Breeding Atlas

Figure 1: Quail © Alan Hopkins

San Francisco Field Ornithologist’s Home Page http://www.sffo.org All material ©2001-2003 San Francisco Field Ornithologists. Additional portions may also be copyrighted by the individuals who generated those portions. Last Revised 1 June 2003

Table of Contents

Table of Contents Table of Contents...... 2 Table of Tables ...... 9 Table of Figures ...... 10 Acknowledgements...... 15 The Evolution of Natural ...... 16 Water and Wetlands ...... 16 Pre-colonial Flora...... 18 Pre-colonial Fauna ...... 21 What Happened?...... 23 Present Day Natural History of San Francisco ...... 27 Urbanization...... 27 Plant communities...... 27 Mixed Evergreen Forest ...... 27 Oak Woodland and Oak Savannah...... 28 Bishop Pine Forest ...... 28 Coast Redwood Forest...... 28 Grassland ...... 28 Coastal Beach–Dune Vegetation...... 28 Northern Coastal Scrub ...... 30 Chaparral...... 31 Coastal Salt Marsh...... 31 Coastal Riparian Forest ...... 32 Freshwater Marsh...... 33 Urban Forest...... 34 Exotic plants...... 34 Topography...... 34 Climate ...... 35 Geology and soils...... 36 Additional fauna...... 37 San Francisco Geography...... 40 Atlas Methodology...... 42

Table of Contents

Atlas Results ...... 54 Relative Distribution of Species ...... 54 Relative Abundance of Species ...... 56 Species Diversity...... 57 Highlights ...... 58 Composition of Avifauna ...... 59 A Note on Dates...... 60 Additional Breeding Records...... 60 Conservation Applications of this Atlas...... 66 Identification of Breeding Bird Species of Special Concern...... 66 American Peregrine Falcon ...... 68 California Least Tern...... 68 Bank Swallow ...... 68 Identification of Habitats of Special Concern...... 68 Northern Coastal Scrub ...... 71 Mixed Evergreen Forest ...... 72 Freshwater Marsh...... 7DRAFT 2 Valley Grassland ...... 72 Coastal Riparian Forest ...... 72 Species Accounts ...... 73 Grebes Podicipedidae ...... 73 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps...... 73 Storm-Petrels Hydrobatidae...... 73 Leach’s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa...... 73 Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa...... 74 Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae ...... 74 Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus ...... 74 Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus...... 75 Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus ...... 76 Bitterns and Herons Ardeidae...... 77 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias...... 77 Great Egret Ardea alba ...... 77 Snowy Egret Egretta thula ...... 78

Table of Contents

Green Heron Butorides virescens ...... 78 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax ...... 78 Swans, Geese and Ducks Anatidae ...... 79 Canada Goose Branta canadensis ...... 79 Gadwall Anas strepera ...... 80 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos...... 80 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis ...... 81 Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies Accipitridae...... 81 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus...... 81 Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus...... 82 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis...... 82 Caracaras and Falcons Falconidae ...... 83 American Kestrel Falco sparverius...... 83 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus ...... 83 New World Quail Odontophoridae...... 84 California Quail Callipepla californica ...... 84 Rails, Gallinules andDRAFT Coots Rallidae...... 85 American Coot Fulica americana...... 85 Plovers and Lapwings Charadriidae ...... 85 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus ...... 85 Oystercatchers Haematopodidae...... 85 Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani...... 85 Stilts and Avocets Recurvirostridae...... 86 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus ...... 86 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana...... 87 Skuas, Gulls, Terns and Skimmers Laridae ...... 87 Western Gull Larus occidentalis...... 87 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia...... 88 Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteri ...... 89 Auks, Murres and Puffins Alcidae ...... 89 Common Murre Uria aalge...... 89 Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba ...... 90 Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus...... 91

Table of Contents

Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata...... 91 Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata ...... 92 Pigeons and Doves Columbidae...... 92 Rock Dove Columba livia ...... 92 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata ...... 92 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura...... 93 Barn Owls Tytonidae...... 93 Barn Owl Tyto alba ...... 93 Typical Owls Strigidae...... 94 Bubo virginianus...... 94 Swifts Apodidae ...... 94 White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis ...... 94 Hummingbirds Trochilidae...... 95 Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna...... 95 Allen’s Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin ...... 96 Kingfishers Alcedinidae...... 96 Belted KingfisherDRAFT Ceryle alcyon...... 96 Woodpeckers and Allies Picidae ...... 97 Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens ...... 97 Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus...... 97 Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus...... 97 Tyrant Flycatchers Tyrannidae ...... 98 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi...... 98 Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus...... 98 Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis...... 99 Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans...... 99 Shrikes Laniidae...... 100 Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus...... 100 Vireos Vireonidae...... 100 Hutton’s Vireo Vireo huttoni...... 100 Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus ...... 101 Jays, Magpies and Crows Corvidae ...... 101 Steller’s Jay Cyanocitta stelleri...... 101

Table of Contents

Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica...... 102 American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos ...... 102 Common Raven Corvus corax...... 103 Larks Alaudidae ...... 103 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris ...... 103 Swallows Hirundinidae...... 104 Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor ...... 104 Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina ...... 104 Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis...... 105 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia...... 105 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ...... 106 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica ...... 107 Titmice Paridae ...... 108 Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens...... 108 Long-tailed Tits and Bushtits Aegithalidae...... 108 Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus ...... 108 Nuthatches Sittidae...... DRAFT 109 Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis ...... 109 Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea...... 109 Creepers Certhiidae...... 109 Brown Creeper Certhia americana ...... 109 Wrens Troglodytidae...... 110 Bewick’s Wren Thryomanes bewickii...... 110 Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes ...... 110 Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris...... 111 Kinglets Regulidae ...... 112 Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa ...... 112 Solitaires, Thrushes and Allies Turdidae...... 112 Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus ...... 112 American Robin Turdus migratorius...... 112 Babblers Timaliidae...... 113 Wrentit Chamaea fasciata...... 113 Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Allies Mimidae...... 113

Table of Contents

Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos...... 113 Starlings and Allies Sturnidae...... 114 European Starling Sturnus vulgaris...... 114 Wood-Warblers Parulidae...... 114 Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata...... 114 Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia ...... 115 Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas ...... 115 Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla ...... 116 Emberizines Emberizidae...... 116 Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus...... 116 California Towhee Pipilo crissalis...... 117 Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis...... 117 Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia ...... 118 White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys...... 118 Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis...... 119 Cardinals, Grosbeaks and Allies Cardinalidae ...... 119 Black-headed GrosbeakDRAFT Pheucticus melanocephalus...... 119 Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena ...... 119 Blackbirds and Allies Icteridae...... 120 Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus...... 120 Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor ...... 120 Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta...... 121 Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus...... 121 Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus ...... 122 Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater...... 122 Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus...... 122 Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii...... 123 Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies Fringillidae ...... 123 Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus ...... 123 House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus ...... 124 Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra...... 124 Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus...... 125 Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria ...... 125

Table of Contents

American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis ...... 125 Old World Sparrows Passeridae...... 126 House Sparrow Passer domesticus...... 126 Additional Species ...... 127 Atlas Data...... 128 Literature Cited...... 143 Index...... 146

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Table of Tables

Table of Tables Table 1. Quintiles for Relative Distribution of Species ...... 54 Table 2. Relative Distribution of Species in San Francisco ...... 55 Table 3. Quintiles for Relative Abundance of Species ...... 56 Table 4. Relative Abundance of Species...... 57 Table 5. Species Diversity by Block...... 58 Table 6. Waterbird Species found possibly breeding in San Francisco...... 59 Table 7. Landbird species found possibly breeding in San Francisco ...... 60 Table 8. Additional Breeding Records for San Francisco...... 65 Table 9. Federally or California Threatened and Endangered Species...... 67 Table 10. San Francisco Threatened and Endangered Species...... 67 Table 11. Marin and San Francisco Species Diversity ...... 69 Table 12. Comparison of Species Diversity between San Francisco and Marin Counties ...... 70 Table 13. Significantly Underrepresented Species in San Francisco relative to Marin...... 71 Table 14. Complete Census Data...... 142 DRAFT

Table of Figures

Table of Figures Figure 1: California Quail © Alan Hopkins ...... 1 Figure 2: Yellow Bush Lupine © Sharon Kato ...... 18 Figure 3: California Blackberry © Sharon Kato...... 18 Figure 4: Poison Oak © Sharon Kato ...... 19 Figure 5: Brush © Sharon Kato ...... 19 Figure 6: Marsh Jaumea © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College...... 20 Figure 7: Purplespot Gilia, courtesy of Beatrice F. Howitt, California Academy of Sciences.....21 Figure 8: California Live Oak, courtesy of Beatrice F. Howitt, California Academy of Sciences ...... 27 Figure 9: Chamisso Bush Lupine © Sharon Kato ...... 29 Figure 10: Mock Heather © Sharon Kato ...... 30 Figure 11: Sticky Monkeyflower, courtesy of Dr. Samuel J. Pusateri, California Academy of Sciences ...... 30 Figure 12: California Cord Grass © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College ...... 31 Figure 13: Pickleweed (Virginia Glasswort) © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College...... 32 Figure 14: Arroyo WillowDRAFT © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College...... 32 Figure 15: California Tule © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College...... 33 Figure 16. Topography of the seafloor of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary ...... 35 Figure 17: Ekman Spiral, courtesy of OceanWorld...... 35 Figure 18: California Gray Whale, courtesy Gerald and Buff Corsi, California Academy of Sciences ...... 39 Figure 19. Mainland San Francisco County, courtesy of USGS ...... 40 Figure 20. Parks in western San Francisco, courtesy of USGS...... 41 Figure 21. Atlas Blocks...... 42 Figure 22: Western half of , courtesy of USGS ...... 42 Figure 23: Western half of North Lake Merced, courtesy of USGS ...... 43 Figure 24: Southwest quadrant of Park, courtesy of USGS...... 43 Figure 25: Northwest quadrant of , courtesy of USGS...... 44 Figure 26: Lincoln Park and surrounding area, courtesy of USGS ...... 45 Figure 27: Eastern half of South Lake Merced, courtesy of USGS...... 46 Figure 28: Southeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS...... 46

Table of Figures

Figure 29: Eastern half of North Lake Merced, Pine Lake Park and Stern Grove, courtesy of USGS...... 47 Figure 30: Northeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS...... 48 Figure 31: Presidio, and Mountain Lake, courtesy of USGS ...... 48 Figure 32: McLaren Park, courtesy of USGS...... 49 Figure 33: Candlestick SRA, Bayview Hill, Double Rock and Yosemite Creek, courtesy of USGS...... 50 Figure 34: Northern portion of McLaren Park, courtesy of USGS ...... 50 Figure 35: Bernal Heights Park, courtesy of USGS ...... 51 Figure 36: , courtesy of USGS ...... 51 Figure 37: Western tip of Treasure Island, courtesy of USGS...... 52 Figure 38. Legend for Breeding Status per Block ...... 73 Figure 39. Pied-billed Grebe Breeding Status...... 73 Figure 40. Leach’s Storm-Petrel Breeding Status...... 74 Figure 41. Ashy Storm-Petrel Breeding Status...... 74 Figure 42. Brandt’s Cormorant Breeding Status ...... 75 Figure 43. Double-crestedDRAFT Cormorant Breeding Status ...... 76 Figure 44. Pelagic Cormorant Breeding Status ...... 76 Figure 45. Great Blue Heron Breeding Status...... 77 Figure 46. Great Egret Breed...... 77 Figure 47. Snowy Egret Breeding Status ...... 78 Figure 48. Green Heron Breeding Status ...... 78 Figure 49. Black-crowned Night-Heron Breeding Status ...... 79 Figure 50. Canada Goose Breeding Status...... 80 Figure 51. Gadwall Breeding Status ...... 80 Figure 52. Mallard Breeding Status...... 80 Figure 53. Ruddy Duck Breeding Status...... 81 Figure 54. Sharp-shinned Hawk Breeding Status...... 81 Figure 55. Red-shouldered Hawk Breeding Status...... 82 Figure 56. Red-tailed Hawk Breeding Status...... 82 Figure 57. American Kestrel Breeding Status...... 83 Figure 58. Peregrine Falcon Breeding Status...... 83 Figure 59. California Quail Breeding Status ...... 84

Table of Figures

Figure 60: California Quail with chick ©2001 Alan Hopkins ...... 84 Figure 61. American Coot Breeding Status...... 85 Figure 62. Breeding Status of Killdeer...... 85 Figure 63. Black Oystercatcher with egg August 9th, 2001 ©2001 Anne McTavish ...... 86 Figure 64. Black Oystercatcher Breeding Status...... 86 Figure 65. Black-necked Stilt Breeding Status...... 87 Figure 66. American Avocet Breeding Status...... 84 Figure 67. Western Gull Breeding Status...... 88 Figure 68. Caspian Tern Breeding Status...... 89 Figure 69. Forster’s Tern Breeding Status ...... 89 Figure 70. Common Murre Breeding Status ...... 90 Figure 71: Copulating Pigeon Guillemots ©2001 Alan Hopkins...... 90 Figure 72. Pigeon Guillemot Breeding Status...... 91 Figure 73. Cassin’s Auklet Breeding Status...... 91 Figure 74. Rhinoceros Auklet Breeding Status ...... 91 Figure 75. Tufted Puffin Breeding Status ...... 92 Figure 76. Rock DoveDRAFT Breeding Status...... 92 Figure 77. Band-tailed Pigeon Breeding Status...... 93 Figure 78. Mourning Dove Breeding Status...... 93 Figure 79. Barn Owl Breeding Status ...... 94 Figure 80. Great Horned Owl Breeding Status...... 94 Figure 81. White-throated Swift Breeding Status...... 95 Figure 82. Anna’s Hummingbird Breeding Status ...... 95 Figure 83: Anna’s Hummingbird with young ©2001 Alan Hopkins ...... 95 Figure 84. Allen’s Hummingbird Breeding Status ...... 96 Figure 85. Belted Kingfisher Breeding Status...... 96 Figure 86. Downy Woodpecker Breeding Status ...... 97 Figure 87. Hairy Woodpecker Breeding Status...... 97 Figure 88. Northern Flicker Breeding Status...... 98 Figure 89. Olive-sided Flycatcher Breeding Status ...... 98 Figure 90. Western Wood-Pewee Breeding Status...... 99 Figure 91. Pacific-slope Flycatcher Breeding Status...... 99 Figure 92. Black Phoebe Breeding Status...... 100

Table of Figures

Figure 93. Loggerhead Shrike Breeding Status...... 100 Figure 94. Hutton’s Vireo Breeding Status...... 101 Figure 95. Warbling Vireo Breeding Status...... 101 Figure 96. Steller’s Jay Breeding Status ...... 102 Figure 97. Western Scrub-Jay Breeding Status ...... 102 Figure 98. American Crow Breeding Status...... 103 Figure 99. Common Raven Breeding Status ...... 103 Figure 100. Horned Lark Breeding Status...... 104 Figure 101. Tree Swallow Breeding Status...... 104 Figure 102. Violet-green Swallow Breeding Status...... 105 Figure 103. Northern Rough-winged Swallow Breeding Status ...... 105 Figure 104. Bank Swallow Breeding Status...... 105 Figure 105: Bank Swallow colony ©2001 Alan Hopkins...... 106 Figure 106. Cliff Swallow Breeding Status...... 106 Figure 107: Cliff Swallow feeding young ©2001 Alan Hopkins...... 107 Figure 108. Barn Swallow Breeding Status ...... 107 Figure 109. Chestnut-backedDRAFT Chickadee Breeding Status ...... 108 Figure 110. Bushtit Breeding Status ...... 108 Figure 111. Red-breasted Nuthatch Breeding Status...... 109 Figure 112. Pygmy Nuthatch Breeding Status ...... 109 Figure 113. Brown Creeper Breeding Status...... 110 Figure 114. Bewick’s Wren Breeding Status ...... 110 Figure 115. Winter Wren Breeding Status ...... 111 Figure 116. Marsh Wren Breeding Status...... 111 Figure 117: Marsh Wren carrying nesting material ©1999 Mark W. Eaton...... 111 Figure 118. Golden-crowned Kinglet Breeding Status...... 112 Figure 119. Swainson’s Thrush Breeding Status...... 112 Figure 120. American Robin Breeding Status...... 113 Figure 121. Wrentit Breeding Status...... 113 Figure 122. Northern Mockingbird Breeding Status ...... 114 Figure 123. European Starling Breeding Status...... 114 Figure 124. Orange-crowned Warbler Breeding Status...... 115 Figure 125. Yellow Warbler Breeding Status...... 115

Table of Figures

Figure 126. Common Yellowthroat Breeding Status...... 116 Figure 127. Wilson’s Warbler Breeding Status...... 116 Figure 128. Spotted Towhee Breeding Status ...... 117 Figure 129. California Towhee Breeding Status ...... 117 Figure 130. Savannah Sparrow Breeding Status ...... 117 Figure 131. Song Sparrow Breeding Status ...... 118 Figure 132. White-crowned Sparrow Breeding Status...... 118 Figure 133. Dark-eyed Junco Breeding Status ...... 119 Figure 134. Black-headed Grosbeak Breeding Status...... 119 Figure 135. Lazuli Bunting Breeding Status ...... 120 Figure 136. Red-winged Blackbird Breeding Status...... 120 Figure 137. Tricolored Blackbird Breeding Status...... 121 Figure 138. Western Meadowlark Breeding Status ...... 121 Figure 139. Brewer’s Blackbird Breeding Status ...... 121 Figure 140. Great-tailed Grackle Breeding Status...... 122 Figure 141. Brown-headed Cowbird Breeding Status ...... 122 Figure 142. Hooded OrioDRAFTle Breeding Status ...... 123 Figure 143. Bullock’s Oriole Breeding Status...... 123 Figure 144. Purple Finch Breeding Status...... 124 Figure 145. House Finch Breeding Status...... 124 Figure 146. Red Crossbill Breeding Status ...... 125 Figure 147. Pine Siskin Breeding Status...... 125 Figure 148. Lesser Goldfinch Breeding Status...... 125 Figure 149. American Goldfinch Breeding Status...... 126 Figure 150. House Sparrow Breeding Status...... 126

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements Suffice it to say that this atlas is a labor of love for a large number of people that have worked on it. Countless hours of fieldwork were put in by Jan Andersen, Steve Bailey, Herb Brandt, Frank Gardner, Ruth Dotie, Alan Hopkins, Les Lieurance, Mac McCormick, Joe Morlan, Dan Murphy, Peter Pyle, Mary Louise Rosegay, Ivan Samuels and Dan Singer. Without the fieldwork and resultant data, this atlas would not exist. Essential software contributions came from Joel Herr, whose software program BBAList was indispensable in the computer generation of the specific maps, and Mark Eaton for his custom software programs to analyze the results of the atlas. Without Mr. Herr’s contribution, generation of the maps would have been a Herculean task. For this document proper, Harry Fuller’s section on the Evolution of Natural History provides an indispensable baseline for the modern day San Francisco and Mark Eaton provided key input in areas of Present Day Natural History, San Francisco Geography, Atlas Results, Conservation Applications and Species Accounts of the Atlas as well as coordinating the technology used to generate the final document. Alan Hopkins and Jay Withgott provided additional information for the Present Day Natural History section. Dan Singer provided essential input for the Atlas Methodology and the Species Accounts for the individual species. Dan Singer was responsible for the overall content of the atlas and Mark Eaton provided additional editing for the atlas. The atlas was critically reviewed by Joe Morlan, Alan Hopkins, Steve Bailey, Hugh Cotter, Dan Murphy and Don Roberson.DRAFT

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco A time traveler returning to San Francisco from three hundred years ago would find only a few familiar things: the Golden Gate, the Pacific, the Bay, and perhaps the outline of Twin Peaks. Nearly everything else has undergone considerable alteration since Captain Gaspar de Portolá’s expedition first saw the Bay in 1769 and DeAnza first camped at Mountain Lake and later stood on the south side of the Golden Gate in 1776. What do we know about San Francisco before it was colonized by Spain? It is likely small Native American settlements existed in the Russian Hill area and another in the Mission District. Much of the western portion of the city was covered by sparse vegetation and windblown sand dunes. Trees were scarce. In protected areas, and east of sheltering hills, there was the usual coastal scrub with some stunted trees, mostly coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) or California buckeye (Aesculus californica). In protected areas was California laurel (Umbellularia californica). Various willows and wax-myrtle (Myriad californica) grew near fresh water streams and lakes. Yes, San Francisco once held numerous free-flowing streams and freshwater lakes.

Water and Wetlands Lake Merced was a single body of water in 1840. It fed a surface stream that entered the Pacific near the west end of today’s Sloat Boulevard according to very early maps. A stream flowing in from the southeast, now Daly City, fed Lake Merced. Pine Lake also existed,DRAFT created when blowing sand enclosed the west end of the valley which now holds Stern Grove. The Chain of Lakes (North, South and Middle) in today’s Golden Gate Park had a similar origin though originally there was a series of smaller ponds in that area. Elk Glen is also a natural lake. The area covered by Golden Gate originally contained a total of fourteen small lakes. All have been changed or destroyed by park landscaping. The Laguna Honda along today’s 7th Avenue is much changed but is an original lake as well. That narrow valley is believed to have once carried an ancient stream down from San Francisco’s higher slopes when the ocean level was much lower than it has been in recent centuries. Laguna Honda once had a sister lake near Seventh and Lawton. In today’s Presidio, spring-fed Lobos Creek existed as did nearby Mountain Lake. Even 150 years ago there was no surface connection between the two. Much of the low land east of today’s Fort Point was either lagoon or salt marsh. The southernmost extent of this shallow lagoon and marsh was near today’s intersection of Lombard and Divisadero. A remnant still exists in the pond at the in the Marina District. Another small piece has been restored at Crissy Lagoon. Flowing into that original lagoon was a spring-fed stream with three tributaries including one born at El Polin. Much of the Marina marshland was filled using rubble from the 1906 quake. North Beach was just that, and the Bay reached south of today’s Bay Street. The eastern slope of Telegraph Hill dropped straight down to a narrow, muddy strand along the cove named Yerba Buena for the mint (Satureja douglasii) that grew there in abundance. North of Rincon Point (western end of Bay Bridge is all that remains), the high tides reached to the eastern side of what is today’s Montgomery Street and further south 1st Street. There was a small saltwater lagoon

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

(Laguna Salada) near the present corner of Jackson Street and Montgomery Street. A spring-fed stream ran down to the Bay from the western slopes, following the route of today’s Sacramento Street and feeding a small freshwater lake just east of where Sacramento intersects Montgomery today. Rincon Hill formed an irregular peninsula, its highest point at First and Howard. Near Second and Mission was Happy Valley spring, used by early residents for drinking water. To the east, south and west of Rincon Hill was an expanse of marsh and mudflats fronting the Bay, covering part of what we now know as South of Market and China Basin. This marshy area ran from Third Street west to Seventh Street and extended north of today’s Folsom Street. A swamp near the present Sixth and Harrison was filled well before 1900. Running through the western portion of that marsh, the now defunct Mission Creek emptied into Mission Bay where Channel Street now runs. Mission Bay extended from Townsend (originally Town’s End) south to the eastern slopes of Portrero Hill. At Mission Creek’s upper reaches there was a shallow tidal basin near what is today bounded by Harrison Street and Shotwell Street from 17th Street to 20th Street. West of there was a sizeable lake fed by Arroyo de los Dolores, for which the nearby mission was named. Most of the lake had been filled by 1873. The spring-fed Arroyo ran down from Twin Peaks along roughly the path of 18th Street ending at the lake. A smaller creek ran into Mission Creek further north, flowing roughly along 14th Street and hitting Mission Creek near today’s Folsom Street south of 14th Street. The two most extensive salt marshes in original San Francisco were in the southeastern section. Both and Yosemite Creek had extensive tributary systems. From the west Precita Creek drained Glen Canyon. It wound down to the present route of Army Street (now César Chávez) before it joinedDRAFT Islais Creek. In 1878 the city was authorized to cover Precita Creek. Another tributary of Islais ran down the path now followed by Cayuga Avenue. The Islais Creek marsh extended as far inland as today’s intersection of Interstates 101 and 280, more than a mile from the current Bay. It is likely that Islais Creek was navigable by small boats as far west as today’s San Bruno Avenue. That marsh included the north side of Hunters Point. South of Hunters Point another large marsh surrounded the channel of Yosemite Creek, reaching the base of Bayview Hill. That marsh reached west to Third and Yosemite Streets. The southern headwaters of Yosemite Creek included a marsh and three springs that still exist on the north slope of McLaren Park. Both lakes that now exist in McLaren Park are man-made but make use of the springs and run-off from the natural marshes there. The south slope of McLaren Park ridge gives rise to springs that fed Sunnydale Creek. That stream flowed into Visitacion Valley and into what was once Visitacion Bay east of the present and south of Bayview Hill.

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

Pre-colonial Flora When Spanish explorers and other

Europeans first arrived in San Francisco they found scattered oaks, buckeye, toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), laurel, willows and wax-myrtle plus the native shrubs and smaller plants of sand dune and coastal scrub. Over the years naturalists found 120 new plants in San Francisco. The first was the yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) found by Archibald Menzies during the 1792 visit by Vancouver’s expedition. Menzies also collected a branch of the laurel (Umbellularia californica) that became the type specimen. It is believed he found the tree in the Presidio. In that same area there once thrived the silk tassel bush (Garrya elliptica), now found wild in San Francisco only at Glen Canyon. Menzies also described what he called “a dwarf species of horse chestnut” near what is today

Telegraph Hill. That DRAFTis our California buckeye (Aesculus californica). Figure 2: Yellow Bush Lupine © Sharon Kato In 1816 another Russian expedition sailed into San Francisco Bay. The naturalist, Adelbert von Chamisso, on board was the first to scientifically describe the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica). California’s state was likely first found for science in the present-day Presidio. Chamisso also noted a single live oak downhill from the Mexican Presidio, and recognized the cinquefoil (Pontentilla anserina) in bloom in October. He collected the first specimen of the wax-myrtle from a wet area within the present- day Presidio. Other plants Chamisso first Figure 3: California Blackberry collected in San Francisco include: California © Sharon Kato rose (Rosa californica), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), alkalai-heath (Frankenia salina), and the aromatic Yerba Buena (Satureja douglasii). He also found California hazel (Corylus cornuta) that turned out to be a variety of a widespread species

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

Dr. Johann von Eschscholtz visited San Francisco twice, returning in 1826. In San Francisco he collected several plants new to botanists: Chamisso bush lupine (Lupinus chamissonis), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), twinberry (Lonicera involucrata, var. ledebourii) and blue blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Coffeeberry was likely collected in the Presidio. Captain Beechey in 1826-7 noticed a small red-barked tree in the Presidio, which would have been Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii). He also refers to honeysuckle (twinberry?), canyon gooseberry (Ribes menziesii), western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), soap plant (Chlorogalum pomeridianum) and coffeeberry. His naturalist, Dr. Alexander Collie, made the first known collection of the thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in San Francisco. Early visitors noted the hills covered with the blueDRAFT blossom clusters of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. Figure 4: Poison Oak © Sharon Kato Other coastal scrub plants native to San Francisco include California buttercup (Ranunculus californicus), Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana), broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia), sticky monkey-flower (Mimulus aurantiacus), sagebrush (Artemisia californica), coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) and seaside woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum staechadifolium). Western bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and California polypody (Polypodium californicum) were two widespread ferns. The giant scouring rush (Equisetum hyemale) and giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) were found in wet spots. Poison oak was abundant, warranting mention in several early accounts. Islais Creek was named for a plant found growing along its course. The Native

American word for hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) was Figure 5: Coyote Brush © Sharon “islay.” Kato In 1846 Edwin Bryant describes a horseback ride from Mission Dolores to Portsmouth Square where he encountered scrubby evergreen oak, brambles of hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii), wild currant (Ribes sp.) and gooseberry bushes, rosebushes, briers, etc. Plants found primarily in western San Francisco’s windblown dunes included: yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), dune tansey (Tanacetum camphoratum) with its bright yellow , coyote brush, Chamisso

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco bush lupine (Lupinus chamissonis) with its purple flowers, and coastal sagewort (Artemisia pycnocephala). In the early salt marshes were salt grass (Distichlis spicata), spear oracle (Atriplex patula), pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) and gumplant (Grindelia hirsutula). One plant found in those early marshes now is apparently extirpated from San Francisco’s minimal marshland: alkalai- heath (Frankenia salina). Marsh jaumea (Jaumea carnosa) with its complex yellow flowers has returned as salt marshes have slowly emerged along some of the current San Francisco bayshore.

DRAFT

Figure 6: Marsh Jaumea © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College Running from Fort Point southeast to Hunters Point is a fault zone, marked by a band of exposed serpentine. Erosion of serpentine produces a clay-like soil that is peculiar in composition, high in magnesium and heavy metals like cobalt, chromium and iron. Also the serpentine soil is low in calcium. Plants and require special adaptations to survive on such soils. There are over 200 plant species in California found only in serpentine soils and untold species limited to the same habitats. In San Francisco the serpentine soils are found near the south end of the , below Inspiration Point where it has been exposed by a quarry, Lone Mountain and the area around the Geary Street tunnel and Portrero Hill where it caused frustration for early gardeners. In San Francisco the serpentine tolerant plants included: bent grass (Agrostis microphylla), dwarf flax (Hesperolinon congestum), purplespot gilia (Gilia clivorum), California aster (Corethrogyne californica), and a member of the sunflower family, (Hesperevax sparsiflora). Three Bay Area

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco endemics were found only on serpentine soil: Presidio clarkia (Clarkia franciscana), Franciscan manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. Franciscanum) which now survives only in cultivation and its cousin (Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii) which still survives on a Presidio serpentine outcropping.

DRAFT

Figure 7: Purplespot Gilia, courtesy of Beatrice F. Howitt, California Academy of Sciences The shores of Lake Merced would have been lined with willows and tules (Scirpus californicus, S. americanus and S. microcarpus). It is likely the oaks atop the mesa on the northeast side of Lake Merced are natives. Most of the San Francisco hills including Twin Peaks and McLaren Park ridge were grasslands with scattered shrubs. As for the islands in San Francisco Bay, Angel Island was largest and had most diverse flora, including coastal live oak, toyon, bay, madrone and buckeye. Alcatraz Island had mostly grasses and small forbs. Yerba Buena had oak and toyon, before it became a home for feral goats.

Pre-colonial Fauna There is considerable archaeological evidence of the animals that lived in San Francisco before colonization. Bones of Mule Deer, elk, Sea Otter, beaver, squirrel, rabbit, gopher, woodrat, , badger, skunk, bobcat, Grizzly Bear and Black Bear, seals and sea lions, Common

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

Dolphin, wolf and numerous fish have all been found in refuse piles of prehistoric Native American villages around the Bay. There is sufficient evidence to believe those first Californians also ate numerous smaller , reptiles and . Numerous Native American shell mounds in San Francisco include one on the hill above . Another shell mound was found during excavations to restore some marsh and lagoon habitat at Crissy Field. Elk bones were also found buried there. Bay Area Native Americans ate oysters, clams, mussels, abalone, cockles and land snails. Before the Spaniards arrived in the 18th Century, Bay Area Native Americans had neither domestic dog nor horse. In the early 19th century hunting for quail and rabbits and common. Hunting was also possible for deer, bears, bobcat and mountain lion. Bird sightings from the same period include cormorants, grebes or loons, Anas perspicillata (Wood Duck?), Anas nigra (scoter?), and Black Oystercatcher. Sea Otters were also common. Lt. Peard—on the Beechey expedition--lists a number of animals he saw near San Francisco in 1826-7: elk, deer, bear, wolf, coyote, fox, bobcat, mountain lion, jack rabbit, cottontail. The birds he listed are: gray (brown) Pelicans, cranes, herons, geese, ducks, teal, wigeon, curlew, rail, waterhens (coot), plover, larks, wagtails (likely some shorebird), kingfishers, woodpeckers, wrens, sparrows, hummingbirds, turkey buzzards (vulture), kites, hawks, jays, “beautiful large horned owls” and “a sort of starling with red on the pinion joint (Red-winged Blackbird)”. Peard also notes, “The woods contain innumerable bevies of the crested quail or Californian Partridge (Callipepla californica).” Birds collected in San Francisco by Dr. Collie and others on the Beechey expedition: Great Horned Owl, Belted Kingfisher, Pine Siskin, Red-winged Blackbird, Least Bittern, American Avocet, SemipalmatedDRAFT Plover and Bufflehead. Collie described the Avocet as abundant in San Francisco. Beechey lists mountain lion as common, wolves and foxes as numerous, all around and dangerous to the free-range sheep, skunk, deer, elk, ground squirrel, gray squirrel, small rabbits, voles, distant from the coast and seals and “[t]he sea-otter is not an infrequent visitor in the harbour of San Francisco”, but populations declined precipitously in the early 19th century. Beechey’s list of the San Francisco birds is extensive. He includes: Great Horned-owl, Peregrine, Turkey Vulture, Kestrel, Kite, Red-winged Blackbird, Anna’s Hummingbird, Yellow-billed Magpie, Scrub Jay, California Quail, Band-tailed Pigeon, crows, plovers, snipes, sanderlings (“of several species”), Black Oystercatcher, herons, cormorant, Brown Pelican, two species of rails, curlew, finches, sparrows and buntings. Beechey tells of big flights of Brown Pelicans landing on Alcatraz Island. Appropriately, Isla de Alcatraces means “island of the pelicans.” Beechey also saw many shag (cormorant) flying across the Bay. He claims at least twenty species including teal, Mallard and American Wigeon, but his identification of waterfowl is suspect. Beechey says they found no reptiles, despite looking for rattlesnakes. Dr. Paul-Emile Botta also reached San Francisco in 1827 aboard a French trading ship. He collected a number of birds on the trip including the first Anna’s Hummingbird described by science, likely collected in San Francisco. That specimen was bought in 1846 from its French owner along with 12,000 other birds from around the globe. It is now in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

Botta‘s commander, Captain Duhaut-Cilly, collected on behalf of Botta a multitude of beautiful shore birds, several fine species of hawks and other birds of prey; magpies, blackbirds, sparrows, and several “fruit-eating” birds quite different from ours; and, a pretty species of hummingbird, perhaps the smallest that exists, with head and throat of glowing fire (Anna’s Hummingbird). The “fruit-eating” birds may have included Bullock’s Oriole, Western Tanager and Black-headed Grosbeak for an Englishman would have been familiar with members of the thrush and waxwing families. William Phelps, a sailor, who arrived in San Francisco in 1841, tells a story of a young Native American child carried off by a mountain lion. Phelps was part of a group of sailors who went ashore to hunt bear, and claims they tracked a grizzly to Mission Creek where it successfully swam away from them. William Thomes came to San Francisco on a Yankee ship in 1843, and wrote of rattlesnakes in the little village around Postsmouth Square. Thomas Farnham says the Bay was “surrounded by a country, partly wooded, and partly disposed in open glades and prairies of the richest kind, covered with the flocks and herds of the Missions, and deer, and elk, and bears.” Edward Kemble, one of California’s first newspapermen, found that the brush was the cover of coyotes and rabbits, bobcat, and sometimes larger game, and was inhabited by quail. He later refers to the howl of coyote carrying down the slopes of Russian Hill to the town below. Another report from the mid-1840s says the hills west of Rincon Point were covered with shrubby oak trees and abounded with game.

What Happened? The Native AmericansDRAFT certainly had some affect on local plants and animals. However, population density was low and California’s early residents practiced no agriculture, no irrigation, nothing to make changes on the land. When the Spanish established their first missions, they began a process of rapid, fundamental change. Starting in 1776, they released their cattle, horses, sheep and pigs into the wild. They let numerous dogs and cats run wild. The feral livestock would have made immediate changes in the oak forests and coastal scrub. By the 1800s wild cattle were abundant. Men from the Mission or Presido would often bring back several cattle from a single hunting trip. Sailors report hunting cattle on Angel Island as well as the mainland. An account from 1848 in San Francisco tells of drunken American sailors shooting at “attacking Mexicans.” The next day it became clear a band of wild horses had been galloping around Portsmouth Square in the dark. As we know the feral pigs which date back over 200 years are still about, still competing with the native animals and eating acorns, native plants and invertebrates. In addition the missions brought plants, some quickly naturalized. It is likely the feral fennel Foeniculum vulgare, radish Raphanus sativus, plum, and mustard date from those earliest mission gardens. How and when the many Old World grasses and smaller weeds arrived is hard to trace but boats, livestock and men’s boots all were likely places for botanical stowaways. However, it was the influx of trading ships and the rapid urbanization that have made the enormous changes that would confound our imaginary visitor from 300 years ago. Even before the Gold Rush ships would stop for wood, cutting the oaks, laurel and other woody plants in San Francisco. By the mid 1830’s, sailors had to go to Angel Island as conveniently located trees in San Francisco had already been taken.

