Motacilla flava Distribution Near Development Site No records of M. flava within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing were returned by NatureMap.

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2.17.3 Motacilla flava Habitat Requirements This species occupies a range of damp or wet habitats with low vegetation, from damp meadows, marshes, waterside pastures, sewage farms and bogs to damp steppe and grassy tundra. In the north of its range it is also found in large forest clearings. It breeds from April to August, although this varies with latitude. Normally it lays four to six eggs. The nest is a grass cup lined with hair and placed on or close to the ground in a shallow scrape. It feeds on a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as some plant material, particularly seeds. 2.17.4 Likelihood of Motacilla flava Being Impacted by Development M. flava has an exceptionally large range which covers most of the globe. Australia is not recognised to support ecologically significant habitat for this species; the IUCN Red List does not list Australia as an area of occurrence of M. flava (either as a natives species or as a vagrant). Globally, the population of M. flava is large (based on information presented by the IUCN Red List). The global population has experienced a minor decline, yet as the population is still large and covers an extremely large range, the species is listed as being of Least Concern. Whilst M. flava has some minor potential to occasionally be present within the vicinity of the development site (due to the species’ mobility and large range), the development site does not occur within an area of ecologically significant habitat for this species. The impact of the proposed development on M. flava is therefore considered to be minimal. M. flava has therefore not been considered for assessment.

2.18 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) 2.18.1 Calidris acuminata Distribution Across Western Australia The Sharp-tailed Sandpiper spends the non-breeding season in Australia with small numbers occurring regularly in New Zealand. Most of the population migrates to Australia, mostly to the south-east and are widespread in both inland and coastal locations and in both freshwater and saline habitats. Many inland records are of birds on passage. NatureMap returned 1,361 records of C. acuminata within Western Australia. Records of the species are primarily concentrated along the coast (Figure 30).

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Figure 30: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. acuminata in WA 2.18.2 Calidris acuminata Distribution Near Development Site No records of C. acuminata were identified within a 30km radius of the proposed development site by NatureMap. However, species records are present within the wider region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 31).

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Figure 31: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. acuminata Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.18.3 Calidris acuminata Habitat Requirements In Australasia, the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper prefers muddy edges of shallow fresh or brackish wetlands, with inundated or emergent sedges, grass, saltmarsh or other low vegetation. This includes lagoons, swamps, lakes and pools near the coast, and dams, waterholes, soaks, bore drains and bore swamps, saltpans and hypersaline saltlakes inland. They also occur in saltworks and sewage farms. They use flooded paddocks, sedgelands and other ephemeral wetlands, but leave when they dry. They use intertidal mudflats in sheltered bays, inlets, estuaries or seashores, and also swamps and creeks lined with mangroves. They tend to occupy coastal mudflats mainly after ephemeral terrestrial wetlands have dried out, moving back during the wet season. They may be attracted to mats of algae and water weed either floating or washed up around terrestrial wetlands, and coastal areas with much beachcast seaweed. Sometimes they occur on rocky shores and rarely on exposed reefs. The diet of C. acuminata includes seeds, worms, molluscs, crustaceans and insects. The species breeds in northern Siberia. Birds arrive in Australia around August-September, and leave by April. 2.18.4 Likelihood of Calidris acuminata Being Impacted by Development C. acuminata is known to occur within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. Given the mobility and large range of the species, it is likely that the species has the potential to occur within the development site. The impact of the proposed development upon C. acuminata will therefore be considered. C. acuminata required water-based habitat. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by C. acuminata. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on C. acuminata will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as C. acuminata is therefore significant.

2.19 Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) 2.19.1 Calidris melanotos Distribution Across Western Australia In Western Australia (WA), the species is rarely recorded. It has been observed at the Nullarbor Plain, Reid, Stoke's Inlet, Grassmere Lake, Warden Lake, Dalyup and Yellilup Swamp, Swan River, Benger Swamp, Guraga Lake, Wittecarra, Harding River, coastal Gascoyne, the Pilbara and the Kimberley. NatureMap returned 61 records of C. melanotos within Western Australia. Records are primarily coastal (Figure 32).

