Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300-900 Edited by Leslie Brubaker and Julia M

Cambridge University Press 0521813476 - Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300-900 Edited by Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. H. Smith Index More information

Index

Abbasid dynasty/period al-Masudi 79 conﬁscation of assets 157–158 al-Muhassin 154 court life 137n, 149, 151n al-Muktaf¯ı, caliph 149 economic structure/policies 136–139, 149, 154 al-Muqtadir (Jaëfar), caliph 135–136, 144–145, literature 126, 130–132, 136–138, 138n 148, 149–150, 160 manufacturingindustries 135n attempts to overthrow 153, 156–157 modern commentaries 122–123 death 158 political/cultural supremacy 125–126 al-Muëtadid, caliph 151 rise to power 126 al-Muëtasim, caliph 141 social structure 131–136, 139–143 al-Mutawakkil, caliph 155 Abdë al-Azë ¯ız al-Dur¯ ¯ı 148–149 al-Muëtazz, caliph 155 Abu¯ al-Abbas¯ 159 al-Qahir,¯ caliph 135–136, 157, 158–159 Abu¯ al-Faraj al-Isfahan¯ ¯ı, The Book of Songs al-Rad¯ ¯ı, caliph 135–136 131–132, 138n al-Safad¯ı, al-Waf¯ ¯ı bi al-Wafayat¯ 143–144, 146 Abu¯ al-Fida¯ ì148 al-Saffah,¯ caliph 127–128 Abu¯ al-Hasan Alë¯ı 150 al-Tanukh¯ ¯ı 157, 158 Adalard, cousin of Charlemagne 191 Alcuin, abbot of Tours 190–191, 191n Adam of Bremen 27 relationship with Hraban 281n, 281–282, Adela, abbess of Pfalzel 248 282n, 298 Adeltrudis, mother of Hugo 251, 252 Alfriston (Sussex) 306 adultery 109 ëAli ibn ëIsa, vizier 135–136, 150, 153, 154–155, 158 Ælﬂaed, abbess of Whitby 321–322 ëAli Ibrah¯ ¯ım Hasan 148 Aelius Donatus 78 Alpaida, wife of Pippin II 239, 243–245, 254, 255 Æthelstan, kingof Wessex 321 Altfrid, Life of Liudger 254–255 Æthelthryth of Ely 189 Amalafrida, Gothic princess 41 Aethicus 29 Amalarius of Metz 214 Aetius, eunuch 79 Amalasuntha, daughter of Theoderic 187 Agobard, archbishop of Lyons 269 Amazons Ahmad al-Khas¯ıb¯ı, Vizier 152 in ancient legend 24–30, 33–35, 40 Airan (N. France), archaeological discoveries 179 ethnic identity 34–36 Aìisha, wife of the Prophet 147 see also warrior women Aithiopis 33 Ammianus Marcellinus 30–31, 58, 71 al-Akhtal 124, 124n Anas ibn Malik¯ 127 al-Am¯ın, caliph 134, 147 Andover (Hants) 302 al-Jahiz 137n, 140, 141 Angilbert 192 al-Khaq¯ ani¯ (Muhammad ibn Khaq¯ an),¯ vizier Angilram, bishop of Metz 245 152–153, 157 Anglo-Saxon culture 302–323 al-Khat¯ıb al-Baghdad¯ ¯ı, History of Baghdad 126, social structure 303–304, 319 129n, 131–132, 145 see also burial; gravestones al-Khayzuran,¯ concubine 134, 144 Ansegisus, husband of Begga 235, 236–237, 242, al-Mahd¯ı, caliph 134, 144 254

324

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521813476 - Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300-900 Edited by Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. H. Smith Index More information

