Promoting Cooperative Custody After Divorce Andrew Schepard Maurice A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Promoting Cooperative Custody After Divorce Andrew Schepard Maurice A Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 12-1985 Taking Children Seriously: Promoting Cooperative Custody After Divorce Andrew Schepard Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Andrew Schepard, Taking Children Seriously: Promoting Cooperative Custody After Divorce, 64 Tex. L. Rev. 687 (1985) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/749 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Taking Children Seriously: Promoting Cooperative Custody After Divorce Andrew Schepard* Table of Contents I. Substantive Custody Standards: Where We Are and How We Got There ........................................... 693 A. The Functions of the Substantive Standards ........... 693 B. A Brief HistoricalOverview ........................... 695 C. Joint Custody ........................................ 701 II. Substantive Custody Rules: Empirical Evidence, Moral Fairness, and Decision Making Under Uncertainty ........ 703 A. The Empirical Evidence on the Best Interests of the Child ................................................ 703 1. The Effects of Divorce on Children ................ 703 (a) Emotional crisis and decreasedparental competence .................................. 703 (b) Financialsupport of children ................. 706 (c) School performance .......................... 708 (d) The child's need for speedy stability ........... 709 2. Sole Versus Joint Custody ......................... 709 (a) "Voluntary" and "involuntary"joint custody .. 710 (b) Parentalconflict and joint custody ............ 716 * Associate Professor of Law, Columbia University School of Law. This Article would not have been written without a lot of help from my friends. The former Dean of Columbia Law School, Albert J. Rosenthal, arranged for a semester's research leave from a hectic clinical teaching schedule and for a summer research grant; my colleagues Vivian Berger, Richard Briffault, Michael Young, Jerry Lynch, Paula Powers, Paul Nassar, Bruce Ackerman, and Peter Strauss provided valuable comments. My research assistant, Karen Leslie Avery responded completely and with good humor to my every request for more data. Special thanks are due Linda Silberman with whom I worked as consultants for the New York State Law Revision Commission. With the assistance of many Columbia students, we jointly drafted a report and statute embodying the procedural philosophy of this Article. Recommendations of the Law Revision Commission to the 1985 Legislature: Relating to the Child Custody Decision-Making Process, 19 COLUM. J.L. & Soc. PROBS. 105 (1985) [hereinafter cited as Recommendations]. This Article draws heavily on our collective work and thinking, though I take responsibility for the con- clusions in it. The portion of this Article describing the results of custody mediation programs, see infra text accompanying notes 313-23, is a revision of a draft Linda did for the Law Revision Com- mission Report, which I have modified with Linda's permission for purposes of this Article. Finally, special thanks and affection go to my wife, Debra, an equal partner in the joys and sorrows of writing this Article, and David and Eric, the children who inspire my work. 687 Texas Law Review Vol. 64:687, 1985 (c) The child's responses to joint custody .......... 719 B. Dealing with Empirical Uncertainty: Deregulation and Regulation of Judicial and ParentalCustody Decisions. 720 1. Deregulation ..................................... 721 (a) Judicialderegulation ......................... 721 (b) Parentalderegulation ........................ 722 2. Regulation by Substantive Custody Presumptions... 723 (a) The "innocent spouse" preference ............. 723 (b) The primary caretakerpreference ............. 724 (i) The child's best interests ................. 726 (ii) Emotionaljustice to parents and the primary caretakerpreference ............ 728 (iii) Social and economic justice between spouses ................................. 731 (iv) The need for certainty to reduce litigation ........................................ 732 C. Summing Up ........................................ 734 III. Adversary Procedure and Postdivorce Parental Cooperation ............................................. 735 A. The Custody Trial ................................... 736 B. Negotiations in the Sole Custody, Adversary Procedure System .............................................. 739 IV. Reform Proposals Within the Sole Custody-Adversary Procedure System ........................................ 743 A. "Child Protective" Divorce Laws ...................... 743 B. Lawyers for Children ................................. 746 C. Neutral Mental Health Experts ....................... 750 V. The Cooperative Custody System ......................... 