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

One could not find an “islay” bush anywhere near Islais Creek today. The only known surviving native buckeye strands at 22nd Street and Pennsylvania. Native coastal live oak is found in only scattered spots like the Presidio, northeast Golden Gate Park and south of Lake Merced. Those ships brought more than people and trade, they brought rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus). In 1849 the fast-growing city suffered its first rat plague. One contemporary told of a house with a sign saying “close the door, keep out the rats.” The nocturnal rat would have been a champion egg and hatchling thief. With the Gold Rush came a strong drive to build a city and capitalize on the mining boom, San Francisco became one of the fastest growing cities in history. Englishman Frank Marryat was in California from 1849 until 1852. In June 1851, he returned to San Francisco from hunting and mining inland. After nine months, he found so many changes that the city was no longer familiar to him. The wholesale re-making of the landscape in San Francisco continued for decades. The waterfront was extended. Marshes, streams and lakes were filled. Often this was done unwisely. The filled area of a former lake (Laguna de Manantial) was the site of severe damage in the 1906 earthquake. The tremor knocked down a hotel which stood at 718 Valencia, built on unstable fill dumped in the old lake. The four-story building pancaked and sank during the quake. Residents on the three lower floors were buried by fallen debris. Then the hole filled with water. Later the whole neighborhood burned. One recent quake history indicates over 200 people may have died there in the Valencia Street Hotel. In 1989 a quake severely damaged some buildings in the Marina District, all built on what was once marsh or shallow water. Large sand-hills wereDRAFT flattened, lowlands filled in, rock hillsides quarried for streets and construction. A seawall was built along Ocean Beach to hold back the blowing sands. Starting in the 1870s Golden Gate Park was landscaped, planted and irrigated introducing new plants, new habitats and covering the dunes. In the late 1800s the Army planted forests of eucalyptus, cypress and Monterey Pines across much of the Presidio. Intense hunting would have immediately affected animals like the sea otter, elk, deer, bear and birds. Commercial egg gathering was rampant. The easiest targets were colonial seabirds nesting on accessible rocks, including the distant Farallones. It is likely the population of most locally nesting ducks were wiped out by hunting and habitat destruction. The Harlequin Duck once bred in mountain streams of California. There is evidence the Green-winged Teal, Gadwall, Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail, Wood Duck, Lesser Scaup and Ruddy Duck were once common breeders in the appropriate habitat in central California. The city and bay were both over-hunted and over-fished, and likely the Bay oyster so popular in Jack London’s youth succumbed to a combination of over-collecting and pollution. Heron and egret populations across America nearly disappeared in the late 1800s due to large- scale commercial hunting. Adult birds were shot during the breeding season so their fine plumes could be used in women’s hats. Often nestlings were left to starve after their parents were killed and skinned. Banning of the feather trade was the first great victory of the young Audubon Society before 1920. There was also deliberate persecution of some and bird species. The native fox, wolf and coyote would have been hated by early settlers and shot on sight. Many large birds suffered equally. Hawks, vultures and corvids were often shot as “varmits”. A major ammunition

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco manufacturer organized a national crow hunt in 1919. Golden Gate Park for years employed a professional hunter to shoot all hawks and corvids on sight. It was only in last third of the 20th Century that Common Ravens, American Crows and Steller’s Jays re-established breeding populations in San Francisco. Habitat disappearance would have driven out or diminished dozens of other animal and plant species. Most of San Francisco’s surface is now covered with pavement or buildings. Oak forest and coastal scrub birds like the Western Scrub-Jay, Yellow-billed Magpie, California Quail, Spotted Towhee and Wrentit are now uncommon or extirpated in San Francisco. Nuttall’s Woodpecker, Oak Titmouse, California Thrasher may have lived in some of the scrub oak. There are early records of California Thrasher and Oak Titmouse in San Francisco. If the Acorn Woodpecker once lived here, wood burning by the early settlers would have decimated their required habitat in short order. There is no record of nesting Acorn Woodpeckers in San Francisco though all surrounding counties still have breeding populations. Most springs and streams were imprisoned into the sewer system. Only stream remnants remain such as Lobos Creek and in . Thus the number and variety of riparian-nesting birds is greatly reduced in San Francisco. The beaches and marshes are greatly diminished and heavily used by people. Grasslands are nearly gone. Snowy Plover, Northern Harrier, Green Heron, Snowy Egret, Burrowing Owl, Loggerhead Shrike, rails, Least and American Bittern and American Kestrel are birds that likely were common in old San Francisco. We have direct evidence that the Avocet was once common. In restoring a small amountDRAFT of marsh, fore dune and lagoon at Crissy Field, over fifty native dune plants were put in. Some native species actually have regenerated from long buried earth. Snowy Egret, Great Egret, Belted Kingfisher and diving ducks are among the species that have returned to Crissy Lagoon. Another major change in San Francisco is the widespread dominance of exotic plants. Once common San Francisco plants like California buckeye, scrub oak, silk tassel, laurel and Ceanothus are gone or present in remnants. The Monterey Pine and Monterey Cypress were not here originally. Both were brought up the coast from Monterey. All the world’s Monterey Cypress are descendants of the two relict populations found at the mouth of the Carmel River in the 1800s. The eucalyptus species that are so varied and prevalent all come from Australia, some arriving here in the 1860s. Australian Acacia species also proved popular and successful. Many smaller shrubs and trees are from South Africa where a Mediterranean climate also exists. Both intentionally and accidentally naturalized plants have altered the habitat. Some flowering eucalyptus trees, mature evergreens, seed or berry-bearing exotics seem to invite and nourish native birds. Other plants seem to be sterile habitat, at best. The members of the seafig (Azioaceae) family  includes “iceplants” (Aptenia cordifolia, Carpobrotus edulis)  are an example of Old World exotics that are rampant, creating habitat that supports little additional life. Other invasive exotics that thrive in San Francisco include: Albizia lophanta, cheatgrass or wild oats (Bromus tectorum), star thistles (Centaurea sp.), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata), brooms (Cytisus sp.), German ivy (Delairea odorata), English ivy (Hedera helix) and Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor). The latter is a favorite food and shelter source for rats.

The Evolution of Natural History of San Francisco

The altered landscape has been helpful to some small predators. The native raccoon and skunk have adapted well to San Francisco living. The opossum has moved in as well. The Red Fox and feral housecats are also serious predators of birds and other small native animals. The California Quail is a ground nester so its tiny surviving population in San Francisco is a target of these various predators. Our other ground-nesting is the Dark-eyed Junco. Landscaping, gardening and irrigation created new habitats. The American Robin was once only a winter bird in San Francisco. The first summer breeding here was noted in 1916. San Francisco’s first Mockingbird was recorded in the 1932. The Hooded Oriole is another natural immigrant, moving up the coast from Southern California as Washingtonia fan palms were widely planted. The Canada Goose is a bird that apparently did not nest in the Bay Area 200 years ago. Perhaps the most unfortunate natural immigrant is the Brown-headed Cowbird, which arrived in the Bay Area around 1922 from further south. Naturalized birds have had varied effects: the most importunate being the House Sparrow, first deliberately brought to San Francisco in the 1870s, and the European Starling which was rare here until the 1950s. The Rock Dove has been for an unrecorded length of time. Our feral parrots date from the 1980s. One area of change is barely understood or studied: the effect of night lighting on birds and their predators. In addition there are gradual climate changes. San Francisco is warmer now than it used to be due to heat leakage from buildings. The city is also in a wet period with rainfall averaging 2-3” more annually than it was in the early 1900s. How will these factors affect the survival of our native species? Here are some concrete examples of how international habitat and local landscaping changes have altered the local mix of bird species. The 1930 San Francisco Christmas Count had 3 American White Pelicans,DRAFT 103 White-winged Scoter, 859 Canvasbacks, 2 American Bittern (one in Golden Gate Park!), 242 California Quail (most in Golden Gate Park), 15 Bewick’s Wren (7 in Golden Gate Park), 20 Spotted Towhee (mostly in Golden Gate Park), 16 Common Yellowthroat (most at Lake Merced), 3 Wrentit (Merced), 23 Band-tailed Pigeon (Golden Gate Park), 9 Tundra Swan (Merced), 1 Downy Woodpecker, 1 Red-tailed Hawk, 3 American Robins. The following birds were missing from the 1930 CBC: Common Loon, Great Egret, Snowy Egret, Black Oystercatcher, Red-shouldered Hawk, Mourning Dove, Winter Wren, Red-breasted and Pygmy Nuthatches, Brown Creeper, Townsend’s Warbler, American Crow, Common Raven, Steller’s Jay, Say’s Phoebe, California Towhee, Red-winged Blackbird, Brown-headed Cowbird, Pine Siskin. As you can see, some birds are in decline here and elsewhere, while forest birds that can accept discontinuous habitat and feed in exotic plants are more prevalent now in San Francisco. Especially it is clear that robins, Red-shouldered Hawks, Downy Woodpeckers, nuthatches, Brown Creeper and other forest-edge birds are in ascendancy in much of San Francisco’s remaining open space, especially Golden Gate Park and Presidio. It remains to be seen how much coastal scrub, marshland or grassland can be restored in the Presidio, at Lake Merced, or along the Bay at Heron‘s Head or Candlestick Point and other open spaces. One purpose of this atlas is to help track the changes over time, and help man understand the changes he makes and control he exercises over the San Francisco environment. This brief history illustrates how too many of the past changes were made with no thought of the effects they would have on the plants and animals who once lived here.

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Urbanization

Plant communities

Mixed Evergreen Forest Mixed evergreen forest comprises the bulk of the remaining native plant closed canopy forest community.

Coast Live Oak–California Bay–Madrone Forest California live oak (Quercus agrifolia) forms the bulk of this remnant forest. Understory is dominated by poison oak and toyon (Shuford, 1993), but given how difficult it is to find poison oak in San Francisco, little of the understory must remain. Mixed evergreen forest has toeholds in the northeastern portion of Golden Gate Park and on Strawberry Hill, portions of the Presidio, portions of Lake Merced, in Glen Canyon, on Bayview Hill and at Pine Lake/Stern Grove (Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff, 1952). DRAFT

Figure 8: California Live Oak, courtesy of Beatrice F. Howitt, California Academy of Sciences

Tanbark Oak–Madrone–Douglas Fir Forest

Douglas Fir Forest

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Oak Woodland and Oak Savannah Oak woodland and oak savannah is open canopy in contrast to mixed evergreen forest. Oak woodland has tree cover greater than 30%; less that this is oak savannah. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) forms the bulk of the trees in this habitat. While there is no true understory, poison oak, manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.), ceanothus (Ceanothus sp.) and thistles may occur (Shuford, 1993).

Bishop Pine Forest

Coast Redwood Forest

Grassland Present day California grasslands are dominated by European perennials, which have squeezed out most of the native perennial bunch grasses, effectively removing them as a breeding habitat.

Coastal Prairie Coastal prairie is the dominant remnant native grassland in San Francisco. Typically it contains a variant of coyote brushDRAFT (B. p. pilularis) and possibly bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens). Coastal prairie flourishes in an environment with persistent summer fog (Shuford, 1993). Coastal prairie can be found in portions of the Presidio, notably above the abandoned hospital on 15th Avenue, in the Lobos Dunes restoration area, on the east slope of Mount Davidson.

Valley Grassland Valley grassland was originally dominated by the perennial bunch grass needlegrass (Stipa pulchra) and two native rye grasses Elymus glaucus and E. triticoides. However, introduction of non-native annual grasses such as wild oats (Avena fatua and A. barbata) and others have mostly forced out the native grasses (Shuford, 1993). Valley Grassland is typically found in drier portions of San Francisco, including Mount Davidson, Twin Peaks and Bayview Hill (Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff, 1952).

Serpentine Grassland Serpentine grassland is a habitat restricted to harsh serpentine soils. Small plants and stunted growth mark serpentine flora; a full discussion of the flora and the locations of this habitat in San Francisco can be found in section Pre-colonial Fauna.

Coastal Beach–Dune Vegetation Dune communities reside in the very narrow region of San Francisco immediately adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The fauna changes markedly as one works in from the breakers, reflecting changes in the amount of moisture and wind to which they are exposed (Shuford, 1993).

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Northern Beach Association The dunes near the beach are covered with low-growing perennial grasses and herbs, dominated by American dune grass (Elymus mollis), while herbs can include sea rocket (Cakile maritime), sand verbena (Abronia latifolia) and even iceplant (Carpobrotus chilense and C. edulis) (Shuford, 1993). Northern beach association can be found along portions of Ocean Beach and in the Presidio.

DRAFT

Figure 9: Chamisso Bush Lupine © Sharon Kato

Northern Dune Scrub Further from shore on more stable dunes, the plants are taller, marked by lupines (Lupinus albifrons, L. arboreus, L. rivularis, and L. chamissonis), mock heather (Haplopappus ericoides), and coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), typically forming an open canopy (Shuford, 1993). Northern dune scrub can be found in portions of the Presidio and , at Land’s End, and around Lake Merced (Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff, 1952).

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Figure 10: Mock Heather © Sharon Kato

Northern Coastal Scrub Northern coastal scrub is an herb-rich evergreen community found on the lower portions of the hills along the immediate coast in the summer fog zone. Coyote Brush-SwordDRAFT Fern Scrub Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis. ssp. consanguinea) dominates this habitat whose canopy can either be closed or open. The overstory depends on site and exposure and may be composed of poison oak, blue blossom, coffeeberry, thimbleberry and possibly cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) during the spring and summer. The understory can consist of western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), but also California blackberry (Rubus sp.), huckleberry, western bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum ssp. pubescens) and sticky monkeyflower (Mimulus aurantiacus) and Douglas iris (Shuford, 1993). This habitat can be in the Presido near Point Lobos, at Fort Point, at Fort Funston, at Lake Merced and on Mount Davidson (Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff, 1952).

Figure 11: Sticky Monkeyflower, courtesy of Dr. Samuel J. Pusateri, California Academy of Sciences

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Coastal Sage-Coyote Brush Scrub Whereas Coyote Brush-Sword Fern Scrub tends to be found on north-facing coastal slopes, this habitat is found on south-facing slopes, often with bare or rocky soil. It is dominated by coastal scrub (Artemisia californica), supplemented by coyote brush, poison oak, sticky monkeyflower and others (Shuford, 1993). Coastal sage-coyote brush scrub tends to be found in drier portions of the city including McLaren Park, Glen Canyon and Tank Hill (Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff, 1952).

Chaparral

Chamise Chaparral

Manzanita Chaparral

Mixed Chaparral

Serpentine Chaparral DRAFT Coastal Salt Marsh Coastal salt marsh is a habitat that is restricted to the tidal zone formed in shallow bays, estuaries and lagoons. Salt marsh plants are extremely sensitive to the frequency and duration of tidal flooding, and show marked differences due to very small changes in elevation. Closest to the mud flats is cord grass (Spartina foliosa). At the mean high tide line, cord grass is replaced by pickleweed (Salicornia virginica), and other plants such as alkali heath (Frankenia grandifolia), marsh rosemary (Limonium californicum), marsh jaumea, plantain (Plantago maritime) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata). At the upper border of the salt marsh, saltgrass and spergularia (Spergularia sp.) mix with other natives and introduced species. Where the water finally turns brackish, the marsh is dominated by bulrush (Scirpus sp.) and cattails (Typha sp.) (Shuford, 1993). Coastal salt marsh is currently limited to the nascent Crissy Lagoon in the Presidio and to also newly-restored Heron’s Head Park and remnants at the outlet of Yosemite Creek and at Double Rock. An attempt to restore Coastal Salt Marsh in Candlestick SRA Figure 12: California Cord Grass failed due to faulty environmental engineering (the tidal areas © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint were located well above high tide). Mary’s College

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Figure 13: Pickleweed (Virginia Glasswort) © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College

Coastal Riparian Forest Coastal riparian forestDRAFT consists of willow (Salix lasiolepis and S. lasiandra) and alder (Alnus oregona and A. rhombifolia) riparian areas that border streams and the edges of ponds and freshwater marshes. Addition overstory includes big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) and box elder (A. negundo ssp. californicum). The understory may include saplings or thickets of California blackberry or Himalayan blackberry (Rubus procerus) or even California bay in moister areas (Shuford, 1993). Coastal riparian forest has been virtually eradicated in San Francisco; remnant habitats may be found near Lobos Creek in the Presidio, in portions of Glen Canyon, on Bayview Hill, at Lake Merced, at Pine Lake/Stern Grove, on Twin Peaks and on Bernal Hill (SFRPD).

Figure 14: Arroyo Willow © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Freshwater Marsh

Bulrush-Cattail Marsh Freshwater marsh may be found anywhere with still or slowly flowing fresh water at the edges of ponds, streams or lakes. Cattail and California tule (Scirpus californicus) dominate the edges of the marsh. Other plants include rushes (Juncus sp.) sedges (Cyperus eragrostis and Carex sp.) and others (Shuford, 1993). The dominant freshwater marsh is Lake Merced, fed by the Westside Basin Aquifer (FoLM, 2002), but smaller freshwater marshes can be found at Mountain Lake, at Pine Lake/Stern Grove and in McLaren Park, as well as in the artificial environment at the Chain of Lakes in Golden Gate Park.

DRAFT

Figure 15: California Tule © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College

Coastal Swale

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Urban Forest

Eucalyptus sp.

Monterey Pine

Monterey Cypress

German Ivy

Iceplant

Albizia lophanta

Exotic plants

Topography The city of San Francisco occupies roughly 49 square miles at the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, constrained roughly in longitude on the west by 122° 30’, east by 122° 22’ 30” and in latitude north by 37° 50’ and south by 37° 42’ 30”. The , roughly 30 miles to the west of the city, are constrained in longitude on the west by 123° 12’ 30” and on the east by 122° 57’ 30”, and in latitude on the north by 37° 50’ and on the south by 37° 40’. The many hills of San Francisco are in fact part of the Coastal Range, which is broken by the Golden Gate before resumingDRAFT in the Marin County. Anyone who has ever visited San Francisco will be familiar with the extremely varied topography dominated by the infamous seven hills that are the major topographical features of the city. While the hills are quite rugged, their elevation is quite modest, topping out at 938 feet for Mount Davidson, though both peaks of Twin Peaks and also top out over 900 feet. Such diversity in topography is tailor-made for microclimates; the wind is channeled by the topography resulting in pronounced differences in relatively short distances (Null, 1978). The Farallon Islands are the tips of submerged mountains on the continental shelf. Just west, the shelf drops off to deep ocean, as shown in Figure 16.

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

Figure 16. Topography of the seafloor of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary San Francisco Bay, which is a depression at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, was flooded during the Pleistocene by the rise in sea level from the melting of ice sheets (Null, 2002). The outflow of these rivers, main drainages of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and the Central Valley, maintain the breach at the Golden Gate. San Francisco once had several natural drainages, as discussed in section Water and Wetlands, but most have been either converted into parts of the urban storm drainage system or channeled into man-made aqueducts. Two notable exceptions are Lobos Creek in the Presidio, which unfortunately has been seriously contaminated by the U. S. Army during its tenure, and the relatively undisturbed Glen Canyon. Fortunately, the Crissy Field restoration will restore portions of the free-flowing stream whose source is El Polin spring, terminating in the newly- restored Crissy Lagoon.

Climate Like most of the middle and northern California coast, San Francisco enjoys the benefits of and suffers the ill effects of a Mediterranean climate, characterized by moist, mild winters and dry summers marked by prominent coastal summer fog. San Francisco’s climate is further modified by being on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the relatively cool water of San Francisco Bay and the mid-latitude Pacific Ocean. Additionally, the prevailing northwest winds, the Coriolis Force and the sub-surface Ekman Spiral causes an upwelling of colder water from belowDRAFT (Null, 2002).

Figure 17: Ekman Spiral, courtesy of OceanWorld Summer in San Francisco is typically marked by coastal fog during the mornings, “burning off” on the eastern portion of the city and being stubbornly persistent west of Twin Peaks and Mount Sutro. Western San Francisco is almost isothermal in the summer, with temperatures between

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

50° and 55° F with little variation. Highs east of Twin Peaks will range between 60° and 70° F. Summer afternoons are also marked by a marked pressure difference between the Pacific Ocean and the interior, resulting in a strong afternoon and evening sea breeze typically between 20 and 30 mph (Null, 2002). Summertime precipitation between May and September is relatively rare, with less than 5% of the roughly 21.5” coming during the period. Off-season rains which do occur are usually the result of weak early or late season occluded fronts, or surges of subtropical moisture from the south that result in brief showers or thundershowers spreading into the area (Null, 2002). However, coastal regions do experience significant moisture from drizzle due to the marine layer. Winters in San Francisco are quite mild, highs between 55° and 60° F and lows between 45° and 50° F (Null, 1978). Wintertime fog is quite a bit less common that in the summer, and is the result of radiation fog generated in the Central Valley which is then blown into San Francisco Bay by cool eastern winds (Null, 2002). Winter rainfall results in roughly 80% of the seasonal total and occurs mainly between November and March, when measurable precipitation falls on roughly 10 days per month. Rainfall is primarily the result of occluded fronts from the west or northwest and an occasional cold front from the Gulf of Alaska. Microclimates in San Francisco can result to up to a 20% variation in seasonal rainfall. Snowfall is virtually unknown, with only 10 documented cases in the past 143 seasons (Null, 2002). Spring and fall are seasons of transition, resulting in many cloud-free days in marked contrast with the fog of summerDRAFT and the rain clouds of winter. The hottest days of the year are often found in these seasons, when high pressure builds in interior regions, resulting in warm offshore breezes replacing cool onshore breezes. Rainfall during spring and fall is uncommon, averaging 5 days per month. While most of these storms produce light precipitation, exceptional climatic events can result in storms generating several inches of rain (Null, 2002).

Geology and soils San Francisco is precariously perched very close to a major geologic feature, the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault, or, more correctly, Fault Network, is an intricate network of faults formed by the collision of the Pacific Plate (on the west) and the North American Plate (on the east). The entire fault network is more than 800 miles long with a depth of over 10 miles. While the main fault runs directly down most of the San Francisco Peninsula, the fault does run underwater just west of the city proper (USGS, 1997). While virtually all the offshore region of San Francisco resides on the Pacific Plate, the Farallon Islands are in fact remnants of the ancient Farallon Plate, most of which was swallowed by subduction by the ceaseless motion of the ocean floor. The rest of San Francisco rests entirely on the North American plate, the intensely folded and complex rocks of the , including Mesozoic marine sandstones and shales, chert, sea floor, volcanic rocks, serpentine and metamorphic rocks (Shuford, 1993). One of the more unusual soils found on the North American Plate is a soil derived from serpentine rock, which occurs locally in San Francisco such as in the Presidio just below Inspiration Point. Though the soil is of poor quality, it does harbor unusual flora and fauna, as

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco discussed in section Pre-colonial Flora. However, microclimates and drainage play more significant roles than soil composition in the determination of the distribution of plants and resultant distribution of breeding birds.

Additional fauna The Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) can occasionally be viewed at night in western portions of San Francisco. It nests in cavities in vegetation, and the ample overgrowth in backyards and park areas no doubt provide suitable nesting habitat. Long-tailed shrews found in San Francisco include Vagrant Shrew (Sorex vagrans), which can be found in humid grasslands, and Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgii), found on grass covered hills. The Shrew-Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii) is found moist, broken forests while the Broad-footed Mole (Scapanus latmanus) is found in Golden Gate Park (Hansen, 1995). Bats found in San Francisco include Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus), found in Golden Gate Park, Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), found in deciduous forests (?), Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), found in Golden Gate Park, and Mexican Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis), which will roost in buildings (Hansen, 1995). The Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani) can be found in Golden Gate Park and in the Presidio (Hansen, 1995). Squirrels include the California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beechyi), found at Land’s End and at Twin Peaks, Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), a common fixture in Golden Gate Park and Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger), also in Golden Gate Park (?). Botta’s Pocket Gopher (Thomomys bottae) can also be found in Golden Gate Park. Mice include the Western Harvest Mouse (ReithrodontomysDRAFT megalotis), found in open grassland and the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), found in Golden Gate Park. Rats include the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and the highly destructive Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus), both found in Golden Gate Park and unfortunately common on some city streets (Hansen, 1995). Cetaceans are well represented in the county. A Goose-beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) was found dead on China Beach (Alan Hopkins, pers. comm..). Porpoises and Dolphins include the Pacific Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Tursiops truncates), Northern Right-whale Dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis), Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Killer Whale (Orcinus orca), Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and Dall’s Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). All of these are fairly common near the Farallon Islands, but some can be seen from shore off the Cliff House on occasion (Alan Hopkins, pers. comm.). Whales include the Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the largest mammal ever to roam the earth, Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). With the exception of the Gray Whale, which migrates very close to shore, all can be seen near the Farallon Islands, though Humpback Whales will also come close to shore on occasion. The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been introduced into San Francisco and unfortunately competes rather effectively with the native Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), now hard to find in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio and at Land’s End. Seals include the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus), the Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina). The far less common Steller’s Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) may be occasionally found offshore the mainland of San Francisco, but is more common on the Farallon Islands.

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco

The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a common mammal of urban backyards and park regions. The Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata) was formerly found in Golden Gate Park; its current status is unclear. Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) can also be seen (or smelled!) in western portions of the city. The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), can occasionally be see offshore at locations such as the Cliff House, but is far more common in Monterey Bay to the south (Hansen, 1995). Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are common on Angel Island and have no doubt strayed into the microscopic portions of that island that are in San Francisco. Note that the subspecies found in San Francisco is the Pacific Coast Black-tailed Deer. The Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata) is the sole native turtle found in San Francisco. However, most turtles seen in park areas are escaped Red Ear Sliders (Chrysemys scripta). Lizards are well represented by the Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), the Southern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria muticarinata), the Northern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria coerulea) (Stebbins, 1959), the Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum), the Western Whiptail (Cnemidophorus tigris) and the Western Skink (Eumeces skiltonianus) (Zeiner et al., 1988). Several species of snake may be found in San Francisco, including the Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), Western Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus), Sharp-tailed Snake (Contia tenuis), Racer (Coluber constrictor), Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer), Common King Snake (Lampropeltis getulus), Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) (Stebbings, 1959), the California Whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis), the Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans) and the Western Aquatic Garter Snake (Thamnophis couchi) (Zeiner et al., 1988). No doubt urbanization has taken a heavy toll on the species diversity of snakesDRAFT in San Francisco. Amphibians found in San Francisco include the Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus), the California Newt (Taricha torosa), the California Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps attenuatus), the Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) and the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris) (Zeiner et al., 1988). Frogs and toads include the Western Toad (Bufo boreas), the Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora), the Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa) (Stebbins, 1959) and the Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) (Zeiner et al., 1988). Many species of amphibian have fallen prey to urbanization. Feral parrots have become a staple in certain neighborhoods of San Francisco since the 1980s. There are at least two distinct populations. The better known of the two is a flock of Aratinga parakeets, dominantly composed of Red-masked Parakeets (A. erythrogenys), which range from Walton Square to the east end of the Presidio. However, there are apparently also small numbers of Mitred Parakeets (A. mitrata) as well as possibly other species as well. Juveniles have been observed, though the mortality rate is quite high and the population appears to be more or less stable (Morlan, 2002). The other flock consists of Brotogeneris parakeets that often roost in a palm tree at Dolores and 24th Street, just south of the intersection in the middle of the island. They are predominantly White-winged Parakeets (B. versicolurus) with a few Yellow-chevroned Parakeets (B. chiriri) as well (Morlan, 2002). Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) winter in large, isolated roosts along the California coast from northern Mendocino county south to Baja California. Monarch Butterfly roost sites

Present Day Natural History of San Francisco are typically found in wind-sheltered stands, often Eucalyptus sp., Monterey Cypress and Monterey Pine. Monarch Butterflies are not known to roost anywhere in San Francisco, but have been observed in numbers up to 500 during fall migration (NPS, 2001).

DRAFT

Figure 18: California Gray Whale, courtesy Gerald and Buff Corsi, California Academy of Sciences

San Francisco Geography

San Francisco Geography Figure 19 shows the city of San Francisco along with Treasure Island, Yerba Buena, Alcatraz Island and Angel Island as the former Alameda Naval Air Station. While all of Treasure, Yerba Buena and Alcatraz islands lie in the county, only the easternmost tip of Angel Island and the westernmost tip of Alameda lie in the county. Golden Gate Park, Lake Merced, Mount Sutro and Mount Davidson are visible as well as the former Presidio Army Base and the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. McLaren Park is visible as the unnamed region bounded by Highways 280 and 101 and the southern edge of the city.

DRAFT

Figure 19. Mainland San Francisco County, courtesy of USGS

Figure 20 is a detail showing the parks in the western half of the city of San Francisco. Clearly visible are the southeastern portion of Golden Gate Park, , Twin Peaks and

San Francisco Geography

Mount Davidson. Glen Canyon Park is the unnamed green region due east of Miraloma School and Mount Davidson.

DRAFT

Figure 20. Parks in western San Francisco, courtesy of USGS

Atlas Methodology

Atlas Methodology For the purposes of this atlas, San Francisco is divided into twenty atlas blocks, illustrated in Figure 21. Fifteen blocks describe breeding sites on the mainland of San Francisco, depicted the right, and an additional five described breeding sites on the Farallon Islands, depicted on the left.

Figure 21. Atlas Blocks

It is important to correlate key avifauna locations with the atlas blocks as discussed in the results and species accounts. Below lists all atlas blocks and the key avifauna locations within each block. DRAFT Block 4070: • Western half of South Lake Merced

Figure 22: Western half of Lake Merced, courtesy of USGS

Atlas Methodology

• Fort Funston Block 4075: • Western half of North Lake Merced, including the wooden bridge, denoted as the footbridge below

DRAFT

Figure 23: Western half of North Lake Merced, courtesy of USGS

• Southwest quadrant of Golden Gate Park, including the Soccer Fields, at the extreme southwestern edge of the park, the Equitation Field, just west of Middle Lake, South Lake and Middle Lake

Figure 24: Southwest quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS

Atlas Methodology

Block 4080: • Northwest quadrant of Golden Gate Park, including North Lake and

Figure 25: Northwest quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS • Lincoln Park, including the West Wash, the trail leading north from the abrupt bend just north of the circle northeast of the , the East Wash, a trail not shown leading north from the VA, Land’s End, Fort Miley, Point Lobos, Sutro Baths, due north of the Cliff House,DRAFT , the Cliff House and the Mile Rock overlook, due west of Fort Miley

Atlas Methodology

DRAFT

Figure 26: Lincoln Park and surrounding area, courtesy of USGS Block 4570: • Eastern half of South Lake Merced, including the concrete bridge

Atlas Methodology

Figure 27: Eastern half of South Lake Merced, courtesy of USGS Block 4575: DRAFT • Southeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, including Mallard Lake, the southern half of Stow Lake, and Strybing Arboretum

Figure 28: Southeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS • Southern half of Buena Vista Park • Eastern half of North Lake Merced • Pine Lake Park • Stern Grove

Atlas Methodology

Figure 29: Eastern half of North Lake Merced, DRAFTPine Lake Park and Stern Grove, courtesy of USGS • Twin Peaks (see Figure 20) • Mount Davidson (see Figure 20) • Glen Canyon (see Figure 20) • Mount Sutro (see Figure 20) Block 4580: • Northeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, including Lloyd Lake, the northern half of Stow Lake, most of Strawberry Hill, the Log Cabin, the Fuchsia Dell and Lick Mountain, the Rhododendron Dell, the AIDS Dell and Sharon Meadow, the Music Concourse and the Academy of Sciences

Atlas Methodology

Figure 30: Northeast quadrant of Golden Gate Park, courtesy of USGS • Northern half of Buena Vista Park • Mountain Lake • The Presidio • Crissy Field

DRAFT

Figure 31: Presidio, Crissy Field and Mountain Lake, courtesy of USGS Block 4585: • The Golden Gate Bridge • Rocks just south of Block 5070 • All but the northernmost portion of McLaren Park

Atlas Methodology

DRAFTFigure 32: McLaren Park, courtesy of USGS • Candlestick State Recreation Area (SRA), the region south and east of Gilman Street in Figure 33 below • Bayview Hill and Park • Double Rock • Yosemite Creek, the inlet northeast of South Basin

Atlas Methodology

DRAFT

Figure 33: Candlestick SRA, Bayview Hill, Double Rock and Yosemite Creek, courtesy of USGS Block 5075: • The extreme northern tip of McLaren Park

Figure 34: Northern portion of McLaren Park, courtesy of USGS • Mission and northern Bayview districts • Bernal Heights Park

Atlas Methodology

Figure 35: Bernal Heights Park, courtesy of USGS Block 5080: • Downtown San Francisco • Western half of west span of Bay Bridge Block 5085: • Alcatraz IslandDRAFT

Figure 36: Alcatraz Island, courtesy of USGS • Western tip of Treasure Island

Atlas Methodology

Figure 37: Western tip of Treasure Island, courtesy of USGS Block 5570: DRAFT • Southern half of Hunters Point Shipyard Block 5575: • India Basin • Heron ‘s Head Park (née Pier 98) Block 5580: • • Western tip of Alameda • Eastern half of west span of the Bay Bridge Block 5585 • Most of Treasure Island • East span of the Bay Bridge Block 9075: • Island of St. James (Farallon Islands) Block 9080: • North Farallon Island

Atlas Methodology

Block 9570: • Maintop Island (Farallon Islands) • Seal Rock (Farallon Islands) • Most of Southeast Farallon Island Block 9575: • Middle Farallon Island Block 0070: • Eastern tip of Southeast Farallon Island

DRAFT

Atlas Results

Atlas Results Field workers covered all 20 blocks in the county of San Francisco during the years of 1991 and 1992. Additionally, Hopkins and Singer covered most of the mainland blocks in 1993 in an attempt to improve the breeding evidence for species that had not been confirmed during the previous two years. A total of 103 species were found in San Francisco during the atlas period, with 84 species or 81.6% confirmed breeding, 9 species or 8.7% probably breeding and 10 species or 9.7% possibly breeding. While the results are quite impressive, the paucity of natural areas within San Francisco certainly contributed to the high percentage of breeding species that are confirmed. Nocturnal species are always problematic in a breeding bird atlas due to the obvious difficulty in obtaining breeding evidence after nightfall. This problem inherit in any atlas is compounded in an urban environment were safety issues were a concern. As a result, only limited success was obtained; Barn Owl was confirmed in block 5575, while Great Horned Owl was confirmed in blocks 4080 and 5070. Though Barn Owl is thought to have a limited distribution in the City, Great Horned Owl is fairly widely distributed, probably found in most, if not all of the City’s larger parks and open spaces. Western Screech-owl remains to this day an enigma but has been resident in the Presidio and Golden Gate Park for many years ().

Relative Distribution of Species The relative distributionDRAFT of species is a measure of how widespread breeding is for a given species. It is defined as the number of atlas blocks in which breeding is possible or better divided by the total number of atlas blocks. No attempt has been made to correct data for dissimilar or unsuitable habitats found across the different atlas blocks. For all of the breeding species that meet the criteria above, the species are grouped into quintiles indicating the relative distribution of species within the county. The quintiles are defined in Table 1: Nearly Ubiquitous >80%

Widespread 60 – 80% Common 40 – 60% Local 20 – 40% Very Local <20% Table 1. Quintiles for Relative Distribution of Species Table 2 below indicates the relative distribution of species within the county, order from most prevalent to least prevalent. Note that no species fall into the most common quintile, most likely due to the radically different breeding habitats between the Farallon Islands and mainland San Francisco.

Widespread House Finch 70.00% Mourning Dove 75.00% Bushtit 65.00% Anna’s Hummingbird 70.00% European Starling 65.00% American Robin 70.00% White-crowned Sparrow 65.00% Brown-headed Cowbird 70.00% Brewer’s Blackbird 65.00%

Atlas Results

House Sparrow 65.00% Swainson’s Thrush 20.00% Western Gull 60.00% Common Yellowthroat 20.00% Common Spotted Towhee 20.00% Mallard 55.00% Bullock’s Oriole 20.00% Allen’s Hummingbird 55.00% Red Crossbill 20.00% Common Raven 55.00% Very Local Chestnut-backed Chickadee 55.00% Double-crested Cormorant 15.00% Song Sparrow 55.00% Black-crowned Night-Heron 15.00% Red-winged Blackbird 55.00% Black Oystercatcher 15.00% Killdeer 50.00% Rhinoceros Auklet 15.00% Western Scrub-Jay 50.00% White-throated Swift 15.00% Barn Swallow 50.00% Belted Kingfisher 15.00% California Towhee 50.00% Northern Flicker 15.00% American Goldfinch 50.00% Pacific-slope Flycatcher 15.00% Rock Dove 45.00% Cliff Swallow 15.00% Pygmy Nuthatch 45.00% Bewick’s Wren 15.00% Northern Mockingbird 45.00% Black-headed Grosbeak 15.00% Dark-eyed Junco 45.00% Savannah Sparrow 15.00% Pine Siskin 45.00% Leach’s Storm-Petrel 10.00% Red-shouldered Hawk 40.00% Ashy Storm-Petrel 10.00% Downy Woodpecker 40.00% Black-necked Stilt 10.00% Purple Finch 40.00% American Avocet 10.00% Local Tufted Puffin 10.00% Red-tailed Hawk 35.00% Band-tailed Pigeon 10.00% American Coot 35.00% Great Horned Owl 10.00% Brown Creeper DRAFT 35.00% Yellow Warbler 10.00% Orange-crowned Warbler 35.00% Western Meadowlark 10.00% Pelagic Cormorant 30.00% Great Blue Heron 5.00% Brandt’s Cormorant 30.00% Canada Goose 5.00% American Kestrel 30.00% Gadwall 5.00% Black Phoebe 30.00% Sharp-shinned Hawk 5.00% Tree Swallow 30.00% Peregrine Falcon 5.00% American Crow 30.00% Caspian Tern 5.00% Hutton’s Vireo 30.00% Forster’s Tern 5.00% Wilson’s Warbler 30.00% Barn Owl 5.00% Hooded Oriole 30.00% Hairy Woodpecker 5.00% Lesser Goldfinch 30.00% Western Wood-Pewee 5.00% Pied-billed Grebe 25.00% Horned Lark 5.00% Pigeon Guillemot 25.00% Northern Rough-winged Swallow 5.00% Olive-sided Flycatcher 25.00% Bank Swallow 5.00% Violet-green Swallow 25.00% Steller’s Jay 5.00% Winter Wren 25.00% Red-breasted Nuthatch 5.00% Warbling Vireo 25.00% Golden-crowned Kinglet 5.00% Green Heron 20.00% Wrentit 5.00% Ruddy Duck 20.00% Loggerhead Shrike 5.00% California Quail 20.00% Lazuli Bunting 5.00% Common Murre 20.00% Tricolored Blackbird 5.00% Cassin’s Auklet 20.00% Great-tailed Grackle 5.00% Marsh Wren 20.00% Table 2. Relative Distribution of Species in San Francisco

Atlas Results

Relative Abundance of Species The relative abundance of species is a measure of how common the bird is as a breeding species. For this atlas, it is defined as the uncorrected number of total observations of with breeding evidence possible or better. This metric is problematic at best, particularly for the Farallones, since the censusing process tended to focus more on breeding confirmation rather than documenting each occurrence of breeding activity. However, the metric does provide some usefulness to future researchers attempting to quantify the relative abundance of a species as a breeding species. For all of the species that meet the criteria above, the species are grouped into quintiles in order to evaluate relative abundance of species. Table 3 shows the quintiles used for the relative abundance of breeding species.

Relative Abundance Sightings Abundant >40 Plentiful 30 – 40 Common 20 – 30 Uncommon 10 – 20 Scarce < 10 Table 3. Quintiles for Relative Abundance of Species Table 4 shows the relative abundance of breeding species in San Francisco. Care must be taken to interpret the data from the Farallon Islands correctly. For example, while individual sightings are a reasonable indicatorDRAFT of relative abundance on the mainland, in general they can represent many pairs for species found on the Farallon Islands. Thus, for those species that are found breeding on the Farallon Islands, one must use a different metric for comparison of relative abundance. Species which breed on the Farallon Islands are denoted by an asterisk.