Index 325

Ansfeldis, grandmother of Hugo 250, 251, 252, Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne 192 253, 255 Bertila, abbess of Jouarre 223 Anspert, (supposed) husband of Blithildis 235, Bertrada, mother of Charlemagne 223, 243 242–243 Bertrada the Elder, great-grandmother of Anstrudis of Laon, abbess 225 Charlemagne 248 Anthimius, physician 225 Bertramn of Le Mans, will of 218–219 Antiochos, eunuch 78 Bezzola, Reno Radwolf 186, 194 Antonina, wife of Belisarios 85, 87 Bible 43, 108, 214 Arab peoples analogies with medieval figures 263, 272–277 pre-Islamic culture 123 Gospel of Matthew 234 relationship with Islam 123–124, 126 Leviticus 289n, 290–291n; see also under see also Islam Hraban archaeology Bierbrauer, Volker 176, 181 impact on historical research 165–167, biography, as genre 130–132 301 Bischoff, Bernhard 285 methodology 167 bishops, see clergy Arcy-Sainte-Restitue (N. France), archaeological Blair, John 304–305 discoveries 179–181 Blithildis, (supposed) daughter of Chlothar II ëAr¯ıb 160 235, 242–243, 254 Arkadios, (Roman) emperor 72, 74 Blok, Josine 25 Arnegundis, Frankish lady/?queen 218 Boniface, bishop 209, 222, 282–283 Arnulf of Metz, St 235, 242, 249, 251 Bouley, Allan 198 Arrhenius, Birgit 168n Bouzes, Byzantine official 98 artefacts bracae, see trousers commission/manufacture 218–219 Brailsford (Derby.) 315 matchingto documentary record 219–221 Brandon (Suffolk) 312 see also brooches; grave goods; weaponry Bray, Julia 12, 14–15, 17, 19, 155 Astonfield (Staffs) 315 bride shows (Byzantine) 104–105 ‘The Astronomer’, Vita Hludovici 257, 258, literary accounts 105–106, 107, 112–120 259–262, 265–267, 268, 272, 276–277 social/political function 108, 117–118, 119–120 Athenais/Eudokia, wife of Theodosius 108 Western (alleged) imitations 257, 276–277 Attigny, Synod of 209–210 Brompton (Yorks.) 315 Augustine of Canterbury, St 206, 232, 289 brooches 167–168, 169, 173 Augustine of Hippo, St 293 contemporary views of 183 Enarrationes in Psalmos 222–223 male-owned 173 Augustus Caesar 64, 107, 113, 116 see also grave goods Aulus Gellius 54 Brown, Peter 297 Aurelian, (Roman) emperor 24 The World of Late Antiquity 1–3, 4 Brubaker, Leslie 13, 15, 17, 19, 38, 111 Balthild, queen of the Franks 188n, 188, 190, Brunhild, queen of the Franks 224, 227–228, 190n, 192, 193, 226, 230–231 229, 231 Barnes, Ruth 45 Buchet, Luc 182 Barrow, Julia 319 Bulliet, Richard W. 130n, 139 Basil I, (Byzantine) emperor 118; see also Leo VI Burgundofara, will of 218–219 Basil of Caesarea 71 Burgundy, legal code 32 Baudonivia, nun/biographer 225 burial Beard, Mary 116 above-ground markers 309, 313, 322 beauty, linked with virtue/vice 15, 119, 264, 269, demographic groupings 307–309, 311–314, 320 272, 275 gendered differences 301, 302–305, 311, 322, 323 Bedale (Yorks.) 315 sources of information 305–306 Begga, daughter of Pippin I 235, 236–239, 241, status-related 313–314, 322–323 254, 255 studies 305 Belisarios, general 83, 85, 87 variations/changing trends 301, 303–304, Beowulf 36 306–309, 310, 314–315, 322–323 Berchar, son of Ansfeldis 252 see also Christianity; costume; grave goods; Bernard of Septimania 267 gravestones

326 Index

Burrow Hill (Suffolk) 311 Chilperic, kingof the Franks 224, 226, 227–228, Bush, Barbara 108 229, 235 Butler, Judith 17 chlamys 59–62 Byzantine Empire 2 Chlodulf, bishop of Metz 237, 241 cultural influences 106–107, 114 Chlothar I, kingof the Franks 187, 218, 224 gendered attitudes 100–101 Chlothar II, kingof the Franks 218, 235, 242 history/legends 31 Chlothar III, kingof the Franks 190 internal conflicts 111 Chrismal, of Mortain 220 literary conventions/genres 86, 100–101, 111, Christ, images of 62, 63 115, 258 Christianity marriage law/custom 108–110, 119–120 adaptation of older beliefs/myths 27–28, 30, (possible) influence on Western cultures 175, 35–36 257–259 dress 62–63 relationship with Arab/Islamic world 123, (impact on) burial practices 305, 305n, 310, 124 314, 316–318 religious beliefs 111 institutionalisation 215–216 role of eunuchs 71–72, 74–82 internal schisms 108 social role of women 9–10 regional diversities 198, 203, 215 social/political impact 3, 42, 43, 108, 110, 197 Caesarius, Rule of 208, 209 spread of 200 Cameron, Averil 84 study of 10–11 campestre (priest’s apron) 292–294 see also churches; Communion; convents; Carlisle (Cumbria) 309 liturgy; monasteries; nuns; saints Carloman 248 Chrodoara, abbess of Amay 248, 255 Carolingian dynasty churches, architecture/design 203–206 assumption of power 215–216, 243 circumcision 288, 292, 293–294 compared with Merovingian Claudian 34, 35, 71 232–233 Claudius Mamertinus 71 cultural life under 284 Claudius of Turin 285 religious outlook 198 clergy Cassiodorus 186–187, 192–193 functions 202 Cassius Dio 54 gender 202–203 celibacy 10–11, 108–109, 293–294 see also celibacy; costume; marriage Celsa, abbess of Arles 225 Clothild, queen of the Franks 229 Charibert, kingof the Franks 224 Clovis II, kingof the Franks 188, 229, 241 Charlemagne 113, 193, 238, 264–267 Commodus, (Roman) emperor 34, 54–55 Admonitio generalis 211 communion, takingof 205–208, 214 ancestry/claim to throne 243 Connell, R. W. 6 cultural life under 281–282 Constantina, cultural patron 222–223 descendants 261, 263 Constantine I, (Roman) emperor 80 relations with daughters 266n Constantine VI, (Byzantine) emperor 105, 109, royal court 191n, 191, 192, 195–196 111, 113, 114–115, 118 see also Carolingian dynasty Constantine the Paphlagonian, eunuch 79, 80 Charles II, the Bald, kingof the West Franks Constantius II, (Roman) emperor 65–66, 71, 78 and emperor 194–195, 253 convents 208 birth/boyhood 261, 262, 263, 268 decline in influence 210 Charles Martel, mayor of the palace 235–236, enclosure 208–209 239, 244–248, 249–252 literacy levels 200 Chassemy´ (N. France), archaeological political/courtly influence 17, 190, 195–196, discoveries 179–181 197, 240 Chester-le-Street (Durham) 315–316 see also nuns; women: religious life childbirth, rules relatingto 207, 215; Coon, Lynda 12, 14, 16–17 see also slaves Cosmas of Prague 29 Childe, V. Gordon 169 costume Childebert, kingof the Franks 229 clerical 292–294, 298–299 children, burial of 182, 309 court 188