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Figure 32: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. melanotos in WA 2.19.2 Calidris melanotos Distribution Near Development Site No records of C. melanotos were identified within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing by NatureMap. 2.19.3 Calidris melanotos Habitat Requirements In Australasia, the Pectoral Sandpiper prefers shallow fresh to saline wetlands. The species is found at coastal lagoons, estuaries, bays, swamps, lakes, inundated grasslands, saltmarshes, river pools, creeks, floodplains and artificial wetlands. The species is usually found in coastal or near coastal habitat but occasionally found further inland. It prefers wetlands that have open fringing mudflats and low, emergent or fringing vegetation, such as grass or samphire. The species has also been recorded in swamp overgrown with lignum. They forage in shallow water or soft mud at the edge of wetlands. The diet of this species includes algae, seeds, crustaceans, arachnids and insects. The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in northern Russia and North America. It is found in Australia from September to June. 2.19.4 Likelihood of Calidris melanotos Being Impacted by Development The Pectoral Sandpiper is predominantly a coastal species. No records of C. melanotos are known to exist within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. However, given that inland records of C. melanotos are known to occur in WA, it is possible C. melanotos could be an occasional and irregular visitor to the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing while pausing on migration. However, habitat within the Fitzroy Crossing region is unlikely to constitute ecologically significant habitat for the Pectoral Sandpiper.

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There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by C. melanotos. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on C. melanotos will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as C. melanotos is therefore significant.

2.20 Oriental Plover (Charadrius veredus) 2.20.1 Charadrius veredus Distribution Across Western Australia The Oriental Plover is a non-breeding visitor to Australia, where the species occurs in both coastal and inland areas, mostly in northern Australia. Most records are along the north- western coast, between Exmouth Gulf and Derby in Western Australia, and there are records at a few scattered sites elsewhere, mainly along the northern coast, such as in the Top End, the Gulf of Carpentaria and on Cape York Peninsula. The species also often occurs further inland on the 'black soil' plains of northern Western Australia, the Northern Territory and north-western Queensland ('the Gulf Country'). NatureMap returned 251 records of C. veredus within Western Australia. The majority of records occur along the coast in the northern half of the state (Figure 33).

Figure 33: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. veredus in WA

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2.20.2 Charadrius veredus Distribution Near Development Site No records of C. veredus were identified within a 30km radius of the proposed development site by NatureMap, yet records of the species are found within the wider region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 34).

Figure 34: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. veredus Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.20.3 Charadrius veredus Habitat Requirements Immediately after arriving in non-breeding grounds in northern Australia, Oriental Plovers spend a few weeks in coastal habitats such as estuarine mudflats and sandbanks, on sandy or rocky ocean beaches or nearby reefs, or in near-coastal grasslands, before dispersing further inland. Thereafter they usually inhabit flat, open, semi-arid or arid grasslands, where the grass is short and sparse, and interspersed with hard, bare ground, such as claypans, dry paddocks, playing fields, lawns and cattle camps, or open areas that have been recently burnt. At the onset of the Wet Season, some may move into lightly wooded grasslands. Some remain in estuarine and littoral environments, and a few are occasionally recorded around terrestrial wetlands or flooded paddocks. The diet of C. veredus includes insects. The species breeds in western, northern and eastern Mongolia. C. veredus arrives in Australia around September, and departs by March/early April. 2.20.4 Likelihood of Charadrius veredus Being Impacted by Development C. veredus is known to occur within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. The species is also known to occur on grasslands and lightly wooded grasslands. The proposed development site is therefore consistent with habitat requirements of this species.

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It is likely that the species has the potential to utilise the grassland habitat within the development site. The impact of the proposed development on C. veredus will therefore be considered. C. veredus is also known to occur in inland wetland habitats. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by C. veredus. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on wetland habitat requirements of C. veredus will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as C. veredus is therefore significant. It is also possible that the species may forage for insects across the subject site. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will continue to provide foraging habitat for C. veredus in the form of insects associated with crop production.

