Theni District Executive Summary District Human Development Report Theni District
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THENI DISTRICT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT THENI DISTRICT Introduction Theni district is located in the south west part of Tamil Nadu. The 2,889 km(1,115 sq mt) district lies at the foot of the Western Ghats. A range of hills which runs parallel to Western Ghats from north to south separate it from the neighbouring state of Kerala. The district is bounded by Dindigul District in the north, Madurai District in the east, Virudhunagar District in the southwest and Idukki district of Kerala State in the west. Geography The district lies between 90 53’ and 100 22’ north latitude and 77017’ and 770 67’ east longitudes. Vaigai River is flowing in the district and it will normally be dry during the summer season. The Mullai Periyar River also flows across the district. Theni District is divided into two natural divisions. Hilly areas constituted by parts of the three taluks Periyakulam, Uthamapalayam and Andipatti with thick vegetation and perennial streams from the hills on the western side. 1 Cumbum valley which lies in Uthamapalayam taluk. Theni district comprises of 5 Taluks, 8 Blocks and 183 Villages. With regard to the hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 5 Municipalities, 23 Town panchayats and 130 Village panchayats in the district. Topography The Topography of the district includes hills, mounds and the mixture of slopes and plains. The geographical setting of the district naturally helps the agricultural sector and agro based business. Soil Condition The district is characterised by Red, Black and Brown soils and the major part of the area is characterised by red soil. The black soil are limited to less than 1% of the area. They are fine textured with low permeability. The brown soil are limited to less than 1% of the area and characterised by low permeability. Climate The district receives rainfall under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoon. Normal annual rainfall is of the order of 791.2 mm out of which 47% (375.5) is received during north east monsoon and 22% (172.7) is received during south west monsoon. 2 The mean daily minimum temperature varies from 20.9°C (January) to 26.3°C (May) and mean daily maximum temperature varies from 29.7°C (December) to 37.5°C (May). Status of Human Development In Theni district, during 2013-14, the blocks Theni (0.92), Uthamapalyam (0.80) and Bodinayakkanur (0.79) scored the first three ranks and Myladumparai (0.29), Andipatti (0.36) and Periyakulam (0.65) scored the last three ranks in HDI. In Theni district, the blocks Bodinayakkanur (0.02), Uthamapalayam (0.04) and Theni (0.04) occupied the first three places in Gender Inequality Index. The blocks Chinnamanur (0.10), Cumbum (0.10) and Myladumparai (0.09) occupied the last three places in GII. The blocks Myladumparai (55.92%) and Andipatti (65.35%) scored low in female literacy rate when compared to the other blocks of the district. Female Work Wage rate was lower in the blocks Uthamapalayam (Rs.142) and Cumbum (Rs.146) when compared to the other blocks viz., Andipatti (Rs 163) during 2013-14. In Theni district, when considering CDI, the blocks Uthamapalayam, Bodinayakkanur and Theni were in the top three places with high enrolment and high transition rates, low U5MR and IMR whereas the blocks 3 Myladumparai, Andipatti and Chinnamanur were in the bottom three places because of high IMR, MMR and SBR, having larger proportion of Malnourished children, poor child sex ratio and low enrolment rates in addition to high dropout rate and low transition rate. The blocks Theni, Bodinayakkanur and Cumbum were in top three places with low MPI value due to high accessibility of cooking fuel, toilet facilities, drinking water, electricity and pucca houses, low school dropouts and good health provisions whereas the blocks Myladumparai, Andipatti and Periyakulam occupied the bottom three places with high MPI values due to lack of access to livelihood, high IMR, MMR, High Order birth rate and malnourished children and high dropouts. EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND POVERTY The blocks Andipatti, Chinnamanur showed an increase in Workers Participation Rate from 48.32% to 53.09% and from 44.55% to 50.14% respectively whereas in the blocks Myladumparai, Uthamapalayam and Bodinayakkanur, it had decreased from 70.62% to 56.98%, from 52.86% to 48.00% and from 48.57% to 47.56% respectively during 2001-2011. As per census 2011, considering rural WPR, Female WPR was greater in rural area, whereas male WPR was higher in urban areas. 