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Education ______Ornamentation: an Introduction ______To the Mordent/Battement
Education _______ _______ Ornamentation: An Introduction _______ to the Mordent/Battement By Michael Lynn, One of my favorite ornaments is the I’ll use the French term [email protected] mordent. It often has a lively musical character but can also be drawn out to battement ... and mordent his is the second article I have make a more expressive ornament. interchangeably. written that covers ornaments that Players are often confused about weT might expect to encounter in Baroque the different names for various orna- 17th-century music, which may be music for the recorder. If you haven’t read ments, as well as the different signs played on recorder. the previous article in this series on used to signify them. To add to the Some of the terms we see being ornamentation, it may be helpful complications, the basic term mordent applied to this ornament are: to you to read the Fall 2020 AR was used to mean something com- • mordent installment, which covers trills and pletely different in the 19th century— • mordant appoggiaturas. different from its meaning in the • battement In this issue, we will discuss the Baroque period. • pincé. mordent or battement. In this series of articles on learning I’ll use the French term to interpret ornament signs, I focus on battement (meaning to “hit” or “beat”) music from the years 1680-1750. If you and mordent interchangeably look much outside of these boundaries, throughout this article—remember the situation gets more complicated. that they mean exactly the same thing. These dates encompass all of the Below is an example showing the Baroque recorder literature, with common signs and basic execution the exception of the early Baroque of the mordent. -
Performance Commentary
PERFORMANCE COMMENTARY . It seems, however, far more likely that Chopin Notes on the musical text 3 The variants marked as ossia were given this label by Chopin or were intended a different grouping for this figure, e.g.: 7 added in his hand to pupils' copies; variants without this designation or . See the Source Commentary. are the result of discrepancies in the texts of authentic versions or an 3 inability to establish an unambiguous reading of the text. Minor authentic alternatives (single notes, ornaments, slurs, accents, Bar 84 A gentle change of pedal is indicated on the final crotchet pedal indications, etc.) that can be regarded as variants are enclosed in order to avoid the clash of g -f. in round brackets ( ), whilst editorial additions are written in square brackets [ ]. Pianists who are not interested in editorial questions, and want to base their performance on a single text, unhampered by variants, are recom- mended to use the music printed in the principal staves, including all the markings in brackets. 2a & 2b. Nocturne in E flat major, Op. 9 No. 2 Chopin's original fingering is indicated in large bold-type numerals, (versions with variants) 1 2 3 4 5, in contrast to the editors' fingering which is written in small italic numerals , 1 2 3 4 5 . Wherever authentic fingering is enclosed in The sources indicate that while both performing the Nocturne parentheses this means that it was not present in the primary sources, and working on it with pupils, Chopin was introducing more or but added by Chopin to his pupils' copies. -
Basic Dynamic Markings
Basic Dynamic Markings • ppp pianississimo "very, very soft" • pp pianissimo "very soft" • p piano "soft" • mp mezzo-piano "moderately soft" • mf mezzo-forte "moderately loud" • f forte "loud" • ff fortissimo "very loud" • fff fortississimo "very, very loud" • sfz sforzando “fierce accent” • < crescendo “becoming louder” • > diminuendo “becoming softer” Basic Anticipation Markings Staccato This indicates the musician should play the note shorter than notated, usually half the value, the rest of the metric value is then silent. Staccato marks may appear on notes of any value, shortening their performed duration without speeding the music itself. Spiccato Indicates a longer silence after the note (as described above), making the note very short. Usually applied to quarter notes or shorter. (In the past, this marking’s meaning was more ambiguous: it sometimes was used interchangeably with staccato, and sometimes indicated an accent and not staccato. These usages are now almost defunct, but still appear in some scores.) In string instruments this indicates a bowing technique in which the bow bounces lightly upon the string. Accent Play the note louder, or with a harder attack than surrounding unaccented notes. May appear on notes of any duration. Tenuto This symbol indicates play the note at its full value, or slightly longer. It can also indicate a slight dynamic emphasis or be combined with a staccato dot to indicate a slight detachment. Marcato Play the note somewhat louder or more forcefully than a note with a regular accent mark (open horizontal wedge). In organ notation, this means play a pedal note with the toe. Above the note, use the right foot; below the note, use the left foot. -
Interpreting Tempo and Rubato in Chopin's Music