2.21 Oriental Pranticole (Glareola maldivarum) 2.21.1 Glareola maldivarum Distribution Across Western Australia Within Australia the Oriental Pratincole is widespread in northern areas, especially along the coasts of the Pilbara Region and the Kimberley Division in Western Australia, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and parts of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is also widespread but scattered inland, mostly north of 20° S. There are occasional records in southern Australia, at sparsely scattered sites, with records in all states, including an unconfirmed report in Tasmania. NatureMap returned 232 records of G. maldivarum within Western Australia. Records are primarily located along to the coastline within the northern half of the State (Figure 35).

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Figure 35: Locations of NatureMap Records of G. maldivarum in WA 2.21.2 Glareola maldivarum Distribution Near Development Site No records of G. maldivarum were identified within a 30km radius of the proposed development site by NatureMap, yet records of the species are found within the wider region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 36).

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Figure 36: Locations of NatureMap Records of G. maldivarum Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.21.3 Glareola maldivarum Habitat Requirements In non-breeding grounds in Australia, the Oriental Pratincole usually inhabits open plains, floodplains or short grassland (including farmland or airstrips), often with extensive bare areas. They often occur near terrestrial wetlands, such as billabongs, lakes or creeks, and artificial wetlands such as reservoirs, saltworks and sewage farms, especially around the margins. The species also occurs along the coast, inhabiting beaches, mudflats and islands, or around coastal lagoons. The Oriental Pranticole breeds in Asia. The species arrives in Australia in October-November, and leaves at the end of the wet season (mid-March to early April). The diet of G. maldivarum includes insects. 2.21.4 Likelihood of Glareola maldivarum Being Impacted by Development G. maldivarum is known to occur within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. The species is also known to occur on grasslands. The proposed development site is therefore consistent with habitat requirements of this species. It is likely that the species has the potential to utilise the grassland habitat within the development site. The impact of the proposed development on G. maldivarum will therefore be considered. G. maldivarum is also known to occur in inland wetland habitats. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by G. maldivarum. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot

SMK P a g e | 44 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on wetland habitat requirements of G. maldivarum will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as G. maldivarum is therefore significant. It is also possible that the species may forage for insects across the subject site. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will continue to provide foraging habitat for G. maldivarum in the form of insects associated with crop production.

2.22 Eastern Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) 2.22.1 Pandion haliaetus Distribution Across Western Australia The Eastern Osprey occurs in Indonesia, Philippines, Palau Islands, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Australia. The Eastern Osprey is considered to be moderately common in Australia. The species is most abundant in northern Australia, where high population densities occur in remote areas. The species is rare to uncommon in southern Western Australia and occurs in low numbers in South Australia and NSW. NatureMap returned 135 records of P. haliaetus within Western Australia. Records are most common in coastal areas in the north of the State (Figure 37).

