Thomisidae of the Ames Region
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A Checklist of the Non -Acarine Arachnids
Original Research A CHECKLIST OF THE NON -A C A RINE A R A CHNIDS (CHELICER A T A : AR A CHNID A ) OF THE DE HOOP NA TURE RESERVE , WESTERN CA PE PROVINCE , SOUTH AFRIC A Authors: ABSTRACT Charles R. Haddad1 As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) in conserved areas, arachnids Ansie S. Dippenaar- were collected in the De Hoop Nature Reserve in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The Schoeman2 survey was carried out between 1999 and 2007, and consisted of five intensive surveys between Affiliations: two and 12 days in duration. Arachnids were sampled in five broad habitat types, namely fynbos, 1Department of Zoology & wetlands, i.e. De Hoop Vlei, Eucalyptus plantations at Potberg and Cupido’s Kraal, coastal dunes Entomology University of near Koppie Alleen and the intertidal zone at Koppie Alleen. A total of 274 species representing the Free State, five orders, 65 families and 191 determined genera were collected, of which spiders (Araneae) South Africa were the dominant taxon (252 spp., 174 genera, 53 families). The most species rich families collected were the Salticidae (32 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.), Gnaphosidae (21 spp.), Araneidae (18 2 Biosystematics: spp.), Theridiidae (16 spp.) and Corinnidae (15 spp.). Notes are provided on the most commonly Arachnology collected arachnids in each habitat. ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute Conservation implications: This study provides valuable baseline data on arachnids conserved South Africa in De Hoop Nature Reserve, which can be used for future assessments of habitat transformation, 2Department of Zoology & alien invasive species and climate change on arachnid biodiversity. -
Honey Bees Tune Colony and Individual Foraging to Multi-Predator Presence and Food Quality
Fearful Foragers: Honey Bees Tune Colony and Individual Foraging to Multi-Predator Presence and Food Quality Ken Tan1,2*, Zongwen Hu2, Weiwen Chen2, Zhengwei Wang2, Yuchong Wang2, James C. Nieh3 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China, 2 Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China, 3 Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Abstract Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55–79% and residence times by 17–33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. -
Untangling the Web… Spiders in Arizona Fields! Ayman Mostafa, Lydia M
Untangling the Web… Spiders in Arizona Fields! Ayman Mostafa, Lydia M. Brown, Tim Vandervoet, Peter C. Ellsworth (University of Arizona), Vonny Barlow (University of California) & Steven E. Naranjo (USDA-ARS, ALARC) Spiders are beneficial inhabitants of agricultural fields because of Lygus nymph prey their important contributions to biological control of pest insects, consuming tons of small arthropods every year. Spiders eat anything they can catch, even prey larger than themselves. When they are abundant, they contribute to the control of many insect pests in A Arizona crop fields including whiteflies, Lygus bugs, fleahoppers, Leafhopper and lepidopteran larvae. Field studies in Arizona demonstrate that the prey B crab spider, Misumenops celer (Family Thomisidae, Fig. 1A, B) and Dictyna spider, Dictyna reticulata (Family Dictynidae, Fig. 1C, D) are common in Arizona cotton fields and can be influential predators. Unlike other spiders that spin webs to capture their food, crab spiders rely on stealth and surprise. They actively search plant surfaces, litter, and debris for prey. They hide in flowers or foliage and ambush their prey. Their common name derives from the fact that they look like and walk like crabs. Dictyna are small, brownish, web-making E spiders that trap whitefly adults and other insects in their webs (Fig. 1C). Examining their webs enables easy identification of what D species of whitefly are in the field (sweetpotato or banded-winged). C Jumping spiders (Family Salticidae, Fig. 1E) are generally less abundant in cotton fields but, like crab spiders, ambush their prey. They have stout bodies and long front legs adapted for jumping, as well as four pairs of eyes with one very large set in the middle of their face. -
Diptera, Milichiidae and Chloropidae )