Index 327

and ethnicity 47, 48–49, 64 Eicher, Joanne B. 45 of eunuchs 76n Einhard, Vita Karoli 266n, 265–266, 267 fashion 46 Eirene, (Byzantine) empress 79, 111, 113 female, assumptions regarding 174 ejaculation, ecclesiastical rules relatingto 207 funerary 45, 166–167, 218; see also brooches; El Cheikh, Nadia Maria 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19 grave goods Elagobalus 65 Greek 47n Elias, Norbert 185 legal codes/prescriptions 47–48, 61, 63–64 Eligius of Noyon 218, 219 literary descriptions 45 Ermold the Black (Ermoldus Nigellus) 193–194, as marker of authority 60, 62 263–265 as marker of religion 62–63 ethnicity as marker of status 16, 45–46, 47, 49–51, 183 relationship with gender 23–24, 43, 44–45 as marker of virtue 44, 51, 54–55, 58, 68–69 sources of 23–24 military 33–34, 60, 64–65 stereotyping 48–49 pictorial representations 45, 55–58, 60–61, 63, Eudokia, wife of Basil I 118 64–66, 174 Eudokia Dekapolitissa, wife of Michael III 105 processes of change 42, 51–54, 66–69 eunuchs 16, 70–82 Roman 44–69 admission to religious institutions 81–82n see also names of garments, e.g. toga Amazons linked with 35 courts changes in social role 76–77 origins 185–186 characterisations 71, 81–82, 82n spatial arrangement 191–192, 193–195 ethnic origins 77–81 studies 185–186, 196 offices/titles 17, 75n, 72–75, 76, 76n see also Abbasid dynasty; Charlemagne; reasons for condition 79n costume; women see also costume; legislation; third gender Crowle (Lincs.) 316n Euphrosyne, wife of Michael II 113 Crubezy,´ Eric 182 Eusebios, eunuch 71, 72, 78 culture-provinces, concept of 169–170 Eusebios of Caesarea 295 Historia Ecclesiastica, trans. Rufinus 232, 286 Dagobert I, king of the Franks 218, 220, 229 Eutherios, eunuch 72, 78 Dagobert II, king of the Franks 240 Eutropios, eunuch 71, 72, 74, 78 Damianus the Slav, eunuch 78–79 Danubian artefacts 168, 176, 179, 183 family Dastanbuwayh 150, 152–153 appearance in documentary sources 129n, de Jong, Mayke 13–14, 15, 17, 19, 284 129, 130, 130n Dedimia, abbess 225 legal/social significance 133–134, 136–137 Delogu, Paolo 275–276 feminist criticism 122n, 122, 123 Dhuoda, Handbook for Her Warrior Son 194–195 Ferreolus, bishop of Uzes` 243, 254 Dido, bishop of Albi 222 Florentius of Tricastina 225 Didymus the Blind 295 Foot, Sarah 190n Diocletian, (Roman) emperor 64, 70 Foucault, Michel 11, 121, 185 divorce 109 Fouracre, Paul 188, 238–239 Domitian, (Roman) emperor 99, 113 France-Lanord, Albert 179 Donatus, Vita Trudonis 245 Fredegar, Chronicle 29, 35, 38, 229, 241 Douglas, Mary 207, 278 Continuation of 244–246, 254 Doumato, Eleanor 123n Fredegund, queen of the Franks 224, 227–228, Drogo, bishop of Metz 268 229, 235 Drogo, father of Hugo 251, 252 dualism 108 Gainford (Durham) 315 Dunlap, J. E. 74, 77 Gallienus, (Roman) emperor 60 dynasties, formation of 134 Gaul, see Merovingian kingdom Geake, Helen 305 Eastern (Orthodox) churches 198 gender Eberhard, count of Friuli 192n, 262 distinctions 16 Ebroin 240 and dress 47–48 Effros, Bonnie 11–12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 31 etymology 4–5, 5–6n