Species Sightings Species Sightings Abundant Northern Mockingbird 30 American Robin 70 Red-winged Blackbird 30 Brewer’s Blackbird 57 Common House Finch 57 Pygmy Nuthatch 28 Western Gull* 46 California Towhee 27 Mourning Dove 46 Rock Dove 27 European Starling 43 Western Scrub-Jay 25 House Sparrow 43 American Coot 24 Plentiful Downy Woodpecker 24 Allen’s Hummingbird 39 Pine Siskin 24 Bushtit 38 American Goldfinch 24 Brown-headed Cowbird 37 Common Raven 23 Anna’s Hummingbird 35 Red-shouldered Hawk 22 Chestnut-backed Chickadee 34 Killdeer 21 Song Sparrow 34 Brown Creeper 21 Dark-eyed Junco 31 Olive-sided Flycatcher 20 Mallard 30 Barn Swallow 19

Atlas Results

Species Sightings Species Sightings Uncommon Band-tailed Pigeon 6 Red-tailed Hawk 19 Black-headed Grosbeak 6 Hutton’s Vireo 17 Bullock’s Oriole 6 Purple Finch 16 Common Murre* 5 Double-crested Cormorant* 15 Cassin’s Auklet* 5 Lesser Goldfinch 15 Northern Flicker 5 Pied-billed Grebe 14 Turkey Vulture 4 American Crow 14 Black-necked Stilt 4 Tree Swallow 14 Great Horned Owl 4 Orange-crowned Warbler 14 Red-breasted Nuthatch 4 Hooded Oriole 14 Savannah Sparrow 4 Caspian Tern 13 Snowy Egret 3 Brandt’s Cormorant* 12 Rhinoceros Auklet* 3 Pelagic Cormorant* 12 Belted Kingfisher 3 Black-crowned Night-Heron 12 Northern Rough-winged Swallow 3 Swainson’s Thrush 12 Lazuli Bunting 3 American Kestrel 10 Western Meadowlark 3 California Quail 10 Leach’s Storm-Petrel* 2 Black Phoebe 10 Ashy Storm-Petrel* 2 Marsh Wren 10 Canada Goose 2 Scarce Peregrine Falcon 2 Green Heron 9 Tufted Puffin* 2 Pigeon Guillemot* DRAFT 9 Horned Lark 2 Common Yellowthroat 9 Bank Swallow 2 Violet-green Swallow 8 Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel* 1 Cliff Swallow 8 Gadwall 1 Bewick’s Wren 8 Sharp-shinned Hawk 1 Red Crossbill 8 Least Tern 1 Forster’s Tern 7 Barn Owl 1 Pacific-slope Flycatcher 7 Hairy Woodpecker 1 Warbling Vireo 7 Ash-throated Flycatcher 1 Spotted Towhee 7 Loggerhead Shrike 1 Great Blue Heron 6 Steller’s Jay 1 Great Egret 6 Purple Martin 1 Ruddy Duck 6 Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 Black Oystercatcher* 6 Tricolored Blackbird 1 American Avocet 6 Great-tailed Grackle 1 Table 4. Relative Abundance of Species. Species Diversity For the purposes of this atlas, species diversity is defined as the number of possible or better breeding species found in an atlas block. No attempt has been made to correct the date for dissimilar habitats or the portion of the atlas block which is unsuitable for breeding. Table 5 below illustrates the species diversity within the atlas blocks.

Block Total Block Total

Atlas Results

Block Total Block Total 5070 62 5075 30 4575 58 5585 22 4580 58 5570 13 4080 53 0070 11 4075 51 9570 11 4070 39 5085 9 5575 39 9080 7 4570 35 9075 6 5080 34 4585 3 5580 32 9575 0 Table 5. Species Diversity by Block

The atlas blocks with the highest species diversity correspond, not surprisingly, to areas within San Francisco with large natural areas, as discussed in section Water and Wetlands. In particular, McLaren and Glen Canyon Parks, Twin Peaks and the parks west thereof, Golden Gate Park, the Presidio and Lincoln Park, Lake Merced, Mount Davidson and Pine Lake Park provide the vast majority of the species diversity found in San Francisco.

Highlights Though the breeding of Leach’s and Ashy Storm-Petrels on the Farallon Islands has been known for some time, San Francisco is certainly one of the few counties in California to boast them as breeding species. Alcids are equally well represented with Common Murre, Pigeon Guillemot, Cassin’s and Rhinoceros Auklets and Tufted Puffin also confirmed breeders. The only alcid that was found breeding onDRAFT the mainland was the Pigeon Guillemot, found on the rocky cliffs just north of the Sutro Bath ruins. California Quail was found in 20% of the atlas blocks, but the McLaren Park population has since been extirpated. Olive-sided Flycatcher was found in 25% of the atlas blocks, but recent populations appear to have declined, likely due to increased predation from Common Ravens, habitat destruction the Recreation and Park branch of the city government and possibly feral cats. The Fort Funston area is home to a Bank Swallow colony. One has to journey all the way to Año Nuevo State Preserve, in extreme southern San Mateo County, to find another colony. Common Raven was found in 55% of the atlas blocks, but their range is likely expanding in the city proper. Bewick’s Wren was found in 20% of the atlas blocks, but it currently may be extirpated as a breeding species from all but Fort Funston. Wrentit was never common in recent times in San Francisco, but it appears to be have been extirpated in the last few years other than a few post- breeding stragglers. Hutton’s and Warbling Vireos were found in 30% and 25% respectively of the atlas blocks, but their numbers are certainly in decline, most likely due to cowbird predation. Savannah Sparrow was found in 15% of the blocks, but now may be establishing a toehold at the newly renovated Crissy Field Wetlands. Great-tailed Grackle was found in one atlas block, but this was single breeding pair and the first breeding record for the county. This species has had a dramatic range expansion into Northern California over the last decade or so. Hooded Oriole was found in 30% of the atlas blocks, no

Atlas Results doubt due to the increased popularity of Washingtonia fan palms within in the city. Bullock’s Oriole was found in 20% of the blocks, but is now hard to find outside of Glen Canyon Park. Finally, Red Crossbill was found in 20% of the blocks, no doubt due to an irruption during the census years; the species is rarely found in non-irruptive years.

Composition of Avifauna The 103 species of avifauna found possibly breeding in San Francisco represent 21 non- passerine and 22 passerine families, comprised of 48 and 55 species, respectively. Of these, 27 species of waterbirds have been found possibly breeding in San Francisco, listed in Table 6 below. Species are annotated as follows: * = Farallones, † = probable only (not confirmed), ‡ = possible only (neither confirmed nor probable).

Pied-billed Grebe Killdeer Leach’s Storm-Petrel* Black Oystercatcher* Ashy Storm-Petrel* Black-necked Stilt Brandt’s Cormorant* American Avocet Double-crested Cormorant* Western Gull* Pelagic Cormorant* Caspian Tern* Great Blue Heron† Forster’s Tern Green Heron Common Murre* Black-crowned Night-Heron Pigeon Guillemot* Canada Goose Cassin’s Auklet* Gadwall† Rhinoceros Auklet* Mallard DRAFTTufted Puffin* Ruddy Duck Belted Kingfisher‡ American Coot Table 6. Waterbird Species found possibly breeding in San Francisco 76 species of landbird have been found possibly breeding in San Francisco, listed in Table 7 below. Sharp-shinned Hawk† Loggerhead Shrike‡ Red-shouldered Hawk Hutton’s Vireo Red-tailed Hawk Warbling Vireo American Kestrel Steller’s Jay‡ Peregrine Falcon Western Scrub-Jay California Quail American Crow Rock Dove Common Raven Band-tailed Pigeon Horned Lark Mourning Dove Tree Swallow Barn Owl Violet-green Swallow Great Horned Owl Northern Rough-winged Swallow White-throated Swift‡ Bank Swallow Anna’s Hummingbird Cliff Swallow Allen’s Hummingbird Barn Swallow Downy Woodpecker Chestnut-backed Chickadee Hairy Woodpecker‡ Bushtit Northern Flicker† Red-breasted Nuthatch Olive-sided Flycatcher Pygmy Nuthatch Western Wood-Pewee‡ Brown Creeper Pacific-slope Flycatcher† Bewick’s Wren Black Phoebe Winter Wren

Atlas Results

Marsh Wren Black-headed Grosbeak† Golden-crowned Kinglet‡ Lazuli Bunting Swainson’s Thrush Red-winged Blackbird American Robin Tricolored Blackbird‡ Wrentit Western Meadowlark‡ Northern Mockingbird Brewer’s Blackbird European Starling Great-tailed Grackle‡ Orange-crowned Warbler Brown-headed Cowbird Yellow Warbler† Hooded Oriole Common Yellowthroat Bullock’s Oriole Wilson’s Warbler Purple Finch Spotted Towhee House Finch California Towhee Red Crossbill Savannah Sparrow Pine Siskin Song Sparrow Lesser Goldfinch White-crowned Sparrow American Goldfinch Dark-eyed Junco House Sparrow Table 7. Landbird species found possibly breeding in San Francisco A Note on Dates The analysis presented herein uses the Gregorian calendar for all of its calculations. The Gregorian calendar is a simple modification of the Julian calendar, used since Roman times to keep time. The Julian calendar introduced the concept of a leap year, i.e. a year in which there were 366 rather than 365 days, in order to have the vernal equinox occur at the same point in time in the earth’s orbit. However, the Julian calendar suffers the problem that the mean interval between vernal equinoxesDRAFT on earth is about 11 minutes short of 365 ¼ days, and thus the vernal equinox drifts by roughly one day every 130 years. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII ordered ten days dropped from October, restoring the vernal equinox to approximately March 20th. In order to correct for the vernal equinox drift, the new calendar dropped three leap years every 400 years. Henceforth century years were leap years only if divisible by 400. The years 1600 and 2000 are leap years, while the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not. In a pragmatic sense, the census period for the atlas encompassed the years 1991, 1992 and 1993, of which 1992 was a leap year. For calculations that calculate early and late dates, a correction is made for the leap year in comparisons from year to year. Thus, when early and late dates are quoted, they are specified in non-leap year calendar dates, which may differ by one day relative to the actual calendar days of the late and/or early date of the data used in the calculation.

Additional Breeding Records Table 8 below shows some additional breeding records of interest both before and after the atlas census period. Highlights include breeding records for American Bittern, Lesser Scaup, Virginia Rail, Sora, Heermann’s Gull, Hermit Thrush, Wrentit, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Chipping Sparrow, Great-tailed Grackle and Pine Siskin. Certainly, much diversity in breeding avifauna has been lost due to development during the 20th century.

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Western/Clark’s Grebe 7/23/1937 CP CO-FL ? Lake Merced

Atlas Results

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Clark’s Grebe 5/10/2001 Murphy CO-PY 4570 Lake Merced Brandt’s Cormorant 1991-1997, 1999 Thayer et al. CO-ON 5085 Alcatraz Island Pelagic Cormorant 1997-1999 Thayer et al. CO-ON 5085 Alcatraz Island American Bittern 6/?/1926 HWC CO-FL ? Lake Merced Great Blue Heron 6/17/2001 Murphy CO-NY 4070 Lake Merced Great Blue Heron 6/17/2001 Murphy CO-NY 4075 Lake Merced Great Egret October, 1999 Hatch CO-FL 5075 Alcatraz Island Snowy Egret 1997-1999 Hothem CO-ON 5085 Alcatraz Island Green Heron 6/18/1999 Fuller PR-P 4575 Lloyd Lake Green Heron 7/4/1985 Murphy CO-DD ? Lake Merced Black-crowned Night- Heron 1975 NPS CO-(ON?) 5085 Alcatraz Island Black-crowned Night- Heron Spring/Summer ‘84 JH (?) CO-(NY/FL) 5085 Alcatraz Island Black-crowned Night- Heron 1991-1999 Hothem CO-ON 5085 Alcatraz Island Canada Goose 5/11/1920 James Moffitt CO-PY 4575 Stow Lake Gadwall 4/1/2001 Fuller PR-P 4575 Mallard Lake Gadwall 6/9/2000 Fuller PR-P 4575 Mallard Lake Gadwall 5/3/2000 Fuller PR-P 4575 Stow Lake Gadwall 6/17/1999 Hopkins CO-PY 4575 Mallard Lake Gadwall 4/27/1999 Fuller PR-P 4575 Mallard Lake Gadwall 4/27/1999 Fuller PR-P 4575 Metson Lake Gadwall 4/27/1999 Fuller PR-P 4575 South Lake Gadwall 6/21/1998DRAFT Hopkins CO-PY 4575 Mallard Lake Hansen and Lesser Scaup 8/1/1916 Squires CO-PY 4575 Stow Lake Lesser Scaup 7/1/1915 Stanley Forbes CO-PY 4575 Stow Lake Lesser Scaup Early July 1913 Mr. Schussler CO-PY 4575 Stow Lake Ruddy Duck 6/20/2001 Fuller CO-PY 4575 Lake Merced Ruddy Duck 6/18/2000 Fuller CO-PY 4570 Lake Merced Southeast end of Cooper's Hawk 4/26/2002 Terri Thomas CO-NB 4080 the Presidio Cooper’s Hawk 6/18/1999 Fuller PR-T 4075 Bercut Cooper's Hawk 4/6/1995 Singer CO-ON 4070 Fort Funston Red-tailed Hawk 4/26/2002 Terri Thomas CO-NB 4080 Rob Hill Red-tailed Hawk 5/29/2001 Ulvang CO-NB 4080 Sutro Heights Fitch, Red-tailed Hawk 4/10/2000 McKereghan CO-ON 5075 Bayview Hill Red-tailed Hawk 3/11/2000 Fuller PR-C 4580 Kobbe and Upton Red-tailed Hawk 2/20/2000 Fuller PR-C 4080 Sutro Heights DeStefanis fide Red-tailed Hawk 7/12/1999 Fuller CO-ON 4575 Stow Lake DeStefanis fide Red-tailed Hawk 6/15/1999 Fuller CO-NB 4575 Stow Lake Red-tailed Hawk 5/9/1999 Hopkins CO-NY 4575 Strawberry Hill Red-tailed Hawk 4/25/1999 Hopkins CO-ON 4575 Strawberry Hill Red-tailed Hawk 4/14/1999 Fuller PR-P 4080 Sutro Heights Red-tailed Hawk 4/3/1999 Fuller CO-NE 4575 Stow Lake Red-tailed Hawk 5/26/1984 Murphy CO-ON 4575 Glen Canyon Ring-necked 5/1/1916 Bryant CO-FL 5580 Yerba Buena Island

Atlas Results

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Pheasant Joyce Lehman, California Quail 6/6/2001 fide Hopkins CO-NE 4575 Strybing Virginia Rail 4/30/1911 Ray CO-UN ? Lake Merced Sora 10/24/1928 ELM (?) CO-FL ? Lake Merced McTavish, Black Oystercatcher 8/9/2001 Ulvang CO-NE 4080 Cliff House Black Oystercatcher 1995 Hatch CO-ON(?) 5085 Alcatraz Island Black Oystercatcher 1996-1999 Hatch CO-ON(?) 5085 Alcatraz Island Heermann’s Gull 5/19/1981 Connell CO-NE 5085 Alcatraz Island Heermann’s Gull 5/19/1981 J. Howell CO-ON 5085 Alcatraz Island Heermann’s Gull 5/6/1981 J. Howell CO-NE 5085 Alcatraz Island Binford, J. Heermann’s Gull 6/17/1980 Howell CO-UN 5085 Alcatraz Island Heermann’s Gull 6/16/1980 J. Howell CO-NE 5085 Alcatraz Island Western Gull 5/12/2002 Murphy CO-NB 4075 Zoo Fide Pollack and Western Gull 1973 Howell ? 5085 Alcatraz Island Western Gull 1997-1998 Brown ? 5085 Alcatraz Island Pigeon Guillemot 1982 ? ? 5085 Alcatraz Island Pigeon Guillemot 1997-1999 Thayer CO-ON(?) 5085 Alcatraz Island Band-tailed Pigeon 5/6/2000 Hopkins PO-X 4575 Glen Canyon Band-tailed Pigeon 4/11/2000 Clark PR-C 4080 Cypress Forest Band-tailed Pigeon 5/9/1985 Janet Murphy CO-FL 4580 Mountain Lake Band-tailed Pigeon 6/11/1977DRAFT Binford CO-NB 4580 AIDS Dell Band-tailed Pigeon 6/2/1977 Binford CO-CN 4580 Lloyd Lake Band-tailed Pigeon 7/22/1976 park gardener CO-FL 4580 Rhododendron Dell Ray Christensen Band-tailed Pigeon 7/3/1969 (gardener) CO-FL 4580 Rhododendron Dell Hansen and 24th Ave. and Barn Owl 6/6/1916 Squires CO-NY 4580 Fulton Western Screech- Owl 5/22/1967 John Wilson CO-NY ? GGP Great Horned Owl 4/23/1984 Janet Murphy CO-NY 4080 ~ Belted Kingfisher 3/24/1940 MP CO-NE ? Lake Merced Hairy Woodpecker 5/14/2001 Hopkins CO-(CN/CF) 4580 Conservatory Hairy Woodpecker 4/16/2001 Hopkins PR-N 4580 Lick Mountain Presidio Golf Hairy Woodpecker 5/3/2000 Clark PR-P 4580 Course Northern Flicker 7/17/1949 ? CO-NY 4080 Land’s End Olive-sided Flycatcher 6/14/2001 Withgott PO-X 4570 Lake Merced Olive-sided Flycatcher 5/6/2001 Murphy PR-P 4575 Pine Lake Olive-sided Flycatcher 6/5/2000 Ferrick CO-NE 4080 East Wash Olive-sided Flycatcher 8/12/1984 Janet Murphy CO-FL 4580 Baker Beach Olive-sided Flycatcher 8/3/1952 M. Van Scyoc. CO-FL ? Chain of Lakes Western Wood- Fuller fide Pewee 7/23/2000 Murphy PR-T 4580 Tennessee Hollow

Atlas Results

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Western Wood- Pewee May/June 1984 Binford PR-S 4080 North Lake Pacific-slope Flycatcher 5/22/2001 Eaton PO-X 4575 Glen Canyon Pacific-slope Flycatcher 5/28/2000 Eaton, Preston PO-! 4575 Lake Merced Pacific-slope Flycatcher 5/6/2000 Hopkins PO-! 5070 McLaren Pacific-slope Flycatcher 4/16/2000 Matkin PR-P 5070 McLaren Pacific-slope Flycatcher 5/29/1999 Hopkins PR-S 5070 McLaren Pacific-slope Flycatcher 4/24/1999 Hopkins PR-S 5070 McLaren Pacific-slope Hansen and Flycatcher Squires ? ? ? Pacific-slope Flycatcher May 1892 fide Ray CO-NE ? GGP Hansen and Loggerhead Shrike ? Squires CO-NE 5070 Ingleside Golf Links Lake Merced Leslie Gil adjacent to the “golf Loggerhead Shrike 4/13/1930 Hawkins PR-P 4070/4570 linx” Hutton’s Vireo 4/16/2002 Withgott CO-CN 4580 Lick Mountain Hutton’s Vireo 6/4/2001 Cotter PO-X 4080 East Wash Hutton’s Vireo 4/25/1999DRAFT Fuller PO-X 4575 Mallard Lake Hutton’s Vireo 4/21/1960 Florence Plymell CO-FL 4575 Strybing Hutton’s Vireo 3/29/1959 Florence Plymell CO-NY 4575 Strybing Warbling Vireo 4/13/1940 DH CO-ON ? GGP Steller’s Jay 5/7/2000 Ferrick CO-FY 4575 Glen Canyon Steller’s Jay 5/9/1999 Hopkins PR-P 4575 Strawberry Hill Horned Lark 5/24/1915 Ray CO-NE 4575 Twin Peaks Violet-green Swallow 7/1/1975 Binford CO-ON 4580 847 31st. Ave. Northern Rough- winged Swallow 5/4/2001 Fuller PR-N 4080 Sutro Baths Northern Rough- winged Swallow ? Fuller CO-NE 4080 Richmond District Northern Rough- winged Swallow 6/21/1983 Murphy CO-ON 4070 Fort Funston Cliff Swallow 5/30/2001 Fuller CO-NB 4575 GGP Horse Stables Cliff Swallow 5/10/2001 Murphy CO-NB 4570 Lake Merced Cliff Swallow 7/30/2000 Murphy, Fuller CO-NE 4070 Lake Merced Oak Titmouse May, 1892 Ray CO-NE ? ? Red-breasted Nuthatch 4/30/2002 Matt Zlatunich CO-NB 4580 Presidio Bewick’s Wren 4/8/1938 ? CO-NB 4580 Near the Academy Bewick’s Wren 4/15/1911 Ray CO-NE ? Lake Merced Western Bluebird 6/15/1936 ? CO-NY 4080 Presidio Swainson’s Thrush 5/23/1999 Clark PO-X 4580 Mountain Lake Swainson’s Thrush 5/22/1999 Saraceni PO-X 4575 Mount Davidson Swainson’s Thrush 5/22/1999 Singer PO-X 4575 Glen Canyon Swainson’s Thrush 5/8/1999 Cotter PO-X 4575 Middle Lake

Atlas Results

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Swainson’s Thrush 5/5/1999 Clark PO-X 4580 Mountain Lake Swainson’s Thrush 7/13/1952 M. Van Scyoc. CO-NY ? Chain of Lakes Swainson’s Thrush 6/22/1952 M. Van Scyoc. CO-NE ? Chain of Lakes Swainson’s Thrush Spring 1952 Florence Plymell CO-NE ? Chain of Lakes Swainson’s Thrush 5/21/1916 DeGroot CO-NE ? GGP Hermit Thrush Spring 1927 ? CO-FL 4575 Forest Hill Bud Fry, Dale Near the Wrentit 2/23/1966 Clyde, Ann Follis CO-NY 4575 Conservatory Orange-crowned Warbler ? Ray CO-FY 4575 Strawberry Hill Next to the Yellow Warbler 7/18/1938 Orr CO-NE 4580 Academy Next to the Yellow Warbler 7/16/1938 Orr CO-NY 4580 Academy Next to the Yellow Warbler 7/1/1938 Orr CO-NE 4580 Academy Next to the Yellow Warbler 6/30/1938 Orr CO-NE 4580 Academy Next to the Yellow Warbler 6/29/1938 Orr CO-ON 4580 Academy Yellow-rumped Warbler 6/28/2001 Strauss, Griffeth CO-FY 4080 East Wash Yellow-rumped Warbler 7/28/1971 Aubrey Burns CO-FL ? GGP Spotted Towhee 5/22/2000 Saraceni PR-P 4575 Mount Davidson Spotted Towhee 4/24/2000DRAFT Saraceni PO-X 4575 Mount Davidson Spotted Towhee 4/11/2000 Saraceni PO-X 4575 Mount Davidson Spotted Towhee 5/22/1999 Hopkins PO-X 4580 Lick Mountain Spotted Towhee 5/9/1999 Hopkins PR-T 4580 Lick Mountain Spotted Towhee 4/25/1999 Hopkins PO-X 4580 Coon Hollow Spotted Towhee 4/14/1999 Eaton PO-X 4575 Mount Davidson Spotted Towhee 3/2/1999 Hopkins PO-X 4580 Lick Mountain Spotted Towhee 7/6/1978 VD CO-FL 4575 Conservatory Chipping Sparrow ?/1924 Maillaird CO-UN 4580 Music Concourse Chipping Sparrow ?/1923 Maillaird CO-UN 4580 Music Concourse Hansen and Savannah Sparrow 6/7/1916 Squires CO-FL 5075 Islais Marsh Black-headed Craig Spriggs Grosbeak 5/29/2001 fide Murphy PR-P 4575 Mount Sutro Black-headed Grosbeak 6/15/2000 Ridley PO-X 4575 Glen Canyon Black-headed Grosbeak 6/1/1915 Ray CO-NB 4575 Ashbury Heights Lazuli Bunting 5/20/2001 Saraceni PO-! 4575 Mount Davidson Lazuli Bunting 5/13/2000 Saraceni PO-X 4575 Mount Davidson Lazuli Bunting 5/4/2000 McKereghan PO-X 5075 Bayview Hill Lazuli Bunting 4/30/2000 Withgott PR-P 4575 Mount Davidson Abandoned Hospital Lazuli Bunting 5/13/1999 Clark PO-X 4580 in Presidio Lazuli Bunting 5/2/1999 Eaton PO-! 4575 Glen Canyon Lazuli Bunting 5/1/1927 JZ PR-S 4080 Land’s End Great-tailed Grackle 6/1/1983 ? CO-NB 4580?

Atlas Results

Species Date Observer Status Block Location Bullock’s Oriole 4/6/2002 Armstrong CO-NB 4575 Glen Canyon Murphy, Fred Bullock’s Oriole 5/27/2001 Chambers CO-NE 4575 Glen Canyon Bullock’s Oriole 5/3/2001 Morlan, Fisher CO-CN 4580 Log Cabin Bullock’s Oriole 5/26/2000 Eaton PR-P 4575 Glen Canyon Bullock’s Oriole 5/6/2000 Hopkins CO-CN 4575 Glen Canyon Bullock’s Oriole 6/8/1978 Murphy PR-N ? Lake Merced Purple Finch 6/7/1980 Murphy CO-FY 4080 North Lake Pine Siskin 5/12/1977 Binford CO-NY 4080 Spreckels Lake Pine Siskin 5/21/1957 B. D. Parmeter CO-FL ? GGP Next to the Pine Siskin 5/13/1941 R. T. Orr CO-NY 4580 Academy Next to the Pine Siskin 5/5/1941 R. T. Orr CO-NY 4580 Academy Pine Siskin 4/11/1937 ? ? ? Lake Merced Lesser Goldfinch 4/8/2000 Murphy PR-P 4580 Kobbe and Upton Lesser Goldfinch 3/22/2000 Ferrick PR-P 5070 Candlestick SP Lesser Goldfinch 3/19/2000 Fuller CO-NB 4575 Middle Lake Lesser Goldfinch 8/29/1984 Murphy CO-FL 4575 Middle Lake DRAFTTable 8. Additional Breeding Records for San Francisco

Conservation Applications of this Atlas

Conservation Applications of this Atlas It is tempting to take a work such as this atlas as being sufficient for a wide variety of different conservation efforts with regards to Breeding Bird Species. While in fact much of the information required to form a scientifically-sound foundation for these conservation efforts can be found in this Atlas, it would be naïve to assume that this atlas alone is sufficient as a stand- alone tool. Rather, this atlas must be grounded within a body of other information in order to ascertain the conservation implications of the data provided by this atlas. That this atlas is insufficient for conservation purposes can be seen by the very nature of the atlas process. Census blocks are defined, and the status of each species is researched within each status block over the duration of the census period. From the census data, results are determined for the status and some distribution for each breeding bird species. While the atlas can provide information on the breeding status and even some aspects of distribution, it fails to provide information or even context from which to make extrapolations that are useful within a conservation aspect. For example, since California Least Tern is a very local breeding species within San Francisco, what then can we infer about the conservation status for this species? It is only when California Least Tern is a species of Federal Management Concern in California that provides the environmental and conservation context for this species. A Breeding Bird Species Atlas should not be construed to replace works that comprehensively document the status and distribution of a single species or a small group of species. However, a Breeding Bird Species Atlas can be a useful reference tool for the naturalist or conservationist, serving as the foundation for additional inquiries, research and references required for their work. Another area whereDRAFT a Breeding Bird Species Atlas can be of help is to provide a historical benchmark for breeding bird species. And within the ability of the Atlas to provide a historical context for this benchmark, the Atlas can provide valuable information about the level of concern and conservation effort that is appropriate for these species.

Identification of Breeding Bird Species of Special Concern Identifying breeding bird species of special concern is somewhat different in San Francisco for the following reasons: • The unique habitat of the Gulf of the Farallones Islands National Wildlife Refuge • The eradication of virtually all suitable non-urban breeding bird habitat outside of the parks and recreation areas in San Francisco Thus, unlike traditional atlases that can afford the luxury identifying species of concern solely within historical and greater environmental framework, identification of species of special concern must incorporate the tremendous richness of the Farallones Islands NWR and the almost total absence of suitable breeding bird habitat for many species which are common breeding species within ten miles of the city of San Francisco. As a result, great care must be taken to appropriately interpret the results of this Atlas. For example, the Farallones Islands are host to almost 400,000 breeding seabirds and is major sanctuary for breeding seabirds on the Pacific coast. Thus, the fact that Ashy Storm-Petrel and Tufted Puffin are confirmed breeders on the Farallones Islands should not diminish environmental concerns for these species. An equally illustrative example is the small breeding

Conservation Applications of this Atlas population of California Quail in San Francisco. While California Quail is a common, even prolific breeder in Marin County, the very small and declining population in San Francisco is cause for concern. Table 9 shows those California species that either are threatened or endangered (DFG 2002).

Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia) California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris levipes) Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Greater Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis tabida) Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi) Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) Gila Woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis) Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides) Willow FlycatcherDRAFT (Empidonax traillii) Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) Coastal California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica californica) San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) Arizona Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii arizonae) Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) Inyo California Towhee (Pipilo crissalis eremophilus) San Clemente Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli clementeae) Belding’s Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi) Table 9. Federally or California Threatened and Endangered Species From Table 9, we can extract those species that are breeding birds in San Francisco, shown in Table 10 below.

Species Block American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) 5585 California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) 5580 Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) 4075 Table 10. San Francisco Threatened and Endangered Species Each of these three species has distinctly different habitat requirements, so it is worthy to review these.

Conservation Applications of this Atlas

American Peregrine Falcon The preferred habitat of Peregrine Falcons is open country and cliffs. However, limited nest sites and prey can often force the Peregrine Falcon into urban areas, nesting on building ledges or under bridges. Its diet consists mostly of birds. Pigeons are favored prey in urban areas, while along the coast they can take ducks and shorebirds. Their prey ranges in size from as large as loons, geese and large gulls to small . Occasionally, they will take insects or small mammals (Kaufmann, 1996). While the availability of suitable nesting sites would be seem not to be a problem in and around the city of San Francisco, care must be taken to ensure that the prey on which they feed, particularly Rock Doves, remain untainted by pesticides, poisons or other foreign agents which could affect either the birds mortality or their reproductive success. Also, care not to disturb existing nest sites must also be taken.

California Least Tern The Least Tern frequents beaches, bays, large rivers and salt flats, particularly those where there is extensive shallow water nearby. Their diet consists of fish, crustaceans, insects and some small mollusks and marine worms. Their nest is a site on open ground, often a shallow scrape. (Kaufmann, 1996). Due to the nesting requirements in a relatively developed area, taking care to prevent nest predation is of utmost concern. Corvid and mammal predation can be particularly problematic. Shallow waters in which the terns feed need to be protected against pollution or other contaminants to protectDRAFT the Least Tern‘s food supply. Bank Swallow The Bank Swallow, our smallest swallow, is rarely found far from water, preferring fields, marshes, streams and lakes. It is a highly colonial nester, found in vertical banks of dirt or sand, seldom well away from water. As with most other swallows, its diet consists of insects, including flies, crane flies, beetles, wasps, winged ants, small bees and true bug as well as others. It nests in a burrow excavated in the colony (Kaufmann, 1996). Availability of food supply would appear not to be a problem unless widespread application of pesticide were to be done in feeding areas. Suitable nesting habitat is more problematic in that the Bank Swallow has very specific requirements for nest sites. Preservation of suitable nesting areas is paramount to the continued breeding success of the birds. Also, the nest sites need to be protected against disturbance from human influences, including dogs, and corvid or gull predation.

Identification of Habitats of Special Concern Identification of habitats of special concern is even more difficult than identification of species of special concern. Not only must the unique aspects of San Francisco be taken into account as for species of special concern, but also the extrapolation from species data to habitat data must be done. For example, despite the fact that Common Murre is a prolific breeder on the Farallones Islands, the bird is present in small numbers or absent in other onshore atlas blocks that nominally provide suitable habitat. Or the fact that Hooded Oriole is a recently established

Conservation Applications of this Atlas breeder in several atlas blocks is testimony to the range expansion of the species due to a substantial increase in appropriate habitat for that species. In order to quantitatively understand the effects of urbanization on the San Francisco flora and fauna, one needs a baseline. While this atlas presents a qualitative understanding of precolonial natural history for San Francisco, the format of this information is not suitable for atlas information. However, there is a very good baseline in the form of the Marin Breeding Bird Atlas. Marin, immediately north of San Francisco, has large tracts of relatively undisturbed habitat and also an excellent Breeding Bird Atlas. Thus, this atlas uses baseline information from Marin in an attempt to extrapolate to the current state of the San Francisco’s natural history. Table 11 below compares the average number of species found per atlas block between Marin and San Francisco counties.

San Francisco Marin Total Breeding Species 103 157 Average per Block 28.7 ± 20.5 56.7 ± 0.79 Table 11. Marin and San Francisco Species Diversity The biodiversity within Marin is far higher than it is in San Francisco. This is hardly surprising given large rural portions of Marin compared to San Francisco. The relative biodiversity in Marin is actually even higher given that the atlas block size is smaller in Marin than it is in San Francisco. The large errors on the average number of species per block for San Francisco are due to the small numberDRAFT of blocks and the wide disparity in number of species per block. Examination of the distribution by species within atlas blocks provides clues as to habitats of special concern. Table 12 below compares the relative distribution of species within the two counties.

San San Francisco Marin Francisco Marin Species Blocks Blocks Species Blocks Blocks Pied-billed Grebe 25.00% 15.40% Sharp-shinned Hawk 5.00% 3.20% Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel 5.00% 0.00% Red-shouldered Hawk 40.00% 25.30% Leach’s Storm-Petrel 10.00% 0.00% Red-tailed Hawk 35.00% 96.40% Ashy Storm-Petrel 10.00% 0.40% American Kestrel 30.00% 55.20% Double-crested Peregrine Falcon 5.00% 0.00% Cormorant 15.00% 0.40% California Quail 20.00% 94.10% Pelagic Cormorant 30.00% 5.00% American Coot 35.00% 26.20% Brandt’s Cormorant 30.00% 1.80% Killdeer 50.00% 66.10% Great Blue Heron 10.00% 5.40% Black Oystercatcher 15.00% 4.50% Green Heron 20.00% 10.80% Black-necked Stilt 10.00% 4.10% Black-crowned Night- American Avocet 10.00% 0.00% Heron 15.00% 0.40% Western Gull 65.00% 6.30% Canada Goose 5.00% 0.40% Caspian Tern 5.00% 0.00% Mallard 55.00% 49.80% Forster’s Tern 5.00% 0.00% Gadwall 5.00% 4.50% Common Murre 20.00% 1.40% Ruddy Duck 20.00% 9.00%

Conservation Applications of this Atlas

San San Francisco Marin Francisco Marin Species Blocks Blocks Species Blocks Blocks Pigeon Guillemot 25.00% 4.50% Marsh Wren 20.00% 15.40% Cassin’s Auklet 20.00% 0.00% Golden-crowned Kinglet 5.00% 0.00% Rhinoceros Auklet 15.00% 0.40% Swainson’s Thrush 20.00% 62.00% Tufted Puffin 10.00% 0.40% American Robin 70.00% 89.10% Rock Dove 50.00% 40.70% Wrentit 5.00% 82.40% Band-tailed Pigeon 10.00% 52.90% Northern Mockingbird 45.00% 30.30% Mourning Dove 70.00% 95.90% Loggerhead Shrike 5.00% 18.10% Barn Owl 5.00% 15.40% European Starling 65.00% 87.80% Great Horned Owl 10.00% 67.40% Hutton’s Vireo 30.00% 83.20% White-throated Swift 15.00% 19.00% Warbling Vireo 25.00% 74.20% Anna’s Hummingbird 70.00% 73.80% Orange-crowned Allen’s Hummingbird 55.00% 89.60% Warbler 35.00% 86.40% Belted Kingfisher 15.00% 33.00% Yellow Warbler 10.00% 10.00% Downy Woodpecker 40.00% 65.60% Common Yellowthroat 20.00% 17.20% Hairy Woodpecker 5.00% 37.10% Wilson’s Warbler 30.00% 72.80% Northern Flicker 15.00% 64.70% Black-headed Grosbeak 15.00% 58.40% Olive-sided Flycatcher 25.00% 43.40% Lazuli Bunting 5.00% 52.00% Western Wood-Pewee 5.00% 61.50% Spotted Towhee 20.00% 88.20% Pacific-slope Flycatcher 15.00% 73.80% California Towhee 50.00% 91.00% Black Phoebe 30.00% 75.60% Savannah Sparrow 15.00% 52.00% Horned Lark DRAFT 5.00% 55.60% Song Sparrow 55.00% 86.90% Tree Swallow 30.00% 59.70% White-crowned Sparrow 65.00% 38.50% Violet-green Swallow 25.00% 80.10% Dark-eyed Junco 45.00% 85.10% Northern Rough-winged Red-winged Blackbird 55.00% 77.80% Swallow 5.00% 47.00% Tricolored Blackbird 5.00% 6.80% Bank Swallow 5.00% 0.00% Western Meadowlark 10.00% 61.10% Cliff Swallow 15.00% 91.40% Brewer’s Blackbird 65.00% 87.30% Barn Swallow 50.00% 91.80% Great-tailed Grackle 5.00% 0.00% Steller’s Jay 5.00% 69.70% Brown-headed Cowbird 70.00% 78.30% Western Scrub-Jay 50.00% 96.80% Hooded Oriole 30.00% 6.80% American Crow 30.00% 76.50% Bullock’s Oriole 20.00% 58.40% Common Raven 55.00% 76.90% Purple Finch 40.00% 80.10% Chestnut-backed House Finch 70.00% 93.70% Chickadee 55.00% 88.20% Red Crossbill 20.00% 5.40% Bushtit 65.00% 93.70% Pine Siskin 45.00% 68.30% Red-breasted Nuthatch 5.00% 17.60% Lesser Goldfinch 30.00% 65.60% Pygmy Nuthatch 45.00% 18.10% American Goldfinch 50.00% 78.30% Brown Creeper 35.00% 57.90% House Sparrow 65.00% 65.20% Bewick’s Wren 20.00% 92.80% Winter Wren 25.00% 25.30% Table 12. Comparison of Species Diversity between San Francisco and Marin Counties In a general sense, those species which are far more common in Marin than in San Francisco illustrate habitats which are of special concern in San Francisco. Table 13 below lists those

Conservation Applications of this Atlas species that are underrepresented by more than four standard deviations (σ) relative to the Marin Population:

Species σ underrepresented Primary Habitat Wrentit -15.48 Northern Coastal Scrub Steller’s Jay -12.94 Mixed Evergreen Forest Western Wood-Pewee -11.30 Coastal Riparian Forest Horned Lark -10.12 Coastal Prairie Lazuli Bunting -9.40 Valley Grassland Bewick’s Wren -8.82 Mixed Evergreen Forest Cliff Swallow -8.82 Freshwater Marsh Northern Rough-winged Swallow -8.40 Freshwater Marsh Great Horned Owl -8.12 Mixed Evergreen Forest California Quail -7.41 Northern Coastal Scrub Western Meadowlark -7.23 Valley Grassland Northern Coastal Scrub, Valley Spotted Towhee -6.82 Grassland Pacific-slope Flycatcher -6.79 Valley Grassland Hairy Woodpecker -6.42 Mixed Evergreen Forest Band-tailed Pigeon -6.07 Mixed Evergreen Forest Mixed Evergreen Forest, Valley Northern Flicker -5.74 Grassland Black-headed Grosbeak -5.01 Coastal Riparian Forest Violet-green Swallow -4.93 Freshwater Marsh Red-tailed HawkDRAFT -4.64 Varied Warbling Vireo -4.40 Coastal Riparian Forest Hutton’s Vireo -4.34 Mixed Evergreen Forest Savannah Sparrow -4.27 Valley Grassland Swainson’s Thrush -4.20 Coastal Riparian Forest Table 13. Significantly Underrepresented Species in San Francisco relative to Marin From this, we can infer habitats that are endangered in San Francisco.

