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Climate in the Vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica

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Climate in the Vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica tic antarc OFTHE IIUNITED I 1 [8: 1 Uur 19 @=I U STATES March 1985 National Science Foundation Volume XX—Number 1 Climate in the vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica Historically, the expense of occupying research stations in Antarctica has con- strained the acquisition of meteorological data. Only three interior and 29 coastal stations report meteorological observations on the continent. This limits the data base used to forecast the weather and address questions concerning the circulation, energy exchanges, and dynamics of the antarctic atmosphere. Figure 1. Charles Stearns stands by the auto- matic weather station located at Laurie site (on the Ross Ice Shelf about 10 kilometers east of Cape Crozier) in December 1981. The view is towards the southeast. The shrouded temperature sensor is in the center of the horizontal spar; the satellite antenna is on Figure 2. Whitlock AWS on the crest of Franklin Island in the Ross Sea. The view is towards the the left end of the spar. The batteries are southwest. buried in the snow. In this issue... scientists Although in the early 1970s Climate in the vicinity of Ross from Stanford University tested unmanned Island, Antarctica ............ geophysical observatories in Antarctica, NASA scientist joins the 25th these units were designed primarily for Japanese Antarctic Research ionospheric observations and collected only Expedition, 1983-1984 ........ limited amounts of meteorological data Environmental data listing (Sites, 1973). A prototype automatic available .................. 13 World Data Center-A for weather station, also developed by Stan- Glaciology: functions and ford University researchers, began operat- services..................... 14 ing at the South Pole in February 1975. Geology and geophysics in the After operating throughout the 1975 aus- Patagonian Andes: R/V Hero tral winter, the station was moved to a cruise 84-4 .................. 17 site on Ross Island near McMurdo Sta- R/V. Hero cruise record, tion in December 1975. In January 1976 1983-1984 .................. 19 it was moved again to Marble Point on U. S. Geological Survey publishes new index to antarctic maps . 20 the southern Victoria Land coast and op- DPP staff members retire ........ 21 erated until May 1977. Translations published ......... 21 Using the results obtained during the New Antarctic Bibliography volume and index available 22 test period, scientists modified the design Foundation awards of funds for of the AWS unit. The first of these modi- antarctic projects, 1 October to led units were deployed during the 1978- 31 December 1984 ........... 22 1979 austral summer. These stations can Weather at U. S. stations ........ 23 deliver real-time data via polar-orbiting satellites, which are equipped with the microcomputer-controlled electronics Argos data collection system, and acquire package. The AWS design has been up- near-surface meteorological data at a rate dated so that the stations also will meas- of 70 to 146 observations per day (Sites ure relative humidity and the vertical and Peterson, 1975; Renard and Salinas, temperature difference along the length 1977; Savage et al., 1981; Scarbro, 1982; of the station tower; these updated systems Wendler, 1984). Currently, 20 (table 1) were deployed at four sites in 1984. relatively inexpensive stations (about $12,000 each) operate in Antarctica (Stearns The telemetry system delivers data and Savage, 1981; Stearns, 1982). to the satellites for retransmission to McMurdo Station, Antarctica; Wellington, AWS system New Zealand; and Melbourne, Australia. All satellite-stored data are recorded in the The AWS units (figures 1, 2, and 3) are United States. The AWS data-storage powered by batteries that are recharged design and the geometry of the satellite by solar panels. The batteries last long orbit provide 50 minutes of data at 10- enough to operate the stations through- minute intervals for each 100-minute orbit out the antarctic winters, when the sun of the satellite. A continuous record is remains continuously below the horizon. achieved when two or more satellites are These stations measure air temperature, operational. Data are extracted at 3-hourly wind speed and wind direction at 3 meters intervals plus or minus 1 hour for one- above the surface, and air pressure at the page monthly summaries from each AWS Site. Ross Island area data Figure 3. Marble Point AWS. The view is to- wards the northwest across McMurdo Sound. The mesoscale network of AWS sites which is frozen. A radioisotope thermoelec- near Ross Island (figure 4) provides the tric