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WWVB: a Half Century of Delivering Accurate Frequency and Time by Radio
Volume 119 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.004 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology WWVB: A Half Century of Delivering Accurate Frequency and Time by Radio Michael A. Lombardi and Glenn K. Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 [email protected] [email protected] In commemoration of its 50th anniversary of broadcasting from Fort Collins, Colorado, this paper provides a history of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) radio station WWVB. The narrative describes the evolution of the station, from its origins as a source of standard frequency, to its current role as the source of time-of-day synchronization for many millions of radio controlled clocks. Key words: broadcasting; frequency; radio; standards; time. Accepted: February 26, 2014 Published: March 12, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.004 1. Introduction NIST radio station WWVB, which today serves as the synchronization source for tens of millions of radio controlled clocks, began operation from its present location near Fort Collins, Colorado at 0 hours, 0 minutes Universal Time on July 5, 1963. Thus, the year 2013 marked the station’s 50th anniversary, a half century of delivering frequency and time signals referenced to the national standard to the United States public. One of the best known and most widely used measurement services provided by the U. S. government, WWVB has spanned and survived numerous technological eras. Based on technology that was already mature and well established when the station began broadcasting in 1963, WWVB later benefitted from the miniaturization of electronics and the advent of the microprocessor, which made low cost radio controlled clocks possible that would work indoors. -
Hourglass User and Installation Guide About This Manual
HourGlass Usage and Installation Guide Version7Release1 GC27-4557-00 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under “Notices” on page 103. First Edition (December 2013) This edition applies to Version 7 Release 1 Mod 0 of IBM® HourGlass (program number 5655-U59) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Order publications through your IBM representative or the IBM branch office serving your locality. Publications are not stocked at the address given below. IBM welcomes your comments. For information on how to send comments, see “How to send your comments to IBM” on page vii. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1992, 2013. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this manual ..........v Using the CICS Audit Trail Facility ......34 Organization ..............v Using HourGlass with IMS message regions . 34 Summary of amendments for Version 7.1 .....v HourGlass IOPCB Support ........34 Running the HourGlass IMS IVP ......35 How to send your comments to IBM . vii Using HourGlass with DB2 applications .....36 Using HourGlass with the STCK instruction . 36 If you have a technical problem .......vii Method 1 (re-assemble) .........37 Method 2 (patch load module) .......37 Chapter 1. Introduction ........1 Using the HourGlass Audit Trail Facility ....37 Setting the date and time values ........3 Understanding HourGlass precedence rules . 38 Introducing -
Atomic Desktop Alarm Clock
MODEL: T-045 (FRONT) INSTRUCTION MANUAL SCALE: 480W x 174H mm DATE: June 3, 2009 COLOR: WHITE BACKGROUND PRINTING BLACK 2. When the correct hour appears press the MODE button once to start the Minute digits Activating The Alarm Limited 90-Day Warranty Information Model T045 flashing, then press either the UP () or DOWN () buttons to set the display to the To turn the alarm ‘On’ slide the ALARM switch on the back panel to the ‘On’ position. The correct minute. Alarm On indicator appears in the display. Timex Audio Products, a division of SDI Technologies Inc. (hereafter referred to as SDI Technologies), warrants this product to be free from defects in workmanship and materials, under normal use Atomic Desktop 3. When the correct minutes appear press the MODE button once to start the Seconds At the selected wake-up time the alarm turns on automatically. The alarm begins with a single and conditions, for a period of 90 days from the date of original purchase. digits flashing. If you want to set the seconds counter to “00” press either the UP () or ‘beep’ and then the frequency of the ‘beeps’ increases. The alarm continues for two minutes, Alarm Clock DOWN () button once. If you do not wish to ‘zero’ the seconds, proceed to step 4. then shuts off automatically and resets itself for the same time on the following day. Should service be required by reason of any defect or malfunction during the warranty period, SDI Technologies will repair or, at its discretion, replace this product without charge (except for a 4. -
Reception of Low Frequency Time Signals
Reprinted from I-This reDort show: the Dossibilitks of clock svnchronization using time signals I 9 transmitted at low frequencies. The study was madr by obsirvins pulses Vol. 6, NO. 9, pp 13-21 emitted by HBC (75 kHr) in Switxerland and by WWVB (60 kHr) in tha United States. (September 1968), The results show that the low frequencies are preferable to the very low frequencies. Measurementi show that by carefully selecting a point on the decay curve of the pulse it is possible at distances from 100 to 1000 kilo- meters to obtain time measurements with an accuracy of +40 microseconds. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental reiulb permib the study of propagation conditions and, further, shows the drsirability of transmitting I seconds pulses with fixed envelope shape. RECEPTION OF LOW FREQUENCY TIME SIGNALS DAVID H. ANDREWS P. E., Electronics Consultant* C. CHASLAIN, J. DePRlNS University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium 1. INTRODUCTION parisons of atomic clocks, it does not suffice for clock For several years the phases of VLF and LF carriers synchronization (epoch setting). Presently, the most of standard frequency transmitters have been monitored accurate technique requires carrying portable atomic to compare atomic clock~.~,*,3 clocks between the laboratories to be synchronized. No matter what the accuracies of the various clocks may be, The 24-hour phase stability is excellent and allows periodic synchronization must be provided. Actually frequency calibrations to be made with an accuracy ap- the observed frequency deviation of 3 x 1o-l2 between proaching 1 x 10-11. It is well known that over a 24- cesium controlled oscillators amounts to a timing error hour period diurnal effects occur due to propagation of about 100T microseconds, where T, given in years, variations. -
Daylight Saving Time (DST)
Daylight Saving Time (DST) Updated September 30, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45208 Daylight Saving Time (DST) Summary Daylight Saving Time (DST) is a period of the year between spring and fall when clocks in most parts of the United States are set one hour ahead of standard time. DST begins on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November. The beginning and ending dates are set in statute. Congressional interest in the potential benefits and costs of DST has resulted in changes to DST observance since it was first adopted in the United States in 1918. The United States established standard time zones and DST through the Calder Act, also known as the Standard Time Act of 1918. The issue of consistency in time observance was further clarified by the Uniform Time Act of 1966. These laws as amended allow a state to exempt itself—or parts of the state that lie within a different time zone—from DST observance. These laws as amended also authorize the Department of Transportation (DOT) to regulate standard time zone boundaries and DST. The time period for DST was changed most recently in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005; P.L. 109-58). Congress has required several agencies to study the effects of changes in DST observance. In 1974, DOT reported that the potential benefits to energy conservation, traffic safety, and reductions in violent crime were minimal. In 2008, the Department of Energy assessed the effects to national energy consumption of extending DST as changed in EPACT 2005 and found a reduction in total primary energy consumption of 0.02%. -
How to Add Another Time Zone to a Lotus Notes Calendar
How to Add Another Time Zone to a Lotus Notes Calendar Adding another Lotus Notes 8 allows users to set up more than one time zone in their calendar views. time zone to Please follow the steps in the table below to add another time zone to your calendar. Lotus Notes Calendar Note: This process has only been tested for Lotus Notes 8. Step Action 1 Open Lotus Notes 2 Navigate to the Calendar 3 In the lower right corner, click on the In Office drop-down menu and select Edit Locations… 4 In the navigator on the left, select Calendar and To Do, then Regional Settings 5 In the Time Zone section, checkmark the Display an additional time zone option 6 Enter the Time zone label that you wish to use Note: This is a free-form text field and is for the user only. It does not impact any system functionality. 7 Use the Time Zone drop-down to select the time zone that you wish to add Continued on next page How To Add Another Time Zone To A Lotus Notes Calendar.Doc Page 1 of 2 How to Add Another Time Zone to a Lotus Notes Calendar, Continued Adding another time zone to Step Action Lotus Notes 8 As desired, checkmark the Display an additional time zone in the main calendar Calendar and/or the Display an additional time zone in the Day-At-A-Glance calendar options (continued) 9 Once all options have been filled out, click the Save button 10 Verify that the calendar displays the time zones correctly How To Add Another Time Zone To A Lotus Notes Calendar.Doc Page 2 of 2 . -
Analog Clock Headway Movement FAQS
ANALOG CLOCK HEADWAY MOVEMENT FAQS The links below will work in most PDF viewers and link to the topic area by clicking the link. We recommend Adobe Reader version 10 or greater available at: http://get.adobe.com/reader CONTENTS Analog Clock Headway Movement FAQS .................................................................... 1 Batteries ............................................................................................................................. 2 Atomic Clock Factory Restart ...................................................................................... 2 Supported Time Zones .................................................................................................. 2 Time is Incorrect ............................................................................................................. 2 Clock is incorrect by Hours but minutes are correct .......................................... 3 Daylight Saving Time ..................................................................................................... 3 Manually Set Time ........................................................................................................... 3 How long will the battery last? .................................................................................. 3 Can I shut off the WWVB signal? .............................................................................. 3 Is there a booster antenna to receive the WWVB signal in a difficult location? ............................................................................................................................ -
Calendar: Advanced Features Set up Reminders, Sharing, Secondary Calendars, and More!