Interpreting tempo and rubato in Chopin’s music: A matter of tradition or individual style? Li-San Ting A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales School of the Arts and Media Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences June 2013 ABSTRACT The main goal of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding of Chopin performance and interpretation, particularly in relation to tempo and rubato. This thesis is a comparative study between pianists who are associated with the Chopin tradition, primarily the Polish pianists of the early twentieth century, along with French pianists who are connected to Chopin via pedagogical lineage, and several modern pianists playing on period instruments. Through a detailed analysis of tempo and rubato in selected recordings, this thesis will explore the notions of tradition and individuality in Chopin playing, based on principles of pianism and pedagogy that emerge in Chopin’s writings, his composition, and his students’ accounts. Many pianists and teachers assume that a tradition in playing Chopin exists but the basis for this notion is often not made clear. Certain pianists are considered part of the Chopin tradition because of their indirect pedagogical connection to Chopin. I will investigate claims about tradition in Chopin playing in relation to tempo and rubato and highlight similarities and differences in the playing of pianists of the same or different nationality, pedagogical line or era. I will reveal how the literature on Chopin’s principles regarding tempo and rubato relates to any common or unique traits found in selected recordings. -
Pipa by Moshe Denburg.Pdf
Pipa • Pipa [ Picture of Pipa ] Description A pear shaped lute with 4 strings and 19 to 30 frets, it was introduced into China in the 4th century AD. The Pipa has become a prominent Chinese instrument used for instrumental music as well as accompaniment to a variety of song genres. It has a ringing ('bass-banjo' like) sound which articulates melodies and rhythms wonderfully and is capable of a wide variety of techniques and ornaments. Tuning The pipa is tuned, from highest (string #1) to lowest (string #4): a - e - d - A. In piano notation these notes correspond to: A37 - E 32 - D30 - A25 (where A37 is the A below middle C). Scordatura As with many stringed instruments, scordatura may be possible, but one needs to consult with the musician about it. Use of a capo is not part of the pipa tradition, though one may inquire as to its efficacy. Pipa Notation One can utilize western notation or Chinese. If western notation is utilized, many, if not all, Chinese musicians will annotate the music in Chinese notation, since this is their first choice. It may work well for the composer to notate in the western 5 line staff and add the Chinese numbers to it for them. This may be laborious, and it is not necessary for Chinese musicians, who are quite adept at both systems. In western notation one writes for the Pipa at pitch, utilizing the bass and treble clefs. In Chinese notation one utilizes the French Chevé number system (see entry: Chinese Notation). In traditional pipa notation there are many symbols that are utilized to call for specific techniques. -
User Manual ROCS Show|Ready User Manual © 2015 - Right on Cue Services
User Manual ROCS Show|Ready User Manual © 2015 - Right On Cue Services. All Rights Reserved Jonathan Pace, David McDougal, Dave McDougal Jr., Jameson McDougal, Andrew Pulley, Jeremy Showgren, Frank Davis, Chris Hales, John Schmidt, Woody Thrower Documentation written by Andrew Pulley. ROCS Show|Ready Build 1.2.5-build-42 REV A Right On Cue Services 4626 N 300 W - Suite 180 801-960-1111 [email protected] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Show|Ready User Manual | III Contents 1 Downloading your Licensed Show 1 Upon Starting the Program . 1 Cast Authorization . 1 Director Authorization . 1 2 Introduction to Show|Ready 2 The Interface - Main Window . 2 Transport . 3 Temporary Editing . 4 Song List . 4 Timeline . 5 Marker List . 6 Mixer . 6 Change Log . 7 The Interface - Score View . 8 3 Navigation and Editing 9 Navigation . 9 Go to Bar . 9 Pre Roll . 9 Escape Vamps and Caesuras, and Jump with Fermatas . 9 Editing . 10 Timeline Selection . 10 Making Cuts and Adding Fermatas . 10 Vamps, Repeats, Transpositions, Markers, and Click Resolution . 11 Sending changes to the cast . 11 Returning to Previous Change Logs . 11 iv | Table of Contents High-Resolution Editing . 11 4 Keyboard Shortcuts 12 Mac . 12 Windows . 12 5 Frequently Asked Questions 13 Show|Ready User Manual | 1 Downloading your Licensed Show 1Thank you for using Show|Ready. We’ve worked the dialog box labeled, “Cast Member Authorization tirelessly for the past several years developing the Code,” and click, “Activate Show.” The show will then technology you are using today, and taken even more begin to download and open to the main window. -
Unicode Technical Note: Byzantine Musical Notation