Figure 37: Locations of NatureMap Records of P. haliaetus in WA

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2.22.2 Pandion haliaetus Distribution Near Development Site No records of P. haliaetus within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing were returned by NatureMap. 2.22.3 Pandion haliaetus Habitat Requirements Eastern Ospreys occur in littoral and coastal habitats and terrestrial wetlands of tropical and temperate Australia and offshore islands. They are mostly found in coastal areas but occasionally travel inland along major rivers, particularly in northern Australia. They require extensive areas of open fresh, brackish or saline water for foraging. They frequent a variety of wetland habitats including inshore waters, reefs, bays, coastal cliffs, beaches, estuaries, mangrove swamps, broad rivers, reservoirs and large lakes and waterholes. They exhibit a preference for coastal cliffs and elevated islands in some parts of their range, but may also occur on low sandy, muddy or rocky shores and over coral cays. They may occur over atypical habitats such as heath, woodland or forest when travelling to and from foraging sites. Eastern Ospreys mainly feed on fish, especially mullet where available, and rarely take molluscs, crustaceans, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals. The Eastern Osprey breeds from April to February in Australia. Nests vary in size and shape but they are generally large and are mostly composed of sticks. They are constructed in a variety of natural and artificial sites including in dead or partly dead trees or bushes; on cliffs, rocks, rock stacks or islets; on the ground on rocky headlands, coral cays, deserted beaches, sandhills or saltmarshes; and on artificial nest platforms, pylons, jetties, lighthouses, navigation towers, cranes, exposed shipwrecks and offshore drilling rigs. 2.22.4 Likelihood of Pandion haliaetus Being Impacted by Development The Eastern Osprey is predominantly a coastal species. No records of P. haliaetus are known to exist within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. However, given that inland records of P. haliaetus are known to occur in WA, it is possible P. haliaetus could be an occasional and irregular visitor to the region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing while pausing on migration. However, habitat within the Fitzroy Crossing region is unlikely to constitute ecologically significant habitat for the Eastern Osprey. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by P. haliaetus. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on P. haliaetus will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as P. haliaetus is therefore significant.

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2.23 Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta) 2.23.1 Ardea modesta Distribution Across Western Australia Eastern Great Egrets are widespread in Australia. They occur in all states/territories of mainland Australia and in Tasmania. They have also been recorded as vagrants on Lord Howe, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands. NatureMap returned 5,897 records of A. modesta within Western Australia. Records occur throughout the majority of the State, except for the arid inland regions (Figure 38).

Figure 38: Locations of NatureMap Records of A. modesta in WA 2.23.2 Ardea modesta Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned 33 records of A. modesta within a 30km radius of the proposed development site. The majority of records are located within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River (Figure 39). The collection dates of the records range from 1998 to 2011, indicating the species still likely to occur within the region.

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Figure 39: NatureMap Records of A. modesta Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.23.3 Ardea modesta Habitat Requirements The Eastern Great Egret has been reported in a wide range of wetland habitats (for example inland and coastal, freshwater and saline, permanent and ephemeral, open and vegetated, large and small, natural and artificial). These include swamps and marshes; margins of rivers and lakes; damp or flooded grasslands, pastures or agricultural lands; reservoirs; sewage treatment ponds; drainage channels; salt pans and salt lakes; salt marshes; estuarine mudflats, tidal streams; mangrove swamps; coastal lagoons; and offshore reefs. The species usually frequents shallow waters. The Eastern Great Egret may retreat to permanent wetlands or coastal areas when other wetlands are dry (for example, during drought). This may occur annually in some regions with regular wet and dry seasons or erratically where the availability of wetland habitat is also erratic. The Eastern Great Egret has a diverse diet that includes fish, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, frogs, lizards, snakes and small birds and mammals. In Australia, the breeding season of the Eastern Great Egret is variable, depending to some extent on rainfall, but generally extends from November to April. Pairs construct a shallow platform-like nest of loosely woven sticks in the upper strata of trees or shrubs standing in or near water or sometimes in inundated reed beds. 2.23.4 Likelihood of Ardea modesta Being Impacted by Development The Eastern Great Egret is known to occur within the vicinity of the development site. The species requires water-based habitat and is therefore most likely to occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River, and in association with surface water bodies such as lakes, billabongs and wetlands. Most of the records of A. modesta within the vicinity of the proposed development occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River.

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There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by A. modesta. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on A. modesta will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as A. modesta is therefore significant.

2.24 Cattle Egret (Ardea ibis) 2.24.1 Ardea ibis Distribution Across Western Australia The Cattle Egret is widespread and common according to migration movements and breeding localities surveys. Two major distributions have been located; from north-east Western Australia to the Top End of the Northern Territory and around south-east Australia. In Western Australia and the Northern Territory, the Cattle Egret is located from Wyndham to Arnhem Land. In Australia the principal breeding sites are the central east coast from about Newcastle to Bundaberg. It also breeds in major inland wetlands in north NSW (notably the Macquarie Marshes). NatureMap returned 266 records of A. ibis within Western Australia. Records of the species are scattered across most of the State, except for the arid inland regions (Figure 40).