generator provides electrical power for first systematic view of the regions cli- this unit, which has been in continuous oper- mate since George C. Simpson, meteorolo- ation since February 1980. gist of Robert F. Scotts 1910-1913 ex- Figure 4. The climate near Ross Island, Antarctica, in June. Mean monthly values of tempera- ture and pressure are best estimates determined by adding the average June difference Editor Winifred Reuning between the AWS site and McMurdo Station to the long-term record available for McMurdo Antarctic Journal of the United Station. States, established in 1966, reports on U.S. activities in Antarctica and .k Franklin Island WHITLOCK AWS related activities elsewhere, and on trends In the U.S. Antarctic Research Program. It is published quarterly (March, June, September, and De- cember) with a fifth annual review issue by the Division of Polar Pro- grams, National Science Foun- dation, Washington, D.C. 20550. r Telephone: 202/357-7817. p r .1. ,. -. The Antarctic Journal is sold by the copy or on subscription through the 1. MARBLE U.S. Government Printing Office. Re- - - - - -23.9 quests for prices of individual issues 3.6 and subscriptions, address changes, and information about other subscrip- tion matters should be sent to the ,-.-•- _.•.__v, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. -33.7 994 Government Printing Office, Washing- 7.2 M 78 S 6.2 81 ton, D.C. 20402. - The Director of the National Science Foundation has determined that the Mt U,SC0vOY . Inns Bluff -32.5 994 publication of this periodical is ! 6.588 nec- i, essary in the transaction of the public business required by law of -31.3 this agency. Use of funds for print- 5.1 70 ing this periodical has been approved MANNING AWS by the director of the Office of Man- I- [ z:; : agement and Budget through 31 50 km ::] March 1986. / 162E 166E a I 2 Antarctic Jou nal Table 1. Automatic weather stations (AWS) in Antarctica through February 1984. Name Location Coordinates Elevation (in meters) 77405 Marble Point Scott Coast 163.8°E 121 (a)2 Manning Ross Ice Shelf 78.8°S 1669°E 66 (b)"2 Meeley Ross Ice Shelf 78.5°S 170.2°E 49 (b)"2 Ferrell Ross Ice Shelf 78.0°S 170.8°E 44 (b)"2 White Island Ross Ice Shelf 779oS 168.2°E 35 (b) 77905 Tiffany Ross Ice Shelf 166.2°E 40 (d) Martha Ross Ice Shelf 78.3°S 172.5°W 42 (d) Windless Bight Ross Ice Shelf 77.8°S 167.7°E 44 (b) Whitlock Franklin Island 76.2°S 168.7°E 275 (b)"2 Arrival Heights Ross Island 77.8°S 166.7°E 202 (b) Laurie Cape Crozier 77.6°S 169.9°E 25 (b) Asgard dry valleys 77.6°S 161.1°E 1750 (d) Marilyn Byrd Glacier 80.0°S 165.0°E 75 (b) Inexpressible Terra Nova Bay 749oS 163.6°E 78 (d) 1 Island - Katabatic wind study - Dome C East Antarctica 745 0 5 123.0°E 3280 (a) D-80 Terre Adelie 70.0°S 134.70E 2500 (d) D-57 0 Terre Adelie 68.2 S 137.50E 2103 (c) D-47 Terre Adelie 67.4 0 S 138.70E 1560 (c) D-17 Adelie Coast 66.7 0 S 139.70E 438 (a) D-10 Adelie Coast 66.7 0 S 139.80E 240 (c) - Climate monitoring sites - Byrd Marie Byrd Land 80.0°S 120.0°W 1530 (a) Siple Ellsworth Land 759 0 S 84.30W 1054 (a)1 - Barrier winds along the Antarctic Peninsula - Larsen Larsen Ice Shelf 67.00S 60.50W 50 (d) Spine Antarctica Peninsula 67.70S 66.1°W 540 (d) currently in operation 2 discussed in text elevations: a) from published figures b) estimated from barometer (plus or minus 5 meters) c) determined bygeoreceiver d) uncertain pedition, arrived at some inspired conclu- "constancy" of the wind, which is the ratio Figure 5. Mean monthly temperature at five sions based on limited data (Simpson, of the magnitude of the mean wind vector antarctic sites. Values for South Pole, Byrd, 1919). Although the AWS data confirm to the scalar average wind speed, is a meas- and McMurdo Station are from Schwerdtfeger many of his conclusions, these data also ure of the wind-direction persistence. The (1970). Values for the two AWS sites were emphasize that the northwestern Ross Ice maximum wind speed may be underesti- determined from 3 to 4 years of 3-hourly Shelf has a significantly lower tempera- observations and are the best estimate deter- mated due to discrete sampling by the mined by adding the average difference ture regime relative to temperatures re- AWS. between the AWS site and McMurdo Station orded at McMurdo Station and is sub- to the long-term record available for McMurdo ect to persistent southerly winds. Discussion of results Station. Climatic summaries through November Figures 5 and 6 place the annual series -U McMurdo 1983 are presented in tables 2 to 6 (see of temperature and wind speed observa- -o South Pole -o Byrd ages 6-9). We obtained mean monthly tions at two AWS sites in the context of ".3 •-. Marble Point _,f Meeley alues by averaging all available 3-hourly an east antarctic site (Amundsen-Scott -10 bservations.
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