328 Index

gender (cont.) Guide to the Postclassical World 3–4 historical development 5–7 Gundeperga, Lombard princess 38–39, 41 identities 42–43 Gundohinus Gospels 223–224 and language 200–201 Gundrada, cousin of Charlemagne 191 modern connotations 7–9 role reversals 138, 242–243; see also warrior Hackness (Yorks.) 309, 322 women Hadley, Dawn 12, 16, 17, 19 stereotypes 45, 224 Haito of Basel, Capitula 207 gender studies 7–8, 9–11, 19 Halsall, Guy 171, 302–303 Islamic 122–123, 130n Halton (Lancs.) 315 genealogies 38 Hambly, Gavin 147–148 female presence in 234–236, 254–256 Hamburger, Jeffrey 224n reliability 253 Harald, kingof Denmark 262 Gerberding, Richard 188 harem, institution of 151 Geretrudis, St, abbess of Nivelles 223, 225, Harke,¨ Heinrich 302 240–242, 243, 255 Harlow, Mary 12, 16, 19, 174 Ghar¯ıb, uncle of al-Muqtadir 135–136, 149, 156 Harrison, Verna 295 Ghislemar, son of Ansfeldis 252 HartingBeacon (Sussex) 306 Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Hartlepool (Durham) 307–309, 312 Roman Empire 2, 85 Har¯ un¯ al-Rash¯ıd, caliph 134, 144, 147 gifts, giving/exchange 230–231 Harun¯ ibn Ghar¯ıb 135–136 Gillingham, John 186 Hassan¯ ibn Sinan¯ 126–129, 140–141, 142, 144 Gisela, abbess of Chelles 238 hegemony (masculine) 18–19 Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious 262 Helena, empress 227 Glastonbury (Somerset) 311 Hen, Yitzhak 12–13, 17, 18 Godey’s Lady’s Book (American periodical) 102, Hereford 307, 311 103–104 Hermenfrid, kingof the Thuringians 186–187 Gogo, cultural patron 224 Herodotos 25, 28 Gosforth (Cumbria) 315 Hesychius 289, 289n, 291 grave goods 41, 218, 301 Heysham (Lancs.) 315 frequency 302 Hild, abbess of Whitby 322 linked to ethnicity 166–167, 169–170, 183–184 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims 194–195 linked to gender 302–303 Historia Augusta (anon.) 71 linked to status 303–304, 314–315 history weaponry 166n, 303–304, 314–315 relationship with gender 8–9 see also brooches Homer 106 gravestones (sculpted) 314–322 Iliad 25, 33 cultural/ethnic context 314–315, 320–322 Odyssey 107 distribution 319, 319n homosexuality (implied/suppressed) gendered division 319–320 in classical literature 295 ‘hogback’ 320 in monastic life 282 as status symbol 318–319 Honorius, (Roman) emperor 72 subjects depicted 318, 318n Hopkins, Keith 70, 73–74, 76–77 Greece, inﬂuence on later cultures 106–107, 114, Hraban Maur 125, 125n biography 282n, 281–282, 284 Gregory I (the Great), pope 206, 232, 289, 296 commentaries on Esther/Judith 272–276, 277 Gregory IV, pope 267 commentaries on the Torah (especially Gregory of Nazianzos, bishop 106–107, 109 Leviticus) 278, 278n, 289n, 287–289, 294, Gregory of Nyssa 109 297n, 296–297, 300; see also campestre; Gregory of Tours 187, 201, 205, 224, 225, circumcision; semen 227–228, 243, 309–310 commentary style 280–281, 286, 288–289, Grimoald, son of Pippin I 240–241 298n, 299–300 Grimoald, son of Pippin II 244, 250 contemporary reputation 284–285 Grimoald of Bavaria 247 De institutione clericorum 294n Gripho, son of Charles Martel 248 In honorem sanctae crucis 281–282n