Figure 40: Locations of NatureMap Records of A. ibis in WA

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2.24.2 Ardea ibis Distribution Near Development Site No records of A. ibis were identified within a 30km radius of the proposed development site by NatureMap, yet records of the species are found within the wider region surrounding Fitzroy Crossing (Figure 41).

Figure 41: Locations of NatureMap Records of A. ibis Near Fitzroy Crossing 2.24.3 Ardea ibis Habitat Requirements The Cattle Egret occurs in tropical and temperate grasslands, wooded lands and terrestrial wetlands. It has occasionally been seen in arid and semi-arid regions however this is extremely rare. High numbers have been observed in moist, low-lying poorly drained pastures with an abundance of high grass; it avoids low grass pastures. It has been recorded on earthen dam walls and ploughed fields. It is commonly associated with the habitats of farm animals, particularly cattle, but also pigs, sheep, horses and deer. The Cattle Egret is known to follow earth-moving machinery and has been located at rubbish tips. It uses predominately shallow, open and fresh wetlands including meadows and swamps with low emergent vegetation and abundant aquatic flora. They have sometimes been observed in swamps with tall emergent vegetation. The Cattle Egret breeds in colonies in wooded swamps such as mangrove forests (e.g. the lower Adelaide River, Northern Territory), Melaleuca swamps (e.g. Shortland, NSW) and the eucalypt/lignum swamps of the Murray-Darling Basin. They may breed in artificial situations or close to urban areas; generally the nesting trees are inundated except where breeding on small islands. Nests are sited usually in middle to upper branches. The diet of A. ibis consists of insects, frogs, lizards and small mammals.

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2.24.4 Likelihood of Ardea ibis Being Impacted by Development The Cattle Egret is known to occur within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. A. ibis utilises grassland and woodland habitat, and therefore has the potential to occur within the development site. The potential impacts of the proposed development upon A. ibis will therefore be assessed. The Cattle Egret is also known to inhabit wetland habitats. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by A. ibis. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on A. ibis will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as A. ibis is therefore significant. The proposal involves significant modification to the development area by changing it from supporting grasses to supporting crops. The crops will provide foraging habitat for the Cattle Egret in the form of insects and therefore may generate additional habitat for this species. This phenomenon has been identified in many other cropping areas where populations of a range of species have increased as a result of the additional foraging value of crop land.

2.25 White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) 2.25.1 Haliaeetus leucogaster Distribution Across Western Australia The White-bellied Sea-Eagle is distributed along the coastline (including offshore islands) of mainland Australia and Tasmania. It also extends inland along some of the larger waterways, especially in eastern Australia. The inland limits of the species are most restricted in south- central and south-western Australia, where it is confined to a narrow band along the coast. NatureMap returned 2,851 records of H. leucogaster within Western Australia. Records primarily occur along the coastline of the State (Figure 42).

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Figure 42: Locations of NatureMap Records of H. leucogaster in WA 2.25.2 Haliaeetus leucogaster Distribution Near Development Site A total of 10 records of H. leucogaster within a 30km radius of the proposed development site were returned by NatureMap. The records occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River (Figure 43). The dates of the records range between 1998-2010, indicating that the species is likely to still be within the region.