Sign in to Google Calendar at http://email.ucsc.edu with your CruzID and Blue password. You'll see your calendar weekly view. Calendar: Advanced Features Set up reminders, sharing, secondary calendars, and more! Set up event reminders By default, you receive an email and a pop-up reminder 10 minutes before each event on your calendar. To change your default reminder settings, follow these steps: 1. Open Google Calendar. 2. In the My calendars section, click the down arrow that appears when you hover over your calendar, and select Notifications from the drop-down. 3. In the Event reminders section, select either Email or Pop-up from the drop-down. 4. Enter the corresponding reminder time (between one minute and four weeks). 5. Optionally, click Add a reminder to create a new reminder or remove to delete an existing reminder. 6. Click Save. Set up event notifications By default, you receive an email message when someone invites you to a new event, changes or cancels an existing event, or responds to an event. To change your default notification settings, follow these steps: 1. Open Google Calendar. 2. In the My calendars section, click the down arrow that appears when you hover over your calendar, and select Notifications from the drop-down. 3. In the Choose how you would like to be notified section, select the Email check box for each type of notification you’d like to receive. 4. Click Save. Note: If you select the Daily agenda option, the emailed agenda won’t reflect any event changes made after 5am in your local time zone. -
NIST Time and Frequency Services (NIST Special Publication 432)
Time & Freq Sp Publication A 2/13/02 5:24 PM Page 1 NIST Special Publication 432, 2002 Edition NIST Time and Frequency Services Michael A. Lombardi Time & Freq Sp Publication A 2/13/02 5:24 PM Page 2 Time & Freq Sp Publication A 4/22/03 1:32 PM Page 3 NIST Special Publication 432 (Minor text revisions made in April 2003) NIST Time and Frequency Services Michael A. Lombardi Time and Frequency Division Physics Laboratory (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 432, dated June 1991) January 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Donald L. Evans, Secretary TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary for Technology NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director Time & Freq Sp Publication A 2/13/02 5:24 PM Page 4 Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY SPECIAL PUBLICATION 432 (SUPERSEDES NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION 432, DATED JUNE 1991) NATL. INST.STAND.TECHNOL. SPEC. PUBL. 432, 76 PAGES (JANUARY 2002) CODEN: NSPUE2 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 2002 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Website: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) -
Deep Space Atomic Clock
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Deep Space Atomic Clock tion and radio science. Here are some examples of how one-way deep-space tracking with DSAC can improve navigation and radio science that is not supported by current two-way tracking. Ground-based 1. Simultaneously track two spacecraft on a atomic clocks are downlink with the Deep Space Network (DSN) the cornerstone of at destinations such as Mars, and nearly dou- spacecraft navigation ble a space mission’s tracking data because it for most deep-space missions because of their use no longer has to “time-share” an antenna. in generating precision two-way tracking measure- ments. These typically include range (the distance 2. Improve tracking data precision by an order of between two objects) and Doppler (a measure of magnitude using the DSN’s Ka-band downlink the relative speed between them). A two-way link (a tracking capability. signal that originates and ends at the ground track- ing antenna) is required because today’s spacecraft 3. Mitigate Ka-band’s weather sensitivity (as clocks introduce too much error for the equivalent compared to two-way X-band) by being able one-way measurements to be useful. Ground atom- to switch from a weather-impacted receiving ic clocks, while providing extremely stable frequen- antenna to one in a different location with no cy and time references, are too large for hosting on tracking outages. a spacecraft and cannot survive the harshness of space. New technology is on the horizon that will 4. Track longer by using a ground antenna’s en- change this paradigm. -
