A Correlation of the Roman Canon and the Fourfold Sense of Scripture
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Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects Lex Orandi, Lex Legendi: A Correlation of the Roman Canon and the Fourfold Sense of Scripture Matthew Thomas Gerlach Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Gerlach, Matthew Thomas, "Lex Orandi, Lex Legendi: A Correlation of the Roman Canon and the Fourfold Sense of Scripture" (2011). Dissertations (1934 -). 122. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/122 LEX ORANDI, LEX LEGENDI : A CORRELATION OF THE ROMAN CANON AND THE FOURFOLD SENSE OF SCRIPTURE by Matthew T. Gerlach, B.A., M.A.T. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2011 ABSTRACT LEX ORANDI , LEX LEGENDI : A CORRELATION OF THE ROMAN CANON AND THE FOURFOLD SENSE OF SCRIPTURE Matthew T. Gerlach, B.A., M.A.T. Marquette University, 2011 While the correlation between the liturgy and the Bible was vital in the patristic- medieval period, a dichotomy grew up between them in modern times. Starting with the assumption that a fuller retrieval of the correlation today requires forms of engaging texts which are not exclusively linear or historico-critical, the dissertation argues that the dichotomy between liturgy and Bible is overcome within a correlation of the Eucharist and spiritual exegesis that retrieves a typological reading of Scripture and that attends to the liturgical relationships memorial, presence, and anticipation. The structure of reading the Bible parallels the structure of praying within the liturgy. In order to make a theological correlation between Eucharist and spiritual exegesis, the study first seeks to establish the supra-linear nature of each. In regard to the Eucharist, this study presents an analysis of the text of the Roman Canon (Eucharistic Prayer I in the current Roman Missal), demonstrating that it has the structure of a chiasmus, requiring a helical reading. This anaphora’s chiasmus and its rhetorical helix convey a rich eucharistic theology of exchange and communion. With respect to spiritual exegesis, this study establishes a supra-linear approach to Scripture by developing insights of Henri de Lubac into the reciprocal interiority of the four senses of Scripture. An analysis of the fourfold sense reveals that spiritual exegesis is governed by the two ways figure and fulfillment are perichoretically related; this mutual indwelling is displayed in the figural trading of idioms. The final part of the study brings together eucharistic exchange and communion exemplified by the Roman Canon, on the one hand, and the communal immanence and exchange of idioms exhibited by the two cycles of spiritual exegesis in the fourfold sense of Scripture, on the other hand. It concludes that the admirabile commercium et connubium between head, body, and members in the earthly and heavenly dimensions of the totus Christus lies at the heart of the theological correlation between Eucharist and spiritual exegesis. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Matthew T. Gerlach, B.A., M.A.T. I would like to thank my many friends, colleagues, and associates at Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, the Center for Catholic Studies at the University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, and the University of Mary, Bismarck, ND. This dissertation would not have been possible without their prayers, encouragement, hospitality, and friendship. I would also like to thank my dissertation director, Dr. Susan K. Wood, SCL, for her critical eye and her unwavering enthusiasm for the project—it got me through many moments of discouragement. Finally, there are no words to describe how grateful I am to my wife, Michelle, for the countless sacrifices she has made as we walked this path together with our four children, Emily Rose, Katerina Therese, Joseph Karol, and Lucia Grace. If there is anyone who has taught me about “communion and exchange,” it is she. To the many others who have gone unmentioned, your generosity has not been forgotten. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………..………………………………………………..i LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………ix INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter One. The Modern Dichotomy Between Bible and Liturgy and Twentieth- Century Ressourcement …………..…………………….……………..………..…1 1. The “Third Phase” of the Liturgical Movement: Confluence of the Liturgical and Biblical Movements……………………………...……5 2. Second Vatican Council and the Ordo Lectionum ……...……………11 3. An Unfinished Project………………………………..………………19 Chapter Two. Three Approaches to the Bible/Liturgy Correlation…...…………31 1. Bible in the Liturgy…………………………………….…….………31 2. Liturgy in the Bible……………………………………….