1995. The Journal of Arachnology 23 :212–21 4 CHEMICAL ATTRACTION OF MALE CRAB SPIDERS (ARANEAE, THOMISIDAE) AND KLEPTOPARASITIC FLIES (DIPTERA, MILICHIIDAE AND CHLOROPIDAE ) After the first day of a study testing the at- ticus females were caught, and one Xysticus in- traction of scavenging flies (Diptera, Milichiidae dividual was caught in a control trap . Xysticus and Chloropidae) to defensive chemicals of true spp . from Field 2 were grouped because we coul d bugs (Heteroptera), it was apparent that males not reliably separate the species ; however, 15 out of one type of crab spider (Thomisidae) were also of the 25 specimens determined were X. aucti- attracted to the chemical treatments . Therefore, ficus. Again, the attraction to (E)-2-octenal was the original goal of the study was abandoned in greater, but not significantly so, than to (E)-2- 1993 in favor of a full-time investigation of spi- decenal (Table 1, P = 0 .35). der attraction . In order to determine if other compounds were Traps were constructed of transparent cylin- involved in spider attraction or if the know n drical containers (20.2 x 19.7 cm; Tri-State attractants acted synergistically, additional set s Molded Plastic, Dixson, Kentucky) by cutting of traps were deployed in Field 2 baited in a two 9-cm diameter holes in opposite sides, and similar manner with (E)-2-octenoic acid, octan- covering each hole with an inwardly projecting oic acid, 1-octanol, (E)-2-octenal/(E)-2-decena l screen funnel (Aldrich et al . 1984). On 8 June (1 :1 blend), (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-decenal ace - 1993, nine traps were hung from stakes in a 0 .9 tate, and (E)-2-hexenal butyrate (Aldrich Chem - ha fallow field 10 m apart in contact with foliage ical Co ., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; or Bedoukian (mixed grasses, goldenrod, and bush-clover), al- Research, Inc.). -
A Summary List of Fossil Spiders
A summary list of fossil spiders compiled by Jason A. Dunlop (Berlin), David Penney (Manchester) & Denise Jekel (Berlin) Suggested citation: Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2010. A summary list of fossil spiders. In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html Last udated: 10.12.2009 INTRODUCTION Fossil spiders have not been fully cataloged since Bonnet’s Bibliographia Araneorum and are not included in the current Catalog. Since Bonnet’s time there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the spider fossil record and numerous new taxa have been described. As part of a larger project to catalog the diversity of fossil arachnids and their relatives, our aim here is to offer a summary list of the known fossil spiders in their current systematic position; as a first step towards the eventual goal of combining fossil and Recent data within a single arachnological resource. To integrate our data as smoothly as possible with standards used for living spiders, our list follows the names and sequence of families adopted in the Catalog. For this reason some of the family groupings proposed in Wunderlich’s (2004, 2008) monographs of amber and copal spiders are not reflected here, and we encourage the reader to consult these studies for details and alternative opinions. Extinct families have been inserted in the position which we hope best reflects their probable affinities. Genus and species names were compiled from established lists and cross-referenced against the primary literature. -
The Effects of Native and Non-Native Grasses on Spiders, Their Prey, and Their Interactions
Spiders in California’s grassland mosaic: The effects of native and non-native grasses on spiders, their prey, and their interactions by Kirsten Elise Hill A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Joe R. McBride, Chair Professor Rosemary G. Gillespie Professor Mary E. Power Spring 2014 © 2014 Abstract Spiders in California’s grassland mosaic: The effects of native and non-native grasses on spiders, their prey, and their interactions by Kirsten Elise Hill Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Policy Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Joe R. McBride, Chair Found in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, small in size and able to occupy a variety of hunting niches, spiders’ consumptive effects on other arthropods can have important impacts for ecosystems. This dissertation describes research into spider populations and their interactions with potential arthropod prey in California’s native and non-native grasslands. In meadows found in northern California, native and non-native grassland patches support different functional groups of arthropod predators, sap-feeders, pollinators, and scavengers and arthropod diversity is linked to native plant diversity. Wandering spiders’ ability to forage within the meadow’s interior is linked to the distance from the shaded woodland boundary. Native grasses offer a cooler conduit into the meadow interior than non-native annual grasses during midsummer heat. Juvenile spiders in particular, are more abundant in the more structurally complex native dominated areas of the grassland. -