Northern Coastal Scrub Northern coastal scrub includes both Coyote Brush-Sword Fern Scrub, found in moister western portions of the city and coastal sage-coyote brush scrub, found in drier eastern portions of the city Urbanization has played a major role in the destruction of this habitat, including the wholesale development of the Richmond and Sunset districts as well as the San Miguel Hills and Mount Davidson areas. Most remaining areas lie in areas unsuitable for development, e.g. steep coastal areas and ravines or in areas that were protected from development by stewardship of the U. S. Armed Services, e.g. Fort Point and Fort Funston. Restoration areas for this habitat include the Lobos Dunes and an area north of the abandoned U. S. Marine Hospital in the Presidio and a small restoration in the northeast corner of Fort Funston. However, the small size and significant fragmentation of these areas makes them highly unsuitable for sedentary specialists of this habitat such as the Wrentit.

Conservation Applications of this Atlas

Mixed Evergreen Forest The only mixed evergreen forest found in San Francisco is coast live oak-California bay- madrone forest, though there are several areas with good-sized parcels including eastern Golden Gate Park and Glen Canyon. While some species can take advantage of this habitat, the fact that urbanization has destroyed much of the original habitat no doubt contributes significantly to the underrepresentation of species found in this habitat. However, much of the remaining areas seem to be protected in park areas, so the little remaining should be preserved.

Freshwater Marsh Freshwater Marsh is represented only by bulrush-cattail marsh in San Francisco and is very much threatened. The bulk of this habitat lies at Lake Merced, which is threatened by overdevelopment of the Harding Park Golf Course, the diversion of water from the Westside Basin Aquifer (FoLM, 2002) and agricultural runoff. A restoration project is ongoing at the Mountain Lake Area, but the Pine Lake/Stern Grove area is threatened by off-leash dogs, overuse and agricultural runoff. A restoration project is ongoing for the Chain of Lakes marshes as well, but continued viability of this habitat will rest with the critical portions at Lake Merced.

Valley Grassland Urbanization and introduction of non-native grasses has played a major role in the destruction of this habitat. The remaining areas that have not been urbanized are dominated by introduced grasses. While Howell, Raven and Rubtzoff (1952) report needlegrass as “common on rocky grassland, often on serpentine”, most likely it is much harder to find today. While many of the species that breed in theseDRAFT habitats have adapted to the introduced grasses, urbanization and other disruption of the area contribute to their underrepresentation.

Coastal Riparian Forest Coastal Riparian Forest is also severely endangered in San Francisco. The Lobos Creek area is undergoing a restoration, but pollution during the tenure of the U. S. Army continues to be a problem. Glen Canyon, which has another good stand, is undergoing a restoration project, but that area is threatened by overuse and off-leash dogs. Given how highly fragmented and how small these areas are, it is little wonder that species that breed in this habitat are underrepresented.

Species Accounts

Species Accounts Below are the specific accounts for those breeding species found in the county of San Francisco. The legend in Figure 38 is used:

Confirmed Probable Possible Observed

Figure 38. Legend for Breeding Status per Block

Grebes Podicipedidae

Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe is a fairly common resident in suitable habitats west of the Cascade-Sierra crest and west of the deserts in the southeast. Birds from colder regions to the north and east withdraw to the west, possibly to the south and to desert oases including Death Valley (Small, 1994). Pied-billed Grebes build their nest in shallow water in marshy areas, with the opening next to the water so that the birds can approach the nest from underwater (Kaufmann, 1996). Pied- billed Grebes typicallyDRAFT require emergent vegetation for nesting.

Breeding was confirmed in five atlas blocks, varying from Figure 39. Pied-billed Grebe large freshwater lakes (Lake Merced) to smaller fresh water Breeding Status lakes in Golden Gate Park. Breeding was confirmed in five blocks between 3 April and 3 August. During the atlas years breeding was confirmed only at Lake Merced and Mountain Lake in the Presidio. Small lakes in Golden Gate Park such as North, Middle, Mallard and Stow seemed to lack sufficient habitat (i.e. emergent vegetation) for successful breeding

Storm-Petrels Hydrobatidae

Leach’s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach’s Storm-Petrel is fairly common in late summer in the southern half of California but considerably less so in the northern half, even off of Humboldt and Del Norte counties where more than 15,000 nests may be found. Since Leach’s Storm-Petrel almost always enter or exit their nest under cover of darkness, they are rarely observed near shore, but is common year- round farther out to sea (Stallcup, 1990).

Species Accounts

The nest of a Leach’s Storm-Petrel is in a burrow under grass, rocks or other suitable cover. The burrow is typically 1-3 feet long, but can be up to 5 feet long (Kaufmann, 1996). However, in the eastern Pacific it utilizes talus slopes (Ainley et al. 1975). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks, both of which are on Southeast Farallon Island where an estimated 800 pairs breed (Ainley et al. 1990).

Figure 40. Leach’s Storm-Petrel Breeding Status

Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa Ashy Storm-Petrel is common within the great Storm-Petrel flocks found in Monterey Bay, but often unpredictable elsewhere. In Southern California, Ashy Storm-Petrel is sometimes common from Santa Catalina Island north, and small groups or isolated individuals can be found in the Gulf of Farallones and off the Cordell Bank in summer and fall (Stallcup, 1990). Its winter distribution is poorly known other than they depart the nearshore of California. More than 75% of the world’s Figure 41. Ashy Storm-Petrel population of Ashy Storm-Petrel nests on the Farallon Islands Breeding Status and most of the rest nestDRAFT on San Miguel, Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara in the Channel Islands (Stallcup, 1990). Unlike the Leach’s Storm-Petrel, Ashy Storm-Petrels nest in natural cavities or crevices, or will use the abandoned burrow of other species. Leach’s Storm-Petrel has been know to share crevices with other nesting alcids such as Cassin’s Auklet, Xantus’s Murrelet, and Pigeon Guillemot (Carter et al. 1992). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks, both of which are on Southeast Farallon Island.

Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae

Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus The Brandt’s Cormorant is a common resident along the immediate coast, though it departs from northwestern and southern California coastal areas in winter, the latter in favor the Channel Islands. As a breeder, they are found from the Oregon border all the way to the Channel Islands and the largest breeding colony is on the Farallones. The total breeding pairs in California was estimated to be 64,000 in 1980 (Sowls et al., 1980), and despite a significant decrease since then, it is still the most common cormorant in California. It prefers offshore islands, sea cliffs and breakwaters for roosting (Small, 1994). Brandt’s are colonial ground nesters usually found nesting on rocky islets where nests are typically located on flat or sloping areas or on cliffs with ledges (Wallace and Wallace 1998).

Species Accounts

The nest is a mound of seaweed, eelgrass, algae, and is held together with guano (Kaufmann, 1996). The male gathers most of the nesting material while the female builds the nest. During the atlas approximately 7,000 pairs nested on the Farallon Islands. In the city, small numbers nested on Seal Rocks near the Cliff House and up to 10 pairs nested on an offshore rock off the West Wash in Lincoln Park. Surprisingly, two pairs were discovered breeding on the west tip of Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Bay. Also, up to 248 nests have been observed on Alcatraz Island in 1999 (Thayer, 1999). The earliest date that breeding was confirmed is 21 April, while the late date is well into summer on 13 July.

Figure 42. Brandt’s Cormorant Breeding Status Double-crested CormorantDRAFT Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorants are fairly common residents throughout the state, and coast populations increase in fall and winter as inland birds abandon colder climates for the temperate climes of the immediate coast. Double-crested Cormorants breed the length and breadth of the state. Approximately 2000 breed along the immediate coast, with roughly 10% of those found on the Farallones. However, the majority of the coastal breeders are along the northwest coast. It is found on offshore islands, seacoast, bays, harbors and most inland bodies of water (Small, 1994). Double-crested Cormorants typically don’t breed until the age of three (Kaufmann, 1996). In addition to more traditional nesting sites on the ground like other cormorants, Double-crested Cormorants will also nest in trees. Not surprisingly, the materials used in the nest reflect the more inland milieu of the species, being made of sticks and other debris (Kaufmann, 1996). During the atlas approximately 200 pairs bred on the Farallon Islands. The Bay Bridge colony, originally discovered in the early 1980s, expanded across the county line into San Francisco when at least two pairs were observed at nest sites in 1991 (Bailey et al. 1991). This marked the first modern nesting of the species in the city. The species began breeding at Lake Merced in 1997 when 18 nests were discovered. By 1999 this colony had expanded to 58 nests and a small second colony was initiated at north Lake Merced. Both colonies were still active through 2002.

Species Accounts

Figure 43. Double-crested Cormorant Breeding Status

Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus The Pelagic Cormorant is a fairly common resident from the Oregon border south to San Luis Obispo County as well as around the Channel Islands. Mainland breeding pairs comprise 56% of the breeders and are found from the Oregon border south the San Luis Obispo, while offshore colonies are found from the Farallones south to the northern Channel Islands. The total breeding population was estimated to be 16,000 pairs in 1980, but has declined significantly since then. The Pelagic Cormorant roosts on offshore islands, seacoast, sea cliffs and breakwaters (Small, 1994). The nest site is on highly inaccessible cliffs as the adults are ineffective at defending the nest against predators (Kaufmann,DRAFT 1996). The nest is typically of seaweed and grass, and occasionally has sticks. Approximately 60 pairs were confirmed breeding on the Farallon Islands, the vast majority of these on Southeast Farallon Island; six pairs were found nesting on the Needles, the small rocky islets off the Marin County shore just east of the northern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge; two-four pairs nested at the western tip of Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Bay. Breeding also likely occurred on offshore rocks off Lincoln Park, though Probable was the only breeding code obtained. There is also a small colony breeding on Alcatraz Island, with 20 nests observed in 1997 (NPS, 2002). Breeding was confirmed between 4 May and 13 July.

Figure 44. Pelagic Cormorant Breeding Status

Species Accounts

Bitterns and Herons Ardeidae

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias The Great Blue Heron is a fairly common resident throughout the state with the exception of the central and southeastern desert areas, no doubt due to a lack of suitable habitat. As a breeder, it is found throughout the state with the exception of the southeastern deserts with the exception of the Salton Sea and the lower Colorado River. Non-breeding birds disperse outside of breeding season to coastal salt marshes and desert oases. It inhabits rocky shores, kelp beds, marshes, mudflats, lakes and rivers (Small, 1994). The nest site is highly variable, but typically found in trees 20- 60 feet off the ground. Nests are made of a platform of sticks, sometimes quite large even for a species of this size. Nesting was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland and was probable in another. One of the highlights of the atlas period was the discovery of a nesting pair of Great Blues at Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park in April, 1993. Breeding was confirmed on 12 April when an adult was observed at an occupied nest and a nestling observed 1 May. This small colony persists with three active nests noted in 2002. In 1997 the species was discovered breeding at Lake Merced where Figure 45. Great Blue Heron Breeding Status there are currently two small colonies each with up to 4 nests near Harding Park. DRAFT

Great Egret Ardea alba The Great Egret is a fairly common resident throughout the state, with an influx of birds to the coast seeking more temperate climates. As a breeder, it is found the length of the state. Other than nesting, they may be found in coastal lagoons, saltwater marshes and mudflats, bays and other bodies of water (Small, 1994). Great Egrets first nest at age two or three (Kaufmann, 1996). It is most often a colonial nester like other egrets, but occasional lone pairs are also found. Its typical nest site is in a tree or shrub, 10 – 40 feet off the ground and the nest is made of sticks, often substantial in size. Figure 46. Great Egret Breed There was no evidence of breeding during the atlas period is one record subsequent to the atlas period from Alcatraz Island, fledging young in October (NPS, 2002).

Species Accounts

Snowy Egret Egretta thula The Snowy Egret is a fairly common resident as well, though coastal populations are primarily of post-breeding birds seeking more temperate wintering grounds. As a breeder, it is found throughout the state, but breeding areas are widely spread and poorly known. The largest rookeries are at the north and south ends of the Salton Sea, though their numbers have decreased dramatically of late due to pollution and sewage. It may be found in saltwater marshes, tidal flats, coastal lagoons and rivers lakes and streams (Small, 1994). A colonial nester, The nest site is in shrubs or trees, typically at a lower height than the Great Egret. The nest is made of sticks, Figure 47. Snowy Egret Breeding Status similar to the Great Egret. While there was no evidence of breeding during the atlas period, Snowy Egrets nest in small numbers on Alcatraz Island, with 11 nests reported in 1998 (Hothem, 1999).

Green Heron Butorides virescens The Green Heron is an uncommon to fairly common resident throughout the state with the exception of the northern and northeastern portions of the state where it is a rare transient. Its range is the length of DRAFTthe state, but is rare to uncommon in northern portions of the state. It inhabits freshwater lakes and marshes and streams with dense vegetation (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Green Heron is in a shrub, 5 – 30 feet above the ground and typically very near water. Breeding was confirmed in one block and was probable in three in the Lake Merced area, though no breeding has been Figure 48. Green Heron confirmed since the atlas period. Breeding Status

Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax The Black-crowned Night-Heron is a fairly common local resident exception in the northeastern corner, the mountains and the deserts. As a breeding species, it is found the length of the state, though breeding is confined to coastal slopes in the most northerly portions of the state. South of this area, they are found anywhere west of the Sierra Nevada crest and the eastern deserts. It inhabits marshes, tidal channels, lakes and rivers, rocky shores and harbors with piers (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The Black-crowned Night-Heron is a colonial nester, breeding in mixed colonies with other herons and egrets and occasionally Franklin’s Gulls (Larus pipixcan). The nest site is widely variable, depending on the colony, from ground level upwards to 150 feet. The nest is made of sticks (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in but a single block, but was possible in two others. However, there is a large rookery on Alcatraz Island that is one of the largest in the , comprising of up to 341 nests in 1996 (Hothem, 1999). The species is rather widespread, occurring in five other blocks on Figure 49. Black-crowned Night- Heron Breeding Status the mainland and in San Francisco Bay.

Swans, Geese and Ducks Anatidae

Canada Goose Branta canadensis The Canada Goose is primarily a fairly common winter visitor. There is a small semi-resident population in the northeastern portion of the state and small introduced populations in the San Francisco Bay Area and in the Carmel Valley. They range throughout the state in winter, with large populations found in refuges in the Central Valley and elsewhere. The only truly wild breeding population is found in the northeastern corner of the state. The Canada Goose may be found in freshwater marshes and bodies of water as well as almost any grassy area (Small, 1994). The nest is typically onDRAFT slightly elevated dry ground near water, though there is much variations depending on the habitat. The nest is a slight depression with a shallow bowl of sticks, grass, weeds or moss, lined with down (Kaufmann, 1996). Two pairs with flightless young at the southwest corner of Alameda Naval Air Station represented the only breeding record during the atlas period. Also, there is a historical record of breeding in block 4575. Subsequent to the atlas period, breeding has been confirmed at Crissy Lagoon and on Yerba Buena Island. This species has become well established as a breeder at many sites around San Francisco Bay (Lidicker and McCollum 1979). Most of these birds are believed to be of the large western interior form, moffetti, which breeds naturally throughout much of the interior west, including northeastern California (Bellrose, 1980). The origin of birds breeding locally remains an open question. A semi-captive flock of B. c. moffetti was breeding by 1956 at Lake Merritt in Oakland and it seems likely many birds nesting around San Francisco Bay may have originated from this group. Other releases have been made (Shuford, 1993) and it is possible some over-wintering birds have remained through the breeding season, perhaps crippled or otherwise unfit to migrate, which have augmented supposed introduced stock.

Species Accounts

Figure 50. Canada Goose Breeding Status

Gadwall Anas strepera The Gadwall is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor in the state. As a breeder, it is uncommon to locally fairly common, and some of these breeders may be resident. It ranges throughout the state, being a common breeder in the northeastern portion of the state, an uncommon breeder in the Central Valley and elsewhere an uncommon and local breeder. The Gadwall inhabits most any freshwater body of water, less frequent in salt water (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Gadwall is on dry land usually near water and the nest is a shallow depression built of grasses and weeds, lined with down (Kaufmann, 1996). Figure 51. Gadwall Breeding Status During the atlas probable status was attained when a pair (along with two males) were observed in June at the southwest corner of Alameda Naval Air Station. Subsequent to the atlas, breeding was confirmed during 1998 and 1999 at Mallard Lake (block 4575) in Golden Gate Park when a female with young was observed. DRAFT Mallard Anas platyrhynchos The Mallard is a common to abundant winter visitor and resident. In winter, large numbers of birds arrive in California from less temperate areas, abandoning habitat where there is no longer open water. As a breeder, it is widespread throughout the state, second only to the Northern Pintail in numbers, though it is decidedly less common in the southern portion of the state. The Mallard is ubiquitous in virtually any freshwater body of water, much less so in salty or brackish areas (Small, 1994). Populations in urban and suburban parks are often polluted by various different bizarre hybrids, often with Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata). Figure 52. Mallard Breeding Status The nest site may be more than one mile from water, widely increasing its options for a suitable breeding site (Kaufmann, 1996). The nest itself is typically on the ground concealed by other vegetation, but may be on a stump, in a tree hollow or just about anywhere else. Breeding was confirmed breeding in six atlas blocks, and was a probable breeder in four. Breeding was confirmed from 6 April to 9 July. Courtship display between Mallards can be seen nearly year round in San Francisco.

Species Accounts

Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis The Ruddy Duck is a common to abundant resident and winter visitor in the state. It is found throughout the state in all suitable habitats, including lakes in the deserts and in the mountains. Birds from northern regions withdraw to the south in the winter, often to saltwater habitats where they are mostly absent in the summer (Small, 1994). The nest site is in dense vegetation, well hidden from view, over shallow water. The nest is a woven platform of grasses, cattails, lined with down, and anchored to marsh vegetation (Kaufmann, 1996). Figure 53. Ruddy Duck Breeding Ruddy Duck was confirmed breeding in two atlas blocks and Status was probable in another, all at Lake Merced. Two subsequent breeding records in 2000 and 2001 were also at Lake Merced .

Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies Accipitridae

Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus The Sharp-shinned Hawk is an uncommon to fairly common transient and winter visitor. As a transient, it outnumbers the larger Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) by roughly 3:2 or more. As a breeding species,DRAFT it is quite scarce in California, with few confirmations. (Small, 1994). The nest site is very well concealed, usually in dense foliage in a conifer, and usually 20 – 60 feet above ground. The nest is a platform of sticks lined with bark strips (Kaufmann, 1996). A pair observed on 9 May in the Presidio (Block 4580) was not seen during subsequent visits. No details of the sighting were Figure 54. Sharp-shinned Hawk provided making this record difficult to evaluate. Sharp- Breeding Status shinned Hawks are rare but increasing nesters in the Santa Cruz Mountains (American Birds, 19xx). Most nests located in coastal California have been in dense stands of conifers. In San Francisco this habitat is replicated to some degree only in the Presidio. There have been no subsequent records of nesting activity in San Francisco, though Cooper’s Hawk has been confirmed breeding subsequent to the atlas period. The single atlas record for Sharp-shinned Hawk remains enigmatic and is best treated with caution and, perhaps, more properly considered a Possible breeding species

Species Accounts

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk is a fairly common resident and uncommon to rare fall transient. It ranges the length of the state, but most of the population is confined to coastal mountains and foothills from Del Norte County south to San Diego County with southern populations declining. Populations in the northern portion of the state may be increasing of late. For breeding, it prefers tall riparian forests up to about 4000 feet (Small, 1994). However, urban and suburban populations may be increasing of late. The nest site is typically in a deciduous tree, or more likely in San Francisco in a conifer or Eucalyptus tree, usually 35 – 65 Figure 55. Red-shouldered Hawk Breeding Status feet above the ground. The nest is a platform of sticks, lined with bark, and may be reused in subsequent years after construction (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in four atlas blocks in San Francisco and was probable in two. Breeding was confirmed between 22 February and 15 May. Representative breeding sites include Golden Gate Park, Lake Merced and the Presidio.

Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk is a DRAFTfairly common resident throughout much of the state in suitable habitat. Populations increase state-wide during the winter due to winter visitors from north of the state. It ranges throughout the length of the state and is widespread. Migrants are fairly common along coastal ridges in migration. It may found in almost any suitable terrestrial habitat (Small, 1994). The nest site is variable, also improving its chances of breeding success. The site may be up to 120 feet off the ground, sometimes in a tree taller than the rest. Additionally, it nests on cliff ledges, in the arms of giant cacti or on towers or buildings. Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks and was probable in yet another. Subsequent to the atlas period, breeding was confirmed in block 5075. Nesting was confirmed between 22 February and 21 July. Though widespread observations were recorded throughout much of the City, breeding was restricted to three blocks that included sufficient grassland-type habitat Figure 56. Red-tailed Hawk Breeding Status for hunting. Representative breeding sites included McLaren Park, Glen Canyon Park, and the Presidio.

Species Accounts

Caracaras and Falcons Falconidae

American Kestrel Falco sparverius The American Kestrel is a fairly common resident and uncommon coastal migrant. Birds from the north and probably northeastern portions of the state withdraw to the south seeking more temperate climates. The species ranges throughout the state and is widespread. It prefers open country such as light woodland, grasslands, oases, tundra and agricultural areas (Small, 1994). American Kestrels are cavity nesters and most any suitable cavity may be used, no doubt increasing the chances of its breeding success. Figure 57. American Kestrel Two breeding pairs were discovered during the atlas. Both Breeding Status nests were located in cavities or crevices in buildings. Confirmation dates were two months apart: 19 March and 15 May.

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus The Peregrine Falcon is an uncommon resident and winter visitor. Fall and winter birds are more common than spring birds by roughly 4:1, probably due to an influx of more northerly birds. Post-breeding birdsDRAFT expand their range into agricultural areas and coastal plains. While the species ranges throughout the state, most are found east of the Cascades and the Sierra Crest and the Central Valley as well as other interior valleys of the coastal ranges. For nesting, it prefers cliffs, ridges and rocky promontories anywhere near a suitable food source (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Peregrine Falcon is usually on a cliff ledge, a broken-off snag of an old tree or even the abandoned nest of another raptor. In more urban areas, tall buildings and bridges may be used as nest sites, resulting in some spectacular images from small digital cameras set up to the observe nesting activity. There is no nest proper; the eggs are laid on a simple scrape deep enough only to keep the eggs from moving around on the ledge. Breeding was confirmed in one block: a closely monitored and manipulated nest site on the Bay Bridge. See Roberson and Tenney, 1993 for a summary of the status of this species in Figure 58. Peregrine Falcon Breeding Status California as of the early 1990s. Peregrine Falcon may also breed on large buildings in downtown San Francisco.

Species Accounts

New World Quail Odontophoridae

California Quail Callipepla californica The California Quail is a widespread and locally common resident. It ranges the length of the state and is widespread, but is absent from higher reaches of mountainous areas as well as the deserts of the east and southeast and occasionally hybridizes with Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambellii) in areas where their ranges overlap. California Quail may be found in chaparral, brushland, riparian and oak woodlands and even agricultural land and the fringes of suburban gardens (Small, 1994). The nest site is on the ground, under shrubbery or brush or other cover. The nest is a shallow depression lined with grass and leaves (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks on the mainland, but populations in McLaren Park and Lincoln Park are thought to have been extirpated subsequent to the census period. Breeding was confirmed between 30 June and 15 August. Numbers of quail in San Francisco have declined precipitously over the past ten to fifteen years. The population in Golden Gate Park was in and now consists of no more than birds. The entire city population is estimated to be . Though many factors probably have combined to cause the San Francisco’s quail population to decline, habitat degradation and loss certainly play a major role (Calkins et al. 1999). Feral cats are thoughtDRAFT to exert pressure on quail numbers though this has not been quantified locally.

Figure 59. California Quail Breeding Status

Figure 60: California Quail with chick ©2001 Alan Hopkins

Species Accounts

Rails, Gallinules and Coots Rallidae

American Coot Fulica americana The American Coot is a common to abundant resident. Many birds from montane areas withdraw in fall and winter as open water freezes over. It ranges the length of the state and is widespread except in the very high mountains and the very dry southeastern deserts, but may be found in any marsh, lake or oasis no matter how remote it seems to be (Small, 1994). The nest site is usually found in tall emergent vegetation in shallow water. The nest is a floating platform of marsh vegetation including cattails, bulrushes and sedges, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in six atlas blocks between 23 March and 9 July. Figure 61. American Coot Breeding Status

Plovers and Lapwings Charadriidae

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Killdeer are fairly common to common residents and winter visitors. Some late summer and fall birds abandon northeastern and northern portions of the state for more temperate climates to the south. Some breedingDRAFT birds may move south and out of the state in fall. Killdeer range throughout the state and are very widespread. Killdeer may be found on mudflats and estuaries, shores of most any body of water, agricultural fields and occasionally nests on gravel roofs (Small, 1994). The nest site is typically on the ground or in a field of short grass. In more urban areas, Killdeer may be found nesting on gravel roofs of large buildings. The nest is shallow scrape, Figure 62. Breeding Status of Killdeer sometimes lined with twigs or other materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in five atlas blocks and probable in three. Breeding was confirmed between 6 April and 30 June.

Oystercatchers Haematopodidae

Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani The Black Oystercatcher is a locally fairly common resident and rare to very uncommon irregular fall and winter visitor to non-breeding localities. It ranges locally on the mainland from Del Norte County south to about Point Arguello and non-breeding birds have been seen with some frequency inside San Francisco Bay. Black Oystercatchers may be found on rocky shores, reefs and breakwaters to offshore islands (Small, 1994). The total estimated breeding population is about 500 pairs (Sowls et al., 1980).

Species Accounts

The nest site is on ground well above the high tide line, located on gravel or grassy areas. The nest is a shallow scrape with a Spartan lining of pebbles or shells (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two blocks on Southeast Farallon Island and on one mainland block on offshore rocks near the Cliff House. Breeding has also been confirmed on Alcatraz Island starting in 1995 (NPS, 2002). Breeding was confirmed between 7 May and 25 June. A subsequent breeding record in 2001 on the seemingly late date of 9 August (see Figure 63) is suggestive of a replacement clutch as the species raises only one brood per season with most egg laying occurring in May and early June (Andres and Falxa, 1995). Adults have been seen feeding young as late as November (Williams, 1927). . Figure 63. Black Oystercatcher with egg August 9th, 2001 ©2001 Anne McTavish DRAFT

Figure 64. Black Oystercatcher Breeding Status

Stilts and Avocets Recurvirostridae

Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus The Black-necked Stilt is a locally rare to common transient and resident. It ranges the length of the state, but is status varies widely. Along the northern coast, it is increasing as a transient and winter visitor. In the Central Valley, it is fairly common as a transient and breeding summer visitor. Breeding occurs as far south as Kern County as do wintering birds. Around San Francisco Bay, they are locally common as residents and fairly common as summer visitors elsewhere. Black-necked Stilts frequent the edges of small bodies of water of any salinity, salt ponds, sloughs and flooded fields (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

In California it is a relatively common breeder along the coast in suitable habitat from Marin County south to San Diego County. It also breeds in the Central Valley, in the Great Basin region in the northeastern part of the state, at the Salton Sea and along parts of the Colorado River (Small 1994). [INCONSISTENT TREATMENT OF SPECIES]. > The nest site is on open ground near water, potentially being slightly raised from the water’s surface. The nest is a simple scrape or small mound, possibly lined with pebbles, shells or other debris (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed at the former Alameda Naval Air Station on the small portion of Alameda Island within San Francisco County where two pairs and one brood were found 9 June.

Figure 65. Black-necked Stilt Breeding Status

American Avocet Recurvirostra americana The American Avocet is a common to abundant widespread transient and resident throughout the state. Along the north coast, it is a common to locally fairly common, breeding as far north as Sonoma County. Large numbers breed in and around San Francisco Bay, whereDRAFT more than 20,000 have been censused. American Avocets may be found in estuaries, mudflats, lagoons, salt ponds and shallow freshwater ponds (Small, 1994). The nest site of the American Avocet is on bare open ground, not far from water. The next is a simple scrape in the soil, lined with pebbles or other debris (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding Figure 66. American Avocet Breeding Status was confirmed at the former Alameda Naval Air Station where two pairs with single chicks were found 9 June and at India Basin in the southeast corner of the city were a nest with 4 eggs was discovered 15 June.

Skuas, Gulls, Terns and Skimmers Laridae

Western Gull Larus occidentalis The Western Gull is the only nesting gull along the California coast other than small numbers of California Gulls (Larus californicus) and even smaller numbers of Heermann’s Gulls (Larus heermanni). Along the California coast, the Western Gull is a common to abundant resident. Breeding occurs primarily on predator-free offshore regions, including islands and virtually any other suitable platform. Fledglings and post-breeding adults tend to move onshore, increasing their population during non-breeding periods. They range the length of the state along the immediate coast, only occasionally moving any significant distance inland. Western Gulls may

Species Accounts be found most anywhere near the coast, including offshore islands, beaches, bays, harbors and garbage dumps (Small, 1994). The nest site is located on the ground or on a cliff ledge and will often use boats or buildings in more urban areas. The nest is a shallow depression, usually lined with grass or other plants (Kaufmann, 1996). The Western Gull is a widespread breeder in San Francisco, confirmed breeding in eleven atlas blocks, including four on the Farallon Islands. A pair was observed building a nest in the zoo on 12 May, 2002 in block 4075. As well, they are a common breeding species on Alcatraz Island, recolonizing the island in 1973 (Pollack and Howell, 1991). Breeding was confirmed between 5 April and 13 July.

DRAFT

Figure 67. Western Gull Breeding Status

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia The Caspian Tern is a fairly common to occasionally locally abundant transient and summer visitor and fairly common coastal winter visitor from Ventura County south. It ranges the length of the state and is fairly widespread. Breeding colonies are sparingly found in coastal areas from Humboldt County south to San Diego County, including small colonies around San Francisco Bay. The Caspian Tern inhabits coastal inshore waters, lagoons, bays, harbors and large lakes and rivers (Small, 1994). The nest site of a Caspian Tern is on bare ground, amongst debris or sometimes found floating on vegetation. The nest is a shallow depression, sometimes lined with debris or other vegetation (Kaufmann, 1996). Caspian Tern was confirmed breeding at the southwest corner of the former Alameda Naval Air Station where a large colony comprised of approximately 1020 nests was observed 9 and 30 June. Chicks varying from new hatchlings to near-fledglings and adults carrying food and feeding young were observed. Not surprisingly, this species was recorded as Observed in many blocks as Caspian Terns breeding in San Francisco Bay routinely cross the San Francisco Peninsula while feeding young to reach foraging areas on the ocean.

Species Accounts

Figure 68. Caspian Tern Breeding Status

Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteri Forster’s Tern is mostly resident within the state, but significant seasonal movements occur. Coastal populations increase in the spring with arrival of migrants, with San Francisco Bay being the northern limit of these migrants. It is fairly common to common throughout the year on San Francisco Bay and many hundreds nest at the south end of the bay. Forster’s Terns may be found on seacoast, estuaries, lagoons, bays, ponds, larger rivers and interior alkali lakes (Small, 1994). DRAFT

Forster’s Terns breed in fresh and saltwater marshes, often on top of dense vegetation or mats of floating vegetation and, in Figure 69. Forster’s Tern Breeding Status salt marshes and on estuarine islands, also on vegetation windrows (McNicholl et al. 2001). In San Francisco, an occupied nest (later abandoned) was found at Heron’s Head Park on 29 May. Two additional pairs were observed courting and copulating in the same area.

Auks, Murres and Puffins Alcidae

Common Murre Uria aalge The Common Murre is a common resident along the northern and central coast, but uncommon and irregular off the southern coast (Small, 1994). Common Murre numbers at the Farallon Islands were decimated by over-harvesting during the latter 19th century with numbers reaching just a few thousand by 1920, climbing back up to 150,000 by 1982 and falling again to less than 80,000 by 1986 because of gillnet fishing (Gaston and Jones, 1998). In 1980, it was estimated that 360,000 birds were breeding in the state, with 17% at the Farallones (Sowls et al., 1980).

Species Accounts

The nest site is on a cliff ledge or other flat surface, often very closely spaced. There is no nest; the egg is laid on bare rock (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed on four atlas blocks on the Farallon Islands.

Figure 70. Common Murre Breeding Status

Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba The Pigeon Guillemot is a locally fairly common to common summer visitor. In fall and winter, Pigeon Guillemots leave breeding colonies, but their destination is unknown, perhaps far out to sea. They range virtually the entire length of the state but are very rare south of Ventura County (Small, 1994). The nest site of a Pigeon Guillemot is in a crevice or cave, perhaps amongst some boulders, or otherwise somewhat concealed from view. The nest site may be reused for several years. The nest is a shallow scrape, lying in or lined with dirt, pebbles and shells (Kaufmann, 1996). DRAFT Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks, two on the Farallon Islands and one on the mainland, and was probable in two atlas blocks on the Farallon Islands. As well, breeding was confirmed on Alcatraz Island, with 22 nests observed in 1999 (Thayer, 2000). Breeding was confirmed between 24 May and 12 July.

Figure 71: Copulating Pigeon Guillemots ©2001 Alan Hopkins

Species Accounts

Figure 72. Pigeon Guillemot Breeding Status

Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus The Cassin’s Auklet is common year-round along the coast. Resident populations are augmented in fall by birds from Alaska and Canada, and the species may be found in abundance at productive feeding areas such as Monterey Bay (Stallcup, 1990). The nest site of a Cassin’s Auklet is in a burrow or a crevice. The nest is essentially the unadorned burrow or crevice (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in four atlas blocks on the FarallonDRAFT Islands. Figure 73. Cassin’s Auklet Breeding Status

Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata The Rhinoceros Auklet is common in late fall and early spring and irregularly abundant in winter. As with most alcids, it is more common off of the northern and central coast than the southern coast. The current population on the Farallones is estimated to be 250 pairs (Stallcup, 1990). The nest site of the Rhinoceros Auklet is a burrow, typically on a sloping, grassy slope. The nest is a shallow cup, lined with grass or moss (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks, both on Southeast Farallon Island. Figure 74. Rhinoceros Auklet Breeding Status

Species Accounts

Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata The Tufted Puffin nests from the Farallones northward. Formerly, they nested on the Channel Islands, but they disappeared in the 1940’s. Roughly 40 pairs currently nest on the Farallones (Stallcup, 1990). The nest site of a Tufted Puffin is in a burrow, mostly in grassy areas on slopes or cliffs. The nest is either unlined or lined with grass or feathers. Breeding was confirmed on two atlas blocks on Southeast Farallon Island. Figure 75. Tufted Puffin Breeding Status

Pigeons and Doves Columbidae

Rock Dove Columba livia The Rock Dove is an abundant resident throughout the entire state, particularly in areas of human habitation where it is widely viewed as an avian pest. The nest site in urban and suburban areas is just about anywhere that the birds can find to lay eggs. The nest is a platform of twigs and grass, which may be reused in subsequent years (Kaufmann,DRAFT 1996). Breeding was confirmed in nine atlas blocks and was probable in another. Breeding was confirmed between 7 February and 29 June.

Figure 76. Rock Dove Breeding Status

Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata The Band-tailed Pigeon is the “native” pigeon to the west coast. Its populations in urban and suburban areas have been largely displaced by the Rock Dove, relegating the Band-tailed Pigeon to relatively undisturbed habitat along the coast. Band-tailed Pigeons are fairly common to locally throughout the state, but exhibits some seasonal migration, abandoning montane areas in the winter. Also, the species is somewhat irruptive, depending on the availability of acorns and berries. It breeds the length of the state at the periphery of coastal basins, valleys and in the higher foothills and mountains throughout the state. Band-tailed Pigeons inhabit oak woodlands and coniferous forests (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of a Band-tailed Pigeon is in a coniferous or deciduous tree, typically 15 – 40 feet above the ground. The nest is placed on a fork of horizontal branch or against the base of the trunk of the tree and is bulky if loosely built platform of sticks (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland and was probable in another.

Figure 77. Band-tailed Pigeon Breeding Status

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura The Mourning Dove is a dove that is common both as an urban breeding bird and in less disturbed areas. It is a fairly common to locally abundant resident, but moves away from the northwest coast the mountains and northern deserts in fall and winter. It ranges throughout the state but is absent from waterless regions in the desert, the highest montane elevations and from pure coniferous forest. Mourning Doves inhabit lower elevation open forests, riparian woodlands, farms, ranches, and urban areas (Small, 1994). The nest site is in a tree or shrub, typically less than 40 feet off the ground. The nest is a flimsy platform of sticks (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was DRAFTconfirmed in every mainland atlas block other than the block containing the Golden Gate Bridge. Breeding was confirmed between 23 February 20 July. One wonders if small numbers don’t breed almost year round.

Figure 78. Mourning Dove Breeding Status

Barn Owls Tytonidae

Barn Owl Tyto alba The Barn Owl is an uncommon to locally fairly common resident. It is found in the lowlands up into the lightly forested foothills of montane areas throughout the states, with some post-breeding dispersal to the central coast in the fall. The Barn Owl requires open fields, lawns or other open areas in addition to a suitable nesting area (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site is a cave or a hollow tree or the aforementioned roost in a tall building. The nest is at best some debris arranged into a crude depression (Kaufman, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland of San Francisco and there is a record prior to the census period from block 4580.

Figure 79. Barn Owl Breeding Status

Typical Owls Strigidae

Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus The Great Horned Owl is a fairly common sedentary resident found throughout the state in suitable habitat. The Great Horned Owl is catholic in its choice of habitat and may be found in woodlands canyons, desert with cliffs nearby farms and ranches and suburbs (Small, 1994). The nest site of a Great Horned Owl is the abandoned nest of another large bird, typically a raptor or a corvid, usually 20 – 60 feet off the ground. It rarely modifies the nest, at best adding some featheringDRAFT (Kaufmann, 1996). Nesting was confirmed in two atlas blocks on the mainland of San Francisco.