….………39 3. Bible and Liturgy…………………………………………….………41 Chapter Three. From Lex Orandi, Lex Credendi to Lex Orandi, Lex Legendi …..50 1. Preliminary Definition of Lex Orandi and Lex Legendi ………..……50 2. The Roman Canon and the Fourfold Sense of Scripture………….…58 3. The Plan of the Study………………………………………………..69 PART I. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE EUCHARIST/SPIRITUAL EXEGESIS CORRELATION IN PATRISTIC-MEDIEVAL TRADITION…………………………73 Chapter Four. Spiritual Exegesis and Mystagogy in the Patristic Period………..75 1. Mystagogies of the East: Antiochene and Alexandrine……………..76 2. Mystagogies of the West: Ambrose of Milan…………..……………79 Conclusion: Mystagogy is to Liturgy What Spiritual Exegesis is to Scripture……………………………….………………………………...81 iii Chapter Five. Spiritual Exegesis in the Double Tradition of Medieval Eucharistic Thought…………………………………………………………………………..84 1. The Liturgical Commentary Tradition from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century……………………………………………………………….88 A. Amalar of Metz……………………………..…..……………90 B. William Durand of Mende………………….………...……...96 Conclusion. Allegorical commentary tradition: assessment and reassessment………......................................................................99 2. The Tradition of Sacramental Realism and the Scholastic Figure- Versus-Truth Problematic……………………..……………………109 A. Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie: ninth-century disagreement at Corbie Abbey………..…………………….111 B. Berengar and the scholastic figure-versus-truth problematic............................................................................120 Conclusion. Spiritual exegesis in sacramental realism........……126 Chapter Six. The Analogy between Sacramental and Scriptural Signs in the Synthesis of St. Thomas Aquinas……...……………………………………….129 1. The Two Principles of Spiritual Exegesis in the Doctrine of the Four Senses of Scripture: The Three States and Christ as Figure..............130 A. Allegory…………………..…………...……………………133 B. Tropology………………………………..………………….135 C. Anagogy………………………………..…………………...137 2. Eucharist and Scripture: Sensible Signs of Spiritual Reality……….140 A. Analogy based on the sensible quality of the signs …...…...141 B. Other analogous features of sacramental and scriptural signs.......................................................................................144 C. Christ contained in the Eucharist “not only in sign but also in the very truth of things”…….………………………………146 iv 3. The “Multiple Senses” of Scripture and Eucharist…………………151 A. Sacraments as signs of more than one thing………….....….151 B. The correlation between the threefold signification of sacraments and the fourfold sense of Scripture ..…………..154 C. The Eucharist’s triplex significatione and its correlation to the spiritual senses…………………………………………...…157 Conclusion. The Eucharist/Spiritual Exegesis Correlation in the Synthesis of St. Thomas……………………….......................................................161 Conclusion to Part I…………………………………………………………….163 PART II. HOLY EXCHANGE: THE EUCHARISTIC LEX ORANDI AND THE CHIASTIC STRUCTURE OF THE ROMAN CANON…………………………166 Introduction: A Coherent Structure to the Roman Canon?.................................166 1. The Problem of the Roman Canon’s Structure……………………..167 2. A Supra-Linear Approach to the Canon: Chiasmus and the “Rhetorical Helix”………………………………174 A. Definition and criteria for chiasmus………..………..……..174 B. The helical shape of the Roman Canon…………………….182 Chapter Seven. From the Outsides In: An Introverted Reading of the Roman Canon…………………………………………………………...........................187 1. All Praise and Blessing Per Christum : The Preface and Doxologies (A and A´) ………….………………………………………………….187 A. Five-part structure of the Roman preface: praise and anamnesis…..…....................................................................188 B. Double doxology and its parallel correspondence to the preface…..........................................................................…202 C. Parallels and heightening from A-A´ toward the climactic center of the Roman Canon.………………………………..207 v 2. Communion of Saints and Eucharistic Offering: The Two Sets of Intercessions (B and B´)………...………………………………….210 A. Parallels and heightening from B to B´……..………..…….213 B. Chiastic heightening from B-B´ to C-C´ in light of the commendation and quasi-epicletic material in the Te igitur and Hanc igitur intercessions………………...…………………218 3. Filled with Every Heavenly Blessing: The Two Epicleses (C and C´)…….............................................................................................224 A. Parallels between the first and second epicleses……...…….225 B. Heightening from consecratory epiclesis to communion epiclesis, from C to