752 A. The Single-Judge Calendar-Management System ....... 754 B. M ediation ........................................... 756 1. Opening Civil Communication .................... 757 2. Providing the Parents with Information About the Child's Needs and Reactions to the Divorce Crisis .. 757 3. Identifying Common Interests and Concerns in the Child's Welfare and EncouragingJoint Problem- Solving .......................................... 758 4. Reducing Fear ................................... 758 5. Identifying and Tempering Emotional and UnreasonablePositions ........................... 758 6. Eliminating the Perception that Compromise Means Weakness ........................................ 758 688 Cooperative Custody 7. NarrowingAreas of Differences ................... 758 8. Referrals to Community Resources ................ 759 C. Neutral Evaluation ................................... 759 D. Custody Trials ....................................... 761 E. The Substantive Law Standardsfor Contested Cases ... 762 F. Postdecree Remedies for Parental Violations ........... 763 G. Financing the System ................................ 764 H. The Effects of the Cooperative Custody System on PretrialParental Negotiations and Settlement ......... 766 1. Mediation EncouragesAgreements ................ 768 2. Mediation Reduces Relitigation ................... 769 3. Mediation Achieves Some Cost and Time Savings .. 769 4. Mediation Improves the Attitude of Parents ........ 769 5. Mediation Facilitates Custody Arrangements that Give Children Meaningful Relationships with Both Parents .......................................... 769 VI. The Cooperative Custody System: Commentary ........... 770 A. The Role of the State ................................ 770 B. State Involvement in Uncontested Parental Custody Settlem ents .......................................... 772 C. Serving the Child's Sense of Time ..................... 773 D. Separation of Custody and Child Supportfrom Other ParentalDisputes .................................... 775 E. Mediation: "Rights" of Parents and Inequality of BargainingPower Between Men and Women .......... 776 F. Custody Evaluation as a Backup System ............... 779 VII. Parental Autonomy and the Cooperative Custody System: The Problem of Parental Relocation ...................... 780 Introduction Each year more than one million children experience the divorce of their parents.' In 1981, the last year for which complete figures are available, about five million children lived with a divorced parent-nine percent of all children under age eighteen in the United States.2 1. After a prolonged period of rising dramatically, the divorce rate has recently stabilized at the rate of about 5.0 per 1,000 population. Approximately 55% of all divorces involve children. National Center for Health Statistics, Advance Report of Final Divorce Statistics 1981, MONTHLY VITAL STATISTICS REP., Jan. 17, 1984, at 1-2. See generally Spanier & Glick, MaritalInstability in the United States: Some Correlatesand Recent Changes, 31 FAM. REL. 329 (1981) (highlighting the demographic consequences of marital instability for children and families). 2. National Center for Health Statistics, supra note 1, at 1; see also BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, U.S. DEP'T OF COMMERCE, CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS, SERIES P-23, No. 84, DIVORCE, 689 Texas Law Review Vol. 64:687, 1985 All of these children contract what may be thought of as a disease of childhood-a disease usually without physical symptoms, but posing a serious threat to a child's emotional, financial, and educational well-be- ing. Most of the time its effects are short-term and containable. Some- times the child who contracts it emerges emotionally stronger as a result. Sometimes, however, the disease has complex, long-term ramifications from which the child never recovers. The attending physician for the child affected by this disease is not a medical doctor but the system of custody law and procedure. The most important goal of divorce-related child custody law is to act in the best interests of the child, the most vulnerable member of the dissolving family. The most important princi- ple of medical treatment is that a doctor should do the patient no harm. Judged by either legal or medical standards the current legal system fails to meet its obligations to the child. A divorce-related
Recommended publications
  • Expert Evidence in Favour of Shared Parenting 2 of 12 Shared Parenting: Expert Evidence