Atomic Clocks: an Application of Spectroscopy in the Last Installment of This Column (1), I Talked About Clocks As the First Scientific Instrument
14 Spectroscopy 21(1) January 2007 www.spectroscopyonline.com The Baseline Atomic Clocks: An Application of Spectroscopy In the last installment of this column (1), I talked about clocks as the first scientific instrument. What do clocks have to do with spectroscopy? Actually, the world’s most accurate clocks, atomic clocks, are based upon a spectroscopic transition of cesium or other elements, making spectroscopy a fundamental tool in our measurements of the natural universe. David W. Ball ime is one of the seven fundamental quantities in Originally, a second was defined as part of a minute, nature. I made a case in the last installment of this which was part of an hour, which was in turn defined as T column (1) that mechanical devices for measuring part of a day. Thus, 1 s was 1/(60 ϫ 60 24), or 1/86,400 time — clocks — might be considered the world’s first sci- of a day. However, even by the 17th century, defining the entific instruments. Clocks are ubiquitous because the day itself was difficult. Was the day based upon the position measurement of time is a fundamental activity that is im- of the sun (the solar day) or the position of distant stars portant to computer users, pilots, and lollygaggers alike. (the sidereal day)? At what latitude (that is, position toward the north or south) is a day measured? Over time it was rec- The Second ognized that measuring time accurately was a challenge. Quantities of time are expressed in a variety of units that In 1660, the Royal Society proposed that a second be de- we teach our grade-schoolers, but the IUPAC-approved termined by the half-period (that is, one swing) of a pendu- fundamental unit of time is the second (abbreviated “s” not lum of a given length. -
Splash Proof Atomic Clock with Outdoor Temperature/Humidity
SPLASH PROOF ATOMIC CLOCK WITH OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE/HUMIDITY MODEL: 515-1912 DC: 092419 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. Power up 3. Buttons 3. Atomic Time 4. Settings Menu 5. Custom Display Views 6. Timer 7. Search for Outdoor Sensor 7. Low Battery 7. Specifications 8. We’re Here to Help 8. Join the Conversation 8. Warranty Info 8. Care and Maintenance 8. FCC Statement 8. Canada Statement Atomic Digital Clock Page | 2 POWER UP 1. Insert 2-AA batteries into your Outdoor Sensor. 2. Insert 2-AA batteries into your Atomic Clock. 3. Configure basic Settings. 4. Once the sensor is reading to your clock, place sensor outside in a shaded location. Watch sensor mounting video: bit.ly/TH_SensorMounting TX191TH AA Outdoor Sensor AA AA AA 515-1912 Atomic Clock BUTTONS TIMER +PLUS (+) MINUS- (-) SET Hold: Set Timer duration Hold: Search for Press: Change Hold: Set Time Press: Start, Pause or Outdoor Sensor Display Press: Search for Restart Timer Press: Adjust Values Atomic Time Signal ATOMIC TIME • The clock will only search for the WWVB Atomic Time Signal at UTC 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, and 11:00. • The Atomic Time Indicator will flash while searching, and will remain solid on screen when connected. • From the normal time display, press the SET button to search for the WWVB Atomic Time Signal. Atomic Digital Clock Page | 3 SETTINGS MENU Daylight Saving Time Options: DST ON- Clock gains 1 hour in spring and loses 1 hour in the fall DST OFF- Clock remains in Standard Time all year long DST ALWAYS ON- Clock remains in Daylight Saving Time all year long Settings order: • Beep ON/OFF • Atomic ON/OFF • DST (Daylight Saving Time) o DST ON o DST OFF o DST ALWAYS ON • Time Zone TIME ZONES AST = Atlantic • Hour EST = Eastern • Minutes CST = Central • Year MST = Mountain PST = Pacific • Month AKT = Alaska • Date HAT = Hawaii • Fahrenheit/Celsius To begin: 1.