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Status of Loach Minnow in the Black River Drainage, Arizona Final

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Status of Loach Minnow in the Black River Drainage, Arizona Final & Status of Loach Minnow in the Black River Drainage, Arizona Final Report to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Phoenix Area Office P.O. Box 9980 Phoenix AZ 85068-0980 Submitted by Paul C. Marsh Arizona State University Center for Environmental Studies Tempe AZ 85287-3211 In Fulfillment of Federal Grant 6-FG-32-00710 24 March 1997 Black River, located in Apache and Greenlee counties in eastern Arizona, joins with White River to form the Salt River. Black River is formed by East and West Forks of the Black River, which have headwaters originating near 9,000 and 11,000 feet (2743 and 3353 m) elevation, respectively. The stream drains portions of the Apache- Sitgreaves National Forests, Fort Apache (White Mountain) Indian Reservation, and private lands. The Black River system contains six native fish species: Apache trout ( Oncorhynchus apache) historically present and recently reintroduced to the system (Gee 1938, Anonymous 1988, Stephenson 1988), roundtail chub ( Gila robusta), speckled dace ( Rhinichthys osculus), loach minnow ( Tiaroga cobitis) discovered in 1996 (Bagley et al 1996), Sonora sucker ( Catostomus insignis), and desert sucker ( Pantosteus dark). Black River also is inhabited by six non-native species: rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), Apache x rainbow trout hybrid (0. apache x 0. mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus font/nails), fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas), and smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomiew). Black River is managed as a trout fishery (Arizona Game and Fish Department 1995, Stephenson 1988) and historically has been stocked with non-native species. Recent stockings have included federally threatened, native Apache trout. Stream renovations and surveys have typically revolved around trout management. METHODS Our objective was to do a conduct a general fisheries survey of the area (i.e., Black River drainage on land administered by the Apache -Sitgreaves National Forests) to get an idea of fish species diversity and relative abundance. Early in the field studies we discovered a new population of federally threatened loach minnow. Our efforts thus became more focused toward documenting where loach minnow occurred within the Black River system. The sampling area was expanded and riffle habitats preferred by loach minnow were targeted. Fishes were captured by gill net, trammel net, dip net, seine, battery or gas powered backpack electrofisher, and angling, with various methods applied as appropriate to specific habitats. Four collecting trips were made during the periods 10-14 June, 04-06 July, 22-26 July, and 05-08 August 1996 (Appendix A, Figs. 1-7). Fishes were identified to species, enumerated, and released. Voucher specimens were fixed in 10% formatin, later transferred into 70% ethanol and deposited with the Arizona State University (ASU) Museum, Tempe. Twenty-five loach minnow were frozen on dry ice for genetic analysis. AS U holds state and federal scientific collecting permits, which authorize the above activities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fish collections were made at 47 locations on 24 streams during 1996. A total of 12 fish species was captured, including six native and six non-native species (Table 1, Appendix A). Of special interest was the discovery of a new population of leach minnow collected in the North Fork of the East Fork of the Black River near Three Forks. Federally threatened loach minnow is known to occur at about a dozen different locations within the United States (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). We found loach minnow common throughout more than 2.25 miles (3.6 km) of stream, from 0.25 mile (0.4 km) above Three Forks and downstream to at least 0.50 mile (0.8 km) above Open Draw (Appendix A, Figs. 1 and 7). Ironically, this area was targeted during one of the first stream renovations in Arizona (Rinne and Turner 1991). The North Fork of the East Fork of Black River was poisoned with rotenone in 1958 from Crosby Crossing to Diamond Rock Lodge to enhance the trout fishery by removing "rough fish." The nearest loach minnow population within the Black River watershed is located more than 130 miles (208 km) downstream in White River. In addition to this expansive distance, large populations of non-native, piscivorous smallmouth bass and several species of trout inhabiting Black River make it unlikely that loach minnow migrated upstream from White River, at least within recent times. Based on genetic analysis of 25 individuals, the Black River loach minnow population is distinct from all other populations (White River population has not been analyzed) (unpublished data, C. Alana Tibbets, AS U). Roundtail chub was locally abundant in Black River near Forest Service Road (FSR) 25 ( Appendix A, Figs. 1 and 3). Although an early report documented its presence near Three Forks (Gee 1938), we did not encounter the species there