Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System
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Five Keys to Safer Food Manual
FIVE KEYS TO SAFER FOOD MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SAFETY, ZOONOSES AND FOODBORNE DISEASES FIVE KEYS TO SAFER FOOD MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SAFETY, ZOONOSES AND FOODBORNE DISEASES INTRODUCTION Food safety is a significant public health issue nsafe food has been a human health problem since history was first recorded, and many food safety Uproblems encountered today are not new. Although governments all over the world are doing their best to improve the safety of the food supply, the occurrence of foodborne disease remains a significant health issue in both developed and developing countries. It has been estimated that each year 1.8 million people die as a result of diarrhoeal diseases and most of these cases can be attributed to contaminated food or water. Proper food preparation can prevent most foodborne diseases. More than 200 known diseases are transmitted through food.1 The World Health Organization (WHO) has long been aware of the need to educate food handlers about their responsibilities for food safety. In the early 1990s, WHO developed the Ten Golden Rules for Safe Food Preparation, which were widely translated and reproduced. However, it became obvious that something simpler and more generally applicable was needed. After nearly a year of consultation with food safety expertsandriskcommunicators, WHOintroducedtheFive KeystoSaferFoodposterin2001.TheFive Keys toSaferFoodposterincorporatesallthemessagesoftheTen Golden Rules for Safe Food Preparation under simpler headings that are more easily remembered and also provides more details on the reasoning behind the suggested measures. The Five Keys to Safer Food Poster The core messages of the Five Keys to Safer Food are: (1) keep clean; (2) separate raw and cooked; (3) cook thoroughly; (4) keep food at safe temperatures; and (5) use safe water and raw materials. -
Suitability of Food Additives: Combating Chemophobia and Consumer Misunderstanding
Suitability of Food Additives: Combating Chemophobia and Consumer Misunderstanding Priscilla Zawislak Ashland, Inc. International Food Additives Council Safety of Food Additives • Food additives have been used safely for decades. • Food additives are thoroughly studied, including extensive toxicological testing and consideration of quality and specifications, before they are approved for use in food. • Testing includes short-term and long-term toxicity studies, including carcinogenicity studies with a built in safety factor to account for uncertainties. Suitability of Food Additives • Food additives afford us the convenience and enjoyment of a wide variety of appetizing, nutritious, fresh and palatable foods. • Food additives are critical to safe and nutritious foods and beverages. • Food additives used for technical purposes in finished foods fall into four main categories: Support nutrition delivery Support the maintenance of food quality and freshness Aid in processing and preparation of foods Make foods appealing to the consumer Feeding the World • Global Population Growth: 7 billion by 2010 9 billion by 2050 • That is 75 million more people to feed each year. • Almost 1 billion don’t have enough food today. • Food additives provide a solution to keep food safe and minimize food waste. Food Additives Have Many Technological Functions in Foods • Codex International Numbering System (INS) lists 23 functional classes for food additives, such as gelling agent, emulsifier, anticaking agent, etc. • System is hierarchical in that each of the 23 functional classes has sub-classes with additional functions. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) • GMPs state lowest level of food additive necessary to achieve technological function should be used in finished foods and beverages. -
Japan Japan Invites Comments for Genome-Edited Foods Handling Procedure
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY. Voluntary - Public Date: 7/5/2019 GAIN Report Number: JA9096 Japan Post: Tokyo Japan Invites Comments for Genome-Edited Foods Handling Procedure Report Categories: Biotechnology and Other New Production Technologies Agricultural Situation Grain and Feed Approved By: Barrett Bumpas Prepared By: Suguru Sato Report Highlights: On June 27, 2019, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) published a draft of the Handling Procedure of Foods and Food Additives Derived from Genome Editing Technology under Food Sanitation Act. Comments must be submitted in Japanese via an online system, mail, or fax by Friday, July 26, 2019. A WTO-SPS notification is unlikely since there are no legal changes. General Information: MHLW released a genome-edited food policy on March 27, 2019 (JA9050), however, internal discussion to establish the specific guideline for the handling of genome edited foods has continued. On June 27, 2019, MHLW published a draft of the Handling Procedure of Foods and Food Additives Derived from Genome Editing Technology under Food Sanitation Act. Comments must be submitted in Japanese via an online system, mail, or fax by Friday, July 26, 2019. A WTO-SPS notification is unlikely since there are no legal changes. How to Submit Comments 1. Comments on regulatory proposals by the Japanese Government can be sent electronically via the “e-Gov” system. The site can be found at: https://search.e- gov.go.jp/servlet/Public?CLASSNAME=PCMMSTDETAIL&id=495190105&Mode=0 1. -
