THE FREEDOM OF THOUGHT REPORT 2017 Key Countries Edition A Global report on the rights, legal status and discrimination against humanists, atheists and the non-religious THE FREEDOM OF THOUGHT REPORT 2017 Key Countries Edition Freedom of Thought 2017: A Global Report on the Rights, Legal Status and Discrimination Against Humanists, Atheists and the Non-religious, was created by the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU). The International Humanist and Ethical Union is the global representative body of the humanist movement, uniting a diversity of non-religious organisations and individuals. Its mission is to represent and support the global Humanist movement, and to build a world in which human rights are respected and all can live a life of dignity. If you have updates, additions or corrections for the report please email [email protected] or visit the website at freethoughtreport.com. To receive updates and news from IHEU, or join as a supporter, visit iheu.org. Constitution & Government Education & Children’s Rights These maps depict the findings of the full Freedom of Thought Report which is available in a complete Online Edition at freethoughtreport.com. The maps correspond to each of the four thematic strands of the Report: Constitution & Government, Education & Children’s Rights, Society & Community, and Freedom of Expression & Advocacy of Humanist Values. Each map shows the highest severity level (see key, right) of any boundary condition applied in each thematic strand. 6 Freedom of Thought 2017 | Maps Society & Community Expression & Advocacy of Humanist Values Grave Violations Severe Discrimination Systemic Discrimination Mostly Satisfactory Free and Equal No Rating Maps | Freedom of Thought 2017 7 8 Freedom of Thought 2017 | 9 Grave Violations This map depicts the findings of the full Freedom of Thought Report Severe Discrimination which is available in a complete Online Edition at freethoughtreport.com. Systemic Discrimination This map shows as a colour gradient the “summary score” for each country (the average of the worst severity level (see key, right) of any Mostly Satisfactory boundary condition applied in each thematic strand. Free and Equal No Rating | Freedom of Thought 2017 Preface to the 2017 edition By Andrew Copson The Freedom of Thought Report is a unique source of information on the discrimination and persecution against the non-religious globally. We approach this issue, as we do much of our advocacy and campaigns work, through the framework of international human rights. This framework emerged from various traditions, rising from the ashes of world wars, with broad global consent. And yet, the very concept of universal human rights seems to be increasingly misunderstood today; maligned and degraded by politicians in many countries. The arguments differ from place to place, but often they dispute some of the key characteristics of human rights as such: that they are individual, that they are indivisible, and that they are universal. Andrew Copson is president of Whole groups of people may have their rights violated at once, for example by a the International Humanist and single law, or by one act of hatred. There may also be a place for ‘environmental Ethical Union (IHEU) rights’ and ‘economic rights’, even ‘people’s rights’ - yet the basic unit and driver of any right comes back to the individual rights-holder. Collective concerns for our environment, economic justice and the concerns of whole peoples are derived from our individual humanity. It must be this way, because trying to implement ‘group rights’ as such always subverts and violates the autonomy of some individual (whether inside or outside that group). So, for example, the idea that someone must be imprisoned for ostensibly ‘insulting’ the belief of a group of people puts an imagined, non-existent right of a group not to be offended, before the right of the individual to speak his or her mind. This is why human rights must, at base, be individual. As we can see from this year’s report, human rights also tend to stand or fall together. When the non-religious are being persecuted, it’s usually the case that specific religious minorities are too. This is not a coincidence. It is part of how human rights work. If you violate one right, then not only are you likely to be violating others, you will also be degrading the social good, and making other rights harder to achieve. This is why human rights are interconnected and indivisible. Human rights must apply to everyone equally. This may seem an obvious point, and yet the continued existence of “apostasy” laws demonstrates how inconsistent a state can be in applying something as fundamental as the right to freedom of thought to all citizens. Everyone’s rights are not always respected in practice, but we do all deserve them, not just because it says so on a piece of paper, but because they follow, more or less, from the nature of