Biodiversity and Community Structure of Spiders in Saran, Part of Indo-Gangetic Plain, India
Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, December 2015. Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 121-129 AJCB: FP0062 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP 2015 Biodiversity and Community structure of spiders in Saran, part of Indo-Gangetic Plain, India N Priyadarshini1*, R Kumari1, R N Pathak1, A K Pandey2 1Department of Zoology, D. A. V. College, J. P. University, Chhapra, India 2School of Environmental Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India (Accepted November 21, 2015) ABSTRACT Present study was conducted to reveals the community structure and diversity of spider species in different habitat types (gardens, crop fields and houses) of Saran; a part of Indo – Gangetic Plain, India. This area has very rich diversity of flora and fauna due to its climatic conditions, high soil fer- tility and plenty of water availability. The spiders were sampled using two semi-quantitative methods and pitfall traps. A total of 1400 individual adult spiders belonging to 50 species, 29 genera and 15 families were recorded during 1st December 2013 to 28th February 2014. Spider species of houses were distinctive from other habitats it showed low spider species richness. The dominant spider fami- lies were also differs with habitat types. Araneidae, Pholcidae and Salticidae were the dominant spi- der families in gardens, houses and crop fields respectively. Comparison of beta diversity showed higher dissimilarity in spider communities of gardens and houses and higher similarity between spi- der communities of crop fields and gardens. We find that spiders are likely to be more abundant and species rich in gardens than in other habitat types. Habitat structural component had great impact on spider species richness and abundance in studied habitats. -
Mimicry and Camouflaging Spiders
Antelope Island Spider Festival Mimicry and Camouflaging Spiders In the natural world mimicry is a phenomenon These spiders will mimic ants in several encountered frequently in the natural world, different ways. Anything from moving in the and the world of spiders is no exception. same fashion as ants to even having altered body shapes. One species, Castianeira Mimicry can be used by one organism to avoid longipalpa (kass-tee-uh-NEE-ruh lon-jih-PAHL- predation by puh), even goes so far as to wave around its looking or front two legs like antennae. acting similar to a more For the most part spiders in the Corinnidae dangerous family don’t spin a web with the exception of a organism. Such small shelter, called a sac, to rest in underneath as with the a log or rock or in the leaf litter when they scarlet king aren’t hunting for food or looking for mates. snake, which is Corinnidae spiders tend to prey on smaller harmless, and insects. Some common prey items include ants, the eastern ant larvae, leaf or tree hoppers, fruit flies, and coral snake, micro moths. which is highly venomous. Another phenomenon found frequently in the natural world is camouflage, and once again Mimicry can also be used aggressively, as in a spiders utilize this as well. predator resembling its prey, or a parasite its host. There are several examples of spiders Camouflage can be used by an organism to performing this kind of mimicry. blend in with its background to avoid predation. It can also be used by an ambush There are at least two families of spiders with predator to blend in with the background so members that practice mimicry. -
Note on Suspected Brown Recluse Spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) in South Carolina
Faculty Research Note Note on Suspected Brown Recluse Spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) in South Carolina Robert J. Wolff* South University, 9 Science Court, Columbia, SC 29203 The general public believes that brown recluse spiders (Loxosceles Filistatidae (Kukulcania hibernalis) 22 specimens reclusa) are widespread where they live and that these spiders are Lycosidae 21 (3 in one package, 5 in another) frequent causes of bites resulting in dermonecrosis. Research over the Pholcidae 17 past twenty years shows these reports to be unfounded. Vetter (2005) Miturgidae 8 examined 1,773 specimens sent in from across the U.S. as brown recluse Theridiidae 8 spiders and no specimens were found from areas outside the species Agelenidae 7 range, with the exception of a specimen from California. Araneidae 6 Clubionidae 6 The reported range of the brown recluse spider includes all or major Thomisidae 6 portions of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Tennessee, Gnaphosidae 4 Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. Minor portions of the brown Corinnidae 3 recluse