The Role of Titanium Dioxide on the Hydration of Portland Cement: a Combined NMR and Ultrasonic Study
molecules Article The Role of Titanium Dioxide on the Hydration of Portland Cement: A Combined NMR and Ultrasonic Study George Diamantopoulos 1,2 , Marios Katsiotis 2, Michael Fardis 2, Ioannis Karatasios 2 , Saeed Alhassan 3, Marina Karagianni 2 , George Papavassiliou 2 and Jamal Hassan 1,* 1 Department of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; [email protected] 2 Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (I.K.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (G.P.) 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Igor Serša Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an excellent photocatalytic material that imparts biocidal, self-cleaning and smog-abating functionalities when added to cement-based materials. The presence of TiO2 influences the hydration process of cement and the development of its internal structure. In this article, the hydration process and development of a pore network of cement pastes containing different ratios of TiO2 were studied using two noninvasive techniques (ultrasonic and NMR). Ultrasonic results show that the addition of TiO2 enhances the mechanical properties of cement paste during early-age hydration, while an opposite behavior is observed at later hydration stages. Calorimetry and NMR spin–lattice relaxation time T1 results indicated an enhancement of the early hydration reaction. -
Nanosized Particles of Titanium Dioxide Specifically Increase the Efficency of Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction
Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 8, No. 4, October - December 2013, p. 1435 - 1445 NANOSIZED PARTICLES OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE SPECIFICALLY INCREASE THE EFFICENCY OF CONVENTIONAL POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION GOVINDA LENKA, WEN-HUI WENG* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R. O. C. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) for improving the specificity and efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and exploring the PCR enhancing mechanism has come under intense scrutiny. In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs in improving the efficiency of different PCR assays was evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed the average diameter of TiO2 particles to be about 7 nm. Aqueous suspension of TiO2 NPs was included in PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assays. For conventional PCR, the results showed that in the presence of 0.2 nM of TiO2 a significant amount of target DNA (P<0.05) could be obtained even with the less initial template concentration. Relative to the larger TiO2 particles (25 nm) used in a previous study, the smaller TiO2 particles (7 nm) used in our study increased the yield of PCR by three or more fold. Sequencing results revealed that TiO2 assisted PCR had similar fidelity to that of a conventional PCR system. Contrary to expectation, TiO2 NPs were unable to enhance the efficiency of RT- PCR and qPCR. Therefore, TiO2 NPs may be used as efficient additives to improve the conventional PCR system. -
Properties of Thermally Evaporated Titanium Dioxide As an Electron-Selective Contact for Silicon Solar Cells
energies Article Properties of Thermally eVaporated Titanium Dioxide as an Electron-Selective Contact for Silicon Solar Cells Changhyun Lee 1, Soohyun Bae 1, HyunJung Park 1, Dongjin Choi 1, Hoyoung Song 1, Hyunju Lee 2, Yoshio Ohshita 2, Donghwan Kim 1,3, Yoonmook Kang 3,* and Hae-Seok Lee 3,* 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 Semiconductor Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (Y.O.) 3 KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (H.-S.L.) Received: 6 January 2020; Accepted: 23 January 2020; Published: 5 February 2020 Abstract: Recently, titanium oxide has been widely investigated as a carrier-selective contact material for silicon solar cells. Herein, titanium oxide films were fabricated via simple deposition methods involving thermal eVaporation and oxidation. This study focuses on characterizing an electron-selective passivated contact layer with this oxidized method. Subsequently, the SiO2/TiO2 stack was examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The phase and chemical composition of the titanium oxide films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. -
TITANIUM DIOXIDE Chemical and Technical Assessment First Draft