    Expert evidence in favour of shared parenting 2 of 12 Shared Parenting: Expert Evidence Majority View of Psychiatrists, Paediatricians and Psychologists The majority view of the psychiatric and paediatric profession is that mothers and fathers are equals as parents, and that a close relationship with both parents is necessary to maximise the child's chances for a healthy and parents productive life. J. Atkinson, Criteria for Deciding Child Custody in the Trial and Appellate Courts, Family Law Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, American both Bar Association (Spring 1984). In a report that “summarizes and evaluates the major research concerning joint custody and its impact on children's welfare”, the American Psychological Association (APA) concluded that: “The research reviewed supports the conclusion that joint custody is parent is associated with certain favourable outcomes for children including father involvement, best interest of the child for adjustment outcomes, child support, reduced relitigation costs, and sometimes reduced parental conflict.” best The APA also noted that: the “The need for improved policy to reduce the present adversarial approach that has resulted in primarily sole maternal custody, limited father involvement and maladjustment of both children and parents is critical. Increased mediation, joint custody, and parent education are supported for this policy.” Report to the US Commission on Child and Family Welfare, American Psychological Association (June 14, 1995) The same American Psychological Association adopted
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Child Support: a Handbook for Parents
    Understanding Child Support A Handbook for Parents 866-540-0008 michigan.gov/childsupport 1 Table of Contents Child support definitions .............................................................. 2 What is child support? ................................................................. 4 How does the Michigan child support program work? ...............6 How can I apply for IV-D child support services? ........................7 What must be done before I can get a child support order? ..... 11 How are support orders established? ....................................... 13 How do I make a child support payment? ................................. 14 How is child support paid to me? .............................................. 15 What happens when a parent doesn’t pay child support? .........17 What happens when one parent does not live in Michigan? ....20 You make a difference! ............................................................... 21 Need more information? ............................................................. 21 1 1 Child support definitions Every child needs financial and emotional support. Every child has the right to support from both parents. Even when parents do not live together, it is important they work together to support their child. With the involvement of both parents, children get the chance they need and deserve to reach their full potential. This handbook gives you general information about child support in Michigan. Before you begin, here is a list of definitions that will help you with this handbook: Child support The payment of money for a child that is ordered by the circuit court. Support may include payment of the expenses of medical, dental, and other health care, child care expenses, and educational expenses. Civil contempt of court Not doing what the court has ordered you to do. Custodial party The person who has the primary care, custody, and responsibility of a minor child.
    [Show full text]
  • Chickasaw Nation Code Title 6, Chapter 2
    Domestic Relations & Families (Amended as of 08/20/2021) CHICKASAW NATION CODE TITLE 6 "6. DOMESTIC RELATIONS AND FAMILIES" CHAPTER 1 MARRIAGE ARTICLE A DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE Section 6-101.1 Title. Section 6-101.2 Jurisdiction. Section 6-101.3 Areas of Jurisdiction. Section 6-101.4 Applicable Law. Section 6-101.5 Definitions of Marriage; Common Law Marriage. Section 6-101.6 Actions That May Be Brought; Remedies. Section 6-101.7 Consanguinity. Section 6-101.8 Persons Having Capacity to Marry. Section 6-101.9 Marriage Between Persons of Same Gender Not Recognized. Section 6-101.10 Grounds for Divorce. Section 6-101.11 Petition; Summons. Section 6-101.12 Notice of Pendency Contingent upon Service. Section 6-101.13 Special Notice for Actions Pending in Other Courts. Section 6-101.14 Pleadings. Section 6-101.15 Signing of Pleadings. Section 6-101.16 Defense and Objections; When and How Presented; by Pleadings or Motions; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. Section 6-101.17 Reserved. Section 6-101.18 Lost Pleadings. Section 6-101.19 Reserved. Section 6-101.20 Reserved. Section 6-101.21 Reserved. Section 6-101.22 Reserved. Section 6-101.23 Reserved. Page 6-1 Domestic Relations & Families Section 6-101.24 Reserved. Section 6-101.25 Reserved. Section 6-101.26 Reserved. Section 6-101.27 Summons, Time Limit for Service. Section 6-101.28 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers. Section 6-101.29 Computation and Enlargement of Time. Section 6-101.30 Legal Newspaper. Section 6-101.31 Answer May Allege Cause; New Matters Verified by Affidavit.