Index 329

influences on 285–286, 288–289, 294 Jerome, St 63, 232, 273, 286, 289 modern commentaries on 278, 290n jewellery, see artefacts; brooches; grave goods self-assessment 280 John Angourios, eunuch 81 Hubert of Liege` 244 John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople Hugo, bishop of Rouen 246, 250–252, 253, 204 254 Jonas of Orleans, De institutione laicali 207 Hugobert 249 Jordanes 27, 28–29, 36 Hundrud, Mercian nun 190, 190n Judith, empress, second wife of Louis the Pious 192n, 192, 195, 235 Ibn Ab¯ı Baghl 153 allegations of adultery 268, 266–272 Ibn al-Ath¯ır 157, 159 contemporary accounts 262–267 Ibn al-Furat,¯ vizier 135–136, 150, 152–153, 154, family connections 261–263 157 physical appearance 263–264, 269, 270 Ibn al-Jawz¯ı 144–145, 157 relationship with Louis 267–268, 272–276 Ibn al-Muëtazz 150, 153 selection as empress 193n, 257–258, 259–260, Ibn al-Tiqtaqa¯ 148 276–277 Ibn Kath¯ır 156 Julia of Pavilly, abbess 225 Ibn Khaldun¯ 158 Julian, (Roman) emperor 71 Ibn Naf¯ıs 156–157 Juliana, cultural patron 222–223 Iconoclasm 111–112 Julius Caesar 48 Institutio Sanctimonialium 207 Justin, early Christian author 27 interdisciplinarity, impact on scholarship 172 Justin I, (Byzantine) emperor 87–88 Ireland Justinian I, (Byzantine) emperor 82 legends 27 depiction by Prokopios 78, 83–86, 87–91, 93, religious influence 198 94–101, 110–111 Irene of Chrystobalanton, St 118 legislation 48, 80, 92 Irmina of Oeren 247, 249 pictorial representations 60, 67, 68 Irmingard, empress, first wife of Louis the Pious Justinian II, (Byzantine) emperor 78 235, 257, 260–261 Irmingard, empress, wife of Lothar I 263, 276, Kallinikos, eunuch 82 276n Karkov, Catherine 321–322 Isidore of Seville 26, 34, 232 Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa (anon.) 264–265 Etymologiae 170–171 Kazanski, Michel 179 Synonyma 222 Keddie, Nikki 147 Islam/Islamic world Kennedy, Hugh 149 conversions to 126n, 126, 129, 129n Kilpatrick, Hilary 131n cultural influences on 123 Kirby Hill (Yorks.) 315 cultural transformations in 125–126, 138–139, Koch, Alexander 181–182 141–142 Kossina, Gustaf 169–170 gendered attitudes 121, 142 geographical/cultural variations 132n Lambert of Liege` (bishop of Maastricht), cult of historiography 124 243–244, 244n, 248, 249 impact on older cultures 3 ‘Late Antiquity’ internal conflicts 125n defined 2 literature 2 sources of information 2–3, 196 pietism 128n, 145 Le Jan, Regine´ 227–228 views of women 9–10, 142–146, 147–149, Leclercq, Jean 287 160–161 Leeds, E. T. 169 see also Abbasid dynasty; Arab peoples; Leeds (Yorks.) 315 costume; slaves; Umayyad dynasty; women legislation Itta, wife of Pippin I 239, 240, 242, 243 on eunuchs 77–78, 81 gender-specific 32, 43, 116 Jaeger, Stephen 185–186 on marriage 92 James, Edward 170 Leo Choirosphaktes 81 James, Liz 35 Leo I, (Roman) emperor 78, 80