TITANIUM DIOXIDE Chemical and Technical Assessment First draft prepared by Paul M. Kuznesof, Ph.D. Reviewed by M.V. Rao, Ph.D. 1. Summary Titanium dioxide (INS no. 171; CAS no. 13463-67-7) is produced either in the anatase or rutile crystal form. Most titanium dioxide in the anatase form is produced as a white powder, whereas various rutile grades are often off-white and can even exhibit a slight colour, depending on the physical form, which affects light reflectance. Titanium dioxide may be coated with small amounts of alumina and silica to improve technological properties. Commercial titanium dioxide pigment is produced by either the sulfate process or the chloride process. The principal raw materials for manufacturing titanium dioxide include ilmenite (FeO/TiO2), naturally occurring rutile, or titanium slag. Both anatase and rutile forms of titanium dioxide can be produced by the sulfate process, whereas the chloride process yields the rutile form. Titanium dioxide can be prepared at a high level of purity. Specifications for food use currently contain a minimum purity assay of 99.0%. Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment in products such as paints, coatings, plastics, paper, inks, fibres, and food and cosmetics because of its brightness and high refractive index (> 2.4), which determines the degree of opacity that a material confers to the host matrix. When combined with other colours, soft pastel shades can be achieved. The high refractive index, surpassed by few other materials, allows titanium dioxide to be used at relatively low levels to achieve its technical effect. The food applications of titanium dioxide are broad. -
Structural Aspects of Anatase to Rutile Phase Transition in Titanium Dioxide Powders Elucidated by The
Chapter 3 Structural Aspects of Anatase to Rutile Phase Transition in Titanium Dioxide Powders Elucidated by the Rietveld Method Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro, Lincoln Carlos Silva de Oliveira and Silvanice Aparecida Lopes dos Santos Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68601 Abstract Titanium dioxide has attracted much attention since a long time ago due to its versatility as advanced material. However, its performance as semiconductor devices is very much dependent on the predominant crystalline phase and defect concentrations, which can be adjusted through the synthesis methods, thermal treatments and doping processes. In this work, an accurate structural characterization of titanium dioxide was used by X-ray diffractometry supported by rietveld refinement and thermal analysis. The insertion of 5 mol% of zirconium silicate was able to stabilize anatase up to 900C, permitting the oxygen vacancies to be significantly eliminated. It was demonstrated also that the changes in the isotropic thermal parameters for oxygen are related to reconstructive transformation necessary to promote the anatase-to-rutile phase transition. Independently of doping process, the crystallization process of anatase phase as a function of temperature increas- ing occurs exclusively due the reduction of lattice microstrain up to 600C. However, above 650C, that crystallization process becomes dependent of the increasing in crystallite size. The anatase crystallite growth event was only possible when the titanium dioxide was doped with zirconium silicate. Otherwise, the rutile phase amount starts to rise continually. Thus, there are optimistic expectations for that new composition to be a new semiconductor matrix for additional doping processes. -
Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfite Water As an Authorized Food Additive and Establish Compositional Specifications and Use Standards for This Additive
Amendment to the Ordinance for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act and the Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, Etc. The government of Japan will designate ammonium hydrogen sulfite water as an authorized food additive and establish compositional specifications and use standards for this additive. Background Japan prohibits the sale of food additives that are not designated by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (hereinafter referred to as “the Minister”) under Article 12 of the Food Sanitation Act (Act No. 233 of 1947; hereinafter referred to as “the Act”). In addition, when specifications or standards for food additives are stipulated in the Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, Etc. (Public Notice of the Ministry of Health and Welfare No. 370, 1959), Japan prohibits the sale of those additives unless they meet the specifications or the standards pursuant to Article 13 of the Act. In response to a request from the Minister, the Committee on Food Additives of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”) has discussed the adequacy of the designation of ammonium hydrogen sulfite water as a food additive. The conclusion of the Committee is outlined below. Outline of conclusion The Minister should designate ammonium hydrogen sulfite water as a food additive unlikely to cause harm to human health pursuant to Article 12 of the Act and should establish compositional specifications and use standards for this additive pursuant to Article 13 of the Act (see Attachment for the details). Attachment Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfite Water 亜硫酸水素アンモニウム水 Standards for Use (draft) Permitted for use in grape juice used for wine production and grape wine only. -