our humanity. This is why rights are said to be universal. The remit the Freedom of Thought report is discrimination and persecution against the non-religious specifically, but we are proud that all our work seeks to defend the view of individual, interconnected, universal human rights for everyone. The post-war human rights consensus seems under more pressure than ever. However, this is precisely when we need to stand up and defend these basic minimum standards. The Freedom of Thought Report champions the human rights of an often neglected section of society, the atheists, humanists and other non-religious people. We are proud of this work, and I commend this report to you. 10 Freedom of Thought 2017 | Preface Foreword to the 2017 edition By Ensaf Haidar In 2012, my husband, Raif Badawi, was arrested in Saudi Arabia. He had helped to set up a liberal blogging platform. In his own blog, and in opinion pieces for newspapers, he expressed his opinion: that the clerics should have less to do with the business of the state, because an excess of religious conservativism was damaging to society. Today, this opinion becomes ever more common, even among royal reformists! But just for expressing his opinion, Raif faced the possibility of a death sentence on “apostasy” charges, and was eventually sentenced for “insulting Islam” to a long prison term and lashes. On appeal, his sentence was increased to ten years prison and 1,000 lashes. He also faces a ten-year travel ban after his sentence. Ensaf Haidar is a human rights Raif has the terrible and unwanted honour now of being probably one of the most famous prisoners in the world. But many bloggers, journalists and activists in too campaigner and president of many countries face similar charges and punishments. There are many issues at the Raif Badawi Foundation for play in such prosecutions. Authoritarian regimes suppress opinions which they Freedom think are a threat to their own power. However, in the context of this Freedom of Thought Report, I want to highlight the role that is played when the authorities evoke religion to suppress these ‘troubling’ opinions. Raif wrote about politics and society. Yet just because some of his opinions overlap with religion or offer criticisms of religious authorities he can be imprisoned for “insulting Islam”. Raif describes himself as a liberal Muslim, and yet his country tried him for “apostasy”. The idea that he might have left Islam was used to demonize him. It does not matter if you are a humanist or a Muslim, an atheist or a Jew, an agnostic or a Christian. No one anywhere should face such trial just for expressing their view of the world. Freedom of thought and expression are our human rights. I reject the idea that anyone, or any state, has the right to threaten someone with death just because they believe or don’t believe in any religion. I reject the idea that just because someone thinks critically about any aspect of religion they deserve to be prosecuted, still less to be imprisoned, separated from their children for years and years and years. It is in everyone’s interest (religious, non-religious, anyone) that we shine a powerful light on the spectre of atheism. Shine a light, and the shadow will lift! And we will find that there is no spectre. Only a human being. Foreword | Freedom of Thought 2017 11 Editorial Introduction By Bob Churchill This 2017 edition of the Freedom of Thought Report sounds an alarm siren to humanists and to all who care about freedom of thought and expression. Active persecution Through publication of this report, the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) issues a warning: that in at least seven countries the non-religious were actively persecuted in new or evolving major incidents or trends in 2017. This includes the murder of humanists or atheists in at least: Pakistan, India, and the Maldives; we record new waves of incitement to hatred or violence in at least Bob Churchill is Director of Malaysia, Mauritania and Pakistan; and we record new death sentences faced by alleged “apostates” (from Islam to atheism) in Sudan and Saudi Arabia. Communications at the IHEU, and Editor of the Freedom of Thought Under the entry for Pakistan you will read about the murder of Mashal Khan, a Report student who called himself ‘the humanist’ on Facebook, who was beat to death by a mob of fellow students at university. Although some efforts have been made to bring the large number of people involved in his murder to justice, it is unclear whether they will face real sanction for their actions, or whether the supposed ‘blasphemy’ of their victim will be treated as a mitigating factor. The murderers of alleged ‘blasphemers’ often get off lightly, and such cases are notoriously difficult and dangerous even for members of the legal profession; already the lead prosecutor against the alleged killers of Mashal Khan has been forced to quit the case after receiving threats.