1 Unicode Technical Note: Byzantine Musical Notation Version 1.0: January 2005 Nick Nicholas; [email protected] This note documents the practice of Byzantine Musical Notation in its various forms, as an aid for implementors using its Unicode encoding. The note contains a good deal of background information on Byzantine musical theory, some of which is not readily available in English; this helps to make sense of why the notation is the way it is.1 1. Preliminaries 1.1. Kinds of Notation. Byzantine music is a cover term for the liturgical music used in the Orthodox Church within the Byzantine Empire and the Churches regarded as continuing that tradition. This music is monophonic (with drone notes),2 exclusively vocal, and almost entirely sacred: very little secular music of this kind has been preserved, although we know that court ceremonial music in Byzantium was similar to the sacred. Byzantine music is accepted to have originated in the liturgical music of the Levant, and in particular Syriac and Jewish music. The extent of continuity between ancient Greek and Byzantine music is unclear, and an issue subject to emotive responses. The same holds for the extent of continuity between Byzantine music proper and the liturgical music in contemporary use—i.e. to what extent Ottoman influences have displaced the earlier Byzantine foundation of the music. There are two kinds of Byzantine musical notation. The earlier ecphonetic (recitative) style was used to notate the recitation of lessons (readings from the Bible). It probably was introduced in the late 4th century, is attested from the 8th, and was increasingly confused until the 15th century, when it passed out of use. -
BASICS of CONDUCTING Bert Appermont
BASICS OF CONDUCTING Bert Appermont 1) Movement - Body and shoulders relaxed - Small opening between the legs - Swinging with the right arm => pulse (like a clock) - Elbow stays almost motionless 2) Meters 2/4 3/4 4/4 3) Downbeat and upbeat 4) Tempo Changes Look for the relation between the two tempo’s 5) Fermata 1. Conduct with stop 2. Conduct with caesura 3. Conduct fermata followed by a rest (without and with tempo change) 6) Ternary Meters - The curves are similar than (2) - The swing movements are bigger (always with pulsation) - Practice 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8 7) Conducting musical character a. Legato: use a more indirect and “wider” curve b. Staccato / leggiero: use the wrist and the top of the baguette), small movement c. Marcato => give an accent by making the pulsation more active => use the elbows (width) to create space in the sound 8) Conducting dynamics f => big gesture p => small gesture mf => normal gesture fp => give an accentuation and suddenly pull back => gesture gradually becomes bigger => gesture gradually becomes smaller 9) Irregular meters 5/8 7/8 + 8/8 10/8 + 11/8 10) Meter changes Exercises: Conduct the following meters 1. 3/4 + 2/4 and 4/4 + 3/4 2. 6/8 + 3/4 and 6/8 + 2/4 3. 9/8 + 3/4 and 9/8 + 2/4 4. 9/8 + 3/4 and 9/8 + 2/4 5. 7/8 (2+2+3) + 5/8 (3+2) and 7/8 (2+2+3) + 6/8 6. 2/8 + 3/8 + 4/8 + 5/8 + 6/8 + 7/8 + 8/8 + 9/8 + 10/8 + 11/8 + 12/8 (and backwards) 11) Using the left hand - to indicate the start of one instrument or instrumental group - to indicate a musical idea: conduct a crescendo or diminuendo; conduct the phrase; point out an accentuation; Exercise 1: conduct 4/4 in the R.H., give a starting signal with the right hand on the 4 different beats Exercise 2: conduct 4/4 in the R.H., conduct one bar crescendo and one bar dim. -
SEMIOLOGY and the INTERPRETATION of GREGORIAN CHANT (This Article Was Published in Divini Citltit* Splanion
I he Ntivc, Looking ta>\. SEMIOLOGY AND THE INTERPRETATION OF GREGORIAN CHANT (This article was published in Divini Citltit* Splanion. a Fe^kilirift prepared in honor of Joseph Lennards of the Netherlands on the occasion of his eightieth birthday. Mr. Lennards has devoted his life to the study of Gregorian chant and its teaching through the Ward method. The translation from the French was made by Virginia A. Schubert.) It is fitting to honor a recognized Gregorianist like Joseph Lennards, enthusiastic disciple of Dom Andre Mocquereau, with a discussion of the ideal of the founder of the school of Solesmes. This ideal was proclaimed throughout a long scientific and artistic career which began when a young monk of Solesmes undertook a study of chant more by duty than by choice, and consequently came to realize its incomparable value. Thus, beginning with the general introduction to La Palcographic mu>kalc of 1889 and continuing to the Monographic Crc'gorknnc 17/, written in 1926 to refute Dom Jeannin's theory of dividing chant into measures, one finds different formulations of the same very clear affirmation: "It is in the great variety of notations of neums that one must seek the light on every aspect of Gregorian chant." (Patiogriiphic niu^iuilt, XI, p. 19) The path was thus laid out, SEMIOLOGY 21 but it was a long and difficult one to follow. Is this surprising? When a musical repertoire, which was first only memorized and then fixed on parchment by procedures that were more or less precise, was submitted over several centuries to a deadly and sometimes sytematic degradation, the result is that such a repertoire is so deformed that its true nature can no longer be imagined. -
Acquainted with the Night