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Figure 43: NatureMap Records of H. leucogaster Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.25.3 Haliaeetus leucogaster Habitat Requirements The White-bellied Sea-Eagle is found in coastal habitats (especially those close to the sea- shore) and around terrestrial wetlands in tropical and temperate regions of mainland Australia and its offshore islands. The habitats occupied by the sea-eagle are characterised by the presence of large areas of open water (larger rivers, swamps, lakes, the sea). Birds have been recorded in (or flying over) a variety of terrestrial habitats. Birds have been recorded at or in the vicinity of freshwater swamps, lakes, reservoirs, billabongs, saltmarsh and sewage ponds. Breeding season from June to January. The nest is a large structure composed of sticks and lined with leaves, grass or seaweed. Nests may be built in a variety of sites including tall trees (especially Eucalyptus species), bushes, mangroves, cliffs, rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, on the ground or even on artificial structures. The diet of H. leucogaster includes fish, birds, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, carrion and offal. 2.25.4 Likelihood of Haliaeetus leucogaster Being Impacted by Development H. leucogaster is known to occur within the vicinity of the proposed development. The species requires water-based habitat. Records of H. leucogaster near Fitzroy Crossing occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon riparian and wetland habitat which may be used by H. leucogaster. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on riparian and wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such,

SMK P a g e | 53 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment the impact of the development on H. leucogaster will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as H. leucogaster is therefore significant.

2.26 Long-toed Stint (Calidris subminuta) 2.26.1 Calidris subminuta Distribution Across Western Australia The Long-toed Stint is a regular summer visitor to Australia, but uncommon in the east. In Western Australia, the species is found mainly along the coast, with a few scattered inland records. NatureMap returned 231 records of C. subminuta within Western Australia. The majority of these records occur in coastal regions (Figure 44).

Figure 44: Locations of NatureMap Records of C. subminuta in WA 2.26.2 Calidris subminuta Distribution Near Development Site NatureMap returned one record of C. subminuta within a 30km radius of the proposed development (Figure 45). The record was collected in 2001.

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Figure 45: NatureMap Records of C. subminuta Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.26.3 Calidris subminuta Habitat Requirements In Australia, the Long-toed Stint occurs in a variety of terrestrial wetlands. They prefer shallow freshwater or brackish wetlands including lakes, swamps, river floodplains, streams, lagoons and sewage ponds. The species is also fond of areas of muddy shoreline, growths of short grass, weeds, sedges, low or floating aquatic vegetation, reeds, rushes and occasionally stunted samphire. It has also been observed at open, less vegetated shores of larger lakes and ponds and is common on muddy fringes of drying ephemeral lakes and swamps. The Long- toed Stint also frequents permanent wetlands such as reservoirs and artificial lakes. They are uncommon, but not unknown, at tidal estuaries, saline lakes, saltponds and bore swamps. Limited information on breeding patterns is available; the species is likely to breed in Siberia. The diet of C. subminuta includes seeds, molluscs, crustaceans and insects. 2.26.4 Likelihood of Calidris subminuta Being Impacted by Development C. subminuta is known to occur within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. C. subminuta requires water-based habitat. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by C. subminuta within the vicinity of Fitzroy Crossing. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on C. acuminata will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential

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2.27 Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) 2.27.1 Plegadis falcinellus Distribution Across Western Australia Within Australia, the Glossy Ibis is generally located east of the Kimberley in Western Australia and Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The species is also known to be patchily distributed in the rest of Western Australia. The species is rare or a vagrant in Tasmania. NatureMap returned 1,128 records of P. falcinellus in Western Australia. The majority of records occur in coastal areas, and to the north of the State (Figure 46).

Figure 46: Locations of NatureMap Records of P. falcinellus in WA 2.27.2 Plegadis falcinellus Distribution Near Development Site 2 records of P. falcinellus within a 30km radius of the proposed development were returned by NatureMap (Figure 47). The records were collected in 2002 and 2005.