4 As per census 2011, agricultural wage rates for male was high at 335 rupees and at 315 rupees in the blocks Theni and Uthamapalayam respectively and was low at 237 rupees and at 265 rupees in the blocks, Cumbum and Periyakulam respectively. As per census 2011, the percentage of cultivators and agricultural laborers was around 67 percent and 62 percent in the blocks Myladumparai, Cumbum and Chinnamanur respectively whereas in the same blocks percentage of industrial workers and non agricultural workers was registered as 33 percent, 38 percent and 38 percent respectively. During 2013-14, 28110 candidates registered with employment exchanges and 0.33 percent. 473 candidates got placement. Totally, from 2007 to 2014, 183969 candidates were registered and 6092 candidates got placement. Andipatti, Theni, Periyakulam and Myladumparai had registered job cards at 78%, 68 %, 67 % and 67 % for MGNREGA scheme respectively which was high at the district level whereas in Cumbum only 10 % was registered during 2011-12. The per capita income of the district had registered Rs.39856 which was lower than the State per capita income of Rs.63996 during 2011-12. 5 The sectoral composition of GDDP of the district during 2011-12 indicates that the tertiary sector registered Rs.267947 which was higher than the primary sector growth at Rs.107121 and the secondary sector with Rs.62483. There was a mixed trend in the growth rate from the year 2004-05 to the year 2011-12. The blocks Andipatti, Myladumparai, Periyakulam and Cumbum had registered a higher number of households below poverty level when compared to the district average of 26.12% during 2013-14. 387450 households are provided with family cards. DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND NUTRITION An analysis of the decennial growth of population in the district from 2001 to 2011 showed that total population had grown from 1093950 to 1245899. The population growth rate of the district was 13.9% between 2001 and 2011. The child sex ratio of was favourable indicating that interventions have led to a marginal reduction in sex selection practices. The share of Scheduled Caste population had increased marginally between 2001 and 2011 from 19.36 percent in 2001 to 20.7 percentage in 2011. Scheduled Tribes share in the total population had decreased by 0.01 percent from 0.15 to 0.14 percent but it increased only in Myladumparai Block. 6 The density of the population in the district was 434 and remained much lower than that of the State average of 555. The highest density of population per square kilometer in Theni Block was 1085 in 2011. It was low at 118 persons per square kilometer at Myladumparai block. During 2013-14, the CBR rate of the district 13.0 had decreased from 15.7 in 2011. CDR of the district was 6.1 and had decreased from 7.2 in 2011. The blocks Chinnamanur (8.7), Uthamapalayam (8.3), Cumbum (7.5), Andipatti (7.5), Periyakulam (7.5) and Theni (7.2) registered CDR greater than the district average of 7.2 percent in the year 2011. The increase in mortality rate was lack of supply of medicines and ambulance service during emergencies in addition to bad roads connecting remote villages and tribal areas like Agamalai, Bodi Mettu, in Bodinayakkanur block, Valiparai, Megamalai, Vellimalai and Varusanadu in Myladumparai blocks. The sex ratio of the district was 978 in 2001 and had increased to 991 in 2011. While Cumbum block registered sex ratio of 1013, Myladumparai block registered the lowest sex ratio of 948 in 2011. The child sex ratio of 0-6 year‘s age group in the district had increased from 891 to 937 between 2001 and 2011 indicating that the efforts to address adverse sex ratio had been successful to a large extent. 7 The Life expectancy at Birth (LEB) of the district in 2011 for male was 65 years for male and 68 years for female. The LEB had increased from 62 years for male and 64 years for female in 2001. The increase in life expectancy indicates improvement of medical infrastructure and facilities in the government and private sectors in the district. During 2013 - 14, LEB increased to 70.3 years for male and to 69 years for female. The MMR of the district was 150 during 2012 and the blocks Andipatti, Theni and Bodinayakkanur had an MMR of 230, 210 and 190 in 2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12 respectively. The block Cumbum showed a uniformly lower MMR from 2008 to 2012 along with the block Chinnamanur. It was observed that institutional deliveries of the district average were 99.65 percent in 2011 and it had increased to 99.8 percent during 2013 - 14. The Still Birth Rate of the district was 20.9 per thousand live births in 2008. It had come down to 15.7 in 2012 and 13.6 in 2013-14. The IMR of the district was high in Theni, Periyakulam, Myladumparai and Andipatti at the rate of 24.4, 23.6, 21.1 and 20.5 respectively in 2012 which had come down to Theni (10.3) and Periyakulam (18.0) and increased in the blocks Myladumparai (27.5) and Andipatti (23.0) during 2013-14.