Recent Advances in Tio2-Based Photocatalysts for Reduction of CO2 to Fuels
nanomaterials Review Recent Advances in TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Reduction of CO2 to Fuels 1,2, 3, 4 5 Thang Phan Nguyen y, Dang Le Tri Nguyen y , Van-Huy Nguyen , Thu-Ha Le , Dai-Viet N. Vo 6 , Quang Thang Trinh 7 , Sa-Rang Bae 8, Sang Youn Chae 9,* , Soo Young Kim 8,* and Quyet Van Le 3,* 1 Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam 3 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; [email protected] 4 Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications, Lac Hong University, Bien Hoa 810000, Vietnam; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University–Ho Chi Minh City (VNU–HCM), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 6 Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam; [email protected] 7 Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; [email protected] 8 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] 9 Department of Materials Science, Institute for Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.Y.C.); [email protected] (S.Y.K.); [email protected] (Q.V.L.); Tel.: +42-01520-2145321 (S.Y.C.); +82-109-3650-910 (S.Y.K.); +84-344-176-848 (Q.V.L.) These authors contributed equally to this work. -
UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73h6h1z6 Author Siordia, Andrew F. Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering by Andrew Francisco Siordia 2016 ABSTRACT OF THESIS Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets by Andrew Francisco Siordia Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Bruce S. Dunn, Chair Single layer crystalline materials, often termed two-dimension (2D) materials, have quickly become a popular topic of research interest due to their extraordinary properties. The intrinsic electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene were found to be remarkably distinct from graphite, its bulk counterpart. In conjunction with newfound processing techniques, there is renewed interest in elucidating the structure-property relationships of other 2D materials ii like the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The energy storage capability of 2D nanoplatelets of TiS2 and MoS2 are studied here providing a contrast with investigations of corresponding bulk materials in the early 1970s. TiS2 was synthesized into nanoplatelets using a hot injection route which provided a capacity of ~143mAhg-1 from thin film electrodes as determined by cyclic voltammetry measurements. Phase identification using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to complement the electrochemical performance and impurity identification is presented. -
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation of Food Additive Azo Dyes: a Review
Vol. 19(11), pp.799-805, November, 2020 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2020.17250 Article Number: F63AA1865367 ISSN: 1684-5315 Copyright ©2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Review Role of microorganisms in biodegradation of food additive Azo dyes: A review Fatimah Alshehrei Department of Biology, Jamum College University, Umm AlQura University, Makkah24382, Saudi Arabia. Received 22 September, 2020; Accepted 27 October, 2020 Food additives Azo dyes are synthetic compounds added to foods to impart color and improve their properties. Some azo dyes have been banned as food additives due to toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic side effects. Long exposure to foods containing azo dye leads to chronic toxicity. Some microorganisms are capable to degrade these dyes and convert them to aromatic amines. In human body, microbiota can play a vital role in biodegradation of azo dyes by producing azo reductase. Aromatic amines are toxic, water-soluble and well absorbed via human intestine. In the current study, the role of microorganisms in biodegradation of six dyes related to azo group was discussed. These dyes are: Tartrazine E102, Sunset Yellow E110, Ponceau E124, Azorubine E122, Amaranth E123, and Allura Red E129 which are classified as the most harmful food additive dyes. Key word: Food additive, azo dyes, microorganisms, azo reductase, aromatic amines. INTRODUCTION Food additives are synthetic compounds added to food In the USA and European countries, some azo dyes have for many proposes such as maintaining the product from been banned as food additives due to toxic, mutagenic, deterioration or improving its safety, freshness, taste, and carcinogenic side effects (Chung, 2000).