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma Statutes Title 43. Marriage and Family
    OKLAHOMA STATUTES TITLE 43. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY §43-1. Marriage defined. ............................................................................................................................... 8 §43-2. Consanguinity. .................................................................................................................................... 8 §43-3. Who may marry. ................................................................................................................................. 8 §43-3.1. Recognition of marriage between persons of same gender prohibited. ....................................... 10 §43-4. License required. ............................................................................................................................... 10 §43-5. Application - Fees - Issuance of license and certificate. ................................................................... 10 §43-5.1. Premarital counseling. ................................................................................................................... 11 §43-6. License - Contents. ............................................................................................................................ 12 §43-7. Solemnization of marriages. ............................................................................................................. 13 §43-7.1. Refusal to solemnize or recognize marriage by religious organization officials - Definitions. ....... 14 §43-8. Endorsement and return of license. ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Child Support Cooperation Requirements and Public Benefits Programs: an Overview of Issues and Recommendations for Change
    Child Support Cooperation Requirements and Public Benefits Programs: An Overview of Issues and Recommendations for Change By Paula Roberts Center for Law and Social Policy 1015 Fifteenth Street Nw Suite 400 Washington, Dc 20005 November 2005 INTRODUCTION Child support cooperation requirements exist in a variety of public benefits programs. For the most part, these requirements apply to custodial parents or others who have the legal ability to assign support rights to the state and cooperate with the state in pursuing those rights. Only the Food Stamp Program (FSP) contains authorization for a child support cooperation requirement for both custodial and non-custodial parents. Except for the FSP non-custodial parent provision, the requirements contain good cause exceptions from cooperation, primarily for those with concerns about domestic violence. Failure to make a good faith effort to meet a program’s cooperation requirement without good cause leads to a sanction. Generally the sanction applies to the non-cooperating individual, but children can also be affected in the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program as well as the FSP if an adult in their household does not meet the child support cooperation requirement. Because many low-income, single parent families participate in multiple programs, families can face multiple cooperation requirements. Because the standards for judging cooperation can vary from program to program, and the criteria for claiming a good cause exception also vary from program to program, it is possible for the head of a household to face varying, inconsistent program rules and obligations. This can lead to confusion and cause those in need to go without assistance to obtain food, shelter, health care and child care.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Custody Arrangements: Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say
    Land & Water Law Review Volume 31 Issue 2 Article 15 1996 Child Custody Arrangements: Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say DeNece Day Koenigs Kimberly A. Harris Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/land_water Recommended Citation Koenigs, DeNece Day and Harris, Kimberly A. (1996) "Child Custody Arrangements: Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say," Land & Water Law Review: Vol. 31 : Iss. 2 , pp. 591 - 621. Available at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/land_water/vol31/iss2/15 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Land & Water Law Review by an authorized editor of Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. Koenigs and Harris: Child Custody Arrangements: Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say Comment CHILD CUSTODY ARRANGEMENTS: Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say INTRODUCTION In Wyoming, custody battles place judges and court commissioners in King Solomon's' position nearly everyday as they are asked to split children between divorcing parents.2 Of course, judges and commissioners do not wield swords, but they do use legal terms which are often inade- quate and misused.' Unfortunately, the modem day result, though not as graphic as that from the Bible, is just as severe. As many as one in every two marriages will result in divorce.4 Thirty percent of children today will be the focus of a custody decision., For too many of these children, their lives will be adversely affected by an improper custody arrangement caused by the erroneous use of the term "joint custody." 6 The law as it stands in Wyoming does not adequately consider the non-legal aspects of custody or give practitioners and judges the guidance necessary to make appropriate custody determinations.' Gurney v.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Oklahoma