330 Index

Leo VI, (Byzantine) emperor 74, 79, 80 masculinity Funeral Oration for Basil I 105, 115, 118 as normative 44 marital history 105, 109, 118–119 see also women: cultural assumptions; women: Leontius II, bishop of Bordeaux 201 overlooked by commentators Liber Historiae Francorum (anon.) 171, 245–246, Mass, celebration of 209, 213; see also 254 communion Licinius, (Roman) emperor 204 Menander Rhetor 86, 88, 94, 97, 115 literacy 18 menstruation, ecclesiastical rules relatingto literature, see under Abbasid dynasty; Byzantine 206–207 Empire; Islam; manuscripts; Merovingian Merovingian kingdom/society 42–43n, 165, kingdom 170–171 liturgy archaeological investigations 165–166, 168, changes in 198, 199, 202, 203, 209 172, 170–173, 176–182 gendered regulations/implications 199, 200, artistic activities/patronage 217–233 203, 204, 206–208, 213, 216 cultural inﬂuences 199 social inﬂuences 215 literature 224–225 Livia, wife of Augustus 116 religious institutions, foundation/support 219 Lombardy religious practices 203, 204–213 history/legends of 26–27, 29, 36–40 social role of women 227 legislation 32 see also Carolingian dynasty; Charlemagne; national identity 37 Gaul Lothar I, emperor 263, 276n, 284 Metz Louis the German, kingof the East Franks 284 Annals of 238, 238n, 246, 248, 251–252, 254 Louis the Pious, emperor 192–195, 235, 272, 284 archaeological discoveries 302–303 contemporary characterisations 260, 269–270 Michael II, (Byzantine) emperor 113 marital history 257–258, 259–262, 263, Michael III, (Byzantine) emperor 78–79, 105, 267–268, 269–270, 276–277 111, 118 rebellions against 267, 269 Middleton (Yorks.) 315 Lowther (Cumbria) 315 migrations 165, 171–172 Lubac, Henri de 278, 299 Miskawayh 158 Liutgard, wife of Charlemagne 265 ‘Moechian controversy’, see adultery; Lupicina/Euphemia, aunt of Justinian 87, Constantine VI 88–89 monasteries 208 Lupus of Ferrieres` 192, 192n, 283 enclosure 208–209, 213 literacy levels 200–201 McKitterick, Rosamond 223 Monkwearmouth (Durham) 307 Magdalino, Paul 79, 80 Montesquiou-Fezensac, B. de 220 male body, exegesis of 279–280, 297n, 290–297, Moreau, Fred´ eric´ 179–181 300 mothers, see women Mamas, eunuch 78 Muhammad, the Prophet 123, 128n, 147 Mann, Michael 196n Mumma, reliquary of 221, 226 manuscripts, commission/creation 221–224 Muìnis al-Muzaffar 149, 150, 153–154 Maria of Amnia, wife of Constantine VI 105, Musa¯ al-Had¯ ¯ı, caliph 134 113–115 Musa¯ ibn Bugha¯ 136n Marlborough, duke of 103–104 Muschiol, Gisela 12, 14, 17, 18 Marlow, Louise 125n, 139 MustafaJaw¯ ad¯ 148 marriage after divorce 109, 119 Namatius, bishop of Clermont, and wife 201 inter-racial/cultural 41, 174n, 174, 175, 183, Nantechildis, queen of the Franks 229 186–190 Narbonne, Council of (589) 201 and religious observances 207–208, 215 Narses, eunuch 82 role in ancient societies 108–109 Nasr, chamberlain 154 and sainthood 115–116 Nelson, Janet L. 13, 17, 18, 38, 227 Martin, Max 176 Neston (Chesnine) 315 Mary the Younger, St 117 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 312