Figure 80. Great Horned Owl Breeding Status

Swifts Apodidae

White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis The White-throated Swift is found in the state as resident, transient and summer visitor in different portions of the state. Along the coast from southern Mendocino County to Santa Barbara County as well as southern lowlands, it is a fairly common to common resident. For breeding, they require crevices in cliffs, bluffs or other natural formations, but also use man- made structures (Small, 1994). White-throated Swifts often copulate on the wing.

Species Accounts

The nest is a shallow saucer comprised of feathers, grass or weeds, held together with the saliva of the bird (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was only possible in three atlas blocks during the census period, but may have been overlooked due to the relative inaccessibility of the nest site.

Figure 81. White-throated Swift Breeding Status Hummingbirds Trochilidae

Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna Certainly the hardiest of the hummingbirds, the Anna’s Hummingbird is a year round resident within most of its breeding range, which is primarily west of the Cascades and the Sierra Crest. Birds breeding at higher elevations in the south migrate to lower elevations in fall and winter. Its natural habitat is from sea level to about 5000 feet, occurring in chaparral, oak and riparian woodlands or agricultural areas bordered by trees (Small,DRAFT 1994). Its range has been increasing recently, most likely due to widespread cultivation of year round flowering plants in urban and suburban areas (Kaufmann, 1996). Figure 82. Anna’s Hummingbird Breeding Status The nest site of the Anna’s Hummingbird is variable, probably contributing to nesting success. It may be found on a branch of a tree or shrub, and occasionally in vines or even in eaves of a building. The nest is usually found 4 – 25 feet off the ground and is a cup of plant fibers and spider webs, line with down and sometimes feathers (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in twelve atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay and is possible in two. Breeding was confirmed between 22 February and 15 June. However, the courtship display of adult males can be seen between as early as December of the previous year.

Figure 83: Anna’s Hummingbird with young ©2001 Alan Hopkins

Species Accounts

Allen’s Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Two subspecies of Allen’s Hummingbird are found in the state; the migratory nominate S. s.sasin and the sedentary S. s. sedentarius, of which only sasin is found in San Francisco. S. s. sasin is a common coastal transient and a fairly common to common spring and summer visitor. S. s. sasin breeds in the lowlands and along the coastal slopes of the Coastal Range from the Oregon border south to Ventura County. It prefers coastal lowlands up to about 1000 feet, preferring scrub, chaparral, coastal forests and suburban gardens (Small, 1994). In San Francisco, Allen’s and Anna’s Hummingbirds often compete for the same nesting locations, with the more aggressive Allen’s often winning out. The nest site of the Allen’s Hummingbird is equally variable, preferring a variety of semi-open habitats, perhaps preferring lower sites than the Anna’s Hummingbird and construction of the nest itself is quite similar to that of the Anna’s Hummingbird (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in eleven atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 2 February and 29 June.

Figure 84. Allen’s Hummingbird Breeding Status

Kingfishers AlcedinidaeDRAFT

Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon The Belted Kingfisher is a rare to uncommon breeding resident and uncommon to locally fairly common transient and winter visitor. It is widespread throughout the state from the Oregon Border to the Mexican Border, absent other than a transient from the San Joaquin Valley and the eastern and southeastern deserts. As a breeder it is more common in the northern half of the state. The Belted Kingfisher may be found on offshore islands seacoast, bays, harbors and most any freshwater body of water (Small, 1994).

The nest site of a Belted Kingfisher is on a steep or vertical dirt bank, at the end of a long horizontal tunnel dug by the birds. Figure 85. Belted Kingfisher Breeding Status The nest is typically unadorned at the end of the chamber (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was only possible in three atlas blocks during the census period.

Species Accounts

Woodpeckers and Allies Picidae

Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens The Downy Woodpecker is a locally uncommon to fairly common resident, with some small upslope movement in the summer. It is widespread throughout the state except in the eastern and southeastern deserts. It prefers cottonwoods and willows from sea level up to occasionally 6000 feet (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Downy Woodpecker is in a cavity in a dead tree or a dead limb of the tree, typically 12 – 30 feet above the ground. The entrance to the cavity may be concealed with moss or lichen to help prevent predation (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in six atlas blocks on the mainland of Figure 86. Downy Woodpecker Breeding Status San Francisco, and probable in another. Breeding was confirmed between 28 April and 12 July.

Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus The Hairy Woodpecker is a fairly common resident within its habitat, moving slightly downslope during the fall and winter. It is widely distributed in well-forested and mountainous regions of the state and is a fairly common breeder in coastal lowlands and canyons, preferring well- forested habitats up toDRAFT 8500 feet (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Hairy Woodpecker is a cavity 4 – 60 feet above the ground, typically in aspens or dead conifers in the west (Kaufmann, 1996). There was no evidence of breeding during the atlas period. However, subsequent to the atlas period, breeding was confirmed in block 4580.

Figure 87. Hairy Woodpecker Breeding Status

Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus

The “Red-shafted” Northern Flicker (C. a. cafer) is a common resident, with fall and winter numbers being augmented by birds arriving from further north. C. a. cafer is the most widely distributed woodpecker in the state, breeding throughout other than in higher elevations of montane regions and southeastern deserts. The Northern Flicker prefers a variety of broken woodlands from sea level up to 10,000 feet (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of a Northern Flicker is in a cavity, tree or post, with softer woods such as pine, cottonwood and even willows being preferred. The nest is typically found 6 – 20 feet above the ground (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding is only probable in two atlas blocks.

Figure 88. Northern Flicker Breeding Status

Tyrant Flycatchers Tyrannidae

Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi The Olive-sided Flycatcher an uncommon spring and fall transient in the lowlands and an uncommon summer visitor within its breeding range. As a transient, it ranges throughout the state. It breeds along the coast from the Oregon border south to San Luis Obispo County. Along the coast, it prefers wooded canyons (Small, 1994). It has become noticeably less common in the last several years, due in part to habitat destruction on its wintering grounds (Marshall, 1988). The nest site of the Olive-sided Flycatcher is in a tree, usually on a horizontal branchDRAFT well away from the trunk. The nest is typically 5 – 70 feet above the ground and is a flat open cup of twigs, grass and weeds, typically lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in four atlas blocks on the mainland of San Francisco and was probable in another. However, summering populations of Olive-sided Flycatcher have noticeably declined since the censusing took place, with only one confirmed breeding record since the atlas period. Breeding was confirmed between 29 May and 3 August. Figure 89. Olive-sided Flycatcher Breeding Status

Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus The Western Wood-Pewee is a fairly common to common spring transient, common summer visitor and common fall transient in the state. It is widespread throughout the forested regions in the state other than the extreme northeastern portion of the state. It is found along the entire length of the Coastal Range south to Los Angeles County, and may be found in a variety of woodland and forest habitats (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Western Wood-Pewee is in a tree, perhaps preferring deciduous over coniferous. The nest is typically 15 – 40 feet above the ground, shaped like a flat open cup and composed of grass, plant fibers and down. The outside of the nest may be adorned with mosses, leaves or even lichens. There was no evidence of breeding activity during the census period.

Figure 90. Western Wood-Pewee Breeding Status

Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis The Pacific-slope Flycatcher is a common spring transient along the pacific coast and a common fall transient, though the difficulty of separating fall birds from the very similar Cordilleran Flycatcher (Empidonax occidentalis) effectively precludes detailed understanding of the distribution of the two species. It breeds the length of the state, including appropriate habitats in the coastal and near-coastal canyons (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Pacific-slope Flycatcher is variably in the cleft in a streambed, on a stump, in the roots of a fallen tree or possibly even under a bridge. The nest is built on or near the ground and is a cup ofDRAFT moss, grass, rootlets, strips of bark lichens, lined with finer material. Breeding was not confirmed but was probable in two atlas blocks.

Figure 91. Pacific-slope Flycatcher Breeding Status

Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans The Black Phoebe is a locally common to common resident with some seasonal movements within the state. It ranges throughout the state, including all of the Coastal Range through the Central Valley, though it is less common in more arid regions. It is almost always found near freshwater, seemingly present and most suitable bodies of water (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest of the Black Phoebe is an open cup of mud, either semicircular or circular depending on the orientation of the nest, lined with softer materials. The nest site is a sheltered spot on a cliff face or on man made structures such as bridge supports, culverts or under eaves (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in two more, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 12 April and 25 June.

Figure 92. Black Phoebe Breeding Status

Shrikes Laniidae

Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus The Loggerhead Shrike was formerly a fairly common resident throughout much of the state, but appears to be declining. The Loggerhead Shrike withdraws from cold northern regions in favor of more temperate climates to the south. It is widespread throughout the state, but absent from heavily forested montane regions and higher portions of desert ranges (Small, 1994). It prefers semi-open countryDRAFT where it can hunt from a suitable perch (Kaufmann, 1996). The nest site is typically in a dense, thorny bush or shrub, 5 –

30 feet above the ground. The nest is a solid, bulky cup consisting of twigs, grass and weeds lined with softer materials Figure 93. Loggerhead Shrike Breeding Status (Kaufman, 1996). Breeding was only possible in a single atlas block during the atlas period, though there is a historical record of breeding in block 5070.

Vireos Vireonidae

Hutton’s Vireo Vireo huttoni The Hutton’s Vireo is a widespread resident along the Pacific coast, with an allopatric, much paler population also found in the American southwest. The Hutton’s Vireo is a fairly common resident, though it is uncommon and local at the edges of its range. Along the coast, it ranges from the Oregon border south to the northern portion of San Benito County (Small, 1994). Its preferred habitat it woods and adjacent brush and is particularly partial to oaks (Kaufmann, 1996).

Species Accounts

The nest site is often in a coniferous or oak tree, 6 – 25 feet above the ground. The nest is made of bark fibers, lichens, moss and grass bound with spider webs and lined with fine grass (Kaufman, 1996). Hutton’s Vireo was confirmed breeding in three atlas blocks and probable in two more, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 1 March and 5 July.

Figure 94. Hutton’s Vireo Breeding Status

Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus The Warbling Vireo is a fairly common to common spring and fall transient and breeding summer visitor. Transients range throughout the state at lower elevations and its breeding range extends throughout the Coastal Range. Its preferred habitat is tall riparian woodlands, up to very high elevations (Small, 1994). The nest site of the western subspecies is in a tree or shrub, typically within 30 feet of the ground. It prefers deciduous trees and shrubs and the next is a compact, deep cup, suspended by its rim from a forked twig (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmedDRAFT in one atlas block and was probable in another, both on the mainland of San Francisco. However, breeding might occur elsewhere given the reclusive nature of the species.

Figure 95. Warbling Vireo Breeding Status

Jays, Magpies and Crows Corvidae

Steller’s Jay Cyanocitta stelleri The Steller’s Jay varies from fairly common to common depending on the suitability of the habitat. It withdraws somewhat from interior montane habitats in fall and winter. It breeds through most of the Northern Coastal Range. Its preferred habitat is a variety of closed-canopy forest types from pure oak woodlands to montane and subalpine forests (Small, 1994). Where both species are found, it prefers moister habitats over the Western Scrub-Jay.

Species Accounts

The nest site is typically in a coniferous tree 10 – 30 feet above ground. The nest is a bulky, ragged dup of twigs, weeds, moss and other plant material, held together with mud and lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was only possible in a single atlas block during the atlas period. However, breeding was confirmed in block 4575 subsequent to the atlas period.

Figure 96. Steller’s Jay Breeding Status

Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica The Western Scrub-Jay is a common resident with a slight downslope movement in fall and winter. It ranges throughout the state in suitable habitat (Small, 1994). Western Scrub-Jays are birds of semi-arid and arid environments, and are relatively tolerant of disturbed habitats, being almost as common in suburban and urban habitats (Kaufmann, 1996). The nest site of the Western Scrub-Jay is in a tree or shrub, typically 5 – 30 feet above the ground. The nest is a thick- walled cup of twigs, grass and moss, lined with rootlets and sometimes animal hair (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in six atlasDRAFT blocks and was probable in two, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 25 March and 27 July.

Figure 97. Western Scrub-Jay Breeding Status

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos The American Crow is a common to locally very common resident throughout the state. Along the coast, it is a common resident almost the full length of the state. It may be found from sea level up to about 5000 feet in broken woodlands and valleys or rolling hills (Small, 1994). Large flocks of the birds can be found in most parts of the country, though in many areas it currently suffers competition from the larger and more aggressive Common Raven (Kaufmann, 1996).

Species Accounts

The nest site is in a tree or shrub large enough for the nest of the bird, typically 10 – 70 feet above the ground. The nest is a large bulky basket of sticks, twigs, bark strips, weeds and mud, lined with softer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in a third, all on the mainland of San Francisco.

Figure 98. American Crow Breeding Status

Common Raven Corvus corax The Common Raven is a common resident, with a tendency to move upslope during the summer up to the highest montane elevations. Its coastal range is statewide with very few exceptions. While it prefers more arid regions, it may be found in virtually all habitats in the state (Small, 1994). Numbers of Common Ravens appears to be significantly increasing along coastal urban areas. The nest site of the Common Raven is either on a rock ledge or in a tall tree and may DRAFTbe reused from year to year. The nest is a bulky basket of large sticks with a deep depression in the center lined with grass, bark strips, moss and even animal hair Figure 99. Common Raven Breeding Status (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed six atlas blocks and was probable in four, on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 4 April and 16 June.

Larks Alaudidae

Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris The Horned Lark is a fairly common to common resident and spring and fall transient and locally abundant winter visitor. It is widespread throughout the state in suitable habitat. It prefers scrub, short-grass plains, grassy areas, alpine meadows and even alkalai flats (Small, 1994). Large flocks of Horned Larks can be found in cultivated fields in the winter in California, working the disturbed soil for food.

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Horned Lark is on open ground, often next to clump of dirt, dried cow manure or other projection to provide meager protection from predators. The nest is a slight depression in the ground, lined with fine grass or plant down (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland of San Francisco and there is a historical record of breeding from block 4575.

Figure 100. Horned Lark Breeding Status

Swallows Hirundinidae

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor The Tree Swallow is a fairly common to common transient and fairly common to common if local breeding species. It ranges throughout the state and breeds from the northern border south to the San Francisco Bay. It prefers open meadows, lakes, rivers and other bodies of water as do other swallows (Small, 1994). The Tree Swallow is notDRAFT often a colonial nester; individual nest sites can be found in holes in dead trees or in old woodpecker holes. The nest is a cup of grass, weeds, rootlets, moss, pine needles and other plant materials, lined with many feathers from other bird species (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was Figure 101. Tree Swallow Breeding Status confirmed in six atlas blocks, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 11 May and 5 July.

Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina The Violet-green Swallow is a fairly common to common transient and common to locally common summer visitor. It ranges throughout the northern two-thirds of the state, including the entire Coast Range. It forages over open country, including farmlands, brushlands and many bodies of water (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The Violet-green Swallow nests individually or in small colonies, though huge number may be found at Mono Lake. The nest site is a cavity, typically in a tree, a hole or a crevice. The nest is a cup of grass, twigs, or rootlets, lined with many feathers (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block and was probable in two, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Prior to the atlas period, breeding was confirmed in block 4580.

Figure 102. Violet-green Swallow Breeding Status

Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis The Northern Rough-winged Swallow is a fairly common transient and fairly common local summer visitor. It ranges throughout the state as a transient and, as a breeder is also found throughout the state other than the eastern and southeastern deserts. It forages over open country such as farmlands, meadows, grasslands and most bodies of water (Small, 1994). Unlike the other brown-backed swallow in North America, the Bank Swallow, the NorthernDRAFT Rough-winged Swallow is a solitary nester. The nest site is typically a burrow in a vertical dirt bank, often but not necessarily near water, and they may Figure 103. Northern Rough- winged Swallow Breeding Status reuse the burrow of another animal. The nest is bulky and consists of twigs, weeds and bark fibers and is lined with finer grasses (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland of San Francisco but was confirmed in three other blocks outside the census period.

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Other than the Purple Martin, the Bank Swallow is the scarcest of the breeding swallows. It is an uncommon coastal migrant and a locally very rare to locally fairly common summer visitor. Its range is threatened and declining throughout the state, now absent from many suitable breeding sites. In migration, they forest with other swallows including farmlands, meadows and most bodies of water (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Bank Swallow is in a dense colony in a dirt or sand bank. The nest is made of grass, weeds and rootlets and has a lining of feathers (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed at a single colonial nest site in a single atlas block in Figure 104. Bank Swallow Breeding Status Fort Funston.

Species Accounts

DRAFT

Figure 105: Bank Swallow colony ©2001 Alan Hopkins

Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota The Cliff Swallow is the most abundant swallow in the state. It is a common transient and common to abundant summer visitor. The Cliff Swallow ranges throughout the state, absent only from the most densely forested and alpine regions. In migration, they occur over open lowlands and most bodies of water (Small, 1994). It has adapted well to the man-made disturbances of the 20th century, having become a prolific breeder underneath bridges where the species formerly was not found (Kaufmann, 1996). The nest site of the Cliff Swallow is on a vertical surface with some overhead protection. Natural sites are on cliffs; most modern sites are on man-made structures. The nest is made of dried mud and shaped like a gourd, sparsely lined with grass and feathers (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Subsequent to the atlas period, breeding appears to be declining (Murphy, pers. comm..). Breeding was confirmed between 4 May and 29 June.

Figure 106. Cliff Swallow Breeding Status

Species Accounts

FigureDRAFT 107: Cliff Swallow feeding young ©2001 Alan Hopkins Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica The Barn Swallow is a very common transient and locally common summer visitor. It ranges over the entire state, avoiding only the most heavily forested regions, the highest montane areas and large deserts uninterrupted by water. In migration, forages over open lowland country and quiet bodies of water (Small, 1994). Like the Cliff Swallow, the Barn Swallow has adapted well to man-made disturbances in the 20th century. Formerly, the nest site was in sheltered crevices; most modern nest sites are in open buildings, under eaves or under bridges. The nest is a cup of mud and dried grass, lined with feathers. Breeding was Figure 108. Barn Swallow Breeding Status confirmed in eight atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 22 March and 30 June.

Species Accounts

Titmice Paridae

Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens The Chestnut-backed Chickadee is a fairly common to common resident. Along the coast, it ranges from the Oregon border south to Santa Barbara County with little interruption. Along the coast, it prefers coniferous forests and riparian woodlands (Small, 1994). Recently, The Chestnut-backed Chickadee has started dramatically expanding its range in the Sierra Nevada mountains (Crase, 1976). The nest site of the Chestnut-backed Chickadee is a hole in a tree, typically 2 – 20 feet above the ground. The nest is a natural cavity in dead or rotten wood, often enlarged by the pair, and has a foundation of moss, lichens, feathers, bark Figure 109. Chestnut-backed Chickadee Breeding Status fibers and lined with plant down (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in ten atlas blocks and was probable in yet another, all on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 22 March and 6 July.

Long-tailed Tits and Bushtits Aegithalidae Bushtit PsaltriparusDRAFT minimus The Bushtit is a common resident, widely distributed throughout the state. Their habitat preferences are catholic; they inhabit a wide variety of brushland and woodland depending on the local geography (Small, 1994). While quite similar in appearance and behavior to titmice, their nesting behavior is different. The nest site is in a tree or shrub, typically 3 – 35 feet above the ground. The nest is a tightly woven hanging pocket with small entrance near the top, reminiscent of an oriole nest. The nest is constructed of spider webs, moss, grass, lichens and other plant materials, lined with plant down and other soft materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Figure 110. Bushtit Breeding Status Breeding was confirmed in thirteen atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 8 February and 23 June.

Species Accounts

Nuthatches Sittidae

Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis The Red-breasted Nuthatch is a fairly common resident within its preferred habitat. It ranges throughout the Northern Coast Range south to Mendocino and Lake Counties, though is generally absent from the immediate coast. Red-breasted Nuthatches are partial to more dense, humid coniferous forests, but are also found in more open forests (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Red-breasted Nuthatch is a cavity in dead or rotten wood, typically 5 – 40 feet above the ground. The nest cavity is made of soft grass, moss, bark fibers and feathers and the entrance is smeared with pitch, perhaps to deter predators (Kaufmann, 1996). While the species is irregularly Figure 111. Red-breasted Nuthatch Breeding Status common in migration in San Francisco, breeding was confirmed in one atlas block in San Francisco Bay. In 2002, breeding was confirmed below Inspiration Point in the Presidio in block 4580.

Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea The Pygmy Nuthatch is a fairly common to common resident within its habitat. It isDRAFT found throughout the Northern Coast Range, but is very much restricted to coniferous forests consisting in pines (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Pygmy Nuthatch is a cavity in dead limb or snag, typically 20 – 60 feet above the ground. The nest consists of bark fibers, plant down and feathers. The Pygmy Nuthatch is well established in San Francisco, no doubt taking advantage of the abundance of mature and overly mature coniferous trees found in park areas. Breeding was confirmed in nine atlas blocks, all found on the mainland of San Figure 112. Pygmy Nuthatch Breeding Status Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 22 March and 9 July.

Creepers Certhiidae

Brown Creeper Certhia americana The Brown Creeper is a fairly common resident within the forests of its breeding range, though there is a significant downslope movement in the winter. It ranges throughout the North Coastal Range to San Francisco Bay, though is less common near the southern end of its range. The Brown Creeper requires fairly dense mature coniferous or mixed oak-coniferous forests (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Brown Creeper is usually behind a loose piece bark on the trunk of a tree, typically found at any height up to 50 feet off the ground. The nest is a shallow half cup wedged into the available space made of twigs, bark strips, moss, leaves and lined with finer materials. Breeding was confirmed in six atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 6 April and 13 June.

Figure 113. Brown Creeper Breeding Status

Wrens Troglodytidae

Bewick’s Wren Thryomanes bewickii The Bewick’s Wren is a common resident throughout most of the state in suitable habitat. It is widely distributed, though it is absent from more montane regions and the lower hotter deserts. Its habitat includes chaparral, vines and tangles, forest edges, brush piles and most areas with dense vegetation (Small, 1994). The nest site is in anyDRAFT kind of cavity either natural or man- made. The nest site may be chosen the female from multiple incomplete sites constructed by the male up to 20 feet above the ground. The nest has a foundation of twigs topped with a softer cup of moss, leaves, animal hair and feathers. Breeding Figure 114. Bewick’s Wren Breeding Status was confirmed in two atlas blocks on the immediate coast of the mainland of San Francisco. There is a historical record of breeding somewhere in Golden Gate Park.

Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes The Winter Wren is a fairly common to common resident in humid coniferous forests in the northwest, declining in numbers from to the south and the east. It ranges patchily from the northwest along the coast south to Monterey County. It shows a strong preference for dense tangles and undergrowth in these same forests (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Winter Wren is any kind of natural cavity, typically less than six feet above the ground. The nest consists of grass, weeds, moss and other plant material, lined with animal hair and feathers. Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in yet two more, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 12 May and 7 June, but was probable as early as 7 March.

Figure 115. Winter Wren Breeding Status

Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris The Marsh Wren is a common resident or variably uncommon to common transient and winter visitor depending on locality (Small, 1994). Pacific coast populations are year round residents, but from the Great Basin east, populations abandon breeding sites in more northern marshes for more temperate locations farther south (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The Marsh Wren requires freshwater or brackish marshes for breeding. The nest site of the Marsh Wren is chosen from one or more dummy nests built byDRAFT the male and is anchored to standing cattails, bulrushes in the marsh. The nest is typically 1 – 3 feet above the water and is an oval-shaped mass of woven grass, Figure 116. Marsh Wren Breeding Status cattails or rushes, lined with finer materials. Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks and was probable in a fourth, all found at Lake Merced. Breeding was confirmed between 12 May and 7 June.

Figure 117: Marsh Wren carrying nesting material ©1999 Mark W. Eaton

Species Accounts

Kinglets Regulidae

Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa The Golden-crowned Kinglet is a fairly common to common resident in northwestern coniferous forests, becoming progressively less common as one moves south. Coastal populations range from the Oregon border through the Northern Coast Range to Sonoma County and prefer Coast Redwoods (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Golden-crowned Kinglet is in a conifer, averaging about 50 feet off the ground. The nest is attached to hanging twigs close to the trunk and is well protected. The nest is a deep hanging cup of moss, lichens and other plant materials lined with softer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Figure 118. Golden-crowned Kinglet Breeding Status Breeding was only possible in a single atlas block during the census period.

Solitaires, Thrushes and Allies Turdidae

Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus The Swainson’s Thrush is a fairly common to common transient and summerDRAFT visitor along the coast. It breeds from the Oregon border in the Coastal Range south to Santa Barbara County. Coastally, it prefers well-shaded moist canyons and humid, dense forest understory (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Swainson’s Thrush is place on a horizontal branch, typically 2 – 10 feet above the ground. The nest is a bulky open cup of twigs, bark strips, moss and other plan materials, sometimes with mud added, and lined with softer materials. Breeding was confirmed in three atlas blocks and was probable in a fourth, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Figure 119. Swainson’s Thrush Breeding Status Breeding was confirmed between 20 May and 14 July.

American Robin Turdus migratorius Coastal populations of the American Robin consist of a fairly common to common resident population whose numbers are augmented by montane breeding birds withdrawing from those areas in the fall and the winter. They range throughout the western portion of the state and their habitat is virtually any area where a suitable food source can be found (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site is on a horizontal branch of a tree or shrub, typically 5 – 25 feet above the ground. The nest is a cup of grasses, twigs and debris laid into a foundation of mud, lined with finer materials. Breeding was confirmed in twelve atlas blocks and was probable in yet two more, which consist of virtually all suitable habitat on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 4 April and 7 September.

Figure 120. American Robin Breeding Status

Babblers Timaliidae

Wrentit Chamaea fasciata The Wrentit is a fairly common to common sedentary resident in suitable habitat. Along the coast, it ranges from the Oregon to the Mexican border and prefers scrub, chaparral, tangles of brush and thickets (Small, 1994). The nest of the Wrentit is well hidden by dense foliage in a low shrub, rarely more than 10 feet above the ground. The nest is a neat cup of strips of barkDRAFT and spider webs, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block on the mainland, but the species is thought to have been extirpated from San Francisco subsequent to the census period other than post-breeding wanderers. There is a Figure 121. Wrentit Breeding Status historical record of breeding from block 4575.

Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Allies Mimidae

Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos The Northern Mockingbird is a common resident within normal range and habitat. It breeds throughout most of the northern portion of the state. Formerly, its preferred habitat was desert scrub, but the advent of agriculture and farms and orchards, it has markedly extended its range and habitat so that it now thrives in suburban and even urban areas (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Northern Mockingbird is placed in a dense shrub or tree, typically 3 – 10 feet above the ground. The nest consists of a foundation of twigs with an open cup of weeds, grass, leaves and other plant material, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in seven atlas blocks and was probable in two, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 6 April and 24 July.

Figure 122. Northern Mockingbird Breeding Status

Starlings and Allies Sturnidae

European Starling Sturnus vulgaris The European Starling is a common to abundant resident and winter visitor. It ranges virtually the length and breadth of the state and may be found in virtually any habitat other than pure open desert and unbroken montane forests (Small, 1994). It is widely viewed as an avian pest when huge flocks gather in the fall and winter. The nest site of the EuropeanDRAFT Starling is in any kind of cavity. The nest is a loose aggregation of virtually any suitable material, including twigs, leaves, grass and even trash.

Breeding was confirmed in every atlas block on the mainland Figure 123. European Starling and in San Francisco Bay where suitable habitat may be found, Breeding Status which is even more remarkable since the first county record was only in 1966 (Tenaya and Tenaya, 1966). Breeding was confirmed between 22 March and 6 July.

Wood-Warblers Parulidae

Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata The Orange-crowned Warbler is a resident and migrant whose status depends on the subspecies. V. c. lutescens is a very common transient and summer resident (Small, 1994). V. c. lutescens winters fairly commonly in the south, less so farther north. V. c. celata winters locally from central California south (Dunn and Garrett, 1997). V. c. lutescens ranges through the entire Coastal Range and may be found from sea level to about 7600 feet in riparian thickets, chaparral and dense forest understory (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site is protected by overhanging vegetation, typically on the ground or on an embankment. The nest is a small open cup of leaves, twigs and other plant materials, lined with dry grass and animal hair (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in two, all on the mainland of San Francisco. There is a historical record of breeding from block 4575.

Figure 124. Orange-crowned Warbler Breeding Status

Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia The Yellow Warbler is a fairly common to common transient and a locally uncommon to fairly common summer visitor. Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) (Willet, 1933) and habitat destruction have markedly decreased the breeding range since the 1930s. Formerly locally common throughout the northern portion of the state, Yellow Warblers are now much reduced and local, though still common in some areas. Breeding pairs can be found in riparian woodlands, montane chaparral andDRAFT montane coniferous forests (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Yellow Warbler is in the upright fork of Figure 125. Yellow Warbler Breeding Status branches in shrubs or small trees, typically 2 – 60 feet above the ground. The nest is a compact open cup of weed stalks, shredded bark and grass, lined with plant down or fur (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was only possible in a single atlas block during the census period, though there is a historical record of breeding from block 4575. Yellow Warbler is thought to have been extirpated as a breeding species subsequent to the atlas period.

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas The distribution of the Common Yellowthroat is complicated by the presence of no less than four breeding subspecies within the state. Along the north and central coast, G. c. arizela, is the common breeding subspecies. However, G. c. sinuosa is the endemic breeding subspecies found in the San Francisco Bay area (Dunn and Garrett, 1994). Coastal populations are augmented by spring and fall transients and occasional winter visitors from elsewhere. Common Yellowthroats prefer dense cover afforded by rushes and cattails in freshwater and brackish marshes as well as riparian thickets (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Common Yellowthroat is quite low to the ground, typically less than 3 feet off the ground. The nest is on tussocks, bulrushes or sedges in marshes and the nest is a bulky open cup made of weeds, grass stems and other plant materials, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in one atlas block and was probable in another, all at Lake Merced.

Figure 126. Common Yellowthroat Breeding Status

Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla The Wilson’s Warbler is a common transient and fairly common to common summer visitor. They are fairly common breeders in the Coastal Range, becoming less common farther south. They prefer cool, moist and well-shaded riparian habitats with fairly dense cover as well as streamside thickets (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Wilson’s Warbler is typically within three feet of the ground on the Pacific coast and the nest is an open cup of dead leaves, grassDRAFT and moss, lined with finer materials

(Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in four, all on the mainland of San Figure 127. Wilson’s Warbler Breeding Status Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 2 May and 18 June.

Emberizines Emberizidae

Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus The Spotted Towhee is a fairly common to common resident that also shows some migratory movement and some upslope movement in late summer fall and downslope movement in winter. They are widespread breeders in the state, absent only from some desert regions and may be found in chaparral, brushy and willow thickets or most any dense cover (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Spotted Towhee is on the ground or low in shrub, typically under 5 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup of grass, twigs, weeds and other plant material, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay, and was probable in another. There is a historical record of breeding from block 4575. Breeding populations of the Spotted Towhee are thought to have been extirpated since the census period.

Figure 128. Spotted Towhee Breeding Status

California Towhee Pipilo crissalis The California Towhee is a common resident and typically sedentary resident with limited post-breeding upslope movement. Along the coast, they are fairly common to common breeders other than in the most northerly portions of the Coast Range. They may be found in shrubby thickets, chaparral, underbrush, hedgerows as well as more urban brushy areas (Small, 1994). The nest site of the California Towhee is in a dense shrub or low tree, typically 4 –DRAFT 12 feet above the ground. The nest is a bulky open cup of twigs, grass, weeds and strips of bark, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was Figure 129. California Towhee Breeding Status confirmed in seven atlas blocks and was probable in three, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 5 April and 21 September.

Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Up to seven different subspecies of the Savannah Sparrow may be found in the state. P. s. sandwichensis is the most common breeding subspecies, found in most grasslands in California. As well, it is a common transient and winters in many locations in the state (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Savannah Sparrow is on the ground, typically well hidden in grass or other vegetation. The nest is constructed to allow ingress only from a single direction and is an open cup of grass, lined with finer grass (Kaufmann, 1996).

Breeding was probable only in a single atlas block during the census period. There is a historical record of breeding from Figure 130. Savannah Sparrow Breeding Status block 5075, long before it was paved over.

Species Accounts

Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia No less than seventeen subspecies of Song Sparrow may be found in California. Most of the breeding subspecies are common residents in the state and the state’s population is augmented by winter visitors of four subspecies (Small, 1994). The subspecies M. m. samuelis and M. m. pusillula are endemic to pickleweed in salt marshes around San Francisco Bay (Rising, 1996), but other subspecies breed along the coast as well as San Francisco Bay and are typically found in low dense cover afforded by weedy thickets, wet brushy tangles, gardens and riparian thickets (Small, 1994). The nest site is variable, typically on the ground under a clump Figure 131. Song Sparrow Breeding Status of grass or shrub less than 4 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup of weeds, grass, leaves and other plant materials, lined with finer plant materials or animal hair (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in eight atlas blocks and was probable in three on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 4 April and 21 September.

White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Four subspecies of White-crowned Sparrow are found in the state. Z. l. pugetensisDRAFT is the common breeder of the Pacific Northwest and is a locally common breeder and transient. Along the coast, Z. l. nuttalli is a common sedentary resident. Z. l. gambellii is an abundant winter visitor throughout its range. Z. l. nuttalli breeds in a narrow coastal band from Mendocino to Point Conception, San Bernadino County where it is found in lupine, sage scrub and more urban habitats (Small, 1994).

The nest of the coastal breeders is often placed a few feet up in shrubs and is an open cup made of grass, twigs, weeds, rootlets Figure 132. White-crowned Sparrow Breeding Status and other materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in eleven atlas blocks and was probable in two on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 6 April and 7 September.

Species Accounts

Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis Distribution of the Dark-eyed Junco is complicated by the presence of four different subspecies or races within the state. The race “Oregon Junco” is a common year round resident along the Pacific coast, though northern birds significantly augment winter populations. Dark-eyed Juncos are found in most parts of Coastal Range from the Oregon border south to Santa Barbara (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Dark-eyed Junco is almost always on the ground, well hidden under overhanging grass or other cover.

The nest is an open cup of grass, weeds and leaves, lined with fine grass or feathers. Breeding was confirmed in eight atlas Figure 133. Dark-eyed Junco Breeding Status blocks and was probable another, all on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 5 April and 25 July.

Cardinals, Grosbeaks and Allies Cardinalidae

Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus The Black-headed Grosbeak is a common transient and summer resident. It is widespread as a breeder in suitable habitat, mostly west ofDRAFT the Sierra Nevada crest and may be found in riparian and oak woodlands as well as open coniferous forests (Small, 1994). The nest site is typically in a deciduous tree or shrub 3 – 25 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup made of twigs, weeds rootlets and pine needles, lined with finer plant materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was probable in one atlas block during the atlas period. There is a historical record of breeding in block 4575, most likely before the area was developed. Figure 134. Black-headed Grosbeak Breeding Status

Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena The Lazuli Bunting is a locally fairly common transient and summer visitor. It breeds unevenly and locally in proper habitat throughout the state, principally west of the Sierra Nevada (Small, 1994). On the Pacific coast, the Lazuli Bunting may be found in clumps of bushes, chaparral, weed thickets and other low vegetation (Grinnell and Miller, 1944).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Lazuli Bunting is in shrubs, vines or low trees, typically 2 – 4 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup of grass, weeds, and leaves, lined with fine grass or even animal hair (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in a single atlas block on the mainland.

Figure 135. Lazuli Bunting Breeding Status

Blackbirds and Allies Icteridae

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus The Red-winged Blackbird is a common to abundant migrant throughout the state and commonly found in suitable habitat. Its preferred breeding habitat is freshwater and brackish marshes or any pond with overgrown vegetation (Small, 1994). The subspecies of Red-winged Blackbird found on the Central Pacific coast A. p. mailliardorum lacks the border on the red epaulet and is one of threeDRAFT subspecies commonly known as the Bicolored Blackbird (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). The nest site of the Red-winged Blackbird is typically placed in marsh growth such as cattails or bulrushes close to water. The nest is a bulky open cup attached to standing vegetation, Figure 136. Red-winged Blackbird Breeding Status consisting of grass, reeds, and leaves, lined with fine grass (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in eight atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay and was probable in yet another. Breeding was confirmed between 29 April and 9 June.

Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor The Tricolored Blackbird is found exclusively on the central Pacific coast and prefers freshwater marshes with dense stands of cattails and/or bulrushes. It is a locally common resident whose numbers fluctuate from year to year, but appears to have declined seriously in recent years. Formerly a major breeder in the Central Valley, extensive drainage of marshes has decimated populations (Small, 1994).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Tricolored Blackbird is typically in a marsh of cattails or bulrushes at water’s edge. The nest is an open cup attached to standing vegetation, consisting of grass, reeds, leaves and lined with fine grass. Breeding was only possible within a single atlas block during the census period.

Figure 137. Tricolored Blackbird Breeding Status

Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta The Western Meadowlark is a common breeding resident, transient and winter visitor. It breeds throughout the state where suitable habitat can be found (Small, 1994). Along the Pacific coast, the Western Meadowlark is a fairly common year round resident in grassy plains, hills slopes and meadowlands where grass is present, abandoning only those habitats where snowfall can be found (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the Western Meadowlark is on the ground, in areas of dense cover ofDRAFT grass. The nest is a domed structure with the entrance on the side, composed of grass interwoven with the surrounding growth (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was Figure 138. Western Meadowlark Breeding Status possible in two atlas blocks on the mainland during the atlas period.

Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus The Brewer’s Blackbird is a fixture in urban and suburban areas, ubiquitous in disturbed areas as well as non-disturbed. On the Pacific coast, the Brewer’s Blackbird is a year round resident except for higher mountain meadows that are abandoned in winter in favor of lower altitudes (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the Brewer’s Blackbird is highly variable, but typically in a tree 20 – 40 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup of twigs, grass, weeds and pine needles, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in twelve atlas blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Figure 139. Brewer’s Blackbird Breeding Status Breeding was confirmed between 5 April and 20 July.

Species Accounts

Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Along the Pacific coast, the Great-tailed Grackle has undergone an explosive expansion of range. The first specimen on the Pacific coast subspecies Q. m. nelsoni was collected in California was in 1964 (Snider, 1964), yet the bird is now fairly common in southeastern California (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). Breeders require freshwater marshes with fairly tall, dense stands of marsh grasses, but also nest in fan palms near water (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Great-tailed Grackle is variable but typically in dense vegetation near water 2 – 20 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup made of twigs, grass, weeds Figure 140. Great-tailed Grackle Breeding Status and other plant materials, lined with fine grass (Kaufmann, 1994). Breeding was only possible in a single atlas block during the census period, though breeding was confirmed in block 4580(?) subsequent to the atlas period, most likely the same pair observed during the atlas period.

Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater The Brown-headed Cowbird is a fairly common to common, if nonuniform, resident. Fall and winter populations may be augmented by northernDRAFT birds. The phenomenal increase in numbers and range expansion of M. a. obscurus since 1900 seems largely due to disruption from human beings. A brood parasite, it favors lowland riparian thickets, but has spread into suburban and urban areas of late (Small, 1994). The female Brown-headed Cowbird deposits its eggs in the nest of the host species and the more aggressive fledgling successfully competes with the host species fledglings for food from the parents, resulting in the parents raising the cowbird Figure 141. Brown-headed Cowbird Breeding Status chick. Breeding was confirmed in seven atlas blocks and was probable in five. Breeding was confirmed between 16 May and 20 July.

Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus The Hooded Oriole is a handsome orange and black that is a summer resident throughout its fairly limited range along the Pacific coast, in the desert southwest and in southern Texas. The Pacific coast subspecies I. c. nelsoni has been extending its range northward along the central California coast, most likely due to the recent widespread planting of Washingtonia fan palms (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999).

Species Accounts

The nest site of the Hooded Oriole is typically in a palm or large yucca, sewn to the underside of a large overhanging leaf. The nest is a woven hanging pouch of grass and plant fibers, typically lined with plant down (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in five atlas blocks and was probable in another, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 20 April and 7 July.

Figure 142. Hooded Oriole Breeding Status

Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii The Bullock’s Oriole is a fairly common to common transient and summer visitor. It breeds in suitable habitat throughout the state other than upper montane and very northerly portions of the state (Small, 1994). On the Pacific coast, it is a summer resident and migrant, found in riparian and oak woodland (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the Bullock’s Oriole is in a tall deciduous tree, typically 20 – 30 feet above the ground. The nest is a hanging pouch with its rim firmlyDRAFT attached to a branch, consisting of woven plant fibers, bark and other plant materials and lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was not Figure 143. Bullock’s Oriole Breeding Status confirmed during the census period, but was probable in one atlas block. Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks subsequent to the atlas period.

Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies Fringillidae

Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus The Purple Finch is a fairly common resident from sea level to about 3000 feet in its breeding range. It breeds through most of the Coastal Range from the Oregon border to Santa Barbara County (Small, 1994). Along the coast, the Purple Finch prefers oak woodland and coniferous forests for breeding habitat (Grinnell and Miller, 1944).

Species Accounts

The nest site is placed on the horizontal branch or in the fork of a tree, typically well away from the trunk 15 – 20 feet above the ground. The nest is a compact open cup of twigs, rootlets, strips of bark, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in five, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Breeding was confirmed between 10 May and 29 June.

Figure 144. Purple Finch Breeding Status

House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus The House Finch is a common to abundant resident throughout most of the state, absent only from higher mountain areas and desert plains. It breeds throughout the state, wherever water may be found (Small, 1994). Formerly a bird of the west coast, it was introduced to the east coast in the 1940s and rapidly expanded its range to the east (NGS, 1999). Along the Pacific coast, it is a year round resident, though it may abandon the highest parts of its range in winter (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the HouseDRAFT Finch is highly variable, no doubt contributing to the reproductive success of the species. It may nest in conifers, palms, ivy or even holes in man-made Figure 145. House Finch Breeding Status structures. The nest is an open cup of grass, weeds, twigs and other plant materials, sometimes with man-made materials added in (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in thirteen atlas blocks and was probable in another on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 4 April and 25 July.

Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra The Red Crossbill is an irregular and unpredictable visitor though it may be resident in some portions of the state (Small, 1994). Along the Pacific coast, the Red Crossbill is an irruptive visitor from northern boreal forests, most often appearing in winter but not uncommonly found at any time of year. Their active, almost frenzied feeding centers around cone-bearing tree tops (Grinnell and Miller, 1944).

Species Accounts

The timing of breeding is quite irregular, often correlating when the cone crops is best. The nest site is placed on a horizontal branch in a conifer, typically well away from the trunk and 10 – 40 feet above the ground. The nest is an open cup of twigs, bark grass and other plant materials, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable in another, all on the mainland of San Francisco.

Figure 146. Red Crossbill Breeding Status

Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus The Pine Siskin is a fairly common to common resident within the state with seasonal movements particularly for those found in higher mountains. In the Coastal Range, they are found from the Oregon border south to Monterey County and require coniferous forests for breeding habitat, though they will accept exotic conifers (Small, 1994). The nest site of the Pine Siskin is well hidden, typically in a conifer on a horizontal branch well away from the trunk. The nest is a large, shallowDRAFT open cup of twigs, grass, bark and other plant materials, lined with finer materials (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in seven atlas blocks and was Figure 147. Pine Siskin Breeding Status probable in another, located on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 5 April and 22 June.

Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria The Lesser Goldfinch is a fairly common to common resident that withdraws from northern portions and mountains to lowlands in the winter. They are widespread in suitable habitat throughout the state, mostly west of the Sierra Crest (Small, 1994). They prefer open terrain with scattered trees or bushes (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the Lesser Goldfinch is placed in the vertical fork of twigs in a shrub or tree, typically 5 – 30 feet above the ground. The nest is a compact open cup woven of grass, plant fibers, bark and lined with plant down (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in two atlas blocks and was probable Figure 148. Lesser Goldfinch Breeding Status in two, all on the mainland of San Francisco. Subsequent to the atlas period, breeding was confirmed in block 4575.

American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis

Species Accounts

The American Goldfinch is a fairly common to common resident within its breeding range south of Marin County (Small, 1994). It prefers riparian habitats with willows and cottonwoods (Grinnell and Miller, 1944). The nest site of the American Goldfinch is in deciduous shrubs or trees, typically less than 30 feet above the ground. The nest is a solid, compact cup of plant fibers, spider webs and plant down (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in six atlas blocks and was probable in three, located on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 27 April and 9 July. Figure 149. American Goldfinch Breeding Status

Old World Sparrows Passeridae

House Sparrow Passer domesticus The House Sparrow is a common to abundant resident, particularly at lower elevations or around human habitation. It is found throughout the state, absent only from dense coniferous montane areas and desert areas. It may be found in any habitat shared by man, a testimony to the remarkably adaptive House Sparrow. The nest site of the HouseDRAFT Sparrow is any enclosed niche such as the cavity in a tree or, more typically, any crevice in a building or other man-made structure. The nest consists of grass weeds, twigs or trash, often lined with feathers (Kaufmann, 1996). Breeding was confirmed in twelve atlas Figure 150. House Sparrow Breeding Status blocks on the mainland and in San Francisco Bay. Breeding was confirmed between 9 March and 29 June.

Potentially Breeding Species

Potentially Breeding Species This section presents additional species that were observed during the atlas period by for which there is no possible breeding evidence either during or outside the atlas period: • Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata) • Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) • Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) • Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens) • Purple Martin (Progne subis)

DRAFT

Atlas Data

Atlas Data Table 14 below shows the complete set of data, in taxonomic order, used in this atlas.

Species Date Block Status Pelagic Cormorant 13-Jul-91 5580 CO-ON Pied-billed Grebe 3-Apr-92 4070 CO-FY Pelagic Cormorant 4-May-91 9075 CO-NB Pied-billed Grebe 7-Jul-92 4075 CO-FL Pelagic Cormorant 4-May-91 9080 CO-NB Pied-billed Grebe 19-Jun-93 4570 CO-PY Pelagic Cormorant 25-May-91 70 CO-ON Pied-billed Grebe 8-Jul-92 4570 CO-PY Pelagic Cormorant 27-May-92 4080 PR-N Pied-billed Grebe 3-Aug-91 4575 CO-FL Pelagic Cormorant 2-Jun-91 5580 PR-P Pied-billed Grebe 15-May-93 4580 CO-PY Pelagic Cormorant 2-Jun-91 5585 O-O Pied-billed Grebe 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-S Pelagic Cormorant 4-May-91 9575 O-O Pied-billed Grebe 5-Jul-91 4075 PR-P Great Blue Heron 12-Apr-93 4580 CO-ON Pied-billed Grebe 15-Jun-91 4575 PR-P Great Blue Heron 1-May-93 4580 CO-NY Pied-billed Grebe 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Great Blue Heron 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-N Pied-billed Grebe 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Great Blue Heron 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O Pied-billed Grebe 8-Jun-91 4575 PO-Y Great Blue Heron 28-Jun-92 4570 O-O Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel 24-May-91 9570 O-O Great Blue Heron 8-Jun-91 4575 O-O Leach’s Storm-Petrel 24-May-91 9570 CO-PE Great Egret 9-Apr-91 4075 O-O Leach’s Storm-Petrel 25-May-91 70 CO-ON Great Egret 28-Jun-92 4570 O-O Ashy Storm-Petrel 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Great Egret 8-Jun-91 4575 O-O Ashy Storm-Petrel 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Great Egret 18-May-91 5070 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant 21-Apr-91 4080 CO-NB Great Egret 16-Jun-91 5080 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant 13-Jul-91 5580 CO-UN Great Egret 27-Apr-91 5575 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant 4-May-91 9080 CO-ON Snowy Egret 18-May-91 5070 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant DRAFT 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Snowy Egret 16-Jun-91 5080 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Snowy Egret 27-Apr-91 5575 O-O Brandt’s Cormorant 2-Jun-91 5580 PR-N Green Heron 17-May-92 4575 CO-NY Brandt’s Cormorant 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Green Heron 14-Jul-91 4575 CO-FL Brandt’s Cormorant 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-Y Green Heron 15-May-92 4070 PR-P Brandt’s Cormorant 4-May-91 9075 PO-Y Green Heron 2-Jun-91 4075 PR-T Brandt’s Cormorant 27-May-91 4585 O-O Green Heron 4-May-91 4570 PR-P Brandt’s Cormorant 31-Mar-91 5585 O-O Green Heron 1-Jun-91 4575 PR-P Brandt’s Cormorant 4-May-91 9575 O-O Green Heron 13-Jul-91 4575 PR-A Double-crested Cormorant 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-ON Green Heron 22-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Green Heron 27-May-91 4575 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y Black-crowned Night-Heron 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-ON Double-crested Cormorant 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-Y Black-crowned Night-Heron 25-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 1-Feb-92 4075 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 24-May-91 4580 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 28-Jun-92 4570 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 4-May-91 5580 PO-Y Double-crested Cormorant 1-Jun-91 4575 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 8-Jun-91 4075 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 7-Mar-92 5080 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 8-Jul-92 4570 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 15-Jun-91 5080 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 8-Jun-91 4575 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 13-Apr-91 5085 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 7-Mar-92 5080 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 27-Apr-91 5575 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 15-Jun-91 5080 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 31-Mar-91 5580 O-O Black-crowned Night-Heron 28-Apr-91 5585 O-O Double-crested Cormorant 25-May-91 70 O-O Turkey Vulture 2-Jun-91 4075 O-O Pelagic Cormorant 4-Jun-91 4585 CO-ON Turkey Vulture 27-Apr-91 5070 O-O Pelagic Cormorant 16-Jun-91 5580 CO-ON Turkey Vulture 2-Jun-91 5580 O-O

Atlas Data

Turkey Vulture 2-Jun-91 5585 O-O Red-shouldered Hawk 4-May-91 4570 PR-P Canada Goose 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 22-Feb-92 4575 PR-C Gadwall 9-Jun-91 5580 PR-P Red-shouldered Hawk 29-Feb-92 4575 PR-C Mallard 21-Apr-92 4075 CO-FY Red-shouldered Hawk 29-Mar-92 5070 PR-C Mallard 9-Jun-91 4075 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 10-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Mallard 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-A Mallard 11-May-91 4080 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Mallard 11-May-91 4570 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 31-May-91 4075 PO-X Mallard 15-May-92 4570 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 4-Jul-92 4080 PO-Y Mallard 8-Jul-92 4570 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Mallard 17-May-92 4575 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Mallard 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y Mallard 6-Apr-93 4580 CO-FL Red-tailed Hawk 22-Feb-92 4575 CO-NB Mallard 16-May-91 4580 CO-PY Red-tailed Hawk 4-Apr-92 4575 CO-ON Mallard 24-May-91 4580 CO-PY Red-tailed Hawk 21-Jul-91 4575 CO-FL Mallard 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY Red-tailed Hawk 4-Jul-93 4580 CO-CF Mallard 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 26-Apr-92 5070 CO-ON Mallard 4-May-91 4570 PR-C Red-tailed Hawk 1-Mar-92 4070 PR-C Mallard 6-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 11-May-91 4575 PR-P Mallard 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 7-Jun-91 4580 PR-P Mallard 8-May-92 5070 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 14-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Mallard 7-Mar-92 5080 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 4-May-91 4570 PO-Y Mallard 4-May-91 5580 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Mallard 31-Mar-91 5585 PR-P Red-tailed Hawk 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Mallard 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Mallard DRAFT14-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 24-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Mallard 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Mallard 25-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Mallard 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 27-May-91 5575 PO-X Mallard 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 2-Jun-91 4075 O-O Mallard 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Red-tailed Hawk 22-Jun-91 5080 O-O Mallard 3-May-92 5575 PO-Y American Kestrel 19-Mar-93 4575 CO-ON Mallard 28-Apr-91 5580 PO-Y American Kestrel 15-May-93 4580 CO-ON Ruddy Duck 8-Jul-92 4570 CO-FL American Kestrel 9-Apr-92 4570 PR-C Ruddy Duck 19-Jun-93 4575 CO-PY American Kestrel 11-May-91 4575 PO-Y Ruddy Duck 13-Jun-91 4075 PR-P American Kestrel 5-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Ruddy Duck 27-May-91 4575 PR-P American Kestrel 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Ruddy Duck 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y American Kestrel 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Ruddy Duck 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y American Kestrel 22-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Sharp-shinned Hawk 9-May-91 4580 PR-P American Kestrel 3-May-92 5575 PO-Y Red-shouldered Hawk 22-Feb-92 4075 CO-NB American Kestrel 27-May-91 5575 PO-X Red-shouldered Hawk 14-May-92 4075 CO-FL Peregrine Falcon 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-ON Red-shouldered Hawk 21-Mar-92 4575 CO-ON Peregrine Falcon 31-Mar-91 5585 PR-C Red-shouldered Hawk 4-Apr-92 4575 CO-ON California Quail 30-Jun-91 4575 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 2-May-92 4575 CO-ON California Quail 9-Jul-93 4580 CO-PY Red-shouldered Hawk 26-Apr-92 4580 CO-ON California Quail 15-Aug-91 4580 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 11-May-91 4580 CO-NY California Quail 2-Jul-91 5070 CO-FL Red-shouldered Hawk 8-May-92 5070 CO-FY California Quail 5-Apr-92 5070 PR-S Red-shouldered Hawk 15-May-92 4070 PR-P California Quail 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-S Red-shouldered Hawk 2-May-92 4570 PR-T California Quail 20-Apr-92 4075 PO-X

Atlas Data

California Quail 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Black Oystercatcher 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY California Quail 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Black Oystercatcher 25-May-91 70 CO-NY California Quail 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Black Oystercatcher 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y American Coot 22-Mar-92 4070 CO-CN Black-necked Stilt 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY American Coot 3-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN Black-necked Stilt 27-May-91 5575 PR-P American Coot 10-May-92 4075 CO-FL Black-necked Stilt 7-Jun-92 5575 PR-P American Coot 24-May-92 4075 CO-FL Black-necked Stilt 15-May-91 5575 PO-Y American Coot 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FL American Avocet 7-Jun-92 5575 CO-FL American Coot 17-Jun-91 4075 CO-FY American Avocet 15-Jun-91 5575 CO-NE American Coot 2-May-92 4570 CO-ON American Avocet 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY American Coot 8-Jul-92 4570 CO-PY American Avocet 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y American Coot 1-Jun-91 4575 CO-CN American Avocet 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y American Coot 15-May-93 4580 CO-PY Western Gull 21-Apr-91 4080 CO-NB American Coot 13-Jun-91 4580 CO-PY Western Gull 24-Jun-92 4080 CO-NY American Coot 8-May-92 5070 CO-FY Western Gull 4-Apr-92 4580 CO-ON American Coot 18-May-91 5070 CO-PY Western Gull 23-May-93 4580 CO-NE American Coot 1-Jun-91 4570 PR-P Western Gull 27-May-91 4585 CO-ON American Coot 27-May-91 4575 PR-T Western Gull 4-Jun-91 4585 CO-ON American Coot 29-May-91 4580 PR-A Western Gull 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY American Coot 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Western Gull 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-ON American Coot 14-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Western Gull 3-May-92 5575 CO-ON American Coot 4-May-91 4570 PO-Y Western Gull 15-May-91 5575 CO-ON American Coot 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Western Gull 4-May-91 5580 CO-ON American Coot 28-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Western Gull 26-May-91 5580 CO-NE American Coot 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-Y Western Gull 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-NE American Coot DRAFT 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Western Gull 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-NE Killdeer 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-PY Western Gull 30-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY Killdeer 9-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY Western Gull 13-Jul-91 5580 CO-PY Killdeer 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-PY Western Gull 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-NB Killdeer 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-NE Western Gull 4-May-91 5585 CO-CN Killdeer 3-May-92 5575 CO-DD Western Gull 26-May-91 5585 CO-NE Killdeer 15-May-91 5575 CO-NE Western Gull 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-NE Killdeer 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-PY Western Gull 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-NY Killdeer 30-Jun-91 5580 CO-DD Western Gull 6-Jul-91 5585 CO-NY Killdeer 1-Jun-91 4570 PR-P Western Gull 13-Jul-91 5585 CO-NY Killdeer 10-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Western Gull 4-May-91 9075 CO-ON Killdeer 4-May-92 5070 PR-P Western Gull 4-May-91 9080 CO-ON Killdeer 22-Jun-91 5080 PR-P Western Gull 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Killdeer 5-Apr-92 5575 PR-P Western Gull 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Killdeer 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-P Western Gull 27-May-91 4580 PR-N Killdeer 16-Jun-91 5585 PR-P Western Gull 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-C Killdeer 4-May-91 4570 PO-Y Western Gull 13-Apr-91 5580 PR-C Killdeer 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Western Gull 31-Mar-91 5585 PR-C Killdeer 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y Western Gull 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Killdeer 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Western Gull 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Killdeer 16-Jun-91 5085 PO-Y Western Gull 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Killdeer 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O Western Gull 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y Black Oystercatcher 7-May-93 4080 CO-PY Western Gull 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-Y Black Oystercatcher 12-May-91 4080 CO-NB Western Gull 1-Feb-92 4075 O-O Black Oystercatcher 24-Jun-92 4080 CO-FL Western Gull 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O

Atlas Data

Western Gull 28-Jun-92 4570 O-O Rock Dove 7-Feb-92 4580 CO-ON Western Gull 31-Mar-91 5085 O-O Rock Dove 24-May-91 4580 CO-ON Western Gull 4-May-91 9575 O-O Rock Dove 12-May-92 5070 CO-NB Caspian Tern 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-NE Rock Dove 21-Mar-92 5075 CO-ON Caspian Tern 18-Apr-91 4075 O-O Rock Dove 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-ON Caspian Tern 28-Jun-92 4570 O-O Rock Dove 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY Caspian Tern 27-May-91 4585 O-O Rock Dove 3-May-92 5575 CO-ON Caspian Tern 27-Apr-91 5070 O-O Rock Dove 3-Apr-92 4075 PR-C Caspian Tern 15-Jun-91 5080 O-O Rock Dove 6-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Caspian Tern 31-Mar-91 5085 O-O Rock Dove 28-May-91 4580 PR-C Caspian Tern 23-Feb-92 5575 O-O Rock Dove 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-S Caspian Tern 15-May-91 5575 O-O Rock Dove 8-Feb-92 5075 PR-C Caspian Tern 13-Apr-91 5580 O-O Rock Dove 7-Mar-92 5080 PR-C Caspian Tern 4-May-91 9575 O-O Rock Dove 15-Jun-91 5575 PR-N Forster’s Tern 29-May-91 5575 CO-NB Rock Dove 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 17-May-92 5575 PR-A Rock Dove 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 29-May-91 5575 PR-C Rock Dove 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y Rock Dove 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Rock Dove 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 8-Jul-92 4570 O-O Rock Dove 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Forster’s Tern 9-Jun-91 5580 O-O Rock Dove 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O Least Tern 9-Jun-91 5580 O-O Rock Dove 9-Jun-91 5580 O-O Common Murre 4-May-91 9075 CO-NE Band-tailed Pigeon 17-May-91 4580 CO-CN Common Murre 4-May-91 9080 CO-NE Band-tailed Pigeon 29-Feb-92 4575 PR-P Common Murre 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Band-tailed Pigeon 25-May-91 4575 PR-P Common Murre DRAFT 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Band-tailed Pigeon 14-May-91 4580 PR-P Common Murre 4-May-91 9575 O-O Band-tailed Pigeon 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Pigeon Guillemot 11-Jul-92 4080 CO-ON Mourning Dove 22-Mar-92 4070 CO-NB Pigeon Guillemot 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Mourning Dove 10-May-92 4075 CO-NB Pigeon Guillemot 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Mourning Dove 18-May-92 4075 CO-FL Pigeon Guillemot 1-Jun-91 4080 PR-P Mourning Dove 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FS Pigeon Guillemot 15-Jun-91 4080 PR-C Mourning Dove 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Pigeon Guillemot 4-May-91 9075 PR-N Mourning Dove 4-May-91 4570 CO-CN Pigeon Guillemot 4-May-91 9080 PR-N Mourning Dove 29-Feb-92 4575 CO-CN Pigeon Guillemot 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Mourning Dove 4-Apr-92 4575 CO-CN Pigeon Guillemot 4-May-91 9575 O-O Mourning Dove 4-May-91 4575 CO-CN Cassin’s Auklet 4-May-91 9075 CO-UN Mourning Dove 12-May-91 4575 CO-CN Cassin’s Auklet 4-May-91 9080 CO-UN Mourning Dove 22-Jun-91 4575 CO-FL Cassin’s Auklet 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Mourning Dove 7-May-91 4580 CO-FL Cassin’s Auklet 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Mourning Dove 4-May-92 5070 CO-ON Cassin’s Auklet 4-May-91 9575 O-O Mourning Dove 18-May-91 5070 CO-CN Rhinoceros Auklet 24-May-91 9570 CO-NY Mourning Dove 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-NB Rhinoceros Auklet 25-May-91 70 CO-NY Mourning Dove 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Rhinoceros Auklet 4-May-91 9080 PO-Y Mourning Dove 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Tufted Puffin 24-May-91 9570 CO-ON Mourning Dove 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL Tufted Puffin 25-May-91 70 CO-ON Mourning Dove 26-May-91 5085 CO-ON Rock Dove 15-May-92 4070 CO-FL Mourning Dove 16-Jun-91 5085 CO-ON Rock Dove 14-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Mourning Dove 13-Jul-91 5085 CO-NY Rock Dove 4-May-91 4570 CO-NB Mourning Dove 5-Apr-92 5570 CO-ON Rock Dove 7-May-92 4575 CO-CN Mourning Dove 23-Feb-92 5575 CO-NB

Atlas Data

Mourning Dove 27-May-91 5575 CO-NB Anna’s Hummingbird 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-T Mourning Dove 13-Apr-91 5580 CO-CN Anna’s Hummingbird 13-Apr-91 5580 PR-C Mourning Dove 26-May-91 5585 CO-ON Anna’s Hummingbird 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Mourning Dove 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-FL Anna’s Hummingbird 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Mourning Dove 27-May-91 4075 PR-A Anna’s Hummingbird 4-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Mourning Dove 14-Apr-91 4080 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-X Mourning Dove 28-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-X Mourning Dove 29-Mar-92 5070 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 28-Apr-91 5085 PO-Y Mourning Dove 8-Feb-92 5075 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 4-May-92 5570 PO-Y Mourning Dove 7-Mar-92 5080 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Mourning Dove 28-Apr-91 5085 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-X Mourning Dove 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X Mourning Dove 28-Apr-91 5585 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Mourning Dove 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 1-Mar-92 4070 CO-CN Mourning Dove 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 16-Mar-92 4070 CO-CN Mourning Dove 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 2-Feb-92 4075 CO-CN Mourning Dove 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 23-Feb-92 4075 CO-CN Mourning Dove 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X Allen’s Hummingbird 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Mourning Dove 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Allen’s Hummingbird 23-May-91 4075 CO-CN Barn Owl 15-Apr-92 5575 CO-FL Allen’s Hummingbird 8-Mar-92 4080 CO-CN Great Horned Owl 22-Feb-92 4080 CO-ON Allen’s Hummingbird 11-May-91 4080 CO-CN Great Horned Owl 14-Apr-91 4080 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 15-Mar-92 4570 CO-CN Great Horned Owl 13-May-92 4080 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 29-Feb-92 4575 CO-CN Great Horned Owl 10-Apr-91 5070 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 28-Apr-91 4575 CO-CN White-throated Swift 26-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Allen’s Hummingbird 17-Jun-92 4575 CO-ON White-throated Swift DRAFT 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 8-Mar-91 4580 CO-CN White-throated Swift 15-May-91 5575 PO-Y Allen’s Hummingbird 28-May-91 4580 CO-CN White-throated Swift 27-May-91 4075 O-O Allen’s Hummingbird 27-Apr-92 5070 CO-ON White-throated Swift 18-May-91 5070 O-O Allen’s Hummingbird 18-May-91 5070 CO-NB Anna’s Hummingbird 1-Mar-92 4070 CO-NE Allen’s Hummingbird 8-Mar-92 5075 CO-NB Anna’s Hummingbird 22-Feb-92 4075 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 22-Mar-92 5080 CO-NB Anna’s Hummingbird 8-Mar-92 4075 CO-ON Allen’s Hummingbird 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NE Anna’s Hummingbird 5-Apr-92 4075 CO-FY Allen’s Hummingbird 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-NE Anna’s Hummingbird 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Allen’s Hummingbird 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY Anna’s Hummingbird 15-Mar-92 4080 CO-NE Allen’s Hummingbird 28-Apr-91 5580 CO-ON Anna’s Hummingbird 4-Apr-92 4570 CO-NB Allen’s Hummingbird 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-ON Anna’s Hummingbird 22-Feb-92 4575 CO-FY Allen’s Hummingbird 3-Apr-92 4075 PR-P Anna’s Hummingbird 4-Apr-92 4575 CO-CN Allen’s Hummingbird 13-Apr-91 4080 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 16-May-91 4580 CO-FY Allen’s Hummingbird 4-May-91 4570 PR-T Anna’s Hummingbird 29-Mar-92 5070 CO-ON Allen’s Hummingbird 5-Apr-91 4580 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 8-Mar-92 5075 CO-NE Allen’s Hummingbird 31-Mar-91 5580 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 7-Mar-92 5080 CO-NB Allen’s Hummingbird 13-Apr-91 5585 PR-C Anna’s Hummingbird 22-Mar-92 5080 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Anna’s Hummingbird 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Anna’s Hummingbird 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Allen’s Hummingbird 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Anna’s Hummingbird 4-May-91 5085 CO-NY Allen’s Hummingbird 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Anna’s Hummingbird 28-Apr-91 5580 CO-FL Allen’s Hummingbird 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-Y Anna’s Hummingbird 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-CN Allen’s Hummingbird 26-May-91 5085 O-O Anna’s Hummingbird 9-Apr-91 4075 PR-C Belted Kingfisher 14-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Anna’s Hummingbird 12-May-91 4575 PR-S Belted Kingfisher 8-Jul-92 4570 PO-Y

Atlas Data

Belted Kingfisher 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-Y Western Wood-Pewee 27-May-92 4080 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 8-Jun-91 4075 CO-FL Western Wood-Pewee 24-May-91 4075 O-O Downy Woodpecker 11-Jul-92 4080 CO-FY Pacific-slope Flycatcher 31-May-91 4075 PR-S Downy Woodpecker 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-ON Pacific-slope Flycatcher 12-Apr-92 4575 PR-S Downy Woodpecker 15-Jun-91 4575 CO-NY Pacific-slope Flycatcher 17-May-92 4575 PR-S Downy Woodpecker 15-May-91 4580 CO-ON Pacific-slope Flycatcher 29-May-93 4575 PR-S Downy Woodpecker 7-Jun-91 4580 CO-FS Pacific-slope Flycatcher 11-May-91 4575 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 14-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY Pacific-slope Flycatcher 27-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Downy Woodpecker 27-Apr-92 5070 CO-ON Pacific-slope Flycatcher 1-Feb-92 4075 O-O Downy Woodpecker 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Black Phoebe 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-UN Downy Woodpecker 1-Jun-91 4080 PR-N Black Phoebe 21-Apr-91 4080 CO-NY Downy Woodpecker 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-T Black Phoebe 24-Jun-92 4080 CO-CF Downy Woodpecker 4-May-91 4575 PR-B Black Phoebe 2-Jun-91 4075 PR-N Downy Woodpecker 2-Jul-91 5070 PR-P Black Phoebe 14-Apr-91 4080 PR-P Downy Woodpecker 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-C Black Phoebe 2-May-91 4580 PR-N Downy Woodpecker 21-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Black Phoebe 16-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 5-Apr-92 4075 PO-X Black Phoebe 10-May-92 4075 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Black Phoebe 16-Jun-91 4575 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Black Phoebe 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X Downy Woodpecker 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-X Ash-throated Flycatcher 8-Jun-91 4075 O-O Downy Woodpecker 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Loggerhead Shrike 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Downy Woodpecker 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON Downy Woodpecker 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 4-Jul-92 4080 CO-FY Downy Woodpecker 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 29-Feb-92 4575 CO-ON Hairy Woodpecker 4-Jul-92 4080 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 4-Apr-92 4575 CO-FY Northern Flicker DRAFT 29-Feb-92 4575 PR-C Hutton’s Vireo 5-Apr-92 4080 PR-S Northern Flicker 4-Apr-91 4580 PR-P Hutton’s Vireo 29-Feb-92 4575 PR-S Northern Flicker 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-S Northern Flicker 4-Apr-91 4580 PO-X Hutton’s Vireo 15-May-91 4580 PR-A Northern Flicker 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Hutton’s Vireo 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-S Olive-sided Flycatcher 7-Jul-92 4080 CO-NY Hutton’s Vireo 15-Mar-92 4080 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 11-Jul-92 4080 CO-FY Hutton’s Vireo 12-May-91 4575 PO-Y Olive-sided Flycatcher 3-Aug-93 4080 CO-FL Hutton’s Vireo 27-May-91 4575 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 16-Jun-91 4575 CO-CN Hutton’s Vireo 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 29-May-91 4580 CO-FL Hutton’s Vireo 18-May-91 5070 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 2-Jul-91 5070 CO-FL Hutton’s Vireo 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 31-May-91 4075 PR-S Hutton’s Vireo 8-Jun-91 4075 O-O Olive-sided Flycatcher 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-S Warbling Vireo 15-May-91 4580 CO-CF Olive-sided Flycatcher 22-Jun-91 4080 PR-S Warbling Vireo 1-Jun-91 4080 PR-P Olive-sided Flycatcher 4-May-91 4575 PR-S Warbling Vireo 12-May-91 4580 PR-S Olive-sided Flycatcher 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-P Warbling Vireo 27-May-91 4075 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 25-Jul-91 4580 PR-C Warbling Vireo 1-Jun-91 4080 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 31-May-91 5070 PR-T Warbling Vireo 4-May-91 4575 PO-Y Olive-sided Flycatcher 6-Jun-92 5070 PR-T Warbling Vireo 27-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Olive-sided Flycatcher 25-Apr-92 4080 PO-X Steller’s Jay 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-Y Olive-sided Flycatcher 11-May-91 4080 PO-Y Western Scrub-Jay 3-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN Olive-sided Flycatcher 2-Jun-91 4080 PO-X Western Scrub-Jay 26-Jul-92 4080 CO-FY Olive-sided Flycatcher 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Western Scrub-Jay 4-Apr-92 4570 CO-ON Olive-sided Flycatcher 8-May-92 5070 PO-X Western Scrub-Jay 28-Jun-92 4570 CO-CF Olive-sided Flycatcher 18-May-91 5070 PO-Y Western Scrub-Jay 19-Apr-92 4575 CO-CN

Atlas Data

Western Scrub-Jay 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FL Common Raven 16-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Western Scrub-Jay 13-Jul-91 4575 CO-FL Common Raven 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Western Scrub-Jay 24-Mar-92 4580 CO-CN Common Raven 13-Apr-91 5585 PO-Y Western Scrub-Jay 17-May-91 4580 CO-CF Common Raven 1-Mar-92 4070 O-O Western Scrub-Jay 6-Jun-92 5070 CO-FY Common Raven 13-Apr-91 5580 O-O Western Scrub-Jay 17-Jun-91 4075 PR-P Common Raven 31-Mar-91 5585 O-O Western Scrub-Jay 4-May-91 4575 PR-P Horned Lark 27-May-91 5070 CO-NE Western Scrub-Jay 4-Apr-91 4580 PR-P Horned Lark 1-Jul-92 5070 PR-P Western Scrub-Jay 29-Mar-92 5070 PR-P Purple Martin 1-Aug-92 4570 O-O Western Scrub-Jay 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Tree Swallow 15-May-92 4070 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-T Tree Swallow 13-May-92 4075 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Tree Swallow 1-Jun-91 4075 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Tree Swallow 4-Jun-92 4080 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Tree Swallow 4-Jul-92 4080 CO-FY Western Scrub-Jay 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Tree Swallow 11-May-91 4570 CO-NB Western Scrub-Jay 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Tree Swallow 27-May-91 4575 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-Y Tree Swallow 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FY Western Scrub-Jay 4-May-92 5570 PO-Y Tree Swallow 24-May-91 4580 CO-ON Western Scrub-Jay 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Tree Swallow 9-May-92 4070 PR-C Western Scrub-Jay 27-May-91 5575 PO-X Tree Swallow 12-May-91 4580 PR-P American Crow 21-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Tree Swallow 27-May-92 4080 PO-X American Crow 7-Mar-92 5080 CO-NB Tree Swallow 23-May-92 5070 O-O American Crow 29-May-91 4580 PR-A Violet-green Swallow 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-NB American Crow 9-Jul-91 4580 PR-C Violet-green Swallow 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-P American Crow 14-Apr-91 4080 PO-X Violet-green Swallow 27-May-91 4580 PR-P American Crow DRAFT 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Violet-green Swallow 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y American Crow 8-May-92 5070 PO-Y Violet-green Swallow 27-May-91 4575 PO-Y American Crow 21-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y Violet-green Swallow 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y American Crow 16-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Violet-green Swallow 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y American Crow 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-Y Violet-green Swallow 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O American Crow 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Northern Rough-winged Swallow 18-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON American Crow 8-Jun-91 4075 O-O Northern Rough-winged American Crow 8-Jun-91 4575 O-O Swallow 18-Apr-91 4075 O-O Common Raven 3-Apr-92 4070 CO-NB Northern Rough-winged Swallow 11-May-91 4575 O-O Common Raven 31-May-91 4075 CO-FL Bank Swallow 18-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON Common Raven 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-FY Bank Swallow 2-Jun-91 4075 CO-NY Common Raven 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FL Cliff Swallow 4-May-91 4570 CO-NB Common Raven 14-May-91 5080 CO-NB Cliff Swallow 28-Jun-92 4570 CO-ON Common Raven 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-ON Cliff Swallow 15-Jun-91 4575 CO-NY Common Raven 2-May-92 4570 PR-T Cliff Swallow 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-ON Common Raven 11-May-91 4575 PR-P Cliff Swallow 2-Jun-91 4075 O-O Common Raven 7-May-91 4580 PR-P Cliff Swallow 27-May-91 4575 O-O Common Raven 28-May-91 4580 PR-P Cliff Swallow 9-Jun-91 5580 O-O Common Raven 18-May-91 5070 PR-P Barn Swallow 21-Mar-92 4070 CO-ON Common Raven 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-P Barn Swallow 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-UN Common Raven 27-May-91 5575 PR-P Barn Swallow 12-May-91 4080 CO-CN Common Raven 21-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Barn Swallow 4-May-91 4570 CO-CN Common Raven 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Barn Swallow 30-Jun-91 4575 CO-CN Common Raven 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Barn Swallow 1-May-91 4580 CO-NB Common Raven 8-May-92 5070 PO-X Barn Swallow 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-ON

Atlas Data

Barn Swallow 4-May-92 5570 CO-CF Bushtit 4-Apr-92 4580 CO-CN Barn Swallow 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-ON Bushtit 18-Apr-91 4580 CO-CN Barn Swallow 1-May-91 4580 PR-B Bushtit 30-Apr-91 4580 CO-ON Barn Swallow 15-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Bushtit 4-May-92 5070 CO-FY Barn Swallow 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Bushtit 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FL Barn Swallow 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y Bushtit 8-Feb-92 5075 CO-CN Barn Swallow 18-May-91 5070 PO-Y Bushtit 22-Mar-92 5080 CO-NY Barn Swallow 5-Apr-92 5575 PO-Y Bushtit 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY Barn Swallow 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Bushtit 5-Apr-92 5570 CO-CF Barn Swallow 4-May-91 5580 PO-Y Bushtit 27-May-91 5575 CO-NY Barn Swallow 2-Apr-91 4075 O-O Bushtit 28-Apr-91 5580 CO-NY Barn Swallow 27-May-91 4575 O-O Bushtit 26-May-91 5580 CO-FL Chestnut-backed Chickadee 21-Mar-92 4070 CO-NB Bushtit 13-Apr-91 5585 CO-CN Chestnut-backed Chickadee 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-ON Bushtit 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-ON Chestnut-backed Chickadee 10-May-92 4075 CO-FL Bushtit 8-Apr-91 4075 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 1-Jun-91 4075 CO-FL Bushtit 6-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FY Bushtit 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-C Chestnut-backed Chickadee 11-May-91 4080 CO-CF Bushtit 24-May-91 4580 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 4-May-91 4570 CO-CF Bushtit 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 6-Apr-91 4575 CO-CN Bushtit 15-Apr-92 5575 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 25-May-91 4575 CO-NY Bushtit 31-Mar-91 5580 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 27-Apr-91 4580 CO-FY Bushtit 31-Mar-91 5585 PR-P Chestnut-backed Chickadee 12-May-91 4580 CO-CF Bushtit 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee 16-May-91 4580 CO-FY Bushtit 2-Apr-91 4075 PO-X Chestnut-backed Chickadee 5-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY Bushtit 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee DRAFT 12-May-92 5070 CO-FY Bushtit 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Chestnut-backed Chickadee 18-May-91 5070 CO-FL Bushtit 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee 22-Mar-92 5080 CO-NB Bushtit 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee 4-May-91 5580 CO-FL Bushtit 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Chestnut-backed Chickadee 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Bushtit 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-FY Red-breasted Nuthatch 4-May-91 5585 CO-CN Chestnut-backed Chickadee 4-May-91 5585 CO-CF Red-breasted Nuthatch 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-FL Chestnut-backed Chickadee 16-Mar-92 4070 PR-C Red-breasted Nuthatch 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-Y Chestnut-backed Chickadee 28-Apr-92 5075 PR-P Red-breasted Nuthatch 11-May-91 4575 O-O Chestnut-backed Chickadee 16-Jun-91 5080 PR-P Pygmy Nuthatch 21-Mar-92 4070 CO-NB Chestnut-backed Chickadee 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 15-May-92 4070 CO-FY Chestnut-backed Chickadee 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 13-May-92 4075 CO-ON Chestnut-backed Chickadee 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Pygmy Nuthatch 1-Jun-91 4075 CO-FY Chestnut-backed Chickadee 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FY Chestnut-backed Chickadee 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 28-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Chestnut-backed Chickadee 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-X Pygmy Nuthatch 1-Jun-91 4080 CO-CF Chestnut-backed Chickadee 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 11-May-91 4570 CO-ON Chestnut-backed Chickadee 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-Y Pygmy Nuthatch 11-May-91 4575 CO-CF Bushtit 15-Mar-92 4070 CO-NB Pygmy Nuthatch 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-CF Bushtit 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON Pygmy Nuthatch 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FL Bushtit 7-Mar-92 4080 CO-NB Pygmy Nuthatch 24-May-91 4580 CO-CF Bushtit 8-Mar-92 4080 CO-NB Pygmy Nuthatch 28-May-91 4580 CO-ON Bushtit 11-May-91 4080 CO-NB Pygmy Nuthatch 9-Jul-93 4580 CO-FY Bushtit 4-May-91 4570 CO-CF Pygmy Nuthatch 18-May-91 5070 CO-NB Bushtit 25-May-91 4575 CO-CN Pygmy Nuthatch 23-May-92 5070 CO-CF