    STATE OF OKLAHOMA 1st Session of the 45th Legislature (1995) HOUSE BILL NO. 1557 By: Seikel AS INTRODUCED An Act relating to child support; amending 10 O.S. 1991, Section 1132, as amended by Section 10, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994 (10 O.S. Supp. 1994, Section 1132), which relates to termination of parental rights; amending 12 O.S. 1991, Section 95, as last amended by Section 11, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994 (12 O.S. Supp. 1994, Section 95), which relates to limitation of actions; amending 43 O.S. 1991, Sections 112, as last amended by Section 12, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994, 118, as last amended by Section 14, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994, 118.1, as last amended by Section 24, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994, and 137, as last amended by Section 1, Chapter 366, O.S.L. 1994 (43 O.S. 1994, Sections 112, 118, 118.1 and 137), which relate to child support obligations; amending 56 O.S. 1991, Section 237, as last amended by Section 19, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994, and Section 18, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994 (56 O.S. Supp. 1994, Sections 166.1 and 237), which relate to paternity and person responsible for child support; amending 63 O.S. 1991, Section 1-311, as amended by Section 7, Chapter 356, O.S.L. 1994 (63 O.S. Supp. 1994, Section 1-311), which relates to birth certificates; clarifying language; and providing an effective date. BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA: SECTION 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Versus Sole Physical Custody What Does the Research Tell Us About Children’S Outcomes?
    feature article Joint Versus Sole Physical Custody What Does the Research Tell Us About Children’s Outcomes? by Linda Nielsen, Ph.D. Do children fare better or worse in joint physical cus- favorably in terms of children's best interests and perceived it as tody (JPC) families where they live with each parent at least having no impact on legal or personal conflicts between parents.1 35% of the time than in sole physical custody (SPC) families But are children’s outcomes better in JPC than SPC fami- where they live primarily or exclusively with one parent? This lies –especially if their parents do not get along well as co-par- question assumes even more importance as JPC has become ents? And if JPC children have better outcomes, is this because increasingly common in the U.S. and abroad. For example, in their parents have more money, less conflict, better parenting Wisconsin JPC increased from 5% in 1986 to more than 35% skills or higher quality relationships with their children before in 2012. And as far back as 2008, 46% of separated parents in they separate? Put differently, are JPC parents “exceptional” Washington state and 30% in Arizona had JPC arrangements. because they get along better than SPC parents and mutually JPC has risen to nearly 50% in Sweden, 30% in Norway and agree to the custody plan from the outset? the Netherlands, 37% in Belgium, 26% in Quebec and 40% in British Columbia and the Catalonia region of Spain. Those who have expressed misgivings about JPC have made a number of claims that they report are based on the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Superior Court of the District of Columbia Family Court
    Superior Court of the District of Columbia Family Court HANDBOOK FOR PEOPLE WHO REPRESENT THEMSELVES IN DIVORCE, CUSTODY, AND CHILD SUPPORT CASES Moultrie Courthouse 500 Indiana Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001 Phone: (202) 879-1010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1 Why Should I Read This Handbook? ................................................. 1 How Can I Get More Information About Family Court Cases In D.C. Superior Court? ................................................................ 1 How Do I Get Information About The Status Of My Case? ............... 1 Do I Need A Lawyer To Represent Me? ............................................. 1 Can The Court Appoint A Lawyer To Represent Me? ....................... 2 What Are My Responsibilities If I Represent Myself? ....................... 2 Can I Call Or Write The Judge If I Don’t Know What To Do? ............ 2 How Should I Behave In Court? ......................................................... 2 What Should I Wear To Court? ........................................................... 3 Can I Bring My Children To Court? .................................................... 3 II. THE RULES AND LAW....................................................................................... 3 DIVORCE CASES ...................................................................................... 3 Do I Have To Live In D.C. To File A Divorce Case? ........................... 3 What Do I Have To
