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Trichoptera) Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2018 Description and Diagnosis of Associated Larvae and Adults of Vietnamese and South Carolina Caddisflies T( richoptera) Madeline Sage Genco Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Genco, Madeline Sage, "Description and Diagnosis of Associated Larvae and Adults of Vietnamese and South Carolina Caddisflies (Trichoptera)" (2018). All Theses. 2839. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2839 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF ASSOCIATED LARVAE AND ADULTS OF VIETNAMESE AND SOUTH CAROLINA CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA) A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Entomology by Madeline Sage Genco May 2018 Accepted by: Dr. John C. Morse, Committee Co-chair Dr. Michael Caterino, Committee Co-chair Dr. Kyle Barrett ABSTRACT Globally, only 868 trichopteran larvae have been described to enable species-level identification; that is only 0.05% of all caddisfly species. In the Oriental Region, almost none (0.016%) of the larvae are known. Continued work on describing larval species may improve the accuracy of water quality monitoring metrics. Genetic barcoding (with mtCOI) was used to associate unknown larvae with known or unknown adults. The morphology of the larvae was then described in words as well as in illustrations to aid species-level identification. Two new species also were described from adult males in the same manner. ii DEDICATION This text is dedicated to all girls and young women who are fascinated by “bugs” (and other things traditionally seen as unladylike) and all the wonderful men and women who encourage our enthusiasm and support us in our ambitions. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my parents and my brother for their unwavering love and support, and for instilling in me my love of science and the outdoors. Dr. Jeff Heilveil, for introducing me to the world of aquatic entomology, and encouraging me to pursue graduate school. All of my fellow graduate students, lab-mates, and other professionals that lent me advice or helped with my field work, including C. Wrege, S. Muñoz, K. Murray, J. Xu, S. Qiu, L. Vasquez, A. Deczynski, Dr. M. Ferro, M. Green, Q. Lewis, Z. Burrington, Dr. X. Zhou, Dr. R. Holzenthal, T.M. Nguyễn, V.S. Mai, T.H.Y. Tô, V.H. Nguyễn, D.H Hugnh, Dr. T. Pham, and others. I would like to thank my committee member, Dr. Kyle Barrett for his support and guidance, especially with consideration towards my career goals. My co-advisor Dr. Mike Caterino, for his support, guidance, and patience throughout the numerous office visits about molecular work and tree building questions. Finally, thank you to Dr. John C. Morse, for your continued help and guidance. I feel blessed to have you as an advisor. You have gone above and beyond to help me reach my goals; from inviting me to Vietnam and helping me to collect, to correcting my spelling (I’m sorry), to advice about life, and everything in-between. You have strived to help me learn and become my best self. Thank you. I would like to thank the Clemson University Entomology Faculty for awarding me the King Research Grant, which funded much of the molecular work, and the Nettles Grant which supported some of my travel to Vietnam and conferences. iv PREFACE This thesis “is not issued for public and permanent scientific record, or for the purposes of zoological nomenclature”; article 8.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature applies (ICZN 1999). v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 II. METHODS..................................................................................................... 8 Sampling ......................................................................................... 8 Molecular work ............................................................................. 10 Describing Newly Associated Larvae ........................................... 15 Tree Building ................................................................................ 16 III. RESULTS ................................................................................................... 19 Vietnamese Trichoptera ................................................................ 19 Cheumatopsyche of North and South Carolina ............................. 21 Key to the Larve of Cheumatopsyche .......................................... 25 IV. SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................ 30 Drepanocentron dentatum, new species ....................................... 32 Hydromanicus calyx, new species ................................................ 43 Cheumatopsyche oxa Ross, 1938 .................................................. 51 Cheumatopsyche pinaca Ross, 1941............................................. 53 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................... 55 Trichoptera of Vietnam ................................................................. 56 Cheumatopsyche of North and South Carolina ............................. 59 vi Table of Contents (Continued) Page APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 64 A: Voucher Information ........................................................................................65 B: BOLD Outgroup Information ..........................................................................79 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................88 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Master mix reagent quantities used for most PCRs run. ................................ 13 2. PCR Parameters. ........................................................................................... 14 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Majority rule consensus tree assembled from most parsimonious trees. .............................................................................................................. 27 2. Majority rule consensus tree assembled from maximum likelihood trees. ............................................................................................. 28 3. Phylogram of majority rule consensus tree assembled from post burn-in Bayesian Analysis. ................................................................... 29 4. Drepanocentron dentatum n. sp., adult male genitalia, composite drawings of specimens VN59–VN62. 4A, genitalia, left lateral; 4B, segment X and phallus, left lateral; 4C, genitalia, dorsal; 4D, right inferior appendage, dorsal; 4E, genitalia, ventral. ......................... 36 5. Drepanocentron dentatum n. sp., larva. 5A, head of specimen VN69, dorsal; 5B, head of VN69, ventral; 5C, labrum of VN70, dorsal; 5D, mandibles of VN69, dorsal; 5E, mandibles of VN70, dorsal; 5F, pronotum of VN69, dorsal; 5G, right anal proleg of VN 69, right lateral; 5F, pro- and mesopleura of VN69, right lateral. ................................................................................... 40 6. Hydromanicus calyx, male genitalia of specimen VN108. 6A, left lateral; 6B, phallus, left lateral; 6C, segment 10, dorsal; 6D, genitalia, dorsal. ......................................................................... 45 7. Hydromanicus calyx, larva of specimen VN4 except 7J of specimen VN3. 7A, head, dorsal; 7B, head, ventral; 7C, pronotum, dorsal; 7D, mesonotum, dorsal; 7E, metanotum, dorsal; 7F, inset of anterior margin of mesonotum, dorsal; 7G, prosternal sclerites, ventral; 7H, mandibles, dorsal; 7I, habitus, right lateral; 7J, right anal proleg, right lateral. ............................... 50 8. Larva of Cheumatopsyche oxa, specimen MG20. A. Head, dorsal; B. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus, dorsal; intersegmental sclerites, ventral. ........................................................................................... 52 9. Larva of Cheumatopsyche pinaca, specimen MG65. A. Head, dorsal; B. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus, dorsal; intersegmental sclerites, ventral. ........................................................................................... 54 ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION There are 16,127 species of caddisflies
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