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Figure 47: NatureMap Records of P. falcinellus Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.27.3 Plegadis falcinellus Habitat Requirements The Glossy Ibis' preferred habitat for foraging and breeding are fresh water marshes at the edges of lakes and rivers, lagoons, flood-plains, wet meadows, swamps, reservoirs, sewage ponds, rice-fields and cultivated areas under irrigation. The species is occasionally found in coastal locations such as estuaries, deltas, saltmarshes and coastal lagoons. Within Australia, the largest contiguous areas of prime habitat are inland and northern floodplains. The Glossy Ibis is commonly in largest numbers in drying Top End grass/sedge swamps and Channel Country grass/forb meadows. The species is sometimes recorded in wooded swamps, artificial wetlands (such as irrigated fields), and in mangroves for breeding. The species may retreat to permanent wetlands and/or coastal areas (including tidal wetlands) during drought. Glossy Ibis roost in trees or shrubs usually near, but sometimes far, from water bodies. The Glossy Ibis feeds mainly on aquatic invertebrates/insects such as freshwater snails, mussels, crabs and crayfish. The species breeds from mid spring to the end of summer in Australia. The nest is a platform of twigs and vegetation usually positioned less than one metre above water (occasionally up to 7 m) in tall dense stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. reeds or rushes), low trees or bushes. 2.27.4 Likelihood of Plegadis falcinellus Being Impacted by Development P. falcinellus is known to occur within the vicinity of the proposed development. The species requires water-based habitat. Both records of the species within a 30km radius of the proposed development occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by P. falcinellus. Whilst

SMK P a g e | 57 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on P. falcinellus will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as P. falcinellus is therefore significant.

2.28 Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) 2.28.1 Tringa glareola Distribution Across Western Australia The species occurs throughout Australia, with its largest numbers recorded in north-west Australia. In Western Australia, the species is widespread but scattered in most regions. NatureMap returned a total of 985 records of T. glareola in Western Australia. Records are scattered throughout most of the State, except for arid inland areas (Figure 48).

Figure 48: Locations of NatureMap Records of T. glareola in WA 2.28.2 Tringa glareola Distribution Near Development Site 2 records of T. glareola within a 30km radius of the proposed development were returned by NatureMap (Figure 49). The records were collected in 1999 and 2005.

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Figure 49: NatureMap Records of T. glareola Within 30km of Proposed Development 2.28.3 Tringa glareola Habitat Requirements The Wood Sandpiper uses well-vegetated, shallow, freshwater wetlands, such as swamps, billabongs, lakes, pools and waterholes. They are typically associated with emergent, aquatic plants or grass, and dominated by taller fringing vegetation, such as dense stands of rushes or reeds, shrubs, or dead or live trees, especially Melaleuca and River Red Gums Eucalyptus camaldulensis and often with fallen timber. They also frequent inundated grasslands, short herbage or wooded floodplains, where floodwaters are temporary or receding, and irrigated crops. They are also found at some small wetlands only when they are drying. They are rarely found using brackish wetlands, or dry stunted saltmarsh. Typically, they do not use coastal flats, but are occasionally recorded in stony wetlands. This species uses artificial wetlands, including open sewage ponds, reservoirs, large farm dams, and bore drains. In Western Australia, within wetlands, birds often occur within a few metres of one another and are concentrated at a few sites in a wetland. The Wood Sandpiper does not breed in Australia. Most records of the species in Australia occur between August and April. The Wood Sandpiper’s diet includes insects and molluscs. 2.28.4 Likelihood of Tringa glareola Being Impacted by Development T. glareola is known to occur within the vicinity of the proposed development. The species requires water-based habitat. Both records of the species within a 30km radius of the proposed development occur within the riparian zone of the Fitzroy River. There is a small potential that water extraction from the Margaret River by the proposed development will impact upon wetland habitat which may be used by T. glareola. Whilst the volume of water to be extracted from the river is small, a lack of hydrological and ecological

SMK P a g e | 59 CONSULTANTS Gogo Station Significant Species Assessment data within the Fitzroy catchment means that the exact impacts of water extraction on wetland ecosystems cannot yet be quantified. As such, the impact of the development on T. glareola will be considered in accordance with the precautionary principle. The proposed development involves the construction of above-ground water storages for the storage of irrigation water. An existing water storage within Gogo Station which supports the existing cropping enterprise is frequented by an abundant array of water birds. The potential for the proposed storages associated with the development to provide water-based habitat to birds such as T. glareola is therefore significant.