Atlas Data

Pygmy Nuthatch 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-NY Marsh Wren 9-May-92 4070 CO-ON Pygmy Nuthatch 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY Marsh Wren 9-Jun-91 4075 CO-FS Pygmy Nuthatch 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-N Marsh Wren 15-Jun-92 4075 CO-FL Pygmy Nuthatch 13-Apr-91 4080 PR-N Marsh Wren 11-May-91 4570 CO-NE Pygmy Nuthatch 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-N Marsh Wren 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-S Pygmy Nuthatch 19-Apr-91 4580 PR-N Marsh Wren 4-May-91 4570 PR-B Pygmy Nuthatch 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Marsh Wren 17-Feb-92 4575 PR-S Pygmy Nuthatch 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Marsh Wren 1-Jun-91 4575 PR-B Pygmy Nuthatch 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Marsh Wren 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Pygmy Nuthatch 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-Y Marsh Wren 27-May-91 4575 PO-X Pygmy Nuthatch 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Golden-crowned Kinglet 28-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Brown Creeper 15-May-92 4070 CO-CN Swainson’s Thrush 9-Jun-91 4080 CO-FL Brown Creeper 5-Apr-92 4075 CO-CF Swainson’s Thrush 26-Jun-93 4575 CO-CF Brown Creeper 13-Jun-91 4075 CO-FY Swainson’s Thrush 14-Jul-91 4575 CO-CN Brown Creeper 13-May-92 4080 CO-CF Swainson’s Thrush 20-May-91 4580 CO-CF Brown Creeper 9-Jun-91 4080 CO-CN Swainson’s Thrush 4-May-91 4575 PR-S Brown Creeper 28-Apr-91 4575 CO-NB Swainson’s Thrush 17-May-92 4575 PR-S Brown Creeper 2-May-92 4575 CO-ON Swainson’s Thrush 11-May-91 4580 PR-A Brown Creeper 12-May-91 4575 CO-CN Swainson’s Thrush 23-May-92 5070 PR-P Brown Creeper 27-May-91 4575 CO-ON Swainson’s Thrush 1-Jun-91 4080 PO-X Brown Creeper 11-Jun-91 4580 CO-CF Swainson’s Thrush 12-May-91 4575 PO-Y Brown Creeper 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-NY Swainson’s Thrush 5-May-91 4580 PO-X Brown Creeper 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-S Swainson’s Thrush 8-May-92 5070 PO-X Brown Creeper 28-Apr-91 4080 PR-P American Robin 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN Brown Creeper 9-Jun-91 4580 PR-T American Robin 15-May-92 4070 CO-FL Brown Creeper DRAFT 4-May-91 5580 PR-C American Robin 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Brown Creeper 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X American Robin 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-CF Brown Creeper 20-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y American Robin 10-May-92 4075 CO-CF Brown Creeper 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y American Robin 13-May-92 4075 CO-FY Brown Creeper 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X American Robin 23-May-91 4075 CO-NY Brown Creeper 1-Jul-92 5070 PO-X American Robin 24-May-92 4075 CO-CF Brown Creeper 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X American Robin 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FL Bewick’s Wren 15-May-92 4070 CO-FL American Robin 14-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Bewick’s Wren 8-Mar-92 4075 CO-CN American Robin 4-May-91 4570 CO-CN Bewick’s Wren 25-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN American Robin 12-May-91 4575 CO-NB Bewick’s Wren 11-Apr-92 4070 PR-S American Robin 1-Jun-91 4575 CO-ON Bewick’s Wren 17-May-92 4575 PR-S American Robin 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FY Bewick’s Wren 16-Mar-92 4070 PO-X American Robin 13-Apr-92 4580 CO-CF Bewick’s Wren 24-Apr-91 4580 PO-X American Robin 14-May-91 4580 CO-CF Bewick’s Wren 28-May-91 4580 PO-Y American Robin 20-May-91 4580 CO-FY Winter Wren 12-May-91 4575 CO-CF American Robin 25-Jul-91 4580 CO-FY Winter Wren 25-May-91 4575 CO-FY American Robin 27-Apr-92 5070 CO-ON Winter Wren 7-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY American Robin 18-May-91 5070 CO-NY Winter Wren 5-Jun-93 4075 PR-P American Robin 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-CN Winter Wren 7-Mar-92 4080 PR-B American Robin 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NB Winter Wren 31-May-91 4580 PR-A American Robin 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY Winter Wren 20-Apr-92 4075 PO-X American Robin 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Winter Wren 4-May-91 4575 PO-X American Robin 7-Sep-91 5080 CO-FL Winter Wren 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-X American Robin 28-Apr-91 5085 CO-ON Winter Wren 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X American Robin 13-Jul-91 5085 CO-FY

Atlas Data

American Robin 4-May-91 5580 CO-NB Northern Mockingbird 27-May-91 5575 PR-N American Robin 16-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 2-Jun-91 4080 PO-X American Robin 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 28-Apr-91 4575 PO-X American Robin 13-Jul-91 5580 CO-NY Northern Mockingbird 4-Apr-91 4580 PO-X American Robin 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-UN Northern Mockingbird 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X American Robin 26-May-91 5585 CO-CF Northern Mockingbird 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X American Robin 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-NY Northern Mockingbird 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-X American Robin 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-X American Robin 6-Jul-91 5585 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X American Robin 13-Jul-91 5585 CO-FL European Starling 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN American Robin 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-A European Starling 15-May-92 4070 CO-ON American Robin 14-Apr-91 4080 PR-P European Starling 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN American Robin 4-May-91 4575 PR-S European Starling 19-May-91 4075 CO-FY American Robin 11-May-91 4575 PR-C European Starling 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN American Robin 11-Apr-91 4580 PR-A European Starling 4-Apr-92 4570 CO-ON American Robin 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-A European Starling 4-May-91 4575 CO-CF American Robin 4-May-92 5570 PR-S European Starling 6-May-91 4580 CO-FL American Robin 27-May-91 5575 PR-P European Starling 5-Apr-92 5070 CO-ON American Robin 28-Apr-91 5580 PR-S European Starling 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-ON American Robin 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-X European Starling 21-Mar-92 5075 CO-NB American Robin 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y European Starling 22-Mar-92 5080 CO-NB American Robin 4-Apr-91 4580 PO-X European Starling 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NB American Robin 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X European Starling 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY American Robin 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-X European Starling 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY American Robin 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-Y European Starling 28-Apr-91 5085 CO-CF American Robin DRAFT 5-Apr-92 5570 PO-X European Starling 5-Apr-92 5575 CO-NB American Robin 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X European Starling 27-Apr-91 5575 CO-NB American Robin 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X European Starling 4-May-91 5580 CO-CN Wrentit 7-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY European Starling 26-May-91 5580 CO-ON Wrentit 20-May-91 4580 PO-X European Starling 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-CN Northern Mockingbird 28-May-93 4080 CO-CF European Starling 31-Mar-91 5585 CO-NB Northern Mockingbird 9-Jun-93 4080 CO-FL European Starling 13-Apr-91 5585 CO-CN Northern Mockingbird 24-Jul-93 4080 CO-NY European Starling 28-Apr-91 5585 CO-NY Northern Mockingbird 26-Jun-91 4575 CO-CF European Starling 4-May-91 5585 CO-NB Northern Mockingbird 7-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY European Starling 26-May-91 5585 CO-CF Northern Mockingbird 1-Jul-92 5070 CO-CN European Starling 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-CF European Starling 6-Jul-91 5585 CO-FY Northern Mockingbird 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL European Starling 4-May-91 4570 PR-N Northern Mockingbird 4-May-92 5570 CO-CN European Starling 7-Mar-92 5080 PR-C Northern Mockingbird 5-Apr-92 5575 CO-NB European Starling 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 8-Jun-91 4075 PR-T European Starling 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 9-Jun-91 4080 PR-S European Starling 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 4-May-91 4575 PR-S European Starling 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 20-May-91 4580 PR-S European Starling 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-X Northern Mockingbird 16-Jun-91 5070 PR-N European Starling 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-S European Starling 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Northern Mockingbird 22-Mar-92 5080 PR-P European Starling 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-Y Northern Mockingbird 15-Jun-91 5080 PR-T Orange-crowned Warbler 1-Jun-92 4575 CO-FL Northern Mockingbird 5-Apr-92 5570 PR-T Orange-crowned Warbler 3-May-91 4580 CO-CN Northern Mockingbird 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-P Orange-crowned Warbler 9-Jun-91 4080 PR-P

Atlas Data

Orange-crowned Warbler 4-Apr-91 4580 PR-S California Towhee 13-May-92 4075 CO-FY Orange-crowned Warbler 22-Apr-91 4580 PR-T California Towhee 4-Apr-92 4570 CO-CN Orange-crowned Warbler 26-Apr-92 5070 PR-S California Towhee 21-Sep-91 4575 CO-FY Orange-crowned Warbler 2-Apr-91 4075 PO-X California Towhee 5-May-91 4580 CO-CN Orange-crowned Warbler 14-Jun-92 4075 PO-Y California Towhee 30-May-92 5070 CO-CF Orange-crowned Warbler 21-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y California Towhee 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FL Orange-crowned Warbler 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y California Towhee 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY Orange-crowned Warbler 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X California Towhee 4-Jul-91 5080 CO-FY Orange-crowned Warbler 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X California Towhee 9-Apr-91 4075 PR-P Orange-crowned Warbler 15-May-91 5575 PO-X California Towhee 11-May-91 4080 PR-P Orange-crowned Warbler 13-Apr-91 5580 PO-X California Towhee 11-May-91 4575 PR-S Yellow Warbler 23-May-92 5070 PR-P California Towhee 30-Jun-91 4575 PR-P Yellow Warbler 2-Jun-91 4075 PO-X California Towhee 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Yellow Warbler 8-May-92 5070 PO-X California Towhee 8-Mar-92 5075 PR-P Yellow Warbler 18-May-91 5070 PO-X California Towhee 22-Mar-92 5080 PR-T Yellow Warbler 15-May-92 4070 O-O California Towhee 15-Jun-91 5080 PR-P Common Yellowthroat 27-Jun-93 4575 CO-FY California Towhee 5-Apr-92 5575 PR-S Common Yellowthroat 13-Jul-91 4575 CO-CF California Towhee 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-P Common Yellowthroat 15-May-92 4070 PR-S California Towhee 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Common Yellowthroat 18-Apr-91 4075 PR-S California Towhee 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Common Yellowthroat 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-S California Towhee 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Common Yellowthroat 11-May-91 4570 PR-C California Towhee 28-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Common Yellowthroat 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-S California Towhee 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Common Yellowthroat 9-May-92 4070 PO-X California Towhee 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-X Common Yellowthroat 27-May-91 4575 PO-X California Towhee 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Wilson’s Warbler DRAFT 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-FL Savannah Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Wilson’s Warbler 17-Jun-92 4575 CO-CF Savannah Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5575 PO-X Wilson’s Warbler 2-May-91 4580 CO-CF Savannah Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Wilson’s Warbler 18-May-91 4580 CO-FY Savannah Sparrow 9-Jun-91 5580 PO-X Wilson’s Warbler 9-May-92 4070 PR-S Song Sparrow 26-Apr-92 4070 CO-CF Wilson’s Warbler 1-Jun-91 4075 PR-T Song Sparrow 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-CF Wilson’s Warbler 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-S Song Sparrow 14-Apr-92 4075 CO-CF Wilson’s Warbler 1-Jun-91 4080 PR-A Song Sparrow 24-May-92 4075 CO-FL Wilson’s Warbler 11-May-91 4575 PR-S Song Sparrow 21-Sep-91 4075 CO-FY Wilson’s Warbler 18-Apr-91 4580 PR-S Song Sparrow 4-Jun-92 4080 CO-FY Wilson’s Warbler 8-May-92 5070 PR-T Song Sparrow 25-May-91 4575 CO-DD Wilson’s Warbler 15-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Song Sparrow 8-Jun-91 4575 CO-CF Wilson’s Warbler 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-X Song Sparrow 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FL Wilson’s Warbler 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Song Sparrow 17-May-91 4580 CO-CF Wilson’s Warbler 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X Song Sparrow 4-Jul-91 5080 CO-CN Wilson’s Warbler 27-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Song Sparrow 4-May-91 5580 CO-CF Spotted Towhee 10-May-91 4580 CO-CN Song Sparrow 26-May-91 5580 CO-FL Spotted Towhee 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-FL Song Sparrow 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-FL Spotted Towhee 8-Jun-91 4075 PR-S Song Sparrow 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-CF Spotted Towhee 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-S Song Sparrow 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-S Spotted Towhee 13-Apr-91 5580 PR-S Song Sparrow 27-May-91 4075 PR-T Spotted Towhee 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-X Song Sparrow 11-May-91 4080 PR-P Spotted Towhee 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X Song Sparrow 2-May-92 4570 PR-S California Towhee 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN Song Sparrow 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-S California Towhee 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Song Sparrow 24-May-91 4580 PR-S

Atlas Data

Song Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Song Sparrow 22-Jun-91 5080 PR-T Dark-eyed Junco 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Song Sparrow 15-May-91 5575 PR-T Dark-eyed Junco 13-May-92 4075 CO-FL Song Sparrow 13-Apr-91 5580 PR-P Dark-eyed Junco 9-Jun-91 4080 CO-FL Song Sparrow 28-Apr-91 5585 PR-S Dark-eyed Junco 4-May-91 4575 CO-CF Song Sparrow 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 12-May-91 4580 CO-FY Song Sparrow 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 16-May-91 4580 CO-FY Song Sparrow 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 28-May-91 4580 CO-FY Song Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 29-May-91 4580 CO-NY Song Sparrow 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 25-Jul-91 4580 CO-FY Song Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5575 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 18-May-91 5070 CO-FY Song Sparrow 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Dark-eyed Junco 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-NY White-crowned Sparrow 5-Apr-92 4075 CO-CF Dark-eyed Junco 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY White-crowned Sparrow 10-May-92 4075 CO-FY Dark-eyed Junco 4-May-91 5580 CO-NY White-crowned Sparrow 2-Jun-91 4075 CO-CF Dark-eyed Junco 26-May-91 5580 CO-FL White-crowned Sparrow 1-Jun-91 4080 CO-CF Dark-eyed Junco 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-NB White-crowned Sparrow 9-Jun-91 4080 CO-FL Dark-eyed Junco 16-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL White-crowned Sparrow 14-Jul-91 4080 CO-FY Dark-eyed Junco 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-FL White-crowned Sparrow 4-May-91 4570 CO-CF Dark-eyed Junco 3-Apr-92 4070 PR-S White-crowned Sparrow 6-Apr-91 4575 CO-CN Dark-eyed Junco 9-Apr-91 4075 PR-A White-crowned Sparrow 5-May-91 4580 CO-CN Dark-eyed Junco 11-May-91 4080 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 4-Jul-93 4580 CO-CF Dark-eyed Junco 6-Apr-91 4575 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5070 CO-NB Dark-eyed Junco 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 12-May-92 5070 CO-FY Dark-eyed Junco 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY Dark-eyed Junco 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-N White-crowned Sparrow DRAFT 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-NY Dark-eyed Junco 28-Apr-91 5580 PR-S White-crowned Sparrow 4-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL Dark-eyed Junco 15-Mar-92 4070 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 7-Sep-91 5080 CO-FL Dark-eyed Junco 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 4-May-92 5570 CO-CN Dark-eyed Junco 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 17-May-92 5575 CO-FY Dark-eyed Junco 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 26-May-91 5580 CO-FL Dark-eyed Junco 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-CF Black-headed Grosbeak 25-May-91 4575 PR-P White-crowned Sparrow 16-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Black-headed Grosbeak 27-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y White-crowned Sparrow 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-CF Black-headed Grosbeak 18-May-91 5070 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 26-May-91 5585 CO-FL Black-headed Grosbeak 28-Apr-92 5075 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 21-Mar-92 4070 PR-S Black-headed Grosbeak 27-May-91 4075 O-O White-crowned Sparrow 11-May-91 4080 PR-P Black-headed Grosbeak 8-May-92 5070 O-O White-crowned Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-P Lazuli Bunting 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-CN White-crowned Sparrow 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-S Lazuli Bunting 18-May-91 5070 PR-C White-crowned Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5080 PR-S Lazuli Bunting 18-May-91 5070 PO-X White-crowned Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5570 PR-P Red-winged Blackbird 2-May-92 4570 CO-CF White-crowned Sparrow 15-May-91 5575 PR-T Red-winged Blackbird 9-May-92 4570 CO-CF White-crowned Sparrow 13-Apr-91 5580 PR-S Red-winged Blackbird 15-May-93 4580 CO-CN White-crowned Sparrow 16-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 8-May-92 5070 CO-CF White-crowned Sparrow 28-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 18-May-91 5070 CO-NE White-crowned Sparrow 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 28-Apr-92 5075 CO-NY White-crowned Sparrow 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 4-May-92 5570 CO-CF White-crowned Sparrow 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 3-May-92 5575 CO-FY White-crowned Sparrow 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 29-May-91 5575 CO-FY White-crowned Sparrow 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL

Atlas Data

Red-winged Blackbird 26-May-91 5585 CO-CF Brewer’s Blackbird 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-FY Red-winged Blackbird 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-CF Brewer’s Blackbird 6-Jul-91 5585 CO-NY Red-winged Blackbird 14-May-91 4580 PR-S Brewer’s Blackbird 28-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Red-winged Blackbird 18-May-91 4580 PR-A Brewer’s Blackbird 4-May-91 4575 PR-A Red-winged Blackbird 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-T Brewer’s Blackbird 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-C Red-winged Blackbird 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-S Brewer’s Blackbird 22-Mar-92 5080 PR-C Red-winged Blackbird 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-N Brewer’s Blackbird 28-Apr-91 5585 PR-C Red-winged Blackbird 13-Apr-91 5585 PR-S Brewer’s Blackbird 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 2-Apr-91 4075 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 11-May-91 4080 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 4-May-91 4570 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 28-Jun-92 4570 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-Y Red-winged Blackbird 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Red-winged Blackbird 22-Jun-91 4575 O-O Brewer’s Blackbird 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Tricolored Blackbird 2-Jul-91 5070 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Western Meadowlark 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-X Great-tailed Grackle 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y Western Meadowlark 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-X Brown-headed Cowbird 15-May-92 4070 CO-FL Western Meadowlark 23-Feb-92 5575 O-O Brown-headed Cowbird 14-Jul-91 4080 CO-FL Brewer’s Blackbird 11-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 13-Jun-92 4575 CO-FY Brewer’s Blackbird 9-May-92 4070 CO-CF Brown-headed Cowbird 16-Jun-91 4575 CO-NY Brewer’s Blackbird 15-May-92 4070 CO-ON Brown-headed Cowbird 21-Jun-92 4575 CO-FY Brewer’s Blackbird DRAFT 18-May-92 4075 CO-FL Brown-headed Cowbird 27-Jun-93 4575 CO-FY Brewer’s Blackbird 14-Jun-92 4075 CO-FS Brown-headed Cowbird 9-Jul-93 4580 CO-FY Brewer’s Blackbird 17-Jun-91 4075 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 1-Jul-92 5070 CO-FL Brewer’s Blackbird 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 4-Jul-91 5080 CO-FY Brewer’s Blackbird 4-May-91 4570 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL Brewer’s Blackbird 11-May-91 4575 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 13-Jul-91 5585 CO-FL Brewer’s Blackbird 1-Jun-91 4575 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 10-May-92 4075 PR-T Brewer’s Blackbird 16-Jun-91 4575 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 1-Jun-91 4075 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 12-May-91 4580 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 22-Jun-91 4080 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 24-May-91 4580 CO-NE Brown-headed Cowbird 28-Jun-92 4570 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 28-May-91 4580 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 11-May-91 4575 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 27-Apr-92 5070 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-C Brewer’s Blackbird 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FL Brown-headed Cowbird 17-May-91 4580 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 22-Mar-92 5080 PR-C Brewer’s Blackbird 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 15-Jun-91 5080 PR-C Brewer’s Blackbird 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Brown-headed Cowbird 4-May-92 5570 PR-C Brewer’s Blackbird 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Brown-headed Cowbird 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 4-May-91 5580 PR-P Brewer’s Blackbird 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 13-Apr-91 5585 PR-C Brewer’s Blackbird 28-Apr-91 5085 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 16-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 16-Jun-91 5085 CO-NY Brown-headed Cowbird 28-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 13-Jul-91 5085 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 9-Jun-91 4080 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-NY Brown-headed Cowbird 4-May-91 4575 PO-Y Brewer’s Blackbird 4-May-91 5585 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Brewer’s Blackbird 26-May-91 5585 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-X

Atlas Data

Brown-headed Cowbird 28-Apr-92 5075 PO-Y House Finch 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FY Brown-headed Cowbird 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y House Finch 28-Apr-92 5075 CO-CN Brown-headed Cowbird 13-Apr-91 5085 PO-Y House Finch 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NB Brown-headed Cowbird 4-May-92 5570 PO-Y House Finch 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Brown-headed Cowbird 5-Apr-92 5575 PO-X House Finch 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY Hooded Oriole 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN House Finch 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 6-Jul-92 4575 CO-ON House Finch 4-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 10-May-91 4580 CO-CN House Finch 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FY Hooded Oriole 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-NB House Finch 26-May-91 5085 CO-FY Hooded Oriole 27-May-91 5575 CO-NB House Finch 16-Jun-91 5085 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 22-Apr-91 4580 PR-P House Finch 4-May-92 5570 CO-FY Hooded Oriole 12-May-92 5070 PR-P House Finch 5-Apr-92 5575 CO-CN Hooded Oriole 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-T House Finch 27-May-91 5575 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y House Finch 26-May-91 5580 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 11-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y House Finch 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 22-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y House Finch 9-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y House Finch 16-Jun-91 5580 CO-FL Hooded Oriole 15-Jun-91 4575 O-O House Finch 30-Jun-91 5580 CO-UN Hooded Oriole 5-Apr-92 5575 O-O House Finch 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-NB Bullock’s Oriole 5-Apr-92 5575 PR-C House Finch 26-May-91 5585 CO-ON Bullock’s Oriole 11-May-91 4575 PO-Y House Finch 2-Jun-91 5585 CO-FY Bullock’s Oriole 8-May-92 5070 PO-Y House Finch 16-Jun-91 5585 CO-FL Bullock’s Oriole 5-Apr-92 5080 PO-X House Finch 4-May-91 4570 PR-P Bullock’s Oriole 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y House Finch 27-Apr-91 4575 PR-P Purple Finch 28-Jun-92 4080 CO-FY House Finch 27-Apr-91 5575 PR-C Purple Finch DRAFT 9-May-92 5070 CO-NB House Finch 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X Purple Finch 18-May-91 5070 CO-FY House Finch 14-Apr-91 4080 PO-X Purple Finch 15-Mar-92 4070 PR-P House Finch 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Purple Finch 14-Jun-92 4075 PR-S House Finch 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Purple Finch 5-Jul-91 4075 PR-P House Finch 10-Apr-91 5070 PO-Y Purple Finch 11-May-91 4570 PR-P House Finch 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-X Purple Finch 8-Jun-91 4575 PR-S House Finch 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-X Purple Finch 12-May-91 4580 PR-S House Finch 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-X Purple Finch 16-May-91 4580 PR-T House Finch 5-Apr-92 5570 PO-Y Purple Finch 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-X House Finch 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X Purple Finch 11-May-91 4080 PO-X House Finch 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-X Purple Finch 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y Red Crossbill 28-May-91 4580 CO-FY Purple Finch 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X Red Crossbill 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FL Purple Finch 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y Red Crossbill 20-Jul-91 5080 CO-FL House Finch 9-May-92 4070 CO-FL Red Crossbill 11-May-91 4575 PR-P House Finch 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-CN Red Crossbill 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y House Finch 10-May-92 4075 CO-NB Red Crossbill 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y House Finch 31-May-91 4075 CO-FL Red Crossbill 4-Apr-91 4580 PO-Y House Finch 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-CN Red Crossbill 9-Apr-91 4075 O-O House Finch 1-Jun-91 4080 CO-FY Pine Siskin 15-May-92 4070 CO-FY House Finch 4-May-91 4575 CO-CN Pine Siskin 15-Jun-91 4575 CO-FY House Finch 5-Apr-91 4580 CO-CN Pine Siskin 20-May-91 4580 CO-CN House Finch 2-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY Pine Siskin 18-May-91 5070 CO-CN House Finch 25-Jul-91 4580 CO-FY Pine Siskin 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-CN House Finch 5-Apr-92 5070 CO-CN Pine Siskin 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-FY

Atlas Data

Pine Siskin 2-Jun-91 5580 CO-ON American Goldfinch 28-Apr-91 5585 PR-P Pine Siskin 5-Apr-92 4075 PR-C American Goldfinch 21-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y Pine Siskin 8-Jun-91 4075 PR-S American Goldfinch 1-Jun-91 4080 PO-X Pine Siskin 12-May-91 4575 PR-P American Goldfinch 5-Apr-92 5070 PO-X Pine Siskin 24-May-91 4580 PR-C American Goldfinch 4-May-92 5570 PO-X Pine Siskin 12-May-92 5070 PR-C American Goldfinch 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X Pine Siskin 4-May-91 5580 PR-C American Goldfinch 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y Pine Siskin 1-Mar-92 4070 PO-Y American Goldfinch 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-Y Pine Siskin 11-May-91 4080 PO-Y American Goldfinch 31-Mar-91 5585 PO-Y Pine Siskin 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y House Sparrow 9-May-92 4070 CO-CN Pine Siskin 5-May-91 4580 PO-Y House Sparrow 8-Mar-92 4075 CO-CN Pine Siskin 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X House Sparrow 3-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON Pine Siskin 27-Apr-91 5070 PO-X House Sparrow 20-Apr-92 4075 CO-ON Pine Siskin 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-Y House Sparrow 24-May-92 4075 CO-CN Pine Siskin 22-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y House Sparrow 17-Jun-91 4075 CO-CF Pine Siskin 15-Jun-91 5080 PO-Y House Sparrow 20-Apr-91 4080 CO-ON Pine Siskin 31-Mar-91 5580 PO-X House Sparrow 4-May-91 4570 CO-NB Pine Siskin 28-Apr-91 5585 O-O House Sparrow 4-May-91 4575 CO-CF Lesser Goldfinch 29-Feb-92 4575 CO-CN House Sparrow 6-May-92 4575 CO-ON Lesser Goldfinch 17-May-92 4575 CO-FY House Sparrow 25-May-91 4575 CO-FY Lesser Goldfinch 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-FY House Sparrow 1-May-91 4580 CO-CN Lesser Goldfinch 28-Apr-92 5075 CO-FY House Sparrow 1-Jun-91 4580 CO-FY Lesser Goldfinch 28-Apr-91 4575 PR-P House Sparrow 27-Apr-91 5070 CO-CN Lesser Goldfinch 16-May-92 4580 PR-C House Sparrow 27-Apr-92 5070 CO-NB Lesser Goldfinch 27-Apr-91 5070 PR-C House Sparrow 4-Apr-92 5075 CO-NB Lesser Goldfinch DRAFT 12-May-92 5070 PR-P House Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5080 CO-NB Lesser Goldfinch 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-P House Sparrow 15-Jun-91 5080 CO-NB Lesser Goldfinch 8-Jun-91 4075 PO-X House Sparrow 22-Jun-91 5080 CO-CN Lesser Goldfinch 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y House Sparrow 23-Jun-91 5080 CO-CF Lesser Goldfinch 18-Apr-91 4580 PO-X House Sparrow 29-Jun-91 5080 CO-CF Lesser Goldfinch 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X House Sparrow 28-Apr-91 5085 CO-ON Lesser Goldfinch 8-Mar-92 5075 PO-X House Sparrow 5-Apr-92 5575 CO-NB Lesser Goldfinch 27-Apr-91 5575 PO-Y House Sparrow 27-May-91 5575 CO-NB American Goldfinch 26-Apr-92 4070 CO-CN House Sparrow 4-May-91 5585 CO-NB American Goldfinch 1-Jun-91 4080 CO-CF House Sparrow 26-May-91 5585 CO-CF American Goldfinch 1-Jul-92 4580 CO-FY House Sparrow 1-Mar-92 4070 PR-P American Goldfinch 9-Jul-93 4580 CO-FY House Sparrow 5-Apr-91 4580 PR-P American Goldfinch 16-Jun-91 5070 CO-CN House Sparrow 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-C American Goldfinch 6-Jul-91 5580 CO-CF House Sparrow 13-Apr-91 4080 PO-Y American Goldfinch 26-May-91 5585 CO-NB House Sparrow 6-Apr-91 4575 PO-Y American Goldfinch 21-Apr-92 4075 PR-C House Sparrow 29-Mar-92 5070 PO-X American Goldfinch 27-May-91 4580 PR-P House Sparrow 8-Feb-92 5075 PO-X American Goldfinch 4-May-92 5070 PR-C House Sparrow 7-Mar-92 5080 PO-Y American Goldfinch 18-May-91 5070 PR-P House Sparrow 31-Mar-91 5085 PO-Y American Goldfinch 21-Mar-92 5075 PR-P House Sparrow 4-May-92 5570 PO-Y American Goldfinch 15-May-91 5575 PR-P House Sparrow 23-Feb-92 5575 PO-X American Goldfinch 26-May-91 5580 PR-P Table 14. Complete Census Data

Literature Cited

Literature Cited American Birding Association, ABA Checklist: Birds of the Continental United States and Canada, 5th edition, American Birding Association, 1996. Arbib, R., The blue list for 1980, American Birds 33:830-835, 1979. Binford, Laurence C., Breeding Records for San Francisco County, unpublished, 1985. Binford, Laurence C., Birds of Golden Gate Park, unpublished, 1979. Brown, M.E., Population monitoring for western gull (Larus occidentalis) on Alcatraz Island, California: 1997 breeding season, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, , U.S. Department of the Interior, San Francisco, CA, unpublished, 1998. Brown, M.E., PopulationDRAFT monitoring for western gull (Larus occidentalis) on Alcatraz Island, California: 1998 breeding season, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, San Francisco, CA, unpublished, 1999. Bryant, H. O. Some Field Notes for 1917, Condor 19:185-186, 1917. Crase, F. T. and R. W. DeHaven, Occurrence of the Chestnut-backed Chickadee in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, American Birds 30:673-675, 1976. Department of Fish and Game, Threatened and Endangered Birds http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/species/t_e_spp/tebird/tebirda.shtml, 2002. Dunn, J. and Garrett, K., A Field Guide to the Warblers of North America, Houghton Mifflin, 1997. Friends of Lake Merced, http://www.lakemerced.org, 2002. Golden Gate Audubon Society, The Gull, Volumes 1 – 40, 1919-1957. Grinnell and Miller, The Distribution of the Birds of California, Cooper Ornithological Club, 1944, reprinted by Artesima Press, 1986. Hansen, G., San Francisco Almanac: Everything You Want to Know About Everyone’s Favorite City, Chronicle Books, 1995.

Literature Cited

Hansen, H. E. and Squires, W. A., A List of the Birds Breeding in San Francisco County, California, Condor 19:54-62, 1917. Hothem, R.L., Reproductive success of black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) at Alcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay, California, 1998, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, San Francisco, CA, unpublished, 1999. Howell, J. et al., First Nests of Heermann’s Gull in the United States, Western Birds 14:39-46, 1983. Howell, J., Raven, P. and Rubtzoff, P., A Flora of San Francisco California, The Wasmann Journal of Biology, Vol. 16, No. 1, University of San Francisco, 1958, reprinted by the California Native Plant Society, Yerba Buena Chapter, San Francisco, 1990. Jaramillo and Burke, New World Blackbirds, the , Princeton University Press, 1999. Kaufmann, Kenn, Lives of North American Birds, Houghton-Miffin, 1996. Kruckeberg, A. R., California Serpentines: Flora, vegetation, geology, soils and management problems. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 73, 1984. Maillaird, Joseph, Handbook of the Birds of Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, 1930. Marshall, J. T., Birds lost from a Giant Sequoia forest during 50 years, Condor 90:359-373, 1988. DRAFT Morlan, Joseph P., Feral Parrot Populations in San Francisco, http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~jmorlan/sfparrots.htm, 2002. Murphy, Daniel P., The Breeding Birds of San Francisco County, California, Excluding the Farallon Islands, unpublished, 1985. Murphy, Daniel P., Breeding Bird Records for Lake Merced, San Francisco, California, 1997, 1998, 1999, unpublished 1999. National Geographic Society, Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National Geographic Society, 1999. National Park Service, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Alcatraz Island Historic Preservation and Safety Construction Program, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California, October, 2001. Null, E. Jan, Climate of San Francisco, NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-126, 1978. Null, E. Jan, Climate of San Francisco Narrative Description, http://ggweather.com/sf/narrative.html, 2002. Pollack, T., and J.A. Howell, Wildlife and wildlife habitat values of Alcatraz Island, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, San Francisco, CA. Ray, M. S., Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California, Condor 8:42-44, 1906.

Literature Cited

Ray, M. S., More Summer Birds for San Francisco County, Condor 18:222-227, 1916. Rising, James D., A Guide to the Identification and Natural History of The Sparrows of the United States and Canada, Academic Press, 1996. San Francisco Recreation and Park Department (SFRPD) Natural Areas and Volunteer Program, San Francisco Native and Non-native Plant Field Guide, undated. Small, Arnold, California Birds: Their Status and Distribution, Ibis Publishing Company, 1994. Shuford, W. D., The Marin County Breeding Bird Atlas: A Distributional and Natural History of Coastal California Birds, Point Reyes Bird Observatory, published by Bushtit Books, 1989. Snider, P., The Southwest Region: The Nesting Season, Audubon Field Notes 18:526-528, 1964. Sowls, A. L., A. R. DeGrange, J. W. Nelson and G. S. Lester, Catalog of California Seabird Colonies, U. S. Department of Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Project FWS/OBS37/80, 1980. Stallcup, Rich, Ocean Birds of the Nearshore Pacific, Point Reyes Bird Observatory, 1990. Stebbins, Robert C., Reptiles and Amphibians of the San Francisco Bay Region, U. C. Press, 1959. Tenaya, K. and R. Tenaya,DRAFT First report of the Starling in San Francisco, California, Condor 68:600, 1966. Thayer, J.A., T.C. Murray, W.J. Sydeman, and D.A. Hatch, Baseline monitoring and assessment of effects of disturbance to seabird populations on Alcatraz Island, California, 1998, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, San Francisco, CA, unpublished, 1999. Thayer, J.A., I.E. Harrald, and W.J. Sydeman, Baseline monitoring and assessment of effects of disturbance to seabird populations on Alcatraz Island, California, 1997-1999, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior, San Francisco, CA, unpublished, 2000. United States Geologic Survey, The San Andreas Fault, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq3/what.html, 1997. Willet, G., Revised List of the Birds of Southwestern California, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 21, 1933. Zeiner, David C., William F. Laudenslayer, Jr., and Kenneth E. Mayer (Compiling eds.). California’s Wildlife; Volume I: Amphibians and Reptiles. State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA. 1988.