in 1996. It seems likely that roundtail chub has been eliminated from upper reaches by introduced trouts, and further downstream by smallmouth bass. Downstream from FSR 25 to the Fort Apache Indian Reservation boundary there seemed to be an area where trouts were less abundant and smallmouth bass was not established in large numbers. It was in this area that roundtail chub was found, and appeared represented by a reproducing population. Federally threatened Apache trout and Apache x rainbow trout hybrids were encountered at several locations (Table 1). Apache trout recovery efforts have included ongoing efforts to eliminate hybrids and reintroduce pure native stocks (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1978). Rainbow trout have direct access to both streams in which we collected pure Apache trout thus, the future of these Apache trout populations seems precarious because of the potential for hybridization with the non-native species. Three other native species, speckled dace, Sonora sucker, and desert sucker were common throughout much of the study area (Table 1, Appendix A). Brown trout was the most frequently encountered non-native fish species (Table 1). It was collected from both the upper (headwaters of the East and West forks) and lower (Black River near the Fort Apache Indian Reservation boundary) reaches of our study area, and was common in between (Fig. 1). Rainbow trout was found in 6 streams but 3 was never abundant (Table 1, Appendix A). Brook trout was collected only from Boneyard Creek (Table 1), where it was locally abundant. Fathead minnow was collected in high elevation headwaters of the North Fork of the East Fork of the Black River and in Open Draw (Table 1). Smallmouth bass was encountered only in the downstream most 2 miles (3.2 km) of Black River, upstream of the Fort Apache Indian Reservation boundary. Because only spot samples were taken above this reach, the species may have occurred upstream as far as Buffalo Crossing but escaped our detection. RECOMMENDATIONS Black River is home to 6 native fish species, including two that are federally listed as threatened, and thus plays an important role in the future of southwestern native fishes. As such, it needs to be managed and monitored accordingly. It is important to know the extent of the Black River loach minnow population. The species known to occur at least from 0.25 mile (0.4 km) above Three Forks to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) above Open Draw (Fig. 7, Appendix A). We did not encounter loach minnow 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream of Crosby Crossing, but there is a 3 mile reach of river above Three Forks that has not been sampled. Likewise, at the lower end there is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of river in the Open Draw area that has not been examined (Fig. 5). Identification of all leach minnow populations is a priority 1 task in the species' Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). Predacious fish such as trout can have a detrimental impact on loach minnow populations. Therefore, future trout stockings should not occur in areas that will jeopardize this federally protected species. Curtailing introductions of non-native fishes into loach minnow habitat is a priority 1 task in the species' Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). Roundtail chub and smallmouth bass were collected near 4 the lower end of our study area, however, sampling above this area was limited. It would be useful to know the upstream limit of these fish species. Of critical importance is cooperation and support of the Fort Apache Indian Tribe, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and the United States Forest Service towards mutual recovery of threatened fishes. Consolidation of field data will give us a better picture of species distribution as well as indicate areas that need to be surveyed more extensively. The White River population is the only one that has not been looked at genetically. Specimens from this population would be invaluable in providing the final piece to the loach minnow puzzle. Determination of genetic characteristics of existing loach minnow populations is a priority 1 task in the species' Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The initial draft of this document was prepared by Brian E. Bagley (ASU); he and Robert W. Clarkson (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation), Dean K. Foster, Gary Schiffmiller, Patricia A. Sowka (ASU), and Terry Meyers (U.S. Forest Service) participated in field operations. Permits were issued by Arizona Game and Fish Department and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5 LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1988. Fisheries and riparian habitat improvement for the Apache- Sitgreaves National Forests. Implementation plan. Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests and Arizona Game and Fish Departnient, Pinetop. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1995. Wildlife 2000 strategic plan. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. Bagley, B.E., G.H. Schiffmiller, P.A. Sowka and P.C.
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