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3 Species Assessment Conclusions Section 2 provides a comprehensive analysis of the likelihood that identified species will be impacted by the proposed development. Overall, there is uncertainty regarding the nature and extent of impacts of the proposed development, in addition to the extent and ecological requirements of identified species. Therefore, whilst the impact of the proposed development on a number of identified species is likely to be minor, the majority of species have been identified as requiring further assessment under the Significant Impact Guidelines, in accordance with the precautionary principle. The species which will be assessed are outlined in Table 2. Table 2: Species to be Assessed Against Significance Criteria Scientific Name Common Name WA Conservation Status Commonwealth Conservation Status Malurus Purple-crowned Fairy- Endangered Endangered coronatus wren Polytelis Princess Parrot; Priority 4 Vulnerable alexandrae Alexandra’s Parrot Calidris Curlew Sandpiper Vulnerable; Protected Critically Endangered, ferruginea Under International Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Erythrura Gouldian Finch Endangered gouldiae Pezoporus Night Parrot Critically Endangered Endangered occidentalis Rostratula Australian Painted Snipe Endangered Endangered as Rostratula australis australis

Marine as Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Dasyurus Northern Quoll; Digul Endangered Endangered hallucatus Macroderma Ghost Bat Vulnerable Vulnerable gigas Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby Vulnerable Vulnerable Pristis pristis Freshwater Sawfish; Vulnerable, Migratory (Bonn) Largetooth Sawfish Actitis Common Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, hypoleucos International Agreement JAMBA), Marine as Actitis hypoleucos

Migratory (ROKAMBA) as Tringa hypoleucos Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Protected Under Marine International Agreement Crocodylus Freshwater Crocodile Other Specially Protected Marine johnstoni Fauna Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Calidris Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, acuminata International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Calidris Pectoral Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, JAMBA, melanotos International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine

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Scientific Name Common Name WA Conservation Status Commonwealth Conservation Status Charadrius Oriental Plover, Oriental Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, veredus Dotterel International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Glareola Oriental Pratincole Protected Under Migratory (CAMBA, JAMBA, maldivarum International Agreement ROKAMBA), Marine Pandion Eastern Osprey Protected Under Migratory (Bonn), Marine haliaetus International Agreement Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret, Protected Under Marine as Ardea alba White Egret International Agreement Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Protected Under Marine International Agreement Haliaeetus White-bellied Sea-eagle Protected Under Marine leucogaster International Agreement Calidris Long-Toed Stint Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, subminuta International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine Plegadis Glossy Ibis Protected Under Migratory (Bonn), Marine falcinellus International Agreement Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Protected Under Migratory (Bonn, CAMBA, International Agreement JAMBA, ROKAMBA), Marine

Three species (Apus pacificus, Montacilla cinerea and Montacilla flava) will not be included in the assessment of significance, as preliminary assessment indicates the proposed development will not impact upon these species in any ecologically significant way. A. pacificus occupies an almost exclusively aerial habitat (roosting and feeding aerially), and is therefore unlikely to be impacted by the proposed development. M. cinerea and M. flava are not regular visitors to Australia. The IUCN Red List notes that M. cinerea is considered a vagrant in Australia, and doesn’t list Australia within the area occupied by M. flava (as either a native or a vagrant). It is therefore considered to be highly unlikely that the proposed development will impact upon these three species in any significant way. It should be noted that the above assessment constitutes a preliminary assessment of species present within the subject site, and the potential impacts of the proposed development. Future work will be undertaken, including field surveys conducted by qualified ecologists, to further investigate the potential impacts of the proposed development on species of national environmental significance. Findings of preliminary desktop studies will be re-visited and re- assessed following the completion of detailed site surveys, to ensure that comprehensive analysis of potential impacts of the proposed development on species of significance is undertaken to the fullest extent practicable. These measures will be undertaken to inform the development process, to minimise any potential environmental impacts of the proposed development.

SMK P a g e | 62 CONSULTANTS