Index 331

Nikephoros I, (Byzantine) emperor 31, 112–113, Pippin I, mayor of the palace 237, 240, 243, 252 118, 258 descendants (Pippinids) 235–236, 238–239, Niketas, Life of Philaretos 113–115, 118, 258 242, 255 Norbury (Derby.) 315 Pippin II, mayor of the palace 236, 238, 239, North Elmham (Norfolk) 310 242, 243–245, 251, 252, 253 Notitia Dignitatum (anon.) 72–74, 76–77 Pippin III, mayor of the palace and kingof the Nouvion-en-Ponthieu (N. France), Franks 223–224, 243, 248 archaeological discoveries 181–182 Placidina, wife of Bishop Leontius 201 nuns Plato 106, 107, 295 financial status 229–230 Plectrudis, wife of Pippin II 238–239, 243, 244, as ‘honorary men’ 205–206, 214 245–248, 249–250, 251, 254, 255 as (preferred) intercessors 209, 214–215 poetry 123–124, 130 see also convents; women: religious life Pohl, Walter 12–13, 14–15, 16, 17, 19 Probianus 51–54, 59, 61, 65, 66, 68 Oakley, Ann 7 Prokopios 27 Sex, Gender and Society 1–2, 6 Buildings 83, 100 Offa, Kingof Mercia 190 History of the Wars 25–26, 78, 80, 83, 100 Old Malton (Yorks.) 315 Secret History 83–101, 110–111, 119 Omotarius 225 Origen of Alexandria 283, 283–284n, 288–289, Qab¯ıha, concubine 155 291, 294–295n, 297 Qaramita¯ people 154–155 influence on Carolingian commentators Quintilian 49, 54, 55, 62, 64 286–287, 294–295, 296 Origo gentis Langobardorum (anon.) 36–40 Radegund, queen/St 187, 189–190, 215, 224–225 Orleans, Council of (549) 209 Ragyndrudis, cultural patron 222, 226 Orosius 27–28 Raunds (Northants) 309, 313, 320 Ovington (Durham) 315 Reagan, Nancy 108, 112 Regentrudis, sister of Plectrudis 247–248, 250 Palladius, count of Javols 309–310 religion, study of 2; see also Bible; Byzantine pallium (garment) 62–63 Empire; Christianity; costume; Islam; Pammachius 63 saints; women Paris, Synod of 211 Repton (Derby.) 307 Paschasius 191 Richlin, Amy 100 patronage, literary/cultural 217 Rigunth, daughter of Chilperic 228 motivations for 225–227 Ringart, wife of Pippin of Aquitaine 194, 195 see also artefacts; literature; Merovingian Ringrose, Kathryn M. 79, 81 kingdom; women Ripon (Yorks.) 307, 310, 311, 315 Paul the Deacon Roman Empire/culture 2 Historia Langobardorum 26–27, 29, 36–40, disintegration 3, 199, 203, 215–216 41 gendered attitudes 100–101, 121 Libellus de ordine episcoporum 235, 236, 245 influence on later cultures 3, 197, 215–216, Peirce, Leslie 151 224, 304 penance 210–211 literature 45 Perin,´ Patrick 170 male-centredness 68 Perpetuus, scribe 222 marriage law/custom 110, 113, 120 Peter Barsymes, Byzantine official 90–91 perceptions of non-Roman world 24–25, Petersfinger (Wilts.) 302 30–31, 35, 41–42, 44–45, 47 Philaretos, St, see Niketas, Life of Philaretos role/view of eunuchs 70–71, 72–74 Philo of Alexandria 295 see also costume; legislation Philotheos, Kleterologion 72, 74–77 Rothari, kingof the Lombards 32, 39 Photios 81, 98 Rotrud, daughter of Charlemagne 265 Piazza Armerina mosaics 55–59, 60–61, 65 Rotrudis, wife of Charles Martel 247 Pilet, Christian 168 Royal Frankish Annals 257, 259, 261, 262, 276 Pilitrudis of Bavaria 247 Rudolf of Fulda 283, 287 Pippin, kingof Aquitaine 194, 195, 267 Rufinus, see Eusebius of Caesarea

332 Index

Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay (N. France), rise to positions of power 134, 135–136; see also archaeological discoveries 181, 182 Shaghab saints 211–213 as status symbol 136–137 creation 116–117 Smith, Julia M. H. 199 cults 212–213, 241–242 Smith, R. R. R. 61 Lives of 105, 115, 211–212, 219, 225 Sockburn (Durham) 315 Salin, Edouard 179 Socrates 106–107, 295 Salsal, concubine 134 soldiers Saltman, Avrom 285, 286, 287 religious purification 215 Samonas the Arab, eunuch 79 role in migrations 174 Saxo Grammaticus 32 Sourdel, Dominique 152 Scandinavia, migrations to England from space, gendered regulation 17 314–315, 316, 321 Staurakios, (Byzantine) emperor 105, 112–113, Scholten, Helga 78 120, 258 Scott, Joan 6 Staveley (Yorks.) 315 Scott, Roger 101 Stephen the Persian, eunuch 78 sculpture, see gravestones Stilicho 51–54, 58–60, 61, 65–66, 68 Secundus of Trento 38, 37–38, 39, 41 Stone, Shelley 49 segregation Stoodley, Nick 303, 304 by gender, in church 204, 213–214 story-telling, role in Islamic literature 130–132 post-mortem, in graveyard 309–310 Strabo 25 semen, as metaphor for Divine Word 278, Suetonius 48 279, 288, 291–292, 294, 296–297, Sulpicius Severus 212 299 Sunnichildis (Swanahild), wife of Charles Martel Servat, Edmond 181–182 247–248 Servius 5 Swinhope (Lincs.) 306 Severus Alexander, (Roman) emperor 65, 71 Swithun, St 313 Sewerby (Yorks.) 302 Symeon the Logothete, Chronicle 105, 115n sexuality, history of 10–11 Shaghab (Umm al-Muqtadir/al-Shahiyya/Naìim) Tarlow, Sarah 305 13, 135–136 Tarsicia, (supposed) daughter of Blithildis 235 adminstration of son’s caliphate 148, 149–154, Terence (P. Terentius Afer) 78 160 Tertullian 62–63 biographical background 137n, 151 Thegan, Deeds of Louis the Pious 261, 262, 263, charitable works (and ‘piety’) 155–156 267–268, 276 contemporary/mediaeval accounts 143–146, Themistos, rhetoretician 106 148, 160–161 Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards 37–39, 40 downfall/death 158–159 Theoderic, kingof the Goths 186–187 financial resources 143, 157 Theodolt of Bavaria 247 financial support for regime 154–155, Theodora, St/empress, wife of Theophilos 105, 156 111, 115–117, 118 modern commentaries 148–149 Theodora, wife of Justinian I 67 Sherburn (Yorks.) 315 depiction by Prokopios 13, 84–86, 87–94, 96, Sidonius Apollinaris 254 97–100, 110–111 Sigibert, king of the Franks 224, 229 dramatic function in Prokopios 100–101 Sihtric of York 321 Theodore Krateros, eunuch 80 Sinan¯ ibn Thabit¯ 156 Theodore Studite, monastic commentator 116n skulls Theodosius I, (Byzantine) emperor 51, 61, 72, artificially deformed 182 108, 113 ethnic/regional characteristics 172, 172n Theodpert of Bavaria 247–248, 250 slaves Theodulf of Orleans 285, 286 children born to 135, 150n Theophanes, Chronographia 105, 112–113, 114, as companions/lovers 137–138 258 as investment 137n Theophano, wife of Leo VI 105, 118–119 legal/social status 134, 132–135, 136 Theophano, wife of Staurakios 105, 112–113, 120