    [Show full text]
  • In Department of Revenue Child Support Enforcement Cases, Why Is Visitation Not Ordered at the Same Time I Am Ordered to Pay
    In Department of Revenue Child Support Enforcement cases, why is visitation not ordered at the same time I am ordered to pay child support and what do I have to do to obtain visitation? When the Florida Department of Revenue opens a case against you for unpaid child support, and/or the recovery of welfare money paid to the custodial parent/family member for your child by the State of Florida, they do not open the case for any other matter besides support. If you were married to the mother/father of the child when the child was born, the matters of parental responsibility and visitation should have been addressed in your final divorce order. If there has not been a previous order concerning visitation or parental responsibility, those matters can usually be added to your existing support case. To add visitation and parental responsibility issues to your support case, a supplemental petition must be filed by you and served on the other party. If there has never been a court order concerning parental responsibility or visitation, there are forms available for parents to use to request custody and/or visitation in a paternity case. Since every situation is slightly different, you may need to seek legal advice to determine whether these forms will work in your situation. The 6th Judicial Circuit Court has an internet page (www.jud6.org, “representing yourself in court” section) where you can obtain a “Supplemental Petition for Relief in Paternity Action” package 71. If you don’t have internet access, these forms can also be purchased from the clerk of circuit court (Clearwater: 727-464-3267, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Custody and Visitation for the Military Practitioner
    CUSTODY AND VISITATION FOR THE MILITARY PRACTITIONER COL MARK E. SULLIVAN, USAR, RET. I. VISITATION DRAFTING: What Can We Do? Two Problem Clauses-- A. "Reasonable visitation" [vs. specified visitation provisions -- times, dates spelled out explicitly in the agreement or order] 1. Who decides what is reasonable? 2. If mom is in Charlottesville and dad is at Ft. Bragg, is it reasonable for him to drive up to get the child Friday night at 7 p.m. [a 4-hour drive that means they get back on base at 11 p.m.] and return the child Sunday night at 7? Is it unreasonable? B. "Visitation by mutual consent" 1. What if mom disagrees with Wednesday night supper with dad? What if she disagrees with dad's having the children on the 4th of July? 2. What if there is no mutual consent because one parent is being unreasonable? Can you solve the problem by adding a clause stating that neither parent shall be unreasonable in requesting or withholding visitation? Will it work with these parents? C. Accommodating predictability and flexibility 1. The need to know when visitation will occur to avoid disappointing child or unnecessarily disrupting mom's schedule 2. But also need to leave room for changes in visitation due to child's schedule [a sleep-over with a friend, a trip to the mountains or the beach on dad's weekend], mom's schedule or dad's schedule [as when he has a trip on his visitation weekend] D. See options set out in client handout at ATCH 1 after outline.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the 2010 Civil Code on Trends in Joint Physical Custody in Catalonia
    EFFECTS OF THE 2010 CIVIL CODE ON TRENDS IN JOINT PHYSICAL CUSTODY IN CATALONIA. A COMPARISON WITH THE Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 158.109.138.45 09/05/2017 14h03. © I.N.E.D REST OF SPAIN Montserrat Solsona, Jeroen Spijker I.N.E.D | « Population » 2016/2 Vol. 71 | pages 297 - 323 ISSN 0032-4663 ISBN 9782733210666 This document is a translation of: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Montserrat Solsona, Jeroen Spijker, « Influence du Code civil catalan (2010) sur les décisions de garde partagée. Comparaisons entre la Catalogne et le reste de Espagne », Population 2016/2 (Vol. 71), p. 297-323. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Available online at : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_POPU_1602_0313--effects-of-the-2010-civil-code- on.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to cite this article : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Montserrat Solsona, Jeroen Spijker, « Influence du Code civil catalan (2010) sur les décisions de garde partagée. Comparaisons entre la Catalogne et le reste de Espagne », Population 2016/2 (Vol. 71), p. 297-323. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]