range were previously reported in Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, New Philodromidae 3 Mexico, North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina. The most recent Amaurobiidae 1 map (Vetter, 2015) does not include South Carolina, and only the far Pisauridae 1 western tip of North Carolina and northwestern corner of Georgia. Scytodidae (Scytodes thoracica) 1 Unidentifiable 4 Schuman and Caldwell (1991) found that South Carolina physicians reported treating 478 cases of brown recluse spider envenomations in 1990 alone. This seems like a very high number, unfortunately all or No brown recluses were identified from the specimens obtained in this almost all of these are probably not brown recluse spider bites. -
World Spider Catalog (Accessed 4 January 2020) Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833
World Spider Catalog (accessed 4 January 2020) Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833 Gen. Bassaniana Strand, 1928 Bassaniana floridana (Banks, 1896) AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NJ, OH, SC, TX, VA Bassaniana utahensis (Gertsch, 1932) AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, PQ, SK; AK, AZ, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, MA, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, ND, NH, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI Bassaniana versicolor (Keyserling, 1880) ON; AL, AR, AZ, CT, FL, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NE, NM, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, TX, VA, WI, WV Gen. Bucranium O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 Bucranium sp. undescribed TX Gen. Coriarachne Thorell, 1870 Coriarachne brunneipes Banks, 1893 AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, PQ, SK; AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, NV, OR, WA, WY Gen. Diaea Thorell, 1869 Diaea livens Simon, 1876 CA Diaea seminola Gertsch, 1939 FL Gen. Mecaphesa Simon, 1900 Mecaphesa aikoae (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa asperata (Hentz, 1847) AB, BC, MB, ON, PQ, SK; AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, RI, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI Mecaphesa californica (Banks, 1896) CA, CO, TX, UT Mecaphesa carletonica (Dondale & Redner, 1976) ON, PC; IN, TX Mecaphesa celer (Hentz, 1847) AB, BC, SK; AL, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, KS, LA, MA, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, TX, UT, VA, WA, WY Mecaphesa coloradensis (Gertsch, 1933) AZ, CO, TX, UT Mecaphesa deserti (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa devia (Gertsch, 1939) CA Mecaphesa dubia (Keyserling, 1880) AZ, CA, FL, KS, LA, MS, OK, TX Mecaphesa gabrielensis (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa importuna (Keyserling, 1881) CA Mecaphesa importuna belkini (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa lepida (Thorell, 1877) CA, UT Mecaphesa lowriei (Schick, 1970) CA Mecaphesa quercina (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa rothi (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa schlingeri (Schick, 1965) CA Mecaphesa sierrensis (Schick, 1965) BC Mecaphesa verityi (Schick, 1965) CA Gen. -
Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia II: the Native Forests and Dry Habitats of Madeira Archipelago (Madeira and Porto Santo Islands)
Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e47502 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47502 Data Paper Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia II: The native forests and dry habitats of Madeira archipelago (Madeira and Porto Santo islands) Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte‡,§, Mário Boieiro ‡, Pedro Cardoso§,|,‡, Rui Carvalho ‡, Luís Carlos Fonseca Crespo¶,§, Rosalina Gabriel‡, Nuria Macías Hernández§,#, Octávio S. Paulo¤, Fernando Pereira‡, Carla Rego‡, Alejandra Ros-Prieto‡«, Isamberto Silva , Ana Vieira¤, François Rigal »,‡, Paulo A. V. Borges‡,˄ ‡ CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal § LIBRe – Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland | IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland ¶ Biodiversity Research Institute UB, Departament Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Arthropods), Barcelona, Spain # Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ¤ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Lisbon, Portugal « Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza, Funchal, Portugal » Environment and Microbiology Team, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France ˄ IUCN - SSC Mid-Atlantic Island Invertebrates Specialist -
SA Spider Checklist
REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region.