Index 333

Theophilos, (Byzantine) emperor 80, 105, 112, Wenskus, R. 23–24 116–117 Western Europe, literature 2 Theophylact of Ochrid 82n Weston (Yorks.) 315 Theuderic I, kingof the Franks 225 Whitby (Yorks.) 321–322 Theudesinda, daughter of Radbod 250 widows, financial status 229–230 Theutberga, wife of Lothar II 269 Willibrord, abbot of Echternach 247 ‘third gender’ 16 wills 218–219, 320 eunuchs as 71, 81–82 Wilson, Lillian May 58 nuns/monks as 214 Winchester (Hants) 307, 309, 313–314 Thompson, Victoria 307, 313 wise women (sibyls) 39 Thrasamund the Vandal 41 Withorn (Dumfries.) 309 Thucydides 114 women Thumal 158 assumption of male roles 40–41; see also Thwing(Yorks.) 306 Amazons; warrior women toga 46, 47–51 as church officials 202–203, 211, 213 rejection of 62–63 as civilisinginfluence 186–188, 197 styles 51 cultural assumptions/stereotypes 107–108, Tougher, Shaun 12, 16–17, 19 160–161, 167, 168, 175–176, 183–184 Tours, Council of (567) 205 dynastic importance 238–239, 242–243, trousers 63–66 254–256; see also genealogies tunic 54–59 education 200 designs/decoration 55–58 as indicators of consort’s qualities 107–108, 112, 114–115 Ultrogotha, queen of the Franks 229 legal status 132–133 Umayyad culture/dynasty 121, 124, 126, 131, 133, overlooked by commentators 167, 185–186, 138–139 196, 196n Umm al-Muqtadir, see Shaghab ownership of property/funds 127, 228–230, Umm Mus¯ a¯ 150, 152–153, 157–158 319 Urswick (Cumbria) 309 as patrons of art/literature 222, 224n, 225, 226–227, 228–233 Valens, (Roman) emperor 106 political power 42, 42–43n, 150–154, 160–161, Vallet, Françoise 179–181 227; see also Islam Vanderbilt (Balsan), Consuelo 102–104, 105, 120 in religious life 187–192, 197 Venantius Fortunatus 201, 224, 229 role in court life 186–197 Ver, Council of (755) 231 role in ethnicity 23–24, 41 Verstrepen, Jean-Louis 285n role in handingdown traditions 37–40, 321 Vicq (N. France), archaeological discoveries 181 role in social change 129–130 Vinson, Martha 13–14, 15, 17, 258 as saints 211–213 Visigoths, (presumed) artefacts 176–179, social role 18; see also Byzantine Empire; 181–182, 183 Islam; Merovingian kingdom vizier, office of 152–153 support for religious foundations 155–156, 201–202, 228–229 Waitz, Georg 234, 245 see also nuns; widows Walafrid Strabo 263, 283 Wood, Ian 12, 13, 15, 17, 38 Waltharius (anon.) 194 Wulfetrudis, abbess of Nivelles 240–241, 242 Waratto, grandfather of Hugo 251, 252, 253 Ward, Elizabeth 264 Ya ëqub¯ Ishaq al-Nawbakht¯ı 159 Warnebertus reliquary 220–221 Yaqut¯ 133n, 138n warrior women York 311–312, 315 archaeological evidence 31–32, 33–34 historical accounts 30–31, 36 Zeiß, Hans 167n as transgression of natural order 32–36 Zenobia of Palmyra 24 weaponry 170–171; see also grave goods Zoe Karbonopsina, (Byzantine) empress 79 Welf, count (father of Judith) 261 Zubayda 134, 144, 147, 155, 160