Index

Index

agricultural area, 83, 95 # agriculture, 23 σ, 61, 62, 71 Agrostis microphylla, 20 1 Alameda, 40, 52 th Alameda Naval Air Station, 40 14 Street, 17 Alaudidae, 103 1582, 60 th Albatross 17 Street, 17 Short-tailed, 67 18th Street, 17 Albizzia 1906 earthquake, 24 lophanta, 25 1st Street, 16 Alcatraz Island, 21, 22, 40, 51, 61, 62, 75 2 Alcedinidae, 96 alcid, 58 th 20 Street, 17 Alcidae, 89 nd 22 Street, 24 alder, 32 th 24 Street, 38 algae, 75 alkalai-heath, 18, 20 7 Alnus 7th Avenue, 16 DRAFToregona, 32 rhombifolia, 32 A American southwest, 100 abalone, 22 Amphispiza Abronia belli clementeae, 67 latifolia, 29 Anas Acacia nigra, 22 Australian, 25 perspicillata, 22 Accipiter platyrhynchos, 80 striatus, 81 strepera, 80 Accipitridae, 81 Anatidae, 79 Acer Aneides macrophyllum, 32 lugubris, 38 negundo ssp. californicum, 32 Angel Island, 21, 23, 38, 40 Aegithalidae, 108 animal hair, 102, 103, 110, 111, 115, 118, Aeronautes 120 saxatalis, 94 Año Nuevo, 58 Aesculus Aphelocoma californica, 16, 18 californica, 102 Agelaius Apodidae, 94 phoeniceus, 120 Aptenia phoeniceus mailliardorum, 120 cordifolia, 25 tricolor, 120 Aratinga, 38

Index

erythrogenys, 38 auk, 89 mitrata, 38 Auklet Arbutus Cassin’s, 55, 57, 59, 70, 91, 131 menziesii, 19 Rhinoceros, 55, 57, 59, 70, 91, 131 Arctostaphylos, 21, 28 Avena hookeri ssp. franciscanum, 21 barbata, 28 hookeri ssp. ravenii, 21 fatua, 28 Ardea avian pest, 114 alba, 77 avifauna, 42, 59, 60 herodias, 77 avocet, 86 Ardeidae, 77 Avocet Army Street, 17 American, 22, 55, 57, 59, 69, 87, 130 Arroyo de los Dolores, 17 Azioaceae, 25 Artemesia californica, 19 B Artemisia babbler, 113 californica, 31 Baccharis pycnocephala, 20 pilularis, 19, 29, 30 aster badger, 21 California, 20 Balaenoptera Atlas block musculus, 37 0070, 53, 58 physalus, 37 4070, 42, 58, 61, 63 bark fiber, 101, 105, 108, 109 4075, 43, 58, 61, 67DRAFT bark strip, 81, 103, 110, 112 4080, 44, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 Barn Owl, 55, 59, 62, 70, 93, 94 4570, 45, 58, 61, 62, 63 Bat 4575, 46, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 77, 79, Hoary, 37 81, 102, 104, 113, 115, 117, 119, 125 Little Brown, 37 4580, 47, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 94, 97, Mexican Free-tailed, 37 105, 122 Red, 37 4585, 48, 58 Batrachoseps 50¸5, 62 attenuatus, 38 5070, 48, 58, 63, 65, 100 bay, 31, 68, 75, 77, 88, 89, 96 5075, 50, 58, 61, 64, 82, 117 California, 32 5080, 51, 58 Bay Bridge, 16, 51, 52 5085, 51, 58, 61, 62 Bay Street, 16 5570, 52, 58 Bayview Hill, 17, 27, 28, 32, 49, 50, 61, 64 5575, 52, 58 bear, 22, 23, 24 5580, 52, 58, 61, 67 Bear 5585, 52, 58, 67 Black, 21 9075, 52, 58 Grizzly, 21 9080, 52, 58 beaver, 21 9570, 53, 58 bee, 68 9575, 53, 58 Beechey, Captain, 19, 22 Atriplex beetle, 68 patula, 20 Bernal Heights, 50

Index

Bernal Hill, 32 California, 16, 18, 25 Bicolored Blackbird, 120 Buena Vista Park, 40, 46, 48 bird, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 67, 68, 73, 92, 96, Bufflehead, 22 102, 119 Bufo bird of prey, 23 boreas, 38 Bittern, 77 Bullfrog, 38 American, 25, 26, 60, 61 bulrush, 31, 85, 111, 116, 120, 121 Least, 22, 25 bulrush-cattail marsh, 72 blackberry Bunting California, 18, 30, 32 Lazuli, 55, 57, 60, 64, 70, 71, 119, 120, Himalayan, 25 139 blackbird, 120, 144 burrow, 68, 74, 91, 92, 105 Blackbird Bushtit, 54, 56, 59, 70, 108, 135, 145 Brewer’s, 54, 56, 60, 70, 121, 140 Buteo Red-winged, 22, 26, 55, 56, 60, 70, 120, jamaicensis, 82 139, 140 lineatus, 82 Tricolored, 55, 57, 60, 70, 120, 121, 140 Butorides blue blossom, 19, 30 virescens, 78 Bluebird buttercup Western, 63 California, 19 Boa Butterfly Rubber, 38 Monarch, 38, 39 bobcat, 21, 22, 23 boreal forest, 124 DRAFT C botanical stowaway, 23 Cairina Botta, Dr. Paul Emile, 23 moschata, 80 Botta, Dr. Paul-Emile, 22 Cakile Brachyramphus maritime, 29 marmoratus, 67 calcium, 20 bracken calendar Western, 19 Gregorian, 60 Brandt’s Cormorant, 55, 59, 69, 74, 75 Julian, 60 Branta Callipepla canadensis, 79 californica, 22, 84 canadensis leucopareia, 67 Calypte Bromus anna, 95 tectorum, 25 Canada, 59, 69 broom, 25 Candlestick, 26, 65 Brotogeneris, 38 Candlestick SRA, 31, 49 chiriri, 38 Canvasback, 26 versicolurus, 38 caracara, 83 brush, 23, 84, 100 cardinal, 119 Bryant, Edwin, 19 Cardinalidae, 119 Bubo cardueline finch, 123 virginianus, 94 Carduelis buckeye, 18, 21, 24 pinus, 125

Index

psaltria, 125 montanus, 67 tristis, 125 vociferus, 85 Carex, 33 Charina Carpobrotu bottae, 38 edulis, 25 cheatgrass, 25 Carpobrotus cherry chilense, 29 hollyleaf, 19 edulis, 29 chert, 36 Carpodacus Chickadee mexicanus, 124 Chestnut-backed, 55, 56, 59, 70, 108, 135, purpureus, 123 143 cat, 23, 26, 58 Chlorogalum Cathartes pomeridianum, 19 aura, 127 chromium, 20 Catharus Chrysemys ustulatus, 112 scripta, 38 cattail Cilly, Captain Duhaut, 23 broad-leaved, 19 cinquefoil, 18 cattail, 33, 81, 85, 111, 120, 121 Cistothorus cattle, 23 palustris, 111 cavity, 83, 97, 98, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, clam, 22 114, 126 clarkia Cayuga Avenue, 17 Presidio, 21 ceanothus, 28 DRAFTClarkia Ceanothus, 19, 25, 28 franciscana, 21 thyrsiflorus, 19 Clemmys Centaurea, 25 marmorata, 38 Central Valley, 35, 36, 79, 80, 83, 86, 99, Cliff House, 37, 38, 62 120 cliff ledge, 82 Cepphus climate change, 26 columba, 90 Cnemidophorus Cerorhinca tigris, 38 monocerata, 91 coast live oak-California bay-madrone Certhia forest, 72 americana, 109 coastal plain, 83 Certhiidae, 109 Coastal Range, 34, 96, 98, 99, 101, 109, Ceryle 112, 114, 116, 119, 123, 125 alcyon, 96 coastal riparian forest, 32 César Chávez, 17 coastal sage-coyote brush scrub, 31, 71 cetacean, 37 coastal salt marsh, 31 Chamaea coastal scrub, 16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 26, 31, 71 fasciata, 113 cobalt, 20 Channel Street, 17 Coccyzus Charadriidae, 85 americanus occidentalis, 67 Charadrius cockle, 22 alexandrinus nivosus, 67 coffeeberry, 19, 30

Index

Colaptes cornuta, 18 auratus, 97 cottonwood, 98 auratus cafer, 97 cow manure, 104 chrysoides, 67 Cow Palace, 17 collecting, 24 Cowbird Collie, Alexander, 19, 22 Brown-headed, 26, 54, 56, 60, 70, 115, colonial nester, 68, 77, 78, 79, 104, 105 122, 140, 141 Coluber coyote, 22, 23, 24 constrictor, 38 coyote brush, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 71 Columba crane, 22 fasciata, 92 Crane livia, 92 Sandhill, 67 Columbidae, 92 crane fly, 68 Condor Crataegus California, 67 douglasii, 19 coniferous tree, 109 creeper, 109 Conium Creeper maculatum, 25 Brown, 26, 55, 56, 59, 70, 109, 110, 136 conservation, 66 Crissy Lagoon, 25 Contia Crossbill tenuis, 38 Red, 55, 57, 59, 60, 70, 124, 125, 141 continental shelf, 34 Crotalus Contopus viridis, 38 cooperi, 98 DRAFTcrow, 101 sordidulus, 98 Crow coot, 22, 85 American, 25, 26, 55, 57, 59, 70, 102, Coot 103, 134 American, 55, 56, 59, 69, 85, 130 crustacean, 68 copulate on the wing, 94 Cuckoo Corethrogyne Yellow-billed, 67 californica, 20 currant Coriolis Force, 35 wild, 19 cormorant, 22, 74, 75 Cyanocitta Cormorant stelleri, 101 Brandt’s, 57, 61, 74, 128 Cyperus Double-crested, 55, 57, 59, 69, 75, 76, eragrostis, 33 128 cypress, 24 Pelagic, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 76, 128 Cypress Cortaderia Monterey, 25, 34, 39 jubata, 25 Cytisus, 25 corvid, 24, 25, 68, 94 Corvidae, 101 D Corvus Daly City, 16 brachyrhynchos, 102 Danaus corax, 103 plexippus, 38 Corylus DeAnza, 16

Index deciduous tree, 82, 93, 119, 123 Wood, 22 deep ocean, 34 dune tansey, 19 deer, 22, 23, 24 Deer E Mule, 21, 38 eagle, 81 Pacific Coast Black-tailed, 38 Eagle Del Norte County, 82, 85 Bald, 67 Delairea eelgrass, 75 odorata, 25 egret, 24 Delphinus Egret delphis, 37 Great, 25, 26, 57, 61, 77, 78, 128 Dendroica Snowy, 25, 26, 57, 61, 78, 128 petechia, 115 Egretta desert southwest, 122 thula, 78 Diadophis Ekman Spiral, 35 punctatus, 38 elder Dicamptodon box, 32 ensatus, 38 Elgaria Didelphis coerulea, 38 virginiana, 37 muticarinata, 38 dirt bank, 96, 105 elk, 21, 22, 23, 24 Distichlis Elymus spicata, 20, 31 glaucus, 28 disturbed habitat, 102DRAFT mollis, 29 Divisadero Street, 16 triticoides, 28 dog, 23, 68 embankment, 115 Dolores Street, 38 emberizid, 116 dolphin, 37 Emberizidae, 116 Dolphin Empidonax Common, 22 difficilis, 99 Common, 37 traillii, 67 Northern Right-whale, 37 traillii extimus, 67 Pacific Bottle-nosed, 37 endangered species, 67, 71 Pacific White-sided, 37 Enhydra Double Rock, 31, 49 lutris, 38 dove, 92 epaulet, 120 Dove Equisetum Mourning, 26, 54, 56, 59, 70, 93, 131, 132 hyemale, 19 Rock, 26, 55, 56, 59, 68, 70, 92, 131 telmateia, 19 downtown, 51 Eremophila drainage, 35, 37, 120 alpestris, 103 drizzle, 36 Eriophyllum duck, 22, 24, 25, 68, 79 staechadifolium, 19 Duck Eschrichtius Muscovy, 80 robustus, 37 Ruddy, 24, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 81, 129 Eschscholtz, Dr. Johann von, 19

Index

Eschscholzia fishing, 24 californica, 18 flax estuary, 31, 85, 87, 89 dwarf, 20 eucalyptus, 24, 25 fledgling, 122 Eucalyptus, 34, 39 fleshy jaumea, 20 Eumeces Flicker skiltonianus, 38 Gilded, 67 Eumetopias Northern, 55, 57, 59, 62, 70, 71, 97, 98, jubatus, 37 133 Euphagus flora, 21, 69 cyanocephalus, 121 flycatcher, 98 evergreen, 25 Flycatcher exotic plant, 25, 26 Ash-throated, 57, 127, 133 Olive-sided, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 70, 98, F 133 Falco Pacific-slope, 55, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, 99, peregrinus, 83 133 peregrinus anatum, 67 Willow, 67 sparverius, 83 Foeniculum falcon, 68, 83 vulgare, 23 Falcon fog, 28, 30, 35, 36, 144 Peregrine, 55, 57, 59, 67, 68, 69, 83, 129 radiation, 36 Falconidae, 83 Folsom Street, 17 Farallon Islands, 24, 34,DRAFT 36, 37, 42, 54, 56, food supply, 68 66, 68, 74, 88, 90, 91, 144 fore dune, 25 Island of St. James, 52 forest Maintop Island, 53 deciduous, 37 Middle Farallon Island, 53 mixed evergreen, 27 North Farallon Island, 52 Mixed evergreen, 27 Seal Rock, 53 Fort Funston, 29, 30, 43, 58, 63, 71 Southeast Farallon Island, 53, 74, 91, 92 Fox Farallon Plate, 36 Gray, 37 fault zone, 20 Red, 26, 37 fauna, 69 Franciscan complex, 36 Federal Management Concern, 66 Frankenia fennel, 23 grandifolia, 31 fern salina, 18, 20 bracken, 28 Fratercula western bracken, 30 cirrhata, 92 western sword, 30 fresh water, 16, 73 ferns, 19 Fringillidae, 123 finch, 22 fringilline finch, 123 Finch Frog House, 54, 56, 60, 70, 124, 141 Foothill Yellow-legged, 38 Purple, 55, 57, 60, 65, 70, 123, 124, 141 Red-legged, 38 fish, 22, 68 front

Index

cold, 36 South Lake, 42, 43, 61 occluded, 36 Stow Lake, 46, 47, 61 Fulica Strawberry Hill, 27, 61, 63, 64 americana, 85 Goldfinch American, 55, 56, 60, 70, 125, 126, 142 G Lesser, 55, 57, 60, 65, 70, 125, 142 Gadwall, 24, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 80, 129 goose, 22, 68, 79 gallinule, 85 Goose game, 23 Canada, 26, 55, 57, 59, 61, 67, 69, 79, 80, garbage dump, 88 129 gardening, 26 gooseberry Garrya canyon, 19 elliptica, 18 gopher, 21 Geary Street, 20 Gopher Geothlypis Botta’s Pocket, 37 trichas, 115 Grackle giant cactus, 82 Great-tailed, 55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 70, 122, gilia 140 purplespot, 20 grass Gilia American dune, 29 clivorum, 20 bent, 20 Gilman Street, 49 bunch, 28 Glen Canyon, 17, 18, 25, 27, 31, 32, 35, 47, cord, 31 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64,DRAFT 65, 72 pampas, 25 Gnatcatcher perennial, 29 California, 67 rye, 28 goat, 21 salt, 20 Gold Rush, 23, 24 grassland, 21, 25, 26, 28, 37, 83, 105, 117 Golden Gate, 16, 20, 48, 93 serpentine, 28 Golden Gate Park, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 37, valley, 28 38, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 58, 72, 73, 110, gravel, 85, 86 143, 144 Great Basin, 111 AIDS Dell, 47, 62 grebe, 22 Chain of Lakes, 16, 33, 62, 64, 72 Grebe Elk Glen, 16 Clark’s, 61 Equitation Field, 43 Pied-billed, 55, 57, 59, 69, 73, 128 Fuchsia Dell, 47 Western/Clark’s, 60 Lick Mountain, 47, 62, 64 grosbeak, 119 Lloyd Lake, 47, 61, 62 Grosbeak Log Cabin, 47, 65 Black-headed, 23, 55, 57, 60, 64, 70, 71, Mallard Lake, 46, 61, 63 119, 139 Middle Lake, 43, 63, 65 ground-nesting, 26 North Lake, 43, 44, 63, 65 Grus Rhododendron Dell, 47, 62 canadensis tabida, 67 Sharon Meadow, 48 guano, 75 Soccer Fields, 43 Guillemot

Index

Pigeon, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 70, 90, 91, 131 heron, 22, 24, 26, 79 gull, 68, 87 Heron Gull Great Blue, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 77, 128 Franklin’s, 79 Green, 25, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 78, 128 Gull Heron’s Head Park, 26, 31, 52 California, 87 Hesperevax Heermann’s, 60, 62, 87, 144 sparsiflora, 20 Western, 55, 56, 59, 62, 69, 87, 88, 130, Hesperolinon 131 congestum, 20 Gymnogyps Heteromeles californianus, 67 arbutifolia, 18 Himantopus H mexicanus, 86 Haematopodidae, 85 Hirundinidae, 104 Haematopus Hirundo bachmani, 85 rustica, 107 Haliaeetus honeysuckle, 19 leucocephalus, 67 horse, 23 hanging pouch, 123 horse chestnut, 18 Haplopappus horsetail ericoides, 29 giant, 19 Harrier huckleberry, 30 Northern, 25 hummingbird, 22, 23, 95 Harrison Street, 17 DRAFTHummingbird hawk, 22, 23, 24, 25, 81 Allen’s, 55, 56, 59, 70, 96, 132 Hawk Anna’s, 22, 23, 54, 56, 59, 70, 95, 96, 132 Red-shouldered, 26, 55, 56, 59, 69, 82, Hunters Point, 17, 20, 40, 52 129 hunting, 22, 23, 24, 25 Red-tailed, 26, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 71, 82, Hydrobatidae, 73 129 Sharp-shinned, 55, 57, 59, 69, 81, 129 I Swainson’s, 67 iceplant, 25, 29 hawthorn, 19 icterid, 122 hazel Icteridae, 120 California, 18 Icterus heath bullockii, 123 alkali, 31 cucullatus, 122 heather cucullatus nelsoni, 122 mock, 29 immediate coast, 105, 110 Hedera India Basin, 52 helix, 25 insect, 22, 68 hemlock Inspiration Point, 109 poison, 25 iris Heracleum Douglas, 19, 30 lanatum, 30 Iris herb, 29 douglasiana, 19

Index iron, 20 Lake Merced, 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, irrigation, 23, 26 33, 41, 43, 45, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 72, 73, Islais Creek, 17, 19, 24 77, 78, 81, 111, 116, 143, 144 ivy wooden bridge, 46 English, 25 Lampropeltis German, 25 getulus, 38 land snail, 22 J landbird, 59 Jackson Street, 17 landscaping, 26 jaumea Laniidae, 100 marsh, 31 Lanius Jaumea ludovicianus, 100 carnosa, 20 ludovicianus mearnsi, 67 jay, 22, 101, 102 lapwing, 85 Jay Laridae, 87 Steller’s, 25, 26, 55, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, lark, 22, 103 101, 102, 133 Lark Junco Horned, 55, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, 103, 104, Dark-eyed, 26, 55, 56, 60, 70, 119, 139 134 Junco Larus hyemalis, 119 californicus, 87 Juncus, 33 heermanni, 87 occidentalis, 87 DRAFTK Larus pipixcan, 79 Lasiurus Kemble , Edward, 23 borealis, 37 Kestrel cinereus, 37 American, 25, 55, 57, 59, 69, 83, 129 Laterallus Killdeer, 55, 56, 59, 69, 85, 130 jamaicensis coturniculus, 67 kingfisher, 22, 96 laurel, 18, 23, 25 Kingfisher California, 16 Belted, 22, 25, 55, 57, 59, 62, 70, 96, 132, leap year, 60 133 lichen, 97, 99, 101, 108, 112 kinglet, 112 Limonium Kinglet californicum, 31 Golden-crowned, 55, 57, 60, 70, 112, 136 Lincoln Park, 40, 44, 58, 84 kite, 22, 81 East Wash, 44 Fort Miley, 44 L Land’s End, 29, 37, 44 Lagenorhynchus Mile Rock, 44 obliquidens, 37 Point Lobos, 44 lagoon, 16, 22, 25, 31, 77, 78, 87, 88, 89 Sutro Heights Park, 44 Laguna de Manantial, 24 West Wash, 44 Laguna Honda, 16 lion Laguna Salada, 17 mountain, 22, 23 lake, 16, 17, 24, 33, 68, 73, 77, 78, 81, 88, Lissodelphis 89, 104

Index

borealis, 37 manzanita, 28 livestock, 23 maple lizard, 38 big-leaf, 32 Lizard Marin, 67, 69, 70, 71 Coast Horned, 38 Marina District, 16, 24 Northern Alligator, 38 marine layer, 36 Southern Alligator, 38 marine worm, 68 Western Fence, 38 Marryat, Frank, 24 Lobos Creek, 25 marsh, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 73, 81, 85, Lombard Street, 16 111, 120, 121 London, Jack, 24 salt, 20 Lone Mountain, 20 Martin Lonicera Purple, 57, 105, 127, 134 involucrata, var. ledebourii, 19 Masticophis loon, 22, 68 lateralis, 38 Loon McLaren Park, 17, 21, 31, 33, 49, 58, 84 Common, 26 Meadowlark Loxia Western, 55, 57, 60, 70, 71, 121, 140 curvirostra, 124 Mediterranean climate, 25, 35 lupine Megaptera Chamisso bush, 20 novaeangliae, 37 yellow bush, 19 Melanerpes lupine, 29 uropygialis, 67 yellow bush, 18 DRAFTMelospiza Lupinus melodia, 118 albifrons, 29 melodia pusillula, 118 arboreus, 18, 19, 29 melodia samuelis, 118 chamissonis, 19, 20, 29 Menzies, Archibald, 18 rivularis, 29 Mephitis mephitis, 38 M Mexican, 23 madrone, 21 Micrathene magnesium, 20 whitneyi, 67 magpie, 101 microclimate, 34, 37 Magpie Mimidae, 113 Yellow-billed, 22, 25 Mimulus mainland, 23, 42, 54, 56, 79, 84, 85, 86, 90, aurantiacus, 19, 30 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, Mimus 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, polyglottos, 113 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, mining, 24 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126 Mission Bay, 17 Mallard, 22, 46, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63, 69, 80, Mission Creek, 17, 23 129 Mission District, 16, 50 mammal, 37, 38, 68 Mission Dolores, 19 manzanita mockingbird, 113 Franciscan, 21 Mockingbird

Index

Northern, 55, 56, 60, 70, 113, 114, 137 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, Mole 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 Broad-footed, 37 Neurotrichus Shrew, 37 gibbsii, 37 mollusk, 68 Newt Molothrus California, 38 ater, 115, 122 Rough-skinned, 38 Mono Lake, 105 Night-Heron Monterey Bay, 38, 74, 91 Black-crowned, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 78, 79, Montgomery Street, 16 128 moss, 79, 91, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, nocturnal, 24 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116 non-passerine, 59 Mount Davidson, 28, 30, 34, 41, 47, 63, 64, North American Plate, 36 71 North Beach, 16 Mount Sutro, 34, 35, 47, 64 northern beach association, 29 Mouse northern coastal scrub, 30 Deer, 37 northern dune scrub, 29 Western Harvest, 37 nuthatch, 109 murre, 89 Nuthatch Murre Pygmy, 26, 55, 56, 59, 70, 109, 135, 136 Common, 55, 57, 58, 59, 68, 69, 89, 90, Red-breasted, 26, 55, 57, 59, 70, 109, 135 131 Nycticorax Murrelet nycticorax, 78 Marbled, 67 DRAFT mussel, 22 O mustard, 23 oak, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 100, 101, 123 Mustela California live, 27 frenata, 38 coast live, 16, 21 Myiarchus live, 18 cinerascens, 127 savannah, 28 Myotis Valley, 28 lucifugus, 37 western poison, 19 Myriad woodland, 28 californica, 16 oat myrtle wild, 25, 28 wax, 16, 18 Ocean Beach, 24, 29 Oceanodroma N furcata, 127 National Audubon Society, 24, 143 homochroa, 74 native american, 16, 19, 22, 23 leucorhoa, 73 native species, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 92 Odocoileus needlegrass, 28, 72 hemionus, 38 nest site, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, Odontophoridae, 84 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, Old World, 23, 25, 126 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, Old World sparrow, 126 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, opossum, 26

Index

Opossum parrot, 26, 38 Virginia, 37 parsnip Orange-crowned Warbler, 55, 60, 64, 70, cow, 30 114, 115 Parulidae, 114 Orcinus Passer orca, 37 domesticus, 126 oriole, 108 Passerculus Oriole sandwichensis, 117 Bullock’s, 23, 55, 57, 59, 60, 65, 70, 123, sandwichensis beldingi, 67 141 Passeridae, 126 Hooded, 26, 55, 57, 58, 60, 68, 70, 122, Passerina 123, 141 amoena, 119 Otter passerine, 26, 59, 68 Sea, 21, 22, 38 Peard owl, 22, 93, 94 Lt., 22 Owl Pelecanus Barn, 57, 93, 132 occidentalis californicus, 67 Burrowing, 25 pelican, 22 Elf, 67 Pelican Great Gray, 67 American White, 26 Great Horned, 22, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 70, Brown, 22, 67 71, 94, 132 Pennsylvania Street, 24 Spotted, 67 perennial Oxyura DRAFTEuropean, 28 jamaicensis, 81 Peromyscus oyster, 22, 24 maniculatus, 37 oystercatcher, 85 pesticide, 68 Oystercatcher Petrochelidon Black, 22, 26, 55, 57, 59, 62, 69, 85, 86, pyrrhonota, 106 130 Phalacrocoracidae, 74 Phalacrocorax P auritus, 75 Pacific coast, 66, 87, 100, 111, 116, 119, pelagicus, 76 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 penicillatus, 74 Pacific madrone, 19 Phelps, William, 23 Pacific Ocean, 28, 35, 36 Pheucticus Pacific Plate, 36 melanocephalus, 119 Palace of Fine Arts, 16 Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, parakeet, 38 22 Parakeet Phoca Mitred, 38 vitulina, 37 White-winged, 38 Phocoena Yellow-chevroned, 38 phocoena, 37 Parakeets Phocoenoides Red-masked, 38 dalli, 37 Paridae, 108 Phoebastria

Index

albatrus, 67 poison oak, 19, 27, 28, 30, 31 Phoebe Polioptila Black, 55, 57, 59, 70, 99, 100, 133 californica californica, 67 Say’s, 26 pollution, 24, 68 Phrynosoma Polypodium coronatum, 38 californicum, 19 Picidae, 97 polypody pickleweed, 20, 31, 118 California, 19 Picoides Polystichum pubescens, 97 munitum, 30 villosus, 97 pond, 16, 32, 33, 86, 87, 89 Pier 98. See Heron's Head Park Pontentilla pig, 23 anserina, 18 pigeon, 68, 92 Pope Gregory XIII, 60 Pigeon poppy Band-tailed, 22, 26, 55, 57, 59, 62, 70, 71, California, 18 92, 93, 131 porpoise, 37 pilularis pilularis Porpoise Baccharis, 28 Dall’s, 37 pine, 98, 104, 119, 121 Harbor, 37 Pine Portolá Monterey, 24, 25, 34, 39 Captain Gaspar de, 16 Pine Lake, 16, 27, 32, 33, 46, 62, 72 Portrero Hill, 17, 20 Pintail DRAFTPortsmouth Square, 19, 23 Northern, 24 Postsmouth Square, 23 Pipilo prairie crissalis, 117 coastal, 28 crissalis eremophilus, 67 precipitation, 36 maculatus, 116 Precita Creek, 17 Pituophis predator, 26, 58, 68, 76, 97, 104, 109 catenifer, 38 Presidio, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, plague, 24 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 48, 58, 62, 63, Plantago 64, 71 maritime, 31 Baker Beach, 29, 62 plantain, 31 China Beach, 37 plover, 22, 85 Crissy Field, 22, 25, 48, 58 Plover Crissy Lagoon, 16, 31, 35 Mountain, 67 El Polin, 16 Semipalmated, 22 Fort Point, 16, 20, 30, 71 Snowy, 25, 67 Inspiration Point, 20, 36 plum, 23 Lobos Creek, 16, 32, 35, 72 plumes, 24 Mountain Lake, 16, 33, 62, 63, 64, 72 Podicipedidae, 73 U. S. Marine Hospital, 71 Podilymbus podiceps, 73 Procyon Poecile lotor, 38 rufescens, 108 Progne

Index

subis, 127 aurora, 38 Prunus catesbeiana, 38 ilicifolia, 19 muscosa, 38 Psaltriparus minimus, 108 Ranunculus Pteridium californicus, 19 aquilinum, 19 Raphanus aquilinum ssp. pubescens, 30 sativus, 23 aquilinum var. pubescens, 28 raptor, 83, 94 Ptychoramphus rat, 24, 25 aleuticus, 91 Rat puffin, 89 Black, 37 Puffin Norway, 37 Tufted, 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 70, 92, 131 rattlesnake, 22, 23 Rattlesnake Q Western, 38 quail, 22, 23, 84 Rattu Quail rattus, 24 California, 1, 22, 25, 26, 55, 57, 58, 59, Rattus 62, 67, 69, 71, 84, 129, 130 norvegicus, 24, 37 Quercus rattus, 37 agrifolia, 16, 27 Raven lobata, 28 Common, 25, 26, 55, 56, 58, 59, 70, 102, Quiscalus 103, 134 mexicanus, 122 DRAFTRecurvirostra americana, 87 mexicanus nelsoni, 122 Recurvirostridae, 86 reed, 120, 121 R Regulidae, 112 Regulus rabbit, 21, 22, 23 satrapa, 112 Rabbit Reithrodontomys Brush, 37 megalotis, 37 raccoon, 21, 26 relative abundance, 56 Raccoon, 38 reptile, 22 Racer, 38 Rhamnus radish, 23 californica, 19 rail, 22, 25, 85 Ribe Rail menziesii, 19 Black, 67 Ribes, 19 Clapper, 67 Richmond District, 71 Virginia, 60, 62 Rincon Point, 16, 23 rain, 36 Riparia Rallidae, 85 riparia, 67, 105 Rallus Robin longirostris levipes, 67 American, 26, 54, 56, 60, 70, 112, 113, longirostris obsoletus, 67 136, 137 longirostris yumanensis, 67 rock Rana

Index

metamorphic, 36 Mesozoic marine, 36 serpentine, 28, 36, 72 Satureja volcanic, 36 douglasii, 16, 18 rootlet, 99, 102, 104, 105, 119, 124 Sayornis Rosa nigricans, 99 californica, 18 Scaup rose Lesser, 24, 60, 61 California, 18 Sceloporus rosemary occidentalis, 38 marsh, 31 Scirpus Rubus, 18, 19, 25, 30 americanus, 21 discolor, 25 californicus, 21, 33 parviflorus, 19 microcarpus, 21 procerus, 32 Sciurus ursinus, 18 carolinensis, 37 rush, 33, 111, 115 niger, 37 giant scouring, 19 Scoter Russian Hill, 16, 23 White-winged, 26 scrape, 68, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90 S Screech-Owl Sacramento River, 17, 35, 145 Western, 62 sagebrush, 19 Scrub-Jay sagewort Western, 25, 55, 56, 59, 70, 101, 102, coastal, 20 DRAFT133, 134 Salamander sea breeze, 36 Arboreal, 38 sea lion, 21 California Slender, 38 Sea Lion Pacific Giant, 38 California, 37 Salicornia Steller’s, 37 virginica, 31 sea otter, 24 Salicornia virginica, 20 sea rocket, 29 Salix seabird, 24, 66 lasiandra, 32 seafig, 25 lasiolepis, 32 seal, 21, 22, 37 saltgrass, 31 Seal San Andreas Fault, 36, 145 Harbor, 37 San Diego County, 82, 88 seaweed, 75, 76 San Francisco Bay, 18, 21, 35, 36, 79, 85, sedge, 33, 85, 116 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 103, 104, 106, 107, Selasphorus 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, sasin, 96 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 144, 145 serpentine, 20 San Francisco Peninsula, 34, 35, 36 shale, 36 San Joaquin river, 35, 96 sheep, 22, 23 San Miguel Hills, 71 shell, 86, 87, 90 sand dune, 16, 18 Shotwell Street, 17 sandstones Shoveler

Index

Northern, 24 Spain, 16 shrew Spanish, 18, 22 long-tailed, 37 sparrow, 22, 23 Shrew Sparrow Trowbridge’s, 37 Chipping, 60, 64 Vagrant, 37 House, 26, 55, 56, 60, 70, 126, 142 shrike, 100 Sage, 67 Shrike Savannah, 55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 67, 70, 71, Loggerhead, 25, 55, 57, 59, 63, 67, 70, 117, 138 100, 133 Song, 55, 56, 60, 70, 118, 138, 139 silk tassel bush, 18 White-crowned, 54, 60, 70, 118 Siskin Spartina Pine, 26, 55, 56, 60, 65, 70, 125, 141, 142 foliosa, 31 Siskin Pine, 22 spear oracle, 20 Sitta special concern, 66, 68, 69, 70 canadensis, 109 spergularia, 31 pygmaea, 109 Spergularia, 31 Sittidae, 109 Spermophilus skimmer, 87 beechyi, 37 Skink spider web, 95, 101, 108, 113, 126 Western, 38 squirrel, 21, 22 skua, 87 Squirrel skunk, 21, 22, 26 California Ground, 37 Skunk DRAFTEastern Gray, 37 Striped, 38 Fox, 37 Slider standard deviation, 71 Red Ear, 38 starling, 114 Sloat Boulevard, 16 Starling snake, 38 European, 26, 54, 56, 60, 70, 114, 137 Snake Stelgidopteryx Common Garter, 38 serripennis, 105 Common King, 38 Stern Grove, 16, 27, 32, 33, 72 Gopher, 38 Sterna Sharp-tailed, 38 antillarum, 127 Western Aquatic Garter, 38 antillarum browni, 67 Western Ringneck, 38 caspia, 88 Western Terrestrial Garter, 38 forsteri, 89 snowfall, 36 sticky monkeyflower, 30, 31 soap plant, 19 stilt, 86 solitaire, 112 Stilt Sora, 60, 62 Black-necked, 55, 57, 59, 69, 86, 87, 130 Sorex Stipa trowbridgii, 37 pulchra, 28 vagrans, 37 storm, 36 South Africa, 25 Storm-Petrel Southern California, 26 Ashy, 55, 57, 59, 66, 69, 74, 128

Index

Fork-tailed, 57, 69, 127, 128 camphoratum, 19 Leach’s, 55, 57, 59, 69, 73, 74, 128 Tanager stream, 16, 24, 25, 32, 33, 68, 78 Western, 23 Strigidae, 94 Tank Hill, 31 Strix Taricha nebulosa, 67 granulosa, 38 occidentalis caurina, 67 torosa, 38 Sturnella teal, 22 neglecta, 121 Teal Sturnidae, 114 Green-winged, 24 Sturnus Telegraph Hill, 16, 18 vulgaris, 114 tern, 87 subduction, 36 Tern suburban, 92, 95, 102, 121 Caspian, 55, 57, 59, 69, 88, 89, 131 sunflower Forster’s, 55, 57, 59, 69, 89, 131 seaside woolly, 19 Least, 57, 66, 67, 68, 127, 131 sunflower, 20 Thamnophis Sunnydale Creek, 17 couchi, 38 Sunset district, 71 elegans, 38 Sutro Baths, 22, 44, 58, 63 sirtalis, 38 swallow, 68, 104, 105 thicket, 119 Swallow thimbleberry, 19, 30 Bank, 55, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 70, 105, 106, thistle, 28 134 DRAFTstar, 25 Barn, 55, 56, 59, 70, 107, 134, 135 Thomomys Cliff, 55, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, 106, 107, 134 bottae, 37 Northern Rough-winged, 55, 57, 59, 63, thrasher, 113 70, 71, 105, 134 Thrasher Tree, 55, 57, 59, 70, 104, 134 California, 25 Violet-green, 55, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, 104, threatened species, 67 105, 134 thrush, 112 swan, 79 Thrush swift, 94 Hermit, 60, 64 Swift Swainson’s, 55, 57, 60, 63, 64, 70, 71, White-throated, 55, 59, 70, 94, 95 112, 136 Sylvilagus Thryomanes bachmani, 37 bewickii, 110 tidal zone, 31 T Timaliidae, 113 Tachycineta tit, 108 bicolor, 104 titmouse, 108 thalassina, 104 Titmouse Tadarida Oak, 25, 63 brasiliensis, 37 Toad talus slopes, 74 Western, 38 Tanacetum Towhee

Index

California, 26, 55, 56, 60, 67, 70, 117, verbena 138 sand, 29 Spotted, 25, 26, 55, 57, 60, 64, 70, 71, Vermivora 116, 117, 138 celata, 114 Toxicodendron vine, 95, 120 diversilobum, 19 vireo, 100 toyon, 18, 21 Vireo trading ship, 23 Bell’s, 67 Treasure Island, 40, 52 Hutton’s, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 70, 71, 100, Trochilidae, 95 101, 133 Troglodytes Warbling, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 70, 71, 101, troglodytes, 110 133 Troglodytidae, 110 Vireo tule, 21 bellii arizonae, 67 California, 33 bellii pusillus, 67 Turdidae, 112 gilvus, 101 Turdus huttoni, 100 migratorius, 112 Vireonidae, 100 Tursiops Visitacion Valley, 17 truncates, 37 von Chamisso, Adelbert, 18 turtle, 38 Vulpes Turtle vulpes, 37 Western Pond, 38 vulture, 22, 24 Twin Peaks, 16, 17, 21,DRAFT 28, 32, 34, 35, 37, Vulture 40, 47, 58, 63 Turkey, 22, 57, 127, 128, 129 twinberry, 19 Typha W latifolia, 19 Walton Square, 38 Tyrannidae, 98 Warbler Tyto Orange-crowned, 57, 114, 137, 138 alba, 93 Townsend’s, 26 Tytonidae, 93 Wilson’s, 55, 60, 70, 116 Yellow, 55, 60, 64, 70, 115 U Yellow-rumped, 60, 64 Umbellularia Washingtonia californica, 16, 18 fan palm, 26, 59, 122 urban, 66, 68, 83, 85, 88, 92, 93, 95, 102, wasp, 68 121 waterbird, 59 urbanization, 23, 38, 69, 72 waterfowl, 22 Uria Weasel aalge, 89 Long-tailed, 38 Urocyon Westside Basin Aquifer, 33, 72 cinereoargenteus, 37 Whale Blue, 37 V Fin, 37 Valencia Street Hotel, 24 Goose-beaked, 37

Index

Gray, 37, 39 Wren Humpback, 37 Bewick’s, 26, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 70, 71, Killer, 37 110, 136 Whipsnake Marsh, 55, 57, 60, 70, 111, 136 California, 38 Winter, 26, 55, 59, 70, 110, 111 Whiptail Wrentit, 25, 26, 55, 58, 60, 64, 70, 71, 113 Western, 38 wigeon, 22 Y willow, 16, 18, 21, 32, 98, 116, 126 Yellowthroat Wilsonia Common, 26, 55, 57, 60, 70, 115, 116, pusilla, 116 138 winged ant, 68 Yerba Buena, 16, 18, 21, 40, 52, 61 wolf, 22, 24 Yosemite Creek, 17, 31, 49, 50 women’s hats, 24 Wood Duck, 24 Z woodland, 83, 98, 108, 123 woodpecker, 22, 97 Zalophus Woodpecker californianus, 37 Acorn, 25 Zenaida Downy, 26, 55, 56, 59, 70, 97, 133 macroura, 93 Gila, 67 Ziphius Hairy, 55, 57, 59, 62, 70, 71, 97, 133 cavirostris, 37 Nuttall’s, 25 Zonotrichia Wood-Pewee DRAFTleucophrys, 118 Western, 55, 59, 62, 63, 70, 71, 98, 99 leucophrys gambellii, 118 woodrat, 21 leucophrys nuttalli, 118 wood-warbler, 114 leucophrys pugetensis, 118 wren, 22, 110