Get hundreds more LitCharts at www.litcharts.com Acquainted with the Night sorrow, with raindrops often representing human tears. SUMMARY Therefore, the physical rain that surrounds the speaker is a reflection of the speaker’s sorrow. The speaker declares their familiarity with the night. It was raining when the speaker began a walk across the city, and it As the speaker continues walking, the darkness and sorrow of was still raining at the end of the walk. During the walk, the the surroundings intensify. The speaker walks beyond even the speaker progressed beyond even the outermost light of the “furthest city light,” thus sinking further into physical darkness. city. In a similar vein, the speaker characterizes the “city lane” they look into as the “saddest.” The use of superlatives—"furthest” The speaker looked into the most desolate city street. The and “saddest”—reflects the heightening of the speaker’s speaker also passed by a watchman patrolling the city. The emotions. Indeed, the speaker’s despair and sorrow seem speaker, however, looked down to avoid eye contact with the never-ending; although the speaker continues to progress on watchman, not wanting to talk about the reasons behind the the walk, the speaker doesn’t actually go anywhere on a speaker's nighttime walk. figurative and emotional level. This sense of despair and sorrow During the walk, the speaker stopped moving upon hearing a is inescapable, like the night itself. distant, broken-off cry. The sound of this other human's voice What's more, the speaker’s feelings of suffering and despair traveled across houses from a different street. -
A Guide to Extended Techniques for the Violoncello - By
Where will it END? -Or- A guide to extended techniques for the Violoncello - By Dylan Messina 1 Table of Contents Part I. Techniques 1. Harmonics……………………………………………………….....6 “Artificial” or “false” harmonics Harmonic trills 2. Bowing Techniques………………………………………………..16 Ricochet Bowing beyond the bridge Bowing the tailpiece Two-handed bowing Bowing on string wrapping “Ugubu” or “point-tap” effect Bowing underneath the bridge Scratch tone Two-bow technique 3. Col Legno............................................................................................................21 Col legno battuto Col legno tratto 4. Pizzicato...............................................................................................................22 “Bartok” Dead Thumb-Stopped Tremolo Fingernail Quasi chitarra Beyond bridge 5. Percussion………………………………………………………….25 Fingerschlag Body percussion 6. Scordatura…………………………………………………….….28 2 Part II. Documentation Bibliography………………………………………………………..29 3 Introduction My intent in creating this project was to provide composers of today with a new resource; a technical yet pragmatic guide to writing with extended techniques on the cello. The cello has a wondrously broad spectrum of sonic possibility, yet must be approached in a different way than other string instruments, owing to its construction, playing orientation, and physical mass. Throughout the history of the cello, many resources regarding the core technique of the cello have been published; this book makes no attempt to expand on those sources. Divers resources are also available regarding the cello’s role in orchestration; these books, however, revolve mostly around the use of the instrument as part of a sonically traditional sensibility. The techniques discussed in this book, rather, are the so-called “extended” techniques; those that are comparatively rare in music of the common practice, and usually not involved within the elemental skills of cello playing, save as fringe oddities or practice techniques. -
The Strings of Paganini
The Strings of Paganini Essay on the use of gut strings in the early Romantic era – an interview with Mimmo Peruffo – By Esther Visser Formation Superieure Abbaye aux Dames 2005-2007 Introduction In his letter from Breslau, 31 July 1829, Paganini writes to a friend in Naples: I need a favour: to be done with care and solicitude. I am without chantarelles […]. Even if they are very thin, they must be made of four strands to endure. Make sure the string is smooth, even and well stretched […]. I beg you to keep an eye on the makers and to do this soon and well.’1 What does this mean? What does he mean ‘using four strands’? And how thin would have been these ‘very thin’ strings? Nicolò Paganini (1782-1840) To find out about these things, I went to Mimmo Peruffo in Vicenza, Italy. He is an expert on the historical production of gut strings. In the last six years many new things have been discovered about gut strings as they were used in the past, and this has recently led to many violinists changing their set-up. For my own choices, and perhaps the reader’s, I would like to know more about these discoveries. Also, I wanted to ask Mimmo Peruffo about a package of strings found in a palace in Genoa in 2002. What does he think about it: are they really Paganini’s? What do these strings say about sound in the early Romantic time? 2 Sources I made use of many articles on the Internet, as the latest discoveries